A method for blasting and forming a skylight / chute

Abstract

The embodiment of the present invention discloses a method for blasting and forming a skylight / well, and relates to the technical field of skylight / well construction. It is convenient to improve the blasting construction effect of the skylight / well. It includes the following steps: arranging blast holes and empty holes in the skylight / well area to be excavated, and the blast holes and empty holes are arranged alternately from the inside to the outside; charging and blocking the blast holes, and detonating according to the detonation delay time; during the detonation process, using the empty holes to provide free surfaces and expansion spaces for blasting peripheral blast holes adjacent to the empty holes; after the peripheral blast holes adjacent to the empty holes are detonated, using the free surfaces provided by the empty holes to guide the stress waves generated by the explosion of the explosives to be reflected and stretched on the free surfaces to crush the rocks, and after the rocks are crushed, using the expansion space provided by the empty holes to guide the throwing direction of the crushed rocks and compensate for the space required for the expansion of the crushed rocks. The embodiment of the present invention is applicable to skylight / well blasting scenarios.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention relates to the technical field of skylight / chute construction, and in particular to a skylight / chute blasting forming method. Background Art

[0002] A skylight is one of the important structures in mine development, it can be vertical or inclined, excavated upward from the lower level to the upper level. It is mainly used for various purposes such as ventilation passage, ore passage, waste passage, personnel passage, material lifting, backfill entrance and providing initial free face for mining operations.

[0003] There are two necessary conditions for rock blasting: free surface and expansion space. During the rock crushing process, the volume of the blasted rock expands due to the uplift effect, and the expansion coefficient is usually around 30%. Therefore, the porosity (the ratio of the total area of ​​the voids to the area of ​​the rock cut) and the blasting delay time play a vital role in the skylight blasting. Appropriate porosity and blasting delay time enable the rock fragments produced by the first blast hole to be thrown away from the central cut area, thereby generating sufficient free surface and creating good conditions for the subsequent blast holes to fully blast and break the rock. On the contrary, inappropriate porosity and blasting delay time may cause ground vibrations beyond the safety range, destructive seismic events induced by blasting, and damage to nearby rock masses and structures.

[0004] Compared with horizontal tunneling, the drilling and blasting method of skylight / passage excavation is very challenging because the construction workers must work under the skylight with loose rocks and unsupported areas, which poses a greater safety risk. As such an important and challenging engineering structure, the efficient and safe construction of skylight / passage is of great significance to the production of mining enterprises and the safety of construction workers. Summary of the invention

[0005] In view of this, an embodiment of the present invention provides a method for blasting a skylight / well, which provides a reasonable arrangement of blastholes, porosity and detonation delay time, thereby facilitating improvement of the blasting construction effect of the skylight / well.

[0006] In a first aspect, an embodiment of the present invention provides a sky / well blasting forming method, comprising the steps of: obtaining the porosity of a sky / well area to be excavated; determining a hole arrangement scheme according to the porosity, and arranging blast holes and empty holes in the sky / well area to be excavated according to the hole arrangement scheme, wherein the blast holes and empty holes are arranged alternately from the inside to the outside; determining a detonation delay time; charging and sealing the blast holes, and detonating according to the detonation delay time; during the detonation process, utilizing the empty holes to provide free surfaces and expansion spaces for blasting peripheral blast holes adjacent to the empty holes; after detonating the peripheral blast holes adjacent to the empty holes, utilizing the free surfaces provided by the empty holes to guide stress waves generated by the explosion of the explosives to be reflected and stretched on the free surfaces to crush rocks, and after crushing the rocks, utilizing the expansion space provided by the empty holes to guide the throwing direction of the crushed rocks and to compensate for the space required for the expansion of the crushed rocks.

[0007] Optionally, the obtaining of the porosity of the sky / sluice area to be excavated includes: obtaining the basic quality classification of the rock mass in the sky / sluice area to be excavated; when the basic quality classification of the rock mass is level 3, the reasonable porosity should satisfy the formula: V r =b1+k1×L h ;

[0008] When the basic quality classification of the rock mass is level 2, the reasonable porosity should satisfy the formula: V r =b2+k2×L h ;

[0009] Where: V r is the porosity, unit, %; L h is the length of the blasthole, unit, m; k1, k2 are constants, unit, % / m; b1, b2 are constants, unit, %.

[0010] Optionally, the void ratio V r The definition is: the ratio of the total area of ​​the voids to the area of ​​the first blast hole. The void ratio is changed by changing the diameter and number of the voids and the resistance line B1 between the voids and the first blast hole. The void ratio is defined as the formula:

[0011] Where: V r A is the porosity, unit, %; r is the total area of ​​the pores, unit: m 2 ; A c is the total area of ​​the trenching area, unit: m 2 ; A b is the total area of ​​the blasthole, unit, m 2 .

[0012] Optionally, a hole arrangement scheme is determined according to the porosity, and blast holes and empty holes are arranged in the sky / chute area to be excavated according to the hole arrangement scheme, wherein the blast holes and empty holes are arranged alternately from the inside to the outside, including: designing a rectangular cross-section blasting excavation in the sky / chute area to be excavated according to the porosity of the sky / chute area to be excavated;

[0013] Design a No. 1 blast hole at the center of the rectangular section;

[0014] With the center of the No. 1 blast hole as the center and B1 as the radius, draw a square rotated 45° clockwise, and arrange 4 empty holes at the vertices of the square;

[0015] Taking the center of No. 1 blasthole as the center of the circle, Draw a square with a radius of , and arrange gun holes No. 2, No. 3, No. 4, and No. 5 at the vertices of the square in the order of upper left, lower right, lower left, and upper right;

[0016] Taking the center of No. 1 blasthole as the center of the circle, With the radius as the center, draw a square rotated 45° clockwise, and arrange the No. 6, No. 7, No. 8 and No. 9 gun holes in the order of top, bottom, left and right at the vertices of the square;

[0017] Taking the center of No. 1 blasthole as the center of the circle, Draw a square with θ as the radius and place 4 holes at the vertices of the square.

[0018] Taking the center of No. 1 blasthole as the center of the circle, Draw a square with φ as the radius and arrange No. 10, No. 11, No. 12 and No. 13 gun holes at the vertices of the square in the order of upper left, lower right, lower left and upper right respectively.

[0019] Optionally, the diameter of the empty hole is 165mm; the diameter of the blast hole is 115mm; B1, B2, B3, and B4 are resistance lines; B1 is 400mm; B2 is 550mm; B3 is 750mm; and B4 is 1150mm.

[0020] Optionally, the determining of the detonation delay time includes: the detonation delay time should satisfy the formula: t p =k3×L h ;

[0021] Where: t p is the minimum detonation delay time between two adjacent blast holes, in ms; L h is the length of the blasthole, unit: m; k3 is a constant, unit: ms / m.

[0022] Optionally, charging and plugging the blastholes include: plugging the bottom of the blastholes with plugging materials; fixing the blasthole head; charging the blastholes with explosives in the form of charge; plugging the top of the blastholes with plugging materials; the length distribution from bottom to top is: plugging length 1m, blasthole head length 1.25m, charge length 10m, blasthole head length 1.25m, charge length 10m, plugging height 1.5m;

[0023] The detonating according to the detonation delay time includes: after the blast holes are loaded and blocked, detonating No. 1 to No. 13 blast holes in sequence according to the following detonation delay time, No. 1 0ms, No. 2 600ms, No. 3 1200ms, No. 4 1800ms, No. 5 2400ms, No. 6 3000ms, No. 7 3600ms, No. 8 4200ms, No. 9 4800ms, No. 10 5100ms, No. 11 5400ms, No. 12 5700ms, No. 13 6000ms.

[0024] Optionally, the blocking material is wood chips, sand or polyethylene bags, the gun head is made of a digital electronic detonator fixed in super glue, the explosive is an emulsion explosive or a water gel explosive, and the charge is in the form of a coupled charge.

[0025] A method for blasting a skylight / well provided in an embodiment of the present invention comprises the following steps: obtaining the porosity of a skylight / well area to be excavated; determining a hole arrangement scheme according to the porosity, and arranging blast holes and empty holes in the skylight / well area to be excavated according to the hole arrangement scheme, wherein the blast holes and empty holes are arranged alternately from the inside to the outside; determining a detonation delay time; charging and sealing the blast holes, and detonating according to the detonation delay time; during the detonation process, utilizing the empty holes to provide free surfaces and expansion spaces for blasting peripheral blast holes adjacent to the empty holes; after detonating the peripheral blast holes adjacent to the empty holes, utilizing the free surfaces provided by the empty holes to guide stress waves generated by the explosion of the explosives to be reflected and stretched on the free surfaces to crush rocks, and after crushing the rocks, utilizing the expansion space provided by the empty holes to guide the throwing direction of the crushed rocks and to compensate for the space required for the expansion of the crushed rocks. A calculation formula for determining a reasonable detonation delay time and void ratio is given, and a reasonable hole arrangement scheme is provided in the area of ​​the skylight / sluice to be excavated. According to the designed blasthole arrangement scheme, blocking method and detonation delay time setting, the rock fragments produced by the first blasting hole can be thrown away from the central groove area, thereby generating sufficient free surface, creating good conditions for the subsequent blasting holes to fully blast and break the rock, facilitating the improvement of the blasting construction effect of the skylight / sluice, thereby ensuring the safe and efficient blasting construction of the skylight / sluice. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0026] In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings required for use in the embodiments or the description of the prior art will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present invention. For ordinary technicians in this field, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without paying creative work.

[0027] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the process of a 25m deep hole blasting forming method for a sky / pass well according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0028] Figure 2 It is a top view of the arrangement of 25m deep blastholes in a 25m deep hole blasting forming method for a sky / pass well according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0029] Figure 3 For the present invention Figure 2 Cross-sectional views of blasthole arrangements at different locations and detailed magnified views of blasthole charge structures;

[0030] Figure 4 A diagram to assist understanding of the definition of void ratio in the present invention;

[0031] Figure 5 This is a basic quality classification diagram of rock mass in an embodiment of the present invention; DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0032] The embodiments of the present invention are described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0033] It should be clear that the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field without creative work are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0034] Specifically, there are two necessary conditions for rock blasting: free surface and expansion space. During the rock crushing process, the volume of the blasted rock expands due to the uplift effect, and the expansion coefficient is usually around 30%. Therefore, the porosity (the ratio of the total area of ​​the voids to the area of ​​the rock cut) and the detonation delay time play a vital role in the skylight blasting. Appropriate porosity and detonation delay time enable the rock fragments produced by the first blast hole to be thrown away from the central groove area, thereby generating sufficient free surface and creating good conditions for the subsequent blast holes to fully blast and break the rock. On the contrary, inappropriate porosity and detonation delay time may cause ground vibrations beyond the safety range, destructive seismic events induced by blasting, and damage to nearby rock masses and structures.

[0035] In order to ensure safe and efficient blasting construction of skylights / sluices, the present invention provides a skylight / sluice blasting forming method, provides a calculation formula for determining a reasonable detonation delay time and void ratio, obtains a reasonable void ratio and detonation delay time of the skylight / sluice area to be excavated according to the calculation formula, designs a hole arrangement plan according to the void ratio, and ensures safe and efficient blasting construction of skylights / sluices according to the designed blasthole arrangement plan, blocking method and detonation delay time setting. In an embodiment of the present invention, a 25m deep hole of the skylight / sluice is selected for blasting operations, and skylight / sluice blasting of other depths can also be blasted according to the method provided by the present invention.

[0036] Embodiment 1

[0037] In the embodiment of the present invention, a 25m deep hole in the sky / chute is selected for blasting. Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the process of blasting a 25m deep hole in a sky / pass well according to an embodiment of the present invention. Figure 1 As shown, the 25m deep hole blasting forming method for the sky / chute well includes the following steps:

[0038] S110, obtaining the porosity of the skylight / sluice area to be excavated;

[0039] Specifically, in order to better carry out the drilling and blasting of the skylight / chute, the area to be excavated must first be explored, the topography of the area to be excavated must be investigated, the basic quality classification of the rock mass in the area to be excavated must be determined by testing the rock mass in the area to be excavated, and a reasonable porosity must be calculated according to the formula based on the determined basic quality classification of the rock mass in the area to be excavated.

[0040] S120, determining a hole arrangement scheme according to the porosity, and arranging blast holes and empty holes in the sky / pass area to be excavated according to the hole arrangement scheme, wherein the blast holes and empty holes are arranged alternately from the inside to the outside;

[0041] Specifically, after the reasonable porosity of the sky / chute area to be excavated is obtained according to the basic quality classification of the rock mass in the sky / chute area to be excavated according to the formula, a hole arrangement plan for the sky / chute area to be excavated is designed, and blast holes and air holes are arranged by a rock drilling rig or a multi-arm drilling rig according to the designed hole arrangement plan.

[0042] The method of arranging the blast holes and the empty holes alternately from the inside to the outside can be referred to Figure 2As shown, specifically, the blast holes include: a central blast hole, a slotted blast hole and a peripheral blast hole, the slotted blast hole and the peripheral blast holes are respectively in plurality, the plurality of slotted blast holes are arranged in a ring around the central blast hole, the plurality of peripheral blast holes surround the central blast hole and are arranged outside the slotted blast hole, the empty holes include a first circle of empty holes and a second circle of empty holes, the first circle of empty holes are arranged in a ring around the central blast hole and are located in the area surrounded by the slotted blast holes, the second circle of empty holes are arranged in the area between the slotted blast hole and the peripheral blast holes.

[0043] S130, determining a detonation delay time;

[0044] Specifically, according to the calculation formula of the detonation delay time, a reasonable detonation delay time for the sky / chute area to be excavated is obtained. The appropriate porosity and detonation delay time enable the rock fragments produced by the first blasting hole to be thrown away from the central groove area, thereby generating sufficient free surface and creating good conditions for sufficient blasting and rock breaking of the subsequent blasting holes.

[0045] S140, charging and plugging the blasthole, and detonating according to the detonation delay time;

[0046] Specifically, explosives are filled into the blastholes and sealed according to the designed hole arrangement plan for the skylight / chute to be excavated, and the explosives are detonated according to the specified detonation delay time.

[0047] S150, during the detonation process, the empty hole is used to provide a free surface and expansion space for blasting peripheral blastholes adjacent to the empty hole;

[0048] S160. After the peripheral blast holes adjacent to the hollow hole are detonated, the stress waves generated by the explosion of the explosives are guided by the free surface provided by the hollow hole to be reflected and stretched on the free surface to break the rock; and after the rock is broken, the expansion space provided by the hollow hole is used to guide the throwing direction of the broken rock and compensate for the space required for the expansion of the broken rock.

[0049] In some embodiments, in step S110, the porosity of the sky / sluice area to be excavated is obtained, including: obtaining the basic quality classification of the rock mass in the sky / sluice area to be excavated; when the basic quality classification of the rock mass is level 3, the reasonable porosity should satisfy the formula: V r =b1+k1×L h ;

[0050] When the basic quality classification of the rock mass is level 2, the reasonable porosity should satisfy the formula: V r =b2+k2×L h ;

[0051] Where: V r is the porosity, unit, %; L his the length of the blasthole, unit, m; k1, k2 are constants, unit, % / m; b1, b2 are constants, unit, %.

[0052] Specifically, in the embodiment of the present invention, the length of the blasthole is 25m. When performing sky / pass blasting, the area to be excavated should be explored first, and the qualitative characteristics of the basic quality of the rock mass and the basic quality index (BQ) of the rock mass should be combined to form a rock mass. Figure 5 The basic rock mass quality classification of the area to be excavated is determined by comparing with the basic rock mass quality classification diagram shown in the figure.

[0053] Furthermore, when the basic quality classification of the rock mass is level 3, the reasonable porosity should satisfy the formula: V r =b1+k1×L h

[0054] Where: V r is the porosity, unit, %; L h is the length of the blasthole, unit, m; k1 is a constant, k1 = 1.091, unit, % / m; b1 is a constant, b1 = 3.582, unit, %;

[0055] When the basic quality classification of the rock mass is level 2, the reasonable porosity should satisfy the formula: V r =b2+k2×L h

[0056] Where: V r is the porosity, unit, %; L h is the length of the blasthole, unit, m; k2 is a constant, k2=1.118, unit, % / m; b2 is a constant, b2=6.539, unit, %.

[0057] In some embodiments, the void fraction V r The definition is: the ratio of the total area of ​​the voids to the area of ​​the first blast hole. The void ratio is changed by changing the diameter and number of the voids and the resistance line B1 between the voids and the first blast hole. The void ratio is defined as the formula:

[0058] Where: V r A is the porosity, unit, %; r is the total area of ​​the pores, unit: m 2 ; A c is the total area of ​​the trenching area, unit: m 2 ; A b is the total area of ​​the blasthole, unit, m 2 .

[0059] Specifically, the role of the empty hole is to create and increase the blasting free surface and reduce the minimum resistance line. The second is to serve as a compensation space for the blasting of the charge hole, such as Figure 4 As shown, an embodiment of the present invention provides a definition of porosity, which is the ratio of the total area of ​​empty holes to the groove area of ​​the blasting hole. The porosity is changed by changing the diameter and number of the empty holes and the resistance line between the empty holes and the blasting holes. A suitable porosity enables the rock fragments produced by the first blasting holes to be thrown away from the central groove area, thereby generating sufficient free surfaces and creating good conditions for sufficient blasting and rock breaking in the subsequent blasting holes.

[0060] In some embodiments, in step S120, a hole arrangement scheme is determined according to the porosity, and blast holes and empty holes are arranged in the sky / passage area to be excavated according to the hole arrangement scheme, and the blast holes and empty holes are arranged alternately from the inside to the outside, including: designing a rectangular cross-section blasting excavation in the sky / passage area to be excavated according to the porosity of the sky / passage area to be excavated;

[0061] Design a No. 1 blast hole at the center of the rectangular section;

[0062] With the center of the No. 1 blast hole as the center and B1 as the radius, draw a square rotated 45° clockwise, and arrange 4 empty holes at the vertices of the square;

[0063] Taking the center of No. 1 blasthole as the center of the circle, Draw a square with a radius of , and arrange gun holes No. 2, No. 3, No. 4, and No. 5 at the vertices of the square in the order of upper left, lower right, lower left, and upper right;

[0064] Taking the center of No. 1 blasthole as the center of the circle, With the radius as the center, draw a square rotated 45° clockwise, and arrange the No. 6, No. 7, No. 8 and No. 9 gun holes in the order of top, bottom, left and right at the vertices of the square;

[0065] Taking the center of No. 1 blasthole as the center of the circle, Draw a square with θ as the radius and place 4 holes at the vertices of the square.

[0066] Taking the center of No. 1 blasthole as the center of the circle, Draw a square with φ as the radius and arrange No. 10, No. 11, No. 12 and No. 13 gun holes at the vertices of the square in the order of upper left, lower right, lower left and upper right respectively.

[0067] Specifically, arranging blast holes is for filling them with explosives for blasting, while arranging empty holes and combining the empty holes with the blast holes is for increasing the blasting free surface and improving the blasting effect; according to the basic quality classification of the rock mass in the area to be excavated, a reasonable porosity is calculated according to the formula, thereby designing the one-time blasting hole arrangement scheme for the 25m deep hole in the sky / chute in the embodiment of the present invention.

[0068] like Figure 2As shown, the hole arrangement scheme provided in this embodiment is: a rectangular section is designed in the sky / sluice area to be excavated, and holes are dug on an axial symmetry line of the rectangular section, wherein a blast hole No. 1 is designed in the center of the rectangular section, and a square is drawn with the center of the blast hole No. 1 as the center of the circle and B1 as the radius, and four empty holes are arranged at the vertices of the square; with the center of the blast hole No. 1 as the center of the circle, Draw a square with the radius as the center. Arrange the No. 2, No. 3, No. 4 and No. 5 gun holes in the order of upper left, lower right, lower left and upper right at the vertices of the square. Take the center of No. 1 gun hole as the center of the circle. +B3 as the radius, draw a square rotated 45° clockwise, and arrange No. 6, No. 7, No. 8 and No. 9 gun holes in the order of top, bottom, left and right at the vertices of the square; take the center of No. 1 gun hole as the center of the circle, Draw a square with the radius as the center and arrange 4 empty holes at the vertices of the square; take the center of No. 1 gun hole as the center of the circle. With the radius as the radius, draw a square, and arrange the 10th, 11th, 12th and 13th gun holes in the order of upper left, lower right, lower left and upper right at the vertices of the square. This hole arrangement scheme makes the empty holes and gun holes on the two axial symmetry lines and two diagonal lines of the rectangular section. At the same time, the gun hole at the center of the rectangular section and the two adjacent gun holes in each gun hole forming the square can form an isosceles right triangle.

[0069] In some embodiments, the diameter of the empty hole is 165mm; the diameter of the blast hole is 115mm; B1, B2, B3, and B4 are resistance lines; B1 is 400mm; B2 is 550mm; B3 is 750mm; and B4 is 1150mm.

[0070] Specifically, when arranging blastholes and empty holes in a rectangular section, the diameter of the empty hole is 165mm; the diameter of the blasthole is 115mm, and B1, B2, B3, and B4 are resistance lines when determining the positions of blastholes and empty holes. The so-called resistance line is the distance from the center of gravity of the charge to the free surface. A large number of blasting practices have proved that the smooth surface blasting effect of different rocks is usually related to the size of the minimum resistance line of the rock. When the minimum resistance line is too small, the detonation effect is too large, resulting in excessive blasting and over-excavation. Therefore, determining a reasonable rock resistance line is the most effective way to improve the smooth surface blasting effect. In this embodiment, the resistance line B1 is 400mm; B2 is 550mm; B3 is 750mm; and B4 is 1150mm.

[0071] In some embodiments, determining the detonation delay time includes: the detonation delay time should satisfy the formula: t p =k3×L h ;

[0072] Where: tp is the minimum detonation delay time between two adjacent blast holes, in ms; L h is the length of the blasthole, unit, m; k3 is a constant, k3=22.07, unit, ms / m.

[0073] Further, the charging and plugging of the blastholes includes: plugging the bottom of the blastholes with plugging materials; fixing the blasthole head; charging the blastholes with explosives in the form of charge; plugging the top of the blastholes with plugging materials; the length distribution from bottom to top is: plugging length 1m, blasthole head length 1.25m, charging length 10m, blasthole head length 1.25m, charging length 10m, plugging height 1.5m;

[0074] The detonating according to the detonation delay time includes: after the blast holes are loaded and blocked, detonating No. 1 to No. 13 blast holes in sequence according to the following detonation delay time, No. 1 0ms, No. 2 600ms, No. 3 1200ms, No. 4 1800ms, No. 5 2400ms, No. 6 3000ms, No. 7 3600ms, No. 8 4200ms, No. 9 4800ms, No. 10 5100ms, No. 11 5400ms, No. 12 5700ms, No. 13 6000ms.

[0075] Furthermore, the blocking material is wood chips, sand or polyethylene bags, the gun head is made of a digital electronic detonator fixed in super glue, the explosive is emulsion explosive or water gel explosive, the charge is a coupled charge, and the coupling coefficient = 1.

[0076] Specifically, Figure 3 As shown, according to the blasting plan, a 25m long blasthole is charged and blocked. When charging the 25m long blasthole, first, the bottom of the blasthole is blocked with a blocking material, the blocking material is wood chips, sand or polyethylene bag, and the blocking length is 1m; then the first gun head is placed in the blasthole, the gun head length is 1.25m, wherein the gun head is made of a digital electronic detonator fixed in super glue; the explosive is loaded into the blasthole in the form of coupled charge, the charging length is 10m, wherein the coupling coefficient = 1, the ratio of the blasthole diameter to the drug roll diameter is the coupling coefficient, when the coupling coefficient is 1, the explosive diameter is the same as the blasthole diameter, and there is no gap between the explosive and the blasthole wall; after loading the explosive, the second gun head is loaded into the blasthole, the gun head length is also 1.25m; charging is performed again in the same way as the first charging, and the charging length is 10m; finally, the entire blasthole is blocked with a blocking material, and the blocking height is 1.5m.

[0077] Furthermore, after the blast holes that need to be charged are charged, the reasonable detonation delay time calculated according to the formula is used, and the blast holes No. 1 to No. 13 are detonated in sequence according to the detonation delay time.

[0078] When detonating, digital electronic detonators are used to control the delay time and the detonation sequence. Specifically, the barcode of each digital electronic detonator in the embodiment of the present invention is recorded in the handheld data terminal, and then the detonation delay time of each digital electronic detonator is set on the barcode entry interface of the handheld data terminal. In this example, the detonation delay time of blast holes No. 1 to No. 13 is set as follows: No. 1 0ms, No. 2 600ms, No. 3 1200ms, No. 4 1800ms, No. 5 2400ms, No. 6 3000ms, No. 7 3600ms, No. 8 4200ms, No. 9 4800ms, No. 10 5100ms, No. 11 5400ms, No. 12 5700ms, and No. 13 6000ms. Detonate in the order of No. 1 to No. 13 blast holes according to the detonation delay time of the blast holes.

[0079] Specifically, the 25m deep hole blasting forming method for the skylight / sluice provided in the embodiment of the present invention mainly comprises the following steps:

[0080] Step 1: On the end face of the blasting area of ​​the 25m sky / sluice, conduct exploration of the area to be excavated to determine the basic quality classification of the rock mass, and obtain the reasonable porosity of the 25m deep hole of the sky / sluice according to the formula;

[0081] Step 2: Design a hole arrangement plan based on the reasonable porosity of the 25m deep hole to be excavated in the sky / sluice. Use a drilling rig to blast and excavate the 25m deep hole area of ​​the sky / sluice according to the designed rectangular section. Dig holes on an axial symmetry line of the rectangular section. Design No. 1 blast hole in the center of the rectangular section. Take the center of No. 1 blast hole as the center of the circle and B1 as the radius. Draw a square rotated 45° clockwise and arrange 4 empty holes at the vertices of the square. Take the center of No. 1 blast hole as the center of the circle. Draw a square with the radius as the center. Arrange the No. 2, No. 3, No. 4 and No. 5 gun holes in the order of upper left, lower right, lower left and upper right at the vertices of the square. Take the center of No. 1 gun hole as the center of the circle. With the radius as the center, draw a square rotated 45° clockwise. Arrange the 6th, 7th, 8th and 9th gun holes in the order of top, bottom, left and right at the vertices of the square. Take the center of the 1st gun hole as the center of the circle. Draw a square with the radius as the center and arrange 4 empty holes at the vertices of the square; take the center of No. 1 gun hole as the center of the circle. As the radius, draw a square, and arrange No. 10, No. 11, No. 12 and No. 13 gun holes in the order of upper left, lower right, lower left and upper right at the vertices of the square. According to the arrangement, this hole arrangement scheme makes the empty holes and gun holes on the two axial symmetry lines and two diagonal lines of the rectangular section. At the same time, the gun hole in the center of the rectangular section and the two adjacent gun holes in each gun hole forming the square can form an isosceles right triangle;

[0082] Step 3: Calculate the blast hole detonation delay time of the 25m deep hole area of ​​the sky / pass to be excavated according to the formula;

[0083] Step 4: Charge and seal the 25m long blasthole. When charging the 25m long blasthole, first use the sealing material to seal the bottom of the blasthole. The sealing material is wood chips, sand or polyethylene bag, and the sealing length is 1m; then put the first blasthole head in the blasthole, the blasthole head length is 1.25m, wherein the blasthole head is made of a detonator fixed in a strong glue; load the explosive into the blasthole in the form of coupled charge, the charge length is 10m, wherein the coupling coefficient = 1; after loading the explosive, load the second blasthole head, the blasthole head length is also 1.25m; charge again in the same way as the first charging, the charge length is 10m; finally, use the sealing material to seal the entire blasthole, the blocking height is 1.5m;

[0084] Step 5: After the blast holes that need to be charged are loaded with explosives, the barcode of each digital electronic detonator in the blast hole is recorded into the handheld data terminal according to the reasonable detonation delay time calculated by the formula, and then the detonation delay time of each digital electronic detonator is set on the barcode entry interface of the handheld data terminal, and the blast holes No. 1 to No. 13 are detonated in sequence according to the detonation delay time, among which No. 1 is 0ms, No. 2 is 600ms, No. 3 is 1200ms, No. 4 is 1800ms, No. 5 is 2400ms, No. 6 is 3000ms, No. 7 is 3600ms, No. 8 is 4200ms, No. 9 is 4800ms, No. 10 is 5100ms, No. 11 is 5400ms, No. 12 is 5700ms, and No. 13 is 6000ms.

[0085] Step 6: During the detonation process, the empty hole is used to provide a free surface and expansion space for the blasting of the peripheral blast holes adjacent to the empty hole;

[0086] Step 7: After the outer blast holes adjacent to the empty holes are detonated, the stress waves generated by the explosion of the explosives are guided by the free surface provided by the empty holes to be reflected and stretched on the free surface to break the rocks. After the rocks are broken, the expansion space provided by the empty holes is used to guide the throwing direction of the broken rocks and compensate for the space required for the expansion of the broken rocks.

[0087] In summary, an embodiment of the present invention provides a method for blasting and forming a sky / well, which includes the following steps: obtaining the porosity of a sky / well area to be excavated; determining a hole arrangement scheme according to the porosity, and arranging blast holes and empty holes in the sky / well area to be excavated according to the hole arrangement scheme, wherein the blast holes and empty holes are arranged alternately from the inside to the outside; determining a detonation delay time; charging and sealing the blast holes, and detonating according to the detonation delay time; during the detonation process, utilizing the empty holes to provide free surfaces and expansion spaces for blasting peripheral blast holes adjacent to the empty holes; after detonating the peripheral blast holes adjacent to the empty holes, utilizing the free surfaces provided by the empty holes to guide stress waves generated by the explosion of the explosives to be reflected and stretched on the free surfaces to crush rocks, and after crushing the rocks, utilizing the expansion space provided by the empty holes to guide the throwing direction of the crushed rocks and to compensate for the space required for the expansion of the crushed rocks. A calculation formula for determining a reasonable detonation delay time and void ratio is given, and a reasonable hole arrangement scheme is provided in the area of ​​the sky / chute to be excavated. According to the designed blasthole arrangement scheme, blocking method and detonation delay time setting, the rock fragments produced by the first blasting hole can be thrown away from the central groove area, thereby generating sufficient free surface, creating good conditions for the subsequent blasting holes to fully blast and break the rock, so as to ensure the safe and efficient blasting construction of the sky / chute.

[0088] Furthermore, determining the appropriate detonation delay time and void ratio according to different sky / chute depths is beneficial to improving the sky / chute blasting effect and reducing blasting vibration, thereby ensuring efficient and safe construction for construction workers.

[0089] It should be understood that the terms "include / comprise", "consist of" or any other variation thereof are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusion, so that a product, device, process or method including a series of elements includes not only those elements, but also other elements not explicitly listed when necessary, or also includes elements inherent to such product, device, process or method. In the absence of further restrictions, the elements defined by the sentence "include / comprise...", "consist of..." do not exclude the presence of other identical elements in the product, device, process or method including the elements.

[0090] It is also necessary to understand that the terms "installed", "connected", "connected", "fixed" and the like should be understood in a broad sense, for example, it can be a fixed connection, a detachable connection, or an integral connection; it can be a mechanical connection or an electrical connection; it can be a direct connection or an indirect connection through an intermediate medium, it can be the internal connection of two elements or the interaction relationship between two elements. For ordinary technicians in this field, the specific meanings of the above terms in the present invention can be understood according to specific circumstances.

[0091] In the present invention, unless otherwise clearly stipulated and limited, terms such as "upper", "lower", "front", "back", "left", "right", "top", "bottom", "inside" and "outside" indicating directions or positional relationships are based on the directions or positional relationships shown in the accompanying drawings, and are only for the convenience of describing the present invention and simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the referred device, component or structure must have a specific direction, be constructed or operate in a specific direction, and cannot be understood as a limitation on the present invention.

[0092] In addition, the terms "first" and "second" are used for descriptive purposes only and should not be understood as indicating or implying relative importance or implicitly indicating the number of the indicated technical features. Therefore, the features defined as "first" and "second" may explicitly or implicitly include one or more of the features. In the description of the present invention, the meaning of "plurality" is two or more, unless otherwise clearly and specifically defined.

[0093] The above is only a specific embodiment of the present invention, but the protection scope of the present invention is not limited thereto. Any changes or substitutions that can be easily thought of by a person skilled in the art within the technical scope disclosed by the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the present invention. Therefore, the protection scope of the present invention shall be subject to the protection scope of the claims.

Claims

1. A method for blasting a skylight / chute, characterized in that: The method comprises the steps of: obtaining the void ratio of the skylight / sluice area to be excavated; Determine a hole arrangement scheme according to the porosity, and arrange blast holes and empty holes in the area to be excavated / passageway according to the hole arrangement scheme, wherein the blast holes and empty holes are arranged alternately from inside to outside; Determine the detonation delay time; The blasthole is charged and sealed, and detonated according to the detonation delay time; During the detonation process, the empty hole is used to provide a free surface and expansion space for blasting the peripheral blast holes adjacent to the empty hole; After the peripheral blastholes adjacent to the hollow hole are detonated, the stress waves generated by the explosion of the explosives are guided to be reflected and stretched on the free surface to break the rock by using the free surface provided by the hollow hole, and after the rock is broken, the expansion space provided by the hollow hole is used to guide the throwing direction of the broken rock and compensate for the space required for the expansion of the broken rock; The method of obtaining the porosity of the sky / sluice area to be excavated includes: obtaining the basic quality classification of the rock mass in the sky / sluice area to be excavated; when the basic quality classification of the rock mass is level 3, the reasonable porosity should satisfy the formula: ; When the basic quality classification of the rock mass is level 2, the reasonable porosity should satisfy the formula: ; Where: V r is the void ratio, unit, %; L h is the length of the blasthole, unit, m; k1, k2 are constants, unit, % / m; b1, b2 are constants, unit, %; The void ratio V r The definition is: the ratio of the total area of ​​the voids to the area of ​​the first blast hole. The void ratio is changed by changing the diameter and number of the voids and the resistance line B1 between the voids and the first blast hole. The void ratio is defined as the formula: ; Where: V r is the void ratio, unit, %; A r is the total area of ​​the pores, unit: m 2 ; A c is the total area of ​​the trenching area, unit, m 2 ; A b is the total area of ​​the blasthole, unit, m 2 .

2. The method for blasting and forming a skylight / chute as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that: The method of determining a hole arrangement scheme according to the porosity, and arranging blast holes and empty holes in the sky / sluice area to be excavated according to the hole arrangement scheme, wherein the blast holes and empty holes are arranged alternately from the inside to the outside, comprises: designing a rectangular cross-section blasting excavation in the sky / sluice area to be excavated according to the porosity of the sky / sluice area to be excavated; Design a No. 1 blast hole at the center of the rectangular section; Arrange four empty holes at the four vertices of the first square formed by the four vertices of the top, bottom, left and right of a circle with the center of No. 1 blast hole as the center and B1 as the radius; With the center of No. 1 blasthole as the center, B1 / Draw a second square inside the circle with a radius of +B2, with the four vertices of the second square on the circle and the angle between the second square and the first square being 45°. Arrange gun holes No. 2, No. 3, No. 4 and No. 5 at the vertices of the second square in the order of upper left, lower right, upper right and lower left respectively; With the center of No. 1 blasthole as the center, (B1 / +B2) / The four vertices of the third square formed by the four vertices of the top, bottom, left and right of the circle with +B3 as radius are arranged in the order of top, bottom, left and right with No. 6, No. 7, No. 8 and No. 9 gun holes respectively; With the center of No. 1 blasthole as the center, ((B1 / +B2) / +B3) / Draw a fourth square inside a circle with a radius of +B4 / 2, with the four vertices of the fourth square on the circle and the angle between the fourth square and the third square being 45°, and arrange four empty holes at the four vertices of the fourth square; With the center of No. 1 blasthole as the center, ((B1 / +B2) / +B3) / Draw a fifth square inside the circle with a radius of +B4, with its four vertices on the circle and an angle of 45° between the fifth square and the third square; arrange gun holes No. 10, No. 11, No. 12 and No. 13 at the vertices of the fifth square in the order of upper left, lower right, upper right and lower left.

3. The method for blasting and forming a skylight / chute as claimed in claim 2, characterized in that: The diameter of the empty hole is 165mm; the diameter of the blast hole is 115mm; B1, B2, B3, and B4 are resistance lines; B1 is 400mm; B2 is 550mm; B3 is 750mm; and B4 is 1150mm.

4. The method for blasting and forming a skylight / chute as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that: Determining the detonation delay time includes: the detonation delay time should satisfy the formula: ; Where: t p is the minimum detonation delay time between two adjacent blast holes, in ms; L h is the length of the blasthole, unit: m; k3 is a constant, unit: ms / m.

5. The method for forming a skylight / sluice blasting as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that: The charging and plugging of the blastholes include: plugging the bottom of the blastholes with plugging materials; fixing the blasthole head; charging the blastholes with explosives in the form of charge; plugging the top of the blastholes with plugging materials; the length distribution from bottom to top is: plugging length 1m, blasthole head length 1.25m, charging length 10m, blasthole head length 1.25m, charging length 10m, and plugging height 1.5m; The detonating according to the detonation delay time includes: after the blast holes are charged and blocked, detonating blast holes No. 1 to No. 13 in sequence according to the following detonation delay time: No. 1 0 ms, No. 2 600 ms, No. 3 1200 ms, No. 4 1800 ms, No. 5 2400 ms, No. 6 3000 ms, No. 7 3600 ms, No. 8 4200 ms, No. 9 4800 ms, No. 10 5100 ms, No. 11 5400 ms, No. 12 5700 ms, and No. 13 6000 ms.

6. The method for forming a skylight / chute by blasting as claimed in claim 5, characterized in that: The blocking material is wood chips, sand or polyethylene bags, the gun head is made of a digital electronic detonator fixed in strong glue, the explosive is emulsion explosive or water gel explosive, and the charge is in the form of coupled charge.

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