Laminarin-based formulations for agricultural applications

Abstract

The present invention relates to a composition comprising a water-soluble active substance, such as laminarin. In particular, the present invention relates to a stable composition comprising a water-soluble active substance, such as laminarin, and a polyol. The present invention also relates to a process for preparing said composition and methods of use thereof.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to compositions comprising water-soluble active substances. The invention also relates to methods for preparing said compositions and methods of using them. Background Technology

[0002] Laminaria polysaccharides are polysaccharides derived from seaweed, a type of monosaccharide polymer linked together by glycosidic bonds. More specifically, it is a type of storage β-glucan composed of glucose residues with some β-(1-6)-intrachain bonds and some 6-O-branched β-(1-3)-linked bonds in the main chain. D-mannitol appears at 2%-3% of the reduced end, and these chains are called M chains, while those with glucose at the reduced end are called G chains. The precise molecular structure of laminarin varies depending on environmental factors such as water temperature, salinity and nutrient salts, waves, currents, and immersion depth. Its chemical formula is C1. 18 H 32 O 16 (University of Hertfordshire 2014; ChEBI 2015; Kadam, Tiwari, and O'Donnell 2015).

[0003]

[0004] Depending on the species, season, habitat, and extraction method, brown algae can contain up to 35% laminarin by dry weight. Laminarin is typically extracted from brown algae of the class Pheophyceae, particularly those in the orders Fucales or Laminariales. Laminarin is known for its use as a seed germination and plant growth promoter (biostimulant).

[0005] Laminaria polysaccharides can be extracted from raw materials composed of brown algae, particularly using the method disclosed in French patent FR9208387. The EPA-registered formulation (Vacciplant) contains 3.51% laminarin as the active ingredient, surfactants (<10%), and two different preservatives permitted for use as food additives (each <1%).

[0006] Multiple scientific publications have described the properties of kelp polysaccharides, suggesting that they can be used to enhance plant defense responses.

[0007] NETZER et al. revealed that infection with the pathogen Fusarium oxysporum can trigger the induction of laminarinase (Biological abstracts, Vol. 68, No. 1, 1979).

[0008] BONHOFF et al. revealed the properties of laminarin as a plant antitoxin and callose elicitor (Biological Abstracts, Vol. 86, No. 4, 1988).

[0009] KUROSAKI et al. (Biological abstracts, Vol. 85, No. 2, 1988) and PEARCE (Biological abstracts, Vol. 74, No. 8, 1982) confirmed the initiating effect of laminarin, particularly in lignification, while demonstrating that these effects are weaker compared to known initiators.

[0010] The challenges of developing commercially acceptable products containing agrochemical compounds continue to increase due to the rapid emergence of more complex customer and regulatory requirements. These agrochemical compositions must exhibit excellent chemical stability and, more importantly, maintain high levels of physical stability across a range of demanding storage and use conditions. Handling liquid products in bulk storage facilities presents a particular challenge, as the products are subjected to high shear forces at both high and low temperatures. This emerging area of ​​performance is crucial for customer satisfaction and commercial success. Simultaneously, the increasing demand for high-performance agrochemical compositions is coupled with a decreasing number of auxiliary chemicals approved by various regulatory agencies for use in agrochemical compositions due to stricter standards for the toxicological and ecological properties of these materials.

[0011] Agricultural chemical compositions are typically prepared using one or more adjuvants (sometimes in specific combinations) to provide optimal bioactivity. Sometimes the stability of the formulation can be compromised, and one or more components may separate, for example, as a discrete phase. Generally, separating a discrete phase from an agricultural chemical is highly undesirable, especially when the formulation is sold in bulk containers. In these cases, it is nearly impossible to rehomogenize the formulation and achieve a uniform distribution of the components for application. Furthermore, the formulation must be stable for long-term storage in both hot and cold climates. All these factors present formulation personnel with insurmountable challenges.

[0012] There is a need in the field for solvent systems to develop formulations that possess both unique performance characteristics and good physicochemical stability.

[0013] Advantages of the invention :

[0014] The advantage of this invention is that it provides a composition containing a water-soluble active substance that is free from any turbidity or phase separation and imparts good stability to the final product even at low temperatures.

[0015] Another advantage of the present invention is a composition of water-soluble active substances with enhanced biological efficacy.

[0016] Another advantage of the present invention is a method for preparing a formulation comprising, alone or in combination, water-soluble active substances as described herein.

[0017] Another advantage of the present invention is a composition that exhibits excellent chemical and physical stability over a range of harsh storage and use conditions.

[0018] These and other advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following description of the invention. Summary of the Invention

[0019] Therefore, in one aspect, the present invention provides a composition comprising:

[0020] i) Water-soluble active ingredients; and

[0021] ii) Polyols.

[0022] In another aspect, the present invention provides a composition comprising:

[0023] i) Laminaria polysaccharides; and

[0024] ii) Polyols.

[0025] In another aspect, the present invention provides a stable liquid composition comprising:

[0026] i) Laminaria polysaccharides; and

[0027] ii) Polyols.

[0028] In another aspect, the present invention provides an aqueous composition comprising:

[0029] i) Laminaria polysaccharides; and

[0030] ii) Polyols.

[0031] In another aspect, the present invention relates to an improved composition comprising laminarin as a biostimulant and a method for preparing said composition.

[0032] In another aspect, the present invention provides a method of using the composition, the method comprising applying the composition according to the invention at a desired location.

[0033] In another aspect, the present invention provides a kit comprising a stable composition according to the invention as a biopesticide. Detailed Implementation

[0034] For the purposes of the following detailed description, it should be understood that the invention may take various alternative variations and sequences of steps unless expressly indicated to the contrary. Furthermore, except in any operational example or otherwise indicated, all figures representing the amount of materials / components used, for example, in the specification, should in all cases be understood to be modified by the term "about".

[0035] Therefore, before describing the invention in detail, it should be understood that the invention is not limited to the specific exemplified system or process parameters that may vary. It should also be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing specific embodiments of the invention only and is not intended to limit the scope of the invention in any way. Examples used anywhere in this specification (including examples of any terms discussed herein) are merely illustrative and do not limit the scope or meaning of the invention or any exemplified terminology. Similarly, the invention is not limited to the various embodiments given in this specification. Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention pertains. In case of any conflict, this document (including definitions) shall prevail.

[0036] It should be noted that, as used in this specification, the singular forms “an,” “a,” and “the” include plural references unless expressly stated otherwise. The terms “preferred” and “ideally” refer to embodiments of the invention that may provide certain benefits in certain circumstances.

[0037] As used herein, the terms “comprising,” “including,” “having,” “containing,” “involving,” etc., should be understood as open-ended, meaning including but not limited to.

[0038] The inventors have surprisingly discovered that when a polyol is present as a solvent in a composition containing a water-soluble active ingredient, a stable formulation is provided. Preferably, the composition according to the invention is an aqueous formulation. Therefore, the present invention provides a composition containing a water-soluble active agent and a polyol as a solvent. It has been found that compositions containing a polyol as a solvent and the active ingredient are physicochemically stable even after prolonged storage under different conditions.

[0039] Therefore, in one aspect, the present invention provides a composition comprising:

[0040] i) Water-soluble active ingredients; and

[0041] ii) Polyols.

[0042] In one embodiment, the water-soluble active substance is laminarin.

[0043] It is known that laminarin and compositions containing laminarin increase agricultural yields by accelerating plant growth, cell elongation, and seed germination.

[0044] Advantageously, when the composition is in solid form, it may contain 0.005 parts by weight to 600 parts by weight, and preferably 1 part by weight to 250 parts by weight of laminarin, and when the composition is in liquid form, it may contain 0.005 parts by weight to 100 parts by weight of laminarin.

[0045] In one embodiment, the present invention provides a liquid composition comprising about 0.005 parts by weight to 100 parts by weight of laminarin polysaccharide.

[0046] In one embodiment, the present invention provides a liquid composition comprising about 0.5 parts by weight to 100 parts by weight of laminarin polysaccharide.

[0047] In one embodiment, the present invention provides a liquid composition comprising about 1 to 80 parts by weight of laminarin polysaccharide.

[0048] In one embodiment, the present invention provides a liquid composition comprising about 10 to 50 parts by weight of laminarin polysaccharide.

[0049] In one embodiment, parts refer to the weight parts of the composition in grams.

[0050] In one embodiment, the present invention provides a liquid composition comprising about 37 g of kelp polysaccharide by weight.

[0051] In one embodiment, the present invention provides a liquid composition comprising about 45 g of kelp polysaccharide by weight.

[0052] In one embodiment, the composition may contain about 46.8% laminarin by weight.

[0053] In one embodiment, the composition may contain about 57% laminarin by weight.

[0054] As used herein, the term "polyol" includes any compound having at least one hydroxyl group on each of two adjacent carbon atoms that are not in a trans configuration relative to each other. Polyols may be acyclic or cyclic, substituted or unsubstituted, or mixtures thereof, provided that the resulting complex is water-soluble and agrochemically acceptable.

[0055] In one embodiment, the composition of the present invention comprises at least one polyol, and the polyol is selected from acyclic polyols and cyclic polyols.

[0056] Examples of such polyol compounds include sugars, sugar alcohols, sugar acids, and uronic acids. Preferred polyols are sugars, sugar alcohols, and sugar acids, including but not limited to mannitol, glycerol, xylitol, and sorbitol. Glycerol is particularly preferred.

[0057] In one embodiment, the polyol may be selected from ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, butanediol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, glycerol, and trimethylolpropane.

[0058] Other polyols can also be used, such as diglycerides, triglycerides, tetraglycerides, pentaglycerides, hexaglycerides, heptaglycerides, octaglycerides, nonaglycerides, decaglycerides, decaglycerides, divinylglycerides, divinylglycerides, and triglycerides.

[0059] In one embodiment, the polyol used in this invention is glycerol.

[0060] In one embodiment, the polyol is used in an amount from about 0.005% w / w to 90% w / w of the total composition.

[0061] In one embodiment, the polyol is used in an amount of about 1% w / w to 70% w / w of the total composition.

[0062] In one embodiment, the polyol is used in an amount of about 1% w / w to 50% w / w of the total composition.

[0063] In one embodiment, the polyol is used in an amount of about 1% w / w to 40% w / w of the total composition.

[0064] In one embodiment, the polyol is used in an amount of about 1% w / w to 30% w / w of the total composition.

[0065] In a preferred embodiment, the polyol is used in an amount of about 10% w / w to 40% w / w of the total composition.

[0066] In one embodiment, the polyol is used in an amount of about 35% w / w of the total composition.

[0067] Therefore, the present invention provides a composition comprising an effective amount of laminarin and a polyol comprising about 0.005% w / w to 90% w / w of the total composition.

[0068] Therefore, the present invention provides a composition comprising from about 0.005 g to 600 g of laminarin by weight and from about 0.005% w / w to 90% w / w of polyol in the total composition.

[0069] In one embodiment, the present invention provides an aqueous composition comprising from about 0.005 g to 600 g of laminarin by weight and from about 0.005% w / w to 90% w / w of a polyol in the total composition.

[0070] One important advantage of this invention is that when polyols such as glycerol are used in formulations, they act as preservatives and inhibit the growth of laminarin crystals at 60°C-70°C.

[0071] It has been found that the use of glycerol in laminarin preparations unexpectedly improves the solubility of laminarin in water-based formulations.

[0072] According to the present invention, it is not necessary to add thickener to In the formulation (containing laminarin), laminarin particles are suspended over time.

[0073] Therefore, in one embodiment, the composition of the present invention is substantially free of thickeners.

[0074] In another embodiment, a composition is prepared comprising an effective amount of laminarin, optionally incorporated together with an agriculturally acceptable carrier or accumulator.

[0075] In another embodiment, the composition may be in solid form, especially in powder or granule form, or in liquid form, especially in aqueous solution form.

[0076] In another embodiment, the composition further comprises at least one additive selected from defect-correcting elements, fungicides, insecticides, herbicides, growth hormones, lipid amino acids, and betaine.

[0077] Another embodiment of the present invention provides a composition comprising:

[0078] i) Water-soluble active ingredients;

[0079] ii) polyols; and

[0080] iii) at least one additive selected from defect-correcting elements, fungicides, insecticides, herbicides, growth hormones, lipid amino acids, and betaine.

[0081] In one implementation, the additive is a fungicide.

[0082] In one embodiment, the fungicide is a multi-site fungicide. The multi-site contact fungicide can be selected from copper-based fungicides, dithiocarbamate fungicides, phthalamide fungicides, chlorinolite fungicides, sulfonamide fungicides, guanidine fungicides, triazine fungicides, and quinone fungicides.

[0083] In one embodiment, the additive is a copper-based fungicide. The copper-based fungicide of the present invention is an inorganic compound containing copper, typically in the copper(II) oxidation state, and is preferably selected from copper oxychloride, copper sulfate, copper hydroxide, and ternary copper sulfate (Bordeaux mixture).

[0084] In one embodiment, the additive is sulfur. The sulfur-based fungicides of the present invention are inorganic chemicals containing rings or chains of sulfur atoms, and preferably elemental sulfur.

[0085] In one embodiment, the additive is a dithiocarbamate. The dithiocarbamate fungicides of the present invention contain a dithiocarbamate molecular moiety and are selected from mancozeb, thiram, thiram oxide, thiophanate-methyl, thiophanate-methyl, copper thiophanate, disulfiram, ferrous thiophanate, thiamethoxam, sodium mancozeb, tecoram, thiram, thiram-methyl, zinc thiram, dazomet, mancozeb, mancozeb, mancozeb, mancozeb, mancozeb, mancozeb, mancozeb, methyl mancozeb, and zinc thiophanate.

[0086] In one embodiment, the additive is a phthalimide fungicide. The phthalamide fungicides of the present invention comprise a phthalamide molecular moiety and are selected from captan, thiophanate-methyl, and dichlorvos.

[0087] In one embodiment, the additive is a chloronitrile fungicide. The chloronitrile fungicide of the present invention comprises an aromatic ring substituted with chlorine and cyano groups, and is preferably chlorothalonil.

[0088] In one embodiment, the additive is a sulfonamide fungicide. The sulfonamide fungicide of the present invention is preferably selected from thiamethoxam and parathion.

[0089] In one embodiment, the additive is a guanidine fungicide. The guanidine fungicide of the present invention is preferably selected from dapoxetine, biguanidine, and biguanidine octylamine.

[0090] In one embodiment, the additive is a triazine fungicide. The triazine fungicide of the present invention is preferably difenoconazole.

[0091] In one embodiment, the additive is a quinone fungicide. The quinone fungicide of the present invention is preferably dithiazolinone.

[0092] In one implementation, the additive is cinnamaldehyde.

[0093] Other examples of fungicides that can be used are compounds belonging to the group consisting of hydantoin, imidazole, or triazole.

[0094] Examples of herbicides that may be used are compounds belonging to the group consisting of carbamates, cyclohexanedione, sulfonylureas, triazines, or uracil.

[0095] Generally, the compositions according to the present invention are prepared by mixing kelp polysaccharides extracted in powder form with conventional additives such as solid fillers and / or solvents.

[0096] In one embodiment, the composition of the present invention may contain agriculturally acceptable adjuvants, carriers, diluents, surfactants, surface-active substances, emulsifiers, fillers, defoamers, antifreeze agents, refrigerants, preservatives, etc.

[0097] Examples of solid fillers that can be used to prepare wettable powders or particles are finely divided kaolin or clay.

[0098] When present in liquid form, these compositions are preferably obtained by diluting kelp polysaccharides in water.

[0099] It is also possible to prepare spray compositions based on oil or emulsifiable concentrates (EC), especially in the case of mixtures with water-insoluble additives.

[0100] In another aspect, the present invention provides a method for preparing a composition, the method comprising, preferably, mixing kelp polysaccharide with a polyol and water at room temperature.

[0101] In one embodiment, the method includes optionally adding a preservative or defoamer such as DrewPlus L-768 or a surfactant; heating the resulting mixture and cooling it at room temperature to obtain the final product.

[0102] Surfactants can be nonionic alkoxylates, selected from C 10-12 Alcohol (10EO) ethoxylates, tridecyl alcohol (6EO) ethoxylates, C 10 The surfactant may be an ethoxylated alcohol (5EO), a C8 alcohol ethoxylated alcohol (4EO), a C9-11 alcohol ethoxylated alcohol (4EO), an isodecanol (7EO) ethoxylated alcohol, or a combination thereof. A preferred surfactant may be ethoxylated dodecane-1-ol (23EO).

[0103] Preservatives are optionally added, typically in amounts from about 0.1% w / w to about 1.0% w / w, and these preservatives include benzoic acid, sorbic acid, formaldehyde derivatives, and in particular combinations of potassium sorbate, methylparaben, or propylparaben.

[0104] The antifoaming agent / defoamer may optionally be added in an amount of about 0.01% w / w to about 2% w / w, preferably about 0.1% w / w to about 1.5% w / w, of the total weight of the composition.

[0105] Based on the total weight of the composition, the composition according to the invention contains at least 5% by weight, preferably at least 10% by weight, and particularly preferably at least 15% by weight of water.

[0106] Based on the total weight of the composition, the composition according to the invention contains about 5% w / w to about 70% w / w, preferably about 10% w / w to about 60% w / w, and particularly preferably about 15% w / w to about 50% w / w of water.

[0107] Examples of plants that can be successfully treated with kelp polysaccharides within the scope of this invention are selected from, but are not limited to, the following: fruit trees, such as apple trees, pear trees and grapevines; cereals, such as wheat, corn and rice; oil plants, such as soybeans, sunflowers and rapeseed; and vegetables, such as carrots, tomatoes, cauliflower and potatoes.

[0108] Generally speaking, kelp polysaccharide can be used to treat leaves at doses between 0.005 g / L and 100 g / L, and can be used to treat seeds at doses between 1 g / 100 kg and 100 g / 100 kg.

[0109] In one implementation, kelp polysaccharide is applied together with another fungicide or insecticide.

[0110] In one embodiment, kelp polysaccharide is applied together with a fungicide selected from the group consisting of dithiocarbamate fungicides, copper, sulfur, and cinnamaldehyde.

[0111] However, it should be understood that the scope of the invention is not limited in any way by these embodiments. Those skilled in the art will understand that the invention includes the embodiments described above, and modifications and variations can be made within the technical scope of the invention. Therefore, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise, the numerical ranges used explicitly include any possible subdomains and any other single numerical value included within that range, any numerical value within those ranges or subdomains, and any fraction of the said numerical value or said integer within those ranges. This applies in all cases to all numerical ranges, and in any context throughout this application. For example, a numerical range of 10% to 60% includes 15% to 55%, 20% to 50%, 25% to 45%, 30% to 40%, etc.

[0112] While the foregoing written description of the invention enables those skilled in the art to prepare and use the contents, which are currently considered to be in their best mode, those skilled in the art will understand and recognize the existence of variations, combinations, and equivalents of the specific embodiments, methods, and examples described herein. Therefore, the invention should not be limited to the foregoing embodiments, methods, and examples, but rather to all embodiments and methods within the scope and spirit of the invention.

[0113] The present invention will be described with reference to the following embodiments.

[0114] Example

[0115] Example 1

[0116]

[0117] 1. In a double-jacketed container, the kelp polysaccharide technology was mixed with glycerol and water at room temperature for 15 minutes.

[0118] 2. Heat the container at 50°C-55°C. Stir the mixture at 50°C-55°C for 30 minutes.

[0119] 3. After cooling at room temperature, the product is then packaged.

[0120] Example 2

[0121]

[0122] 1. In a double-jacketed container, the kelp polysaccharide technology was mixed with glycerol and water at room temperature for 15 minutes.

[0123] 2. Heat the container at 50°C-55°C. Stir the mixture at 50°C-55°C for 30 minutes.

[0124] 3. After cooling at room temperature, the product is then packaged.

[0125] Example 3

[0126] The storage stability of the compositions described in Examples 1 and 2 was tested. The CIPAC (International Committee for Pesticide Analysis) method was used to study samples stored at 54°C for 2 weeks, at 25°C for 12 months, at 40°C for 3 months, at -10°C for 3 months, and at 0°C for 7 days.

[0127]

[0128] All compositions prepared according to the method disclosed in this invention have been found to have good stability characteristics. Furthermore, the formulations are stable at all tested temperatures throughout the stated storage period.

[0129] Example 4

[0130] field trials :

[0131] Experiments have been conducted to demonstrate the efficacy of the composition of the present invention against tomato gray mold.

[0132] Experimental details :

[0133] Apply the composition ABCDEF, where A = early flowering, B = full flowering, and C = end of flowering, and then apply it every 7-10 days.

[0134] Spraying interval: 7-10 days / / Spray volume: 600L / ha, foliar spraying.

[0135] Leaf assessment: severity and incidence (%) at 0DAA, 10DAB, 10DAC, 10DAD, 10DAF, and 30DAF.

[0136] Assessment of fruit: Severity and incidence (%) at two days post-harvest for 0 DAA, 10 DAB, 10 DAD, 10 DAF, and 30 DAF+.

[0137] Phytotoxicity symptoms (%) at 0DAA, 10DAB, 10DAD, and 10DAF.

[0138] Table 1: Percentage of Disease Dimensions

[0139]

[0140] It has been observed that the composition demonstrates good efficacy in controlling tomato gray mold for all the test results listed in the table above.

[0141] Example 5

[0142] field trials :

[0143] Tests have been conducted to demonstrate the efficacy of the present invention's composition, which also contains sulfur, against powdery mildew (Erysiphe sp.) in cumin.

[0144] Experimental details :

[0145] These trials were conducted at four locations.

[0146] Apply twice at 10-day intervals after the first application. At the time of application, the crop is in a vegetative growth stage.

[0147] A—First application

[0148] B—Second application

[0149] Spraying interval: 7-10 days / / Spray volume: 500L / ha, foliar spraying.

[0150] Assessment: Severity and incidence (%) at 5DA-A, 10DA-A, 5DA-B, and 10DA-B.

[0151] Disease control (%) at 5DA-A, 10DA-A, 5DA-B, and 10DA-B.

[0152] Table 2: Percentage of Diseases in Cumin Celery

[0153]

[0154] Example 6

[0155] field trials :

[0156] Tests have been conducted to demonstrate the efficacy of the present invention compositions, which also contain copper oxychloride, against Xanthomonas campestris pvcitri, a pathogenic strain of citrus fruit found in lemons and oranges.

[0157] Experimental details :

[0158] The plants are between 8 and 12 years old.

[0159] The experiment was conducted in three parallel measurements at four different locations.

[0160] Apply 4 times at 7-day intervals.

[0161] A—First application

[0162] B—Second application

[0163] C—Third application

[0164] D—Fourth application

[0165] Spraying interval: 10 days / / Spray volume: 10L / tree, foliar spraying.

[0166] Assessment: Severity and incidence (%) at 7DA-A, 7DA-B, 7DA-C, and 7DA-D

[0167] Disease control at 7DA-A, 7DA-B, 7DA-C, and 7DA-D (%).

[0168] Table 3: Percentage of Diseases in Citrus Fruits

[0169]

[0170]

[0171] Example 7

[0172] field trials :

[0173] Tests have been conducted to demonstrate the efficacy of the present invention's composition, which also contains sulfur, against powdery mildew (Erysiphe sp.) in red peppers.

[0174] Experimental details :

[0175] These trials were conducted at three locations.

[0176] Apply three times at 7-day intervals after application. The crop should be in a vegetative growth stage at the time of application.

[0177] A—First application

[0178] B—Second application

[0179] C—Third application

[0180] Spraying interval: 7 / / Spraying volume: 500L / ha, foliar spraying.

[0181] Assessment: Severity and incidence (%) at 7DA-A, 7DA-B, and 7DA-C, and disease control (%) at 7DA-A, 7DA-B, and 7DA-C.

[0182] Table 4: Percentage of Diseases in Red Peppers

[0183]

[0184]

[0185] It is evident from the above embodiments that the composition of the present invention can effectively prevent and control crop diseases.

Claims

1. A composition comprising: i) laminarin; and ii) a polyol; wherein the composition comprises 0.005 to 100 grams of laminarin, wherein the polyol is used in an amount of 10% to 40% w / w of the total composition, and wherein the polyol is glycerol.

2. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the composition is in liquid form.

3. The composition according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the composition further comprises: at least one fungicide.

4. The composition according to claim 3, wherein the fungicide is a multi-site fungicide selected from the group consisting of copper-based fungicides, dithio-carbamate-based fungicides, phthalamide-based fungicides, chloronitrile-based fungicides, sulfonamide-based fungicides, guanidine-based fungicides, triazine-based fungicides, and quinone-based fungicides.

5. The composition according to claim 4, wherein the fungicide is a sulfur-based fungicide.

6. The composition according to claim 4, wherein the fungicide is a copper-based fungicide.

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