Method for improving the ability of electrical equipment to prevent sudden short circuit failure and related equipment

Abstract

The present application provides a method, apparatus, device and readable storage medium for improving the ability of electrical equipment to prevent sudden short circuit failures. The method provided in the embodiments of the present application can integrate the operational failures of electrical equipment and the manufacturing specification benchmarking, integrate the data of the entire life cycle of the electrical equipment to prepare the procurement technical specifications and review specifications of the electrical equipment, and improve the ability of electrical equipment to prevent sudden short circuit failures by checking the effectiveness of the partial discharge live detection device of the electrical equipment and the dust and foreign matter of the electrical equipment.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present application relates to the field of power equipment operation and control technology, and in particular to a method, apparatus, device and readable storage medium for improving the ability of electrical equipment to prevent sudden short circuit failures. Background Art

[0002] In practical applications, the insulation system of electrical equipment is crucial to its safety. For example, combined electrical equipment (CMUs) are the most critical switchgear in power systems. Sudden short circuits are the most difficult to predict and the most detrimental failure type in CMUs. These failures can pose a safety risk to the power grid, resulting in a loss of voltage across the entire substation. They can also pose a personal safety risk due to the explosion of CMUs' porcelain bottles, and can lead to equipment safety risks due to the inability to quickly obtain spare parts.

[0003] In actual use, the incidence of sudden short-circuit failures in combination electrical appliances due to problems with key components such as insulating rods has increased significantly, fully exposing the lack of reliability of key insulating components. Currently, limited testing technology for insulating components makes it difficult to detect problems in combination electrical appliances during operation. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The present application aims to solve at least one of the above-mentioned technical defects. In view of this, the present application provides a method, device, equipment and readable storage medium for improving the ability of electrical equipment to prevent sudden short circuit failures, which is used to solve the technical defect in the existing technology that it is difficult to detect electrical equipment failures in a timely manner.

[0005] A method for improving the ability of electrical equipment to prevent sudden short circuit failures, comprising:

[0006] Analyze whether the procurement technical specifications of the target electrical equipment are complete;

[0007] If the procurement technical specifications of the target electrical equipment are incomplete, revise the procurement technical specifications of the target electrical equipment;

[0008] If the procurement technical specifications for the target electrical equipment have been completed, analyzing whether the procurement technical specifications for the target electrical equipment have been effectively implemented;

[0009] If the procurement technical specifications for the target electrical equipment are not effectively implemented, formulate the model review work specifications for the target electrical equipment;

[0010] Inspect the effectiveness of the live partial discharge detection device placed on site for the target electrical equipment in accordance with the model review work specifications for the target electrical equipment;

[0011] The target electrical equipment is inspected for dust and foreign matter to enhance the ability of the target electrical equipment to prevent sudden short circuit failures.

[0012] Preferably, the checking the effectiveness of the partial discharge live detection device placed on-site for the target electrical equipment according to the model review work specifications of the target electrical equipment includes:

[0013] Using a metal flange basin insulator as the insulator of the target electrical equipment;

[0014] Use external UHF sensors to perform partial discharge detection.

[0015] Preferably, a partial discharge test window is reserved on the metal flange of the basin-type insulator using the metal flange.

[0016] Preferably, the area of ​​the partial discharge test window is not less than a preset first threshold value.

[0017] The width of the partial discharge test window is not less than a preset second threshold;

[0018] The height of the partial discharge test window is not less than a preset third threshold.

[0019] Preferably, the partial discharge test window is used to couple a discharge signal appearing inside the target electrical device within the partial discharge test window when the target electrical device is in operation.

[0020] Preferably, the preset first threshold is 825 square millimeters.

[0021] The preset second threshold is 15 mm;

[0022] The preset third threshold is 55 mm.

[0023] Preferably, the inspecting of the target electrical equipment for dust and foreign matter includes:

[0024] Testing the thickness, hardness, and bonding strength of the silver plating layer on the conductive contact parts of the target electrical equipment according to the silver plating quality standards and testing methods provided by the manufacturer of the target electrical equipment;

[0025] Testing the quality of silver plating on the moving and static contacts of the circuit breaker, disconnector, and earthing switch in the target electrical equipment to ensure that, after performing at least 200 consecutive opening and closing operations on the circuit breaker, disconnector, and earthing switch of the target electrical equipment, the silver plating on the moving and static contacts of the circuit breaker, disconnector, and earthing switch of the target electrical equipment does not fall off, expose copper, or produce obvious metal debris;

[0026] When applying anti-rust or anti-corrosion paint to the inside of the tank of the target electrical equipment, the paint surface should be smooth without abnormal protrusions and have good adhesion;

[0027] Check whether the circuit breakers, disconnectors and earthing switches of the target electrical equipment meet the preset factory test requirements;

[0028] In the on-site acceptance test of the target electrical equipment, under the preset first voltage condition, the AC withstand voltage value of the target electrical equipment is completely consistent with the factory value of the AC withstand voltage value of the target electrical equipment. Under the preset second voltage condition, the AC withstand voltage value of the target electrical equipment should not be lower than the preset fourth threshold.

[0029] A device for improving the ability of electrical equipment to prevent sudden short circuit failures, comprising:

[0030] The first analysis unit is used to analyze whether the procurement technical specifications of the target electrical equipment are complete;

[0031] a revising unit, configured to revise the procurement technical specification of the target electrical equipment when the execution result of the first analyzing unit is that the procurement technical specification of the target electrical equipment is incomplete;

[0032] a second analyzing unit configured to analyze whether the procurement technical specifications for the target electrical equipment have been effectively implemented when the execution result of the first analyzing unit is that the procurement technical specifications for the target electrical equipment have been completed;

[0033] a formulating unit, configured to formulate a model review work specification for the target electrical equipment when the execution result of the second analyzing unit is that the procurement technical specification for the target electrical equipment has not been effectively implemented;

[0034] A first inspection unit is configured to inspect the effectiveness of a live partial discharge detection device placed on-site on the target electrical equipment according to a model review work specification for the target electrical equipment;

[0035] The second inspection unit is used to inspect the target electrical equipment for dust and foreign matter, so as to enhance the ability of the target electrical equipment to prevent sudden short circuit failures.

[0036] A device for improving the ability of electrical equipment to prevent sudden short circuit failures, comprising: one or more processors, and a memory;

[0037] The memory stores computer-readable instructions, which, when executed by the one or more processors, implement the steps of the method for improving the ability of electrical equipment to prevent sudden short circuit failures as described in any of the above descriptions.

[0038] A readable storage medium stores computer-readable instructions. When the computer-readable instructions are executed by one or more processors, the one or more processors implement the steps of the method for improving the ability of electrical equipment to resist sudden short-circuit failures as described in any of the above descriptions.

[0039] It can be seen from the technical solutions introduced above that when it is necessary to detect the ability of the target electrical equipment to prevent sudden short circuits, the method provided in the embodiment of the present application can analyze whether the procurement technical specifications of the target electrical equipment are complete; if the procurement technical specifications of the target electrical equipment are not complete, it may cause the target electrical equipment to be a product of unqualified quality, and the procurement technical specifications of the target electrical equipment can be revised; if the procurement technical specifications of the target electrical equipment are complete, it is analyzed whether the procurement technical specifications of the target electrical equipment are effectively implemented; so that the procurement of the target electrical equipment can be confirmed. Whether the specifications are effectively implemented. If the procurement technical specifications of the target electrical equipment are not effectively implemented, it means that the review work for the target electrical equipment has not been effectively implemented, which may result in the target electrical equipment having weak prevention capabilities when a sudden short circuit failure occurs. In this case, a model review work specification for the target electrical equipment can be formulated to improve the review work requirements for the target electrical equipment. After formulating the model review work specification for the target electrical equipment, the effectiveness of the partial discharge live detection device placed on site for the target electrical equipment can be checked based on the model review work specification for the target electrical equipment, so that the partial discharge situation of the target electrical equipment can be accurately measured. The target electrical equipment should also be inspected for dust and foreign matter to improve the target electrical equipment's ability to prevent sudden short circuit failures.

[0040] The method provided in the embodiment of the present application can integrate the operational failures of electrical equipment and the manufacturing specifications, integrate the data of the entire life cycle of the electrical equipment to produce the procurement technical specifications and review specifications of the electrical equipment, and improve the ability of the electrical equipment to prevent sudden short circuit failures by checking the effectiveness of the partial discharge live detection device of the electrical equipment and the dust and foreign matter of the electrical equipment. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0041] In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present application or the technical solutions in the prior art, the following briefly introduces the drawings required for use in the embodiments or the description of the prior art. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present application. For ordinary technicians in this field, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without paying any creative labor.

[0042] Figure 1 A flowchart of a method for improving the ability of electrical equipment to prevent sudden short circuit failures is provided in an embodiment of the present application;

[0043] Figure 2 A schematic diagram of the structure of a device for improving the ability of electrical equipment to prevent sudden short circuit failures is provided as an example of an embodiment of the present application;

[0044] Figure 3 This is a hardware structure block diagram of a device for improving the ability of electrical equipment to prevent sudden short circuit failures disclosed in an embodiment of the present application. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0045] The following will be combined with the drawings in the embodiments of this application to clearly and completely describe the technical solutions in the embodiments of this application. Obviously, the embodiments described are only part of the embodiments of this application, not all of the embodiments. Based on the embodiments in this application, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field without making creative efforts are within the scope of protection of this application.

[0046] Existing research has shown that sudden short-circuit failures of combination electrical appliances caused by problems with key components such as insulating rods have increased significantly, fully exposing the problem of insufficient reliability of key insulating components.

[0047] The current technical requirements for insulation components are mainly testing requirements, such as partial discharge at 80% of the power frequency withstand voltage value and X-ray testing, which make it difficult to detect problems in electrical equipment during operation;

[0048] At present, we mainly rely on online monitoring of partial discharges of combination electrical appliances. Through verification during the operation of the devices, we have found more than 80 unqualified devices. The main reasons are the lack of response of the monitoring channel, insufficient coverage effectiveness and failure of the alarm mechanism. The effectiveness of the partial discharge detection device of the combination electrical appliance needs to be improved; the on-site detection efficiency of infrared temperature measurement is low, the data analysis is difficult, and it is impossible to conduct comparative analysis of historical data. The effectiveness of detecting internal overheating faults is insufficient. Although technical specifications for infrared detection of internal overheating of gas-insulated metal-enclosed switches have been issued, they have not been promoted and applied.

[0049] The loop resistance test of combination electrical appliances is complex, and the comparative analysis of historical data is difficult. The preventive test cycle of loop resistance is long, and the effectiveness of detecting internal overheating faults is limited.

[0050] Obviously, most of the current solutions for improving the ability of electrical equipment to prevent sudden short-circuit failures are difficult to adapt to complex and changing business needs.

[0051] To this end, the applicant has studied a solution to improve the ability of electrical equipment to prevent sudden short-circuit failures. The solution to improve the ability of electrical equipment to prevent sudden short-circuit failures can integrate the operating failures of electrical equipment and manufacturing specifications, integrate data from the entire life cycle of electrical equipment to produce procurement technical specifications and review specifications for electrical equipment, and improve the ability of electrical equipment to prevent sudden short-circuit failures by checking the effectiveness of the partial discharge live detection device of the electrical equipment and the dust and foreign matter of the electrical equipment.

[0052] The methods provided in the embodiments of the present application can be used in a variety of general-purpose or specialized computing device environments or configurations, such as personal computers, server computers, handheld or portable devices, tablet devices, multi-processor devices, and distributed computing environments including any of the above.

[0053] An embodiment of the present application provides a method for improving the ability of electrical equipment to prevent sudden short-circuit failures. The method can be applied to various power systems or electrical equipment management systems, and can also be applied to various computer terminals or smart terminals. The execution entity can be the processor or server of the computer terminal or smart terminal.

[0054] The following combination Figure 1 , introduces the process of the method for improving the ability of electrical equipment to prevent sudden short circuit failures given in the embodiment of the present application, such as Figure 1 As shown, the process can include the following steps:

[0055] Step S101: analyzing whether the procurement technical specifications of the target electrical equipment are complete.

[0056] Specifically, in actual application, electrical equipment generally has corresponding procurement technical specifications.

[0057] The procurement technical specifications for electrical equipment may generally include the following information:

[0058] Equipment installation specifications, equipment operating scope, equipment technical requirements, equipment scope of responsibility and interfaces, equipment maintenance methods, and equipment technical standards.

[0059] For example,

[0060] Combination electrical appliances are a common type of electrical equipment. Combination electrical appliances are devices that combine two or more electrical appliances into a whole according to wiring requirements while each appliance still maintains its original performance.

[0061] The combination appliance has a compact structure, small appearance and installation size, is easy to use, and the performance of each appliance in the combination appliance can be better coordinated to better exert the performance of each appliance.

[0062] According to the voltage level, common combination electrical appliances can be divided into two categories: low-voltage combination electrical appliances and high-voltage combination electrical appliances.

[0063] Common low-voltage combination electrical appliances include fused knife switches, electromagnetic starters, and integrated starters. Low-voltage combination electrical appliances are easy to use and can greatly simplify power systems.

[0064] For example, in the motor branch of an industrial electric traction automatic control system, only one low-voltage electrical appliance composed of a contactor, a circuit breaker or a fuse and a thermal relay is needed to have the functions of remotely controlling the frequent starting, stopping and various protection and control of the motor.

[0065] High-voltage combination electrical appliances can be divided into two types according to their insulation structure: open type and fully enclosed type.

[0066] Open type high voltage combination electrical equipment can be composed of isolating switch or circuit breaker as the main body, and current transformer, voltage transformer, cable head and other components are combined with it.

[0067] A fully enclosed high-voltage combination electrical appliance can seal the high-voltage live parts of each component in a grounded metal casing, which is filled with gas, oil or solid insulating medium with good insulating properties.

[0068] The components of a fully enclosed high-voltage combination electrical appliance generally include circuit breakers, disconnectors, grounding switches, voltage transformers, current transformers, busbars, lightning arresters, and cable terminals.

[0069] The various components in the fully enclosed high-voltage combination electrical appliance can be connected in sequence and formed into a whole according to the wiring requirements.

[0070] The early sulfur hexafluoride fully enclosed electrical appliances, referred to as SF6 fully enclosed high-voltage combination electrical appliances, have the characteristics of small installation volume, good safety performance, high reliability and long maintenance cycle.

[0071] From this we can see that different electrical equipment has different procurement technical specifications.

[0072] Therefore, it is possible to analyze whether the procurement technical specifications of the target electrical equipment are complete, so as to determine whether the procurement technical specifications of the target electrical equipment need to be revised.

[0073] If the procurement technical specifications of the target electrical equipment are incomplete, it means that the quality of the target electrical equipment may not meet the technical standards and quality requirements of the electrical equipment.

[0074] The quality of the target electrical device is unqualified, and use of the target electrical device may pose a safety hazard.

[0075] If the procurement technical specifications of the target electrical equipment are incomplete, the procurement technical specifications of the target electrical equipment may need to be revised, and step S102 may be executed.

[0076] If the procurement technical specifications of the target electrical equipment have been completed, it means that the target electrical equipment should be electrical equipment that meets the procurement technical requirements and quality requirements, and further analysis can be made as to whether the procurement technical specifications of the target electrical equipment are effectively implemented.

[0077] Step S102: Revise the procurement technical specifications of the target electrical equipment.

[0078] Specifically, from the above introduction, it can be seen that the method provided in the embodiment of the present application can determine whether the procurement technical specifications of the target electrical equipment are complete. If the procurement technical specifications of the target electrical equipment are not complete, it means that the quality of the target electrical equipment may not meet the technical standards and quality requirements of the electrical equipment.

[0079] The quality of the target electrical device is unqualified, and use of the target electrical device may pose a safety hazard.

[0080] If the procurement technical specifications of the target electrical equipment are incomplete, the problems in the existing procurement technical specifications of the target electrical equipment can be discovered by benchmarking with the procurement technical specifications of some advanced power grid companies, benchmarking with the procurement technical specifications of advanced manufacturing companies, and collecting problems existing in the manufacturing, installation and operation of the target electrical equipment. The procurement technical specifications of the target electrical equipment can be revised in a timely manner based on the problems existing in the procurement technical specifications of the target electrical equipment.

[0081] Step S103: analyzing whether the procurement technical specifications of the target electrical equipment are effectively implemented.

[0082] Specifically, from the above introduction, it can be seen that the method provided in the embodiment of the present application can determine whether the procurement technical specifications of the target electrical equipment are complete. If the procurement technical specifications of the target electrical equipment are complete, it means that the target electrical equipment should be an electrical equipment that meets the procurement technical requirements and quality requirements.

[0083] However, even if the procurement technical specifications for the target electrical equipment are complete, if the procurement technical specifications for the target electrical equipment are not effectively implemented, the target electrical equipment may still have safety hazards, which may result in the target electrical equipment having a weak ability to prevent sudden short-circuit failures.

[0084] Therefore, when it is determined that the procurement technical specifications of the target electrical equipment are complete, it is possible to further analyze whether the procurement technical specifications of the target electrical equipment are effectively implemented to ensure that the target electrical equipment can be purchased and used in accordance with the procurement technical specifications of the target electrical equipment.

[0085] If it is determined that the procurement technical specifications for the target electrical two-color plates have not been effectively implemented, it means that the review of the target electrical equipment is not in place, and problems existing in the procurement or use of the target electrical equipment have not been discovered in a timely manner, which leads to safety hazards in the target electrical equipment and may further lead to the target electrical equipment's weak ability to prevent sudden short-circuit failures.

[0086] Step S104: formulating the model review work specifications for the target electrical equipment.

[0087] Specifically, from the above introduction, it can be seen that the method provided in the embodiment of the present application can further analyze whether the procurement technical specifications of the target electrical equipment are effectively implemented after determining that the procurement technical specifications of the target electrical equipment are complete.

[0088] If it is determined that the procurement technical specifications for the target electrical two-color plates have not been effectively implemented, it means that the review of the target electrical equipment is not in place, and problems existing in the procurement or use of the target electrical equipment have not been discovered in a timely manner, which leads to safety hazards in the target electrical equipment and may further lead to the target electrical equipment's weak ability to prevent sudden short-circuit failures.

[0089] Therefore, although the procurement technical specifications for the target electrical equipment have been perfected, in order to improve the ability of the target electrical equipment to cope with sudden short-circuit failures, it is still necessary to improve the review of the target electrical equipment to ensure that the target electrical equipment can be purchased and used in accordance with the procurement technical specifications for the target electrical equipment, thereby reducing the safety hazards caused by the failure to effectively implement the procurement technical specifications for the target electrical equipment.

[0090] Therefore, if it is determined that the procurement technical specifications for the target electrical two-color plates have not been effectively implemented, then the model review work specifications for the target electrical equipment can be formulated.

[0091] Among them, the model review work specifications of the target electrical equipment can refer to the standards of some advanced power grid companies on the implementation of technical specifications, and collect problems existing in the implementation of procurement technical specifications of the target electrical equipment to formulate the model review work specifications of the target electrical equipment.

[0092] The model review work specifications for the target electrical equipment include the review standards and technical requirements for the procurement, installation and use of the target electrical equipment.

[0093] By reviewing the work of the target electrical equipment during its procurement, use, and maintenance according to the model review work specifications of the target electrical equipment, problems or safety hazards existing in the target electrical equipment can be discovered in a timely manner, which helps to improve the safety of the target electrical equipment, reduce the probability of failure of the target electrical equipment, and help improve the ability of the target electrical equipment to cope with sudden short-circuit failures.

[0094] Step S105 , checking the effectiveness of the partial discharge live detection device placed on the target electrical equipment on site according to the model review work specifications of the target electrical equipment.

[0095] Specifically, from the above introduction, it can be seen that the method provided in the embodiment of the present application can refer to the standards of some advanced power grid companies regarding the implementation of technical specifications, and collect problems existing in the implementation of procurement technical specifications of the target electrical equipment to formulate the model review work specifications of the target electrical equipment.

[0096] After determining the model review work specifications for the target electrical equipment, the effectiveness of the partial discharge live detection device placed on-site for the target electrical equipment can be checked based on the model review work specifications for the target electrical equipment.

[0097] In actual application, during the process of checking the safety of the target electrical equipment, a partial discharge detection device or equipment may usually be installed at the site where the target electrical equipment is installed to check whether the target electrical equipment has a fault.

[0098] The partial discharge detection device is a special instrument used to measure abnormal electric sparks generated inside or outside electrical equipment and emit sound and light alarm signals.

[0099] The basic principle of a partial discharge detection device is to apply a voltage to the object being measured and allow the voltage to vary within a certain range, thereby generating an arc or spark. The changes in current are then analyzed to determine whether there is an abnormality.

[0100] The partial discharge detection device may include a high-voltage pulse transformer, a high-frequency oscillation circuit, a photoelectric coupling device and a display instrument.

[0101] When a fault occurs in the object being inspected, due to insulation damage or other reasons, the leakage current increases to a certain level, resulting in a transient overcurrent that breaks down the insulation layer of the air gap, generating an arc or spark. At this time, if a high voltage is applied to the primary winding of the high-voltage pulse transformer, the leakage current flowing through the primary winding will increase rapidly, achieving the purpose of breakdown. At the same time, due to the effect of electromagnetic induction, the magnetic flux in the secondary coil of the high-voltage power supply will also change accordingly, generating a high-frequency oscillation waveform. These high-frequency oscillation waveforms are converted into corresponding digital quantities by the optocoupler and input into the computer for real-time monitoring and analysis. After processing, it can be determined whether there is a short circuit or leakage phenomenon inside the equipment, as well as the location and size of the fault point and other parameter information.

[0102] Therefore, whether the partial discharge charging detection device placed on the target electrical equipment on site is effective can determine whether the target electrical equipment has a fault.

[0103] Therefore, after formulating the model review work specifications for the target electrical equipment, the effectiveness of the partial discharge live detection device placed on site for the target electrical equipment can be checked based on the model review work specifications for the target electrical equipment.

[0104] If the partial discharge charging detection device placed on-site for the target electrical equipment is effective, it means that the partial discharge charging detection device placed on-site for the target electrical equipment can be used to detect whether the target electrical equipment has a fault.

[0105] If the partial discharge live detection device placed on-site for the target electrical equipment is effective, it means that the partial discharge live detection device placed on-site for the target electrical equipment cannot be used to detect whether the target electrical equipment has a fault. It may be necessary to replace the partial discharge live detection device placed on-site for the target electrical equipment so that the partial discharge live detection device placed on-site for the target electrical equipment can be used to detect whether the target electrical equipment has a fault. This helps to promptly discover the fault of the target electrical equipment and troubleshoot it in time, which helps to improve the ability of the target electrical equipment to prevent sudden short circuit faults.

[0106] Step S106 : inspecting the target electrical equipment for dust and foreign matter to enhance the ability of the target electrical equipment to prevent sudden short circuit failures.

[0107] Specifically, as can be seen from the above description, the method provided in the embodiments of the present application can, after formulating the model review work specifications for the target electrical equipment, check the effectiveness of the partial discharge live detection device placed on-site for the target electrical equipment based on the model review work specifications for the target electrical equipment. This ensures that the partial discharge live detection device placed on-site for the target electrical equipment can be used to detect whether the target electrical equipment is faulty.

[0108] Furthermore, if there is too much dust on the target electrical equipment, it may also increase the potential safety hazards of the target electrical equipment and may affect the ability of the target electrical equipment to prevent sudden short circuit failures.

[0109] Therefore, the method provided in the embodiment of the present application can also inspect dust and foreign matter on the target electrical equipment to enhance the ability of the target electrical equipment to prevent sudden short circuit failures.

[0110] It can be seen from the technical solutions introduced above that the method provided in the embodiments of the present application can integrate the operational failures of electrical equipment and the manufacturing specifications, integrate the data of the entire life cycle of the electrical equipment to prepare the procurement technical specifications and review specifications of the electrical equipment, and improve the ability of the electrical equipment to prevent sudden short circuit failures by checking the effectiveness of the partial discharge live detection device of the electrical equipment and the dust and foreign matter of the electrical equipment.

[0111] As can be seen from the technical solutions described above, the method provided in the embodiments of the present application can check the effectiveness of the partial discharge live detection device placed on-site for the target electrical equipment based on the model review work specifications of the target electrical equipment. The following describes the process, which may include the following steps:

[0112] Step S201: Using a metal flange basin insulator as an insulator of the target electrical equipment.

[0113] Specifically, from the above introduction, it can be seen that the method provided in the embodiment of the present application can determine the model review work specifications of the target electrical equipment.

[0114] After determining the model review work specifications of the target electrical equipment, the effectiveness of the partial discharge live detection device placed on-site for the target electrical equipment can be further determined based on the model review work specifications of the target electrical equipment.

[0115] In the actual application process, in order to better check the effectiveness of the partial discharge live detection device placed on the target electrical equipment on site, a pot-type insulator with a metal flange can be used as the insulator of the target electrical equipment.

[0116] in,

[0117] The metal flange of the pot-type insulator using a metal flange may have a reserved partial discharge test window. The partial discharge test window can be used to couple discharge signals occurring within the target electrical device within the partial discharge test window when the target electrical device is operating, so as to promptly detect abnormal current signals existing in the target electrical device, and to detect whether the target electrical device has a fault by analyzing the abnormal signals of the target electrical device.

[0118] The area of ​​the partial discharge test window may be no less than a preset first threshold,

[0119] The width of the partial discharge test window may be no less than a preset second threshold;

[0120] The height of the partial discharge test window may be no less than a preset third threshold.

[0121] in,

[0122] The preset first threshold value may be 825 square millimeters.

[0123] The preset second threshold may be 15 mm;

[0124] The preset third threshold may be 55 mm.

[0125] For example,

[0126] The area of ​​the partial discharge test window of the target electrical device may be greater than or equal to 825 square millimeters, and the partial discharge test window of the target electrical device may be a window with a width of 15 millimeters and a height of 55 millimeters.

[0127] Step S202: Detect partial discharge charging using an external ultra-high frequency sensor.

[0128] Specifically, from the above introduction, it can be seen that in order to better check the effectiveness of the partial discharge live detection device placed on the target electrical equipment on site, the method provided in the embodiment of the present application can use a pot-type insulator with a metal flange as the insulator of the target electrical equipment.

[0129] Furthermore, in order to improve the accuracy and efficiency of detection, an external ultra-high frequency sensor can be used to perform partial discharge charging detection.

[0130] It can be seen from the technical solutions introduced above that the method provided in the embodiments of the present application can integrate the operational failures of electrical equipment and the manufacturing specifications, integrate the data of the entire life cycle of the electrical equipment to prepare the procurement technical specifications and review specifications of the electrical equipment, and improve the ability of the electrical equipment to prevent sudden short circuit failures by checking the effectiveness of the partial discharge live detection device of the electrical equipment and the dust and foreign matter of the electrical equipment.

[0131] As can be seen from the technical solutions described above, in order to improve the ability of the target electrical equipment to prevent sudden short circuits, the method provided in the embodiments of the present application can inspect the target electrical equipment for dust and foreign matter. The following describes the process, which may include the following steps:

[0132] Step S301 : testing the thickness, hardness and bonding strength of the silver plating layer on the conductive contact parts of the target electrical device according to the silver plating quality standards and testing methods provided by the manufacturer of the target electrical device.

[0133] Specifically, in actual application, after the electrical equipment is produced, the manufacturer will provide the quality standards, testing methods and some manufacturing information about the target electrical equipment.

[0134] Problems existing in the target electrical equipment can be effectively traced through the manufacturing data or quality standards and testing means of the target electrical equipment.

[0135] For example, manufacturers generally provide quality standards, testing methods, and manufacturing information for the silver plating layer on the power-off contact parts of electrical equipment.

[0136] The thickness, hardness and bonding strength of the silver plating layer on the conductive contact parts of the target electrical equipment can be tested based on the silver plating quality standards and testing methods provided by the manufacturer of the target electrical equipment to determine whether the thickness, hardness and bonding strength of the silver plating layer on the conductive contact parts of the target electrical equipment meet the quality requirements.

[0137] For example,

[0138] The thickness, hardness and bonding strength of the silver plating layer on the conductive contact parts of the target electrical equipment shall comply with relevant quality standards.

[0139] Step S302: Testing the quality of silver plating on the moving and static contacts of the circuit breaker, disconnector, and earthing switch in the target electrical equipment to ensure that, after the circuit breaker, disconnector, and earthing switch of the target electrical equipment are continuously opened and closed for at least 200 times, the silver plating on the moving and static contacts of the circuit breaker, disconnector, and earthing switch of the target electrical equipment does not fall off, does not expose copper, and does not produce obvious metal debris.

[0140] Specifically, as can be seen from the above introduction, the method provided in the embodiment of the present application can determine that the manufacturer of the target electrical equipment will provide the quality standards, testing methods and some manufacturing information about the target electrical equipment.

[0141] Furthermore, the silver plating quality of the moving and static contacts of the circuit breaker, disconnector, and earthing switch in the target electrical equipment can be tested based on the quality standards, testing methods, and some manufacturing information about the target electrical equipment provided by the manufacturer of the target electrical equipment. This ensures that after the circuit breaker, disconnector, and earthing switch of the target electrical equipment are continuously opened and closed for at least 200 times, the silver plating on the moving and static contacts of the circuit breaker, disconnector, and earthing switch of the target electrical equipment does not fall off, copper is not exposed, and no obvious metal debris is generated.

[0142] If, after performing at least 200 consecutive opening and closing operations on the circuit breaker, disconnector, and earthing switch of the target electrical equipment, the silver plating on the moving and static contacts of the circuit breaker, disconnector, and earthing switch of the target electrical equipment does not fall off, copper is not exposed, and no obvious metal debris is generated, then the performance of the target electrical equipment can be ensured, and the probability of failure of the target electrical equipment can be reduced.

[0143] In actual application, the circuit breaker, disconnector and earthing switch of the target electrical equipment should be subjected to no less than 200 opening and closing mechanical operation tests during factory testing to ensure that the contacts of the circuit breaker, disconnector and earthing switch of the target electrical equipment can be fully run-in. After conducting at least 200 opening and closing mechanical operation tests, the interior of the circuit breaker, disconnector and earthing switch of the target electrical equipment should be thoroughly cleaned. After confirming that there are no abnormalities in the circuit breaker, disconnector and earthing switch of the target electrical equipment, other factory tests can be carried out.

[0144] Step S303: When applying anti-rust or anti-corrosion paint to the inside of the tank of the target electrical device, the paint surface should be smooth without abnormal protrusions and have good adhesion.

[0145] Specifically, as can be seen from the above introduction, the method provided in the embodiment of the present application can determine that the manufacturer of the target electrical equipment will provide the quality standards, testing methods and some manufacturing information about the target electrical equipment.

[0146] Furthermore, based on the quality standards, testing methods and some manufacturing information about the target electrical equipment provided by the manufacturer of the target electrical equipment, when anti-rust or anti-corrosion paint is applied to the inside of the tank body of the target electrical equipment, the paint surface should be smooth without abnormal protrusions and have good adhesion.

[0147] If the inside of the tank in the target electrical equipment is coated with anti-rust or anti-corrosion paint, the paint surface should be smooth without abnormal protrusions and have good adhesion, which can ensure that the performance of the target electrical equipment can be performed normally and reduce the probability of failure of the target electrical equipment.

[0148] Step S304: Check whether the circuit breaker, disconnector, and grounding switch of the target electrical equipment meet preset factory test requirements.

[0149] Specifically, as can be seen from the above introduction, the method provided in the embodiment of the present application can determine that the manufacturer of the target electrical equipment will provide the quality standards, testing methods and some manufacturing information about the target electrical equipment.

[0150] Furthermore, the target electrical equipment manufacturer may provide quality standards, testing methods, and manufacturing information regarding the target electrical equipment to check whether the circuit breaker, disconnector, and earthing switch of the target electrical equipment meet pre-set factory test requirements. In actual use, the circuit breaker, disconnector, and earthing switch of the target electrical equipment must meet the pre-set factory test requirements to ensure that the quality of the target electrical equipment meets the requirements.

[0151] The preset factory test requirements of the target electrical equipment may be as follows:

[0152] (1) During the factory test of the target electrical equipment, it is necessary to conduct a lightning impulse withstand test of at least three times each of positive and negative polarities under voltage conditions of 220 kV or above;

[0153] (2) The partial discharge test of the target electrical equipment shall be carried out after all other insulation tests have been carried out, and the test voltage for measuring the partial discharge of the target electrical equipment shall not be less than 80% of the power frequency withstand voltage value of the target electrical equipment;

[0154] If the circuit breaker, disconnector and grounding switch of the target electrical equipment meet the preset factory test requirements, it can be ensured that the performance of the target electrical equipment can be normally exerted, reducing the probability of failure of the target electrical equipment.

[0155] Step S305: In the on-site acceptance test of the target electrical equipment, under the preset first voltage condition, the AC withstand voltage value of the target electrical equipment is completely consistent with the factory value of the AC withstand voltage value of the target electrical equipment; under the preset second voltage condition, the AC withstand voltage value of the target electrical equipment should not be lower than the preset fourth threshold.

[0156] Specifically, in order to improve the safety inspection of the target electrical equipment, the method provided in the embodiment of the present application can ensure that, during the on-site acceptance test of the target electrical equipment, under a preset first voltage condition, the AC withstand voltage value of the target electrical equipment is completely consistent with the factory value of the AC withstand voltage value of the target electrical equipment; and under a preset second voltage condition, the AC withstand voltage value of the target electrical equipment should not be lower than a preset fourth threshold.

[0157] The preset first voltage condition, the preset second voltage condition and the preset fourth threshold value may be set with reference to the usage condition of the target electrical device.

[0158] For example, in an on-site acceptance test of the target electrical equipment, under voltage conditions of 110 kV to 220 kV, the AC withstand voltage value of the target electrical equipment should be completely consistent with the factory value of the AC withstand voltage value of the target electrical equipment;

[0159] Under the voltage condition of 500 kV, the AC withstand voltage value of the target electrical equipment should be no less than 90% of the factory value of the AC withstand voltage value of the target electrical equipment.

[0160] It can be seen from the technical solutions introduced above that the method provided in the embodiments of the present application can integrate the operational failures of electrical equipment and the manufacturing specifications, integrate the data of the entire life cycle of the electrical equipment to prepare the procurement technical specifications and review specifications of the electrical equipment, and improve the ability of the electrical equipment to prevent sudden short circuit failures by checking the effectiveness of the partial discharge live detection device of the electrical equipment and the dust and foreign matter of the electrical equipment.

[0161] The following describes the device for improving the ability of electrical equipment to prevent sudden short circuit failures provided in an embodiment of the present application. The device for improving the ability of electrical equipment to prevent sudden short circuit failures described below and the method for improving the ability of electrical equipment to prevent sudden short circuit failures described above can be referenced to each other.

[0162] See also Figure 2 , Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a device for improving the ability of electrical equipment to prevent sudden short circuit failures disclosed in an embodiment of the present application.

[0163] like Figure 2 As shown, the device for improving the ability of electrical equipment to prevent sudden short circuit failures may include:

[0164] The first analysis unit 101 is used to analyze whether the procurement technical specifications of the target electrical equipment are complete;

[0165] A revising unit 102, configured to revise the procurement technical specification of the target electrical equipment when the execution result of the first analyzing unit is that the procurement technical specification of the target electrical equipment is incomplete;

[0166] The second analyzing unit 103 is configured to analyze whether the procurement technical specifications of the target electrical equipment are effectively implemented when the execution result of the first analyzing unit is that the procurement technical specifications of the target electrical equipment have been completed;

[0167] a formulating unit 104, configured to formulate a model review work specification for the target electrical equipment when the execution result of the second analyzing unit is that the procurement technical specification for the target electrical equipment has not been effectively implemented;

[0168] The first inspection unit 105 is used to inspect the effectiveness of the partial discharge live detection device placed on the target electrical equipment on site according to the model review work specification of the target electrical equipment;

[0169] The second inspection unit 106 is configured to inspect the target electrical equipment for dust and foreign matter, so as to enhance the ability of the target electrical equipment to prevent sudden short circuit failures.

[0170] It can be seen from the technical solution introduced above that when it is necessary to detect the ability of the target electrical equipment to prevent sudden short circuits, the device provided in the embodiment of the present application can analyze whether the procurement technical specifications of the target electrical equipment are complete; if the procurement technical specifications of the target electrical equipment are not complete, it may cause the target electrical equipment to be a product of unqualified quality, and the procurement technical specifications of the target electrical equipment can be revised; if the procurement technical specifications of the target electrical equipment are complete, it is analyzed whether the procurement technical specifications of the target electrical equipment are effectively implemented; so that the procurement of the target electrical equipment can be confirmed. Whether the specifications are effectively implemented. If the procurement technical specifications of the target electrical equipment are not effectively implemented, it means that the review work for the target electrical equipment has not been effectively implemented, which may result in the target electrical equipment having weak prevention capabilities when a sudden short circuit failure occurs. In this case, a model review work specification for the target electrical equipment can be formulated to improve the review work requirements for the target electrical equipment. After formulating the model review work specification for the target electrical equipment, the effectiveness of the partial discharge live detection device placed on site for the target electrical equipment can be checked based on the model review work specification for the target electrical equipment, so that the partial discharge situation of the target electrical equipment can be accurately measured. The target electrical equipment should also be inspected for dust and foreign matter to improve the target electrical equipment's ability to prevent sudden short circuit failures.

[0171] The device provided in the embodiment of the present application can integrate the operational failures of electrical equipment and the manufacturing specifications, integrate the data of the entire life cycle of the electrical equipment to produce the procurement technical specifications and review specifications of the electrical equipment, and improve the ability of the electrical equipment to prevent sudden short circuit failures by checking the effectiveness of the partial discharge live detection device of the electrical equipment and the dust and foreign matter of the electrical equipment.

[0172] Further optionally, the first checking unit 105 includes:

[0173] A first setting unit is configured to use a pot-type insulator with a metal flange as an insulator of the target electrical equipment;

[0174] The second setting unit is used to perform partial discharge charging detection using an external ultra-high frequency sensor.

[0175] Further optionally, in the first setting unit, a partial discharge test window is reserved on the metal flange of the pot-type insulator using a metal flange.

[0176] Further optionally, the area of ​​the partial discharge test window is not less than a preset first threshold,

[0177] The width of the partial discharge test window is not less than a preset second threshold;

[0178] The height of the partial discharge test window is not less than a preset third threshold.

[0179] Further optional,

[0180] The partial discharge test window is used to couple a discharge signal appearing inside the target electrical device within the partial discharge test window when the target electrical device is in operation.

[0181] Further optional,

[0182] The preset first threshold is 825 square millimeters.

[0183] The preset second threshold is 15 mm;

[0184] The preset third threshold is 55 mm.

[0185] Further optionally, the second checking unit 106 includes:

[0186] a first silver-plated layer inspection unit, configured to inspect the thickness, hardness, and bonding strength of the silver-plated layer on the conductive contact portion of the target electrical device according to the silver-plated quality standards and inspection methods provided by the manufacturer of the target electrical device;

[0187] a second silver plating inspection unit, configured to inspect the quality of silver plating on the moving and static contacts of the circuit breaker, disconnector, and earthing switch in the target electrical equipment, to ensure that the silver plating on the moving and static contacts of the circuit breaker, disconnector, and earthing switch of the target electrical equipment does not fall off, does not expose copper, and does not produce obvious metal debris after the circuit breaker, disconnector, and earthing switch of the target electrical equipment are continuously opened and closed for at least 200 times;

[0188] The tank paint inspection unit is used to apply anti-rust or anti-corrosion paint to the inside of the tank of the target electrical equipment. The paint surface should be smooth without abnormal protrusions and have good adhesion;

[0189] A switch inspection unit, configured to inspect whether the circuit breaker, disconnector, and earthing switch of the target electrical equipment meet preset factory test requirements;

[0190] An AC withstand voltage value checking unit is used to ensure that, during an on-site acceptance test of the target electrical equipment, under a preset first voltage condition, the AC withstand voltage value of the target electrical equipment is completely consistent with the factory value of the AC withstand voltage value of the target electrical equipment; and under a preset second voltage condition, the AC withstand voltage value of the target electrical equipment should not be lower than a preset fourth threshold value.

[0191] Among them, the specific processing flow of each unit included in the above-mentioned device for improving the ability of electrical equipment to prevent sudden short circuit failures can be referred to the relevant introduction of the method for improving the ability of electrical equipment to prevent sudden short circuit failures in the previous text, and will not be repeated here.

[0192] The device for improving the ability of electrical equipment to prevent sudden short circuit failures provided in the embodiment of the present application can be applied to devices that improve the ability of electrical equipment to prevent sudden short circuit failures, such as terminals: mobile phones, computers, etc. Optionally, Figure 3 The hardware structure diagram of the device for improving the ability of electrical equipment to prevent sudden short circuit failure is shown. Figure 3The hardware structure of the device for improving the ability of electrical equipment to prevent sudden short circuit failures may include: at least one processor 1, at least one communication interface 2, at least one memory 3 and at least one communication bus 4.

[0193] In an embodiment of the present application, the number of processor 1 , communication interface 2 , memory 3 , and communication bus 4 is at least one, and the processor 1 , communication interface 2 , and memory 3 communicate with each other through the communication bus 4 .

[0194] The processor 1 may be a central processing unit (CPU), or an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), or one or more integrated circuits configured to implement the embodiments of the present application;

[0195] The memory 3 may include a high-speed RAM memory, and may also include a non-volatile memory, such as at least one disk memory;

[0196] The memory stores a program, and the processor can call the program stored in the memory, and the program is used to: implement various processing flows in the solution for improving the ability of the terminal to prevent sudden short circuit failures of electrical equipment.

[0197] An embodiment of the present application also provides a readable storage medium, which can store a program suitable for execution by a processor, and the program is used to: implement the various processing flows of the aforementioned terminal in the solution for improving the ability of electrical equipment to prevent sudden short circuit failures.

[0198] Finally, it should be noted that, in this document, relational terms such as first and second, etc., are used only to distinguish one entity or operation from another entity or operation, and do not necessarily require or imply any actual relationship or order between these entities or operations. Moreover, the terms "comprises," "comprising," or any other variations thereof are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or device comprising a series of elements includes not only those elements, but also other elements not explicitly listed, or elements inherent to such process, method, article, or device. In the absence of further limitations, an element defined by the phrase "comprising a ..." does not exclude the presence of additional identical elements in the process, method, article, or device comprising the element.

[0199] The various embodiments in this specification are described in a progressive manner, and each embodiment focuses on the differences from other embodiments. The same or similar parts between the various embodiments can be referenced to each other.

[0200] The above description of the disclosed embodiments is intended to enable those skilled in the art to implement or use the present application. Various modifications to these embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be implemented in other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the present application. The various embodiments may be combined with one another. Therefore, the present application is not limited to the embodiments shown herein, but is intended to conform to the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.

Claims

1. A method for improving the ability of electrical equipment to prevent sudden short circuit failures, characterized in that: include: Analyze whether the procurement technical specifications of the target electrical equipment are complete; If the procurement technical specifications of the target electrical equipment are incomplete, revise the procurement technical specifications of the target electrical equipment; If the procurement technical specifications for the target electrical equipment have been completed, analyzing whether the procurement technical specifications for the target electrical equipment have been effectively implemented; If the procurement technical specifications for the target electrical equipment are not effectively implemented, formulate the model review work specifications for the target electrical equipment; Inspect the effectiveness of the live partial discharge detection device placed on site for the target electrical equipment in accordance with the model review work specifications for the target electrical equipment; Inspecting the target electrical equipment for dust and foreign matter to enhance the target electrical equipment's ability to prevent sudden short circuit failures; The checking of the effectiveness of the on-site partial discharge live detection device of the target electrical equipment according to the model review work specification of the target electrical equipment includes: A pot-type insulator with a metal flange is used as the insulator of the target electrical equipment; the metal flange of the pot-type insulator with a metal flange is provided with a partial discharge test window; Use external UHF sensors to conduct partial discharge detection; The inspecting of the target electrical equipment for dust and foreign matter includes: Testing the thickness, hardness, and bonding strength of the silver plating layer on the conductive contact parts of the target electrical equipment according to the silver plating quality standards and testing methods provided by the manufacturer of the target electrical equipment; Testing the quality of silver plating on the moving and static contacts of the circuit breaker, disconnector, and earthing switch in the target electrical equipment to ensure that, after performing at least 200 consecutive opening and closing operations on the circuit breaker, disconnector, and earthing switch of the target electrical equipment, the silver plating on the moving and static contacts of the circuit breaker, disconnector, and earthing switch of the target electrical equipment does not fall off, expose copper, or produce obvious metal debris; When applying anti-rust or anti-corrosion paint to the inside of the tank of the target electrical equipment, the paint surface should be smooth without abnormal protrusions and have good adhesion; Check whether the circuit breakers, disconnectors and earthing switches of the target electrical equipment meet the preset factory test requirements; In the on-site acceptance test of the target electrical equipment, under the preset first voltage condition, the AC withstand voltage value of the target electrical equipment is completely consistent with the factory value of the AC withstand voltage value of the target electrical equipment. Under the preset second voltage condition, the AC withstand voltage value of the target electrical equipment should not be lower than the preset fourth threshold.

2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that The area of ​​the partial discharge test window is not less than a preset first threshold, The width of the partial discharge test window is not less than a preset second threshold; The height of the partial discharge test window is not less than a preset third threshold.

3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that The partial discharge test window is used to couple a discharge signal appearing inside the target electrical device within the partial discharge test window when the target electrical device is in operation.

4. The method according to claim 2, characterized in that The preset first threshold is 825 square millimeters. The preset second threshold is 15 mm; The preset third threshold is 55 mm.

5. A device for improving the ability of electrical equipment to prevent sudden short circuit failures, characterized in that: include: The first analysis unit is used to analyze whether the procurement technical specifications of the target electrical equipment are complete; a revising unit, configured to revise the procurement technical specification of the target electrical equipment when the execution result of the first analyzing unit is that the procurement technical specification of the target electrical equipment is incomplete; a second analyzing unit configured to analyze whether the procurement technical specifications for the target electrical equipment have been effectively implemented when the execution result of the first analyzing unit is that the procurement technical specifications for the target electrical equipment have been completed; a formulating unit, configured to formulate a model review work specification for the target electrical equipment when the execution result of the second analyzing unit is that the procurement technical specification for the target electrical equipment has not been effectively implemented; A first inspection unit is configured to inspect the effectiveness of a live partial discharge detection device placed on-site on the target electrical equipment according to a model review work specification for the target electrical equipment; a second inspection unit, configured to inspect the target electrical equipment for dust and foreign matter, so as to enhance the ability of the target electrical equipment to prevent sudden short circuit failures; The first inspection unit includes: A first setting unit is configured to use a pot-type insulator with a metal flange as the insulator of the target electrical equipment; the metal flange of the pot-type insulator with a metal flange is provided with a partial discharge test window; The second setting unit is used to perform partial discharge live detection using an external ultra-high frequency sensor; The second inspection unit includes: a first silver-plated layer inspection unit, configured to inspect the thickness, hardness, and bonding strength of the silver-plated layer on the conductive contact portion of the target electrical device according to the silver-plated quality standards and inspection methods provided by the manufacturer of the target electrical device; a second silver plating inspection unit, configured to inspect the quality of silver plating on the moving and static contacts of the circuit breaker, disconnector, and earthing switch in the target electrical equipment, to ensure that the silver plating on the moving and static contacts of the circuit breaker, disconnector, and earthing switch of the target electrical equipment does not fall off, does not expose copper, and does not produce obvious metal debris after the circuit breaker, disconnector, and earthing switch of the target electrical equipment are continuously opened and closed for at least 200 times; The tank paint inspection unit is used to apply anti-rust or anti-corrosion paint to the inside of the tank of the target electrical equipment. The paint surface should be smooth without abnormal protrusions and have good adhesion; A switch inspection unit, configured to inspect whether the circuit breaker, disconnector, and earthing switch of the target electrical equipment meet preset factory test requirements; An AC withstand voltage value checking unit is used to ensure that, during an on-site acceptance test of the target electrical equipment, under a preset first voltage condition, the AC withstand voltage value of the target electrical equipment is completely consistent with the factory value of the AC withstand voltage value of the target electrical equipment; and under a preset second voltage condition, the AC withstand voltage value of the target electrical equipment should not be lower than a preset fourth threshold value.

6. A device for improving the ability of electrical equipment to prevent sudden short circuit failures, characterized in that: include: one or more processors, and memory; The memory stores computer-readable instructions, which, when executed by the one or more processors, implement the steps of the method for improving the ability of electrical equipment to resist sudden short-circuit failures as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 4.

7. A readable storage medium, characterized in that: The readable storage medium stores computer-readable instructions, which, when executed by one or more processors, enable the one or more processors to implement the steps of the method for improving the ability of electrical equipment to resist sudden short-circuit failures as described in any one of claims 1 to 4.

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