composition

Abstract

The present invention provides a coolant for cooling electrical / electronic components by direct immersion cooling, the coolant comprising a partially fluorinated ether having the structure (of Compound 1) wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 are independently selected from the group comprising H, F, Cl, Br, I, CF3, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, halogenated alkyl, and R5is independently selected from the following group: CF3, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, perfluoroalkyl, halogenated alkyl perfluoro halogenated alkyl.

Description

[0001] The present invention relates to a coolant for cooling electrical / electronic components by direct immersion cooling, the coolant comprising a partially fluorinated ether.

[0002] The listing or discussion of an allegedly prior-published document or any background in the specification should not necessarily be taken as an

[0003] There are a number of problems associated with large scale computing facilities that relate to the efficient use of their power. Typically, these computing facilities have a high power density. These problems include the requirement to employ specialized buildings to provide a temperature controlled environment. In addition, it has been found that the practicality associated with the power density of installed equipment impacts the size of such buildings, or conversely is limited by the size available of the building. These factors have had a negative impact on determining (limiting) the performance of the computing facility

[0004] Typically, computing facilities such as data centers are cooled using conventional air cooling systems. Unfortunately, the use of air as a cooling medium not only has a low heat transfer rate, but also requires a specific flow regime, which can require a specific building design. It has been observed that in data centers, approximately 45% of the total power of the data center is used for cooling. Therefore, there is a pressing need to reduce the consumed power by improving the cooling consumption efficiency. There is also a need for improved cooling media.

[0005] In addition, in recent years, an increasing number of traditional fossil fuel driven automobiles and other vehicles have been replaced by vehicles driven at least partially, and in some cases completely, by electricity. These "electric" vehicles typically include an electrical storage system (such as a battery) and electrical drive system elements (including power electronics and one or more electric motors). Typically these elements require thermal management in use so that they operate most efficiently without being damaged.

[0006] In fact, there is a need to charge the batteries of these vehicles more quickly without causing damage; to date, such fast charging has been limited by conventional battery cooling and / or heating systems being unable to provide sufficient thermal management. Some of these thermal management systems must be based on aqueous / aqueous derived systems (such as water or water / glycol) as these systems have a high heat capacity. However, it is apparent that such aqueous compositions are incompatible with electrical components (due to their high dielectric constant), which means that complex and inefficient separation and thermal management interfaces are required.

[0007] It is an object of the present invention to address the aforementioned deficiencies.

[0008] According to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a coolant for cooling electrical / electronic components by direct immersion cooling, the coolant comprising a partially fluorinated ether having the following structure (of Compound 1)

[0009]

[0010] wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 are independently selected from the group comprising H, F, Cl, Br, I, CF3, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, haloalkyl, and R 5 are independently selected from the group comprising CF3, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, perfluoroalkyl, haloalkyl, perhaloalkyl.

[0011] According to a second aspect of the present application, there is provided an insulating medium for electrical / electronic components by at least partially directly immersing the electrical / electronic components, the insulating medium comprising a partially fluorinated ether having the following structure (of Compound 1)

[0012]

[0013] wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 are independently selected from the group comprising H, F, Cl, Br, I, CF3, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, haloalkyl, and R 5 are independently selected from the group comprising CF3, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, perfluoroalkyl, haloalkyl, perhaloalkyl.

[0014] Preferably, the compositions of the first and second aspects are substantially free of water. By using the term free of water, it is meant that the composition is completely free of water or has a low water content of less than about 1000 ppm, more preferably less than 500 ppm, more preferably less than 300 ppm, more preferably less than 200 ppm, and most preferably less than 100 ppm of water.

[0015] The compositions of the first and second aspects can comprise a desiccant. Alternatively, the components used with the composition can have a desiccant incorporated therein or adapted to work therewith. As an example, an electrical component can be configured or adapted to incorporate an optionally replaceable cartridge comprising a desiccant.

[0016] In the compositions of the first and second aspects, R 5 is methyl; preferably, R 1 is CF3and R 2 is H; alternatively, R 4 is CF3, R 1 is H, R 2 and R 3 are H, and one of R 4 is F.3 and R 4 one of R and R is H.

[0017] The composition of the first and second aspects preferably additionally comprises a non-flammable (partially or fully) fluorinated ether and / or a non-flammable (partially or fully) fluorinated ketone. Suitable fluorinated ethers include partially or fully fluorinated butyl-alkyl ethers such as C4F9OCH3 (1,1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4-nonafluoro-4-methoxy-butane), commercially available as HFE7100 under the trade name "Novec 7100"; and C4F9OC2H5 (1,1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4-nonafluoro-4-ethoxy-butane), commercially available as HFE7200 under the trade name "Novec 7200". One preferred example of a fluorinated (partially or fully) ketone is 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone and structural formula CF3CF2C(=0)CF(CF3)2, commercially available under the trade name "Novec 1230". Such fluids are commercially available from 3M.

[0018] It has been found that by incorporating such fluorinated ethers or ketones, the flammability of the composition can be greatly reduced or rendered non-flammable. Furthermore, it has been found that the partially fluorinated ethers of the composition have a higher specific heat capacity and lower liquid viscosity than (partially or fully) fluorinated ethers and / or (partially or fully) fluorinated (partially or fully) ketones such as Novec 7100 or 7200. This means that mixtures comprising the partially fluorinated ethers of the present application with (partially or fully) fluorinated ethers and / or (partially or fully) fluorinated ketones have been found to exhibit superior performance as heat transfer fluids. The higher heat capacity allows for a reduction in the mass flow rate required to achieve a given cooling task. This reduced mass flow rate, combined with the (further observed) lower viscosity, increases the local heat transfer rate; and for flow systems, also reduces the energy required to overcome the pressure drop of the coolant around the pump of the cooling loop.

[0019] Preferably, the composition of the first and second aspects comprises 1 wt% to 99 wt% of the partially fluorinated ether (of Compound 1) and 1 wt% to 99 wt% of the (partially or fully) fluorinated ether and / or (partially or fully) fluorinated ketone. More preferably, the composition comprises 10 wt% to 80 wt% of the partially fluorinated ether (of Compound 1) and 90 wt% to 20 wt% of the (partially or fully) fluorinated ether and / or (partially or fully) fluorinated ketone. More preferably, the composition comprises 20 wt% to 70 wt% of the partially fluorinated ether (of Compound 1) and 80 wt% to 30 wt% of the (partially or fully) fluorinated ether and / or (partially or fully) fluorinated ketone. More preferably, the composition comprises 30 wt% to 60 wt% of the partially fluorinated ether (of Compound 1) and 70 wt% to 40 wt% of the (partially or fully) fluorinated ether and / or (partially or fully) fluorinated ketone. More preferably, the composition comprises 40 wt% to 50 wt% of the partially fluorinated ether (of Compound 1) and 60 wt% to 50 wt% of the (partially or fully) fluorinated ether and / or (partially or fully) fluorinated ketone.

[0020] Advantageously, the composition comprises sufficient (partially or fully) fluorinated ether and / or (partially or fully) fluorinated ketone such that the composition is not flammable.

[0021] A particularly preferred composition of the present application is a binary mixture of 1,1,1,3-tetrafluoro-2-methoxypropane (“Ether A”) or 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoro-2-methoxypropane (“Ether B”) (both of which are Compound 1) with C4F9OCH3(1,1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4-nonafluoro-4-methoxy-butane). Both Ether A and Ether B form azeotropic or near-azeotropic mixtures with C4F9OCH3at temperatures within the expected operating range of immersion coolants. This means that the composition of the mixture does not change (or changes to a small extent) even if used as a two-phase coolant that undergoes a vaporization and condensation process.

[0022] A preferred example of an electrical / electronic component includes medium or high voltage electrical transmission components, such as those used to supply power from power stations to domestic / commercial users / for use therein. Thus, according to a third aspect of the present application, there is provided an insulating medium for medium or high voltage electrical transmission components by at least partially immersing the component, the insulating medium comprising a partially fluorinated ether having the following structure (of Compound 1)

[0023]

[0024] wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 are independently selected from the group comprising H, F, Cl, Br, I, CF3, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, halogenated alkyl, and R 5independently selected from the group comprising H, F, CI, Br, I, CF3, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, haloalkyl, perfluoroalkyl, perhaloalkyl.

[0025] The elements of the first and second aspects of the invention should be considered as applying mutatis mutandis to the third aspect of the invention.

[0026] The composition of the third aspect of the invention has been found to be beneficial in that it exhibits properties of high dielectric strength and thus acts as an effective insulator. The dielectric strength has been found to exceed 1 kV, more preferably to exceed 5 kV, more preferably to exceed 10 kV, more preferably to exceed 15 kV, such as 18 kV or even 20 kV when measured across a 0.1 inch (2.5 mm) gap. It has also been found to act as an effective anti-arcing preventative (and thus as an arc extinguishing agent)

[0027] The composition is further beneficial in that it is non-toxic and inert. The composition of the third aspect of the invention has a low global warming potential (GWP) compared to typical compositions previously used for this purpose (sulfur hexafluoride, SF6). SF6, historically used, has a GWP of 23,500.

[0028] Preferred examples of medium or high voltage electrical transmission elements include MV / HV transformers, circuit breakers, switchgear and gas insulated lines.

[0029] Another preferred example of electrical / electronic elements includes elements used in electric vehicles. Thus, according to a fourth aspect of the invention, there is provided a coolant for cooling elements of an electric vehicle by direct immersion cooling, the coolant comprising

[0030] Partially fluorinated ethers having the structure of the following (of compound 1)

[0031]

[0032] wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 are independently selected from the group comprising H, F, CI, Br, I, CF3, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, haloalkyl, and R 5 independently selected from the group comprising CF3, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, perfluoroalkyl, haloalkyl, perhaloalkyl.

[0033] The elements of the first and second aspects of the invention should be considered as applying mutatis mutandis to the fourth aspect of the invention.

[0034] Unless otherwise stated, it will be understood that the term "electric vehicle" as used herein refers to both pure electric vehicles as well as vehicles that use electricity as one of multiple modes of propulsion (such as hybrid vehicles).

[0035] Preferred examples of components of an electric vehicle include batteries, electrical conductors (including components of any charging / discharging system) and electric motors / gearboxes. Further examples of components of an electric vehicle include components of power electronics plus any (external) charging system such as external power regulators and charging cables.

[0036] It has been found that the composition of the fourth aspect of the application (wherein the composition is an azeotrope or near-azeotrope) is beneficial in that it provides a highly efficient non-conducting heat transfer fluid.

[0037] Thus, the composition of the fourth aspect of the application is preferably used as a "dual phase" system. This means (in the context of the present application) that the coolant is allowed to boil (optionally via an external cooling device such as a heat sink) before being redirected back to the component being cooled. (In environments with high ambient temperatures (e.g. such as over 40 ℃ ) a compressor can be required). Thus, the composition of the fourth aspect of the application is beneficial in that the fixed boiling point provides a fixed upper operating temperature limit for the component of the electric vehicle being cooled.

[0038] It has been found that the composition of the fourth aspect of the application is particularly beneficial in that it helps to maximise the charging and discharging of the battery component of the electric vehicle and long term battery performance.

[0039] It also allows for high power transmission through the drivetrain components (such as electric motors and gearboxes).

[0040] By operating the electric vehicle battery at an optimum temperature, the problems of Li plating (observed at low temperatures) and SEI layer formation (observed at high temperatures) are reduced.

[0041] Optionally, the heat transferred by the composition of the fourth aspect of the application can be used as space heating, for example to heat the interior of the electric vehicle. Additionally and / or conversely, heat can be transferred by the composition of the fourth aspect of the application from another source (i.e. to provide a heating mode). This can ensure that the temperature of the battery (or other components used in the electric vehicle) is not lower than its optimum temperature range (such as in colder conditions). This can be achieved via heat recovery from another source, electrical heating or via a heat pump.

[0042] Another preferred example of an electrical / electronic component includes computer hardware components. Thus, according to a fifth aspect of the application, there is provided a coolant for cooling computer hardware components by direct immersion cooling, the coolant comprising

[0043] having the following

[0044] Partially fluorinated ethers of the structure of (Compound 1)

[0045]

[0046] wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 are independently selected from the group comprising H, F, Cl, Br, I, CF3, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, haloalkyl, and R 5 are independently selected from the group comprising CF3, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, perfluoroalkyl, haloalkyl perfluoro haloalkyl.

[0047] The elements of the first and second aspects of the invention should be considered as applying mutatis mutandis to the fifth aspect of the invention.

[0048] Preferred examples of computer hardware elements include servers of a data center.

[0049] It has been found that the composition of the fifth aspect of the invention, wherein the composition is an azeotrope or near-azeotrope, is beneficial as it provides a highly efficient non-conductive heat transfer fluid.

[0050] The composition of the fifth aspect of the invention can be used both as a single phase coolant, wherein no evaporation of the coolant occurs during heat transfer, and advantageously as a "two-phase" system. This means (in the context of the invention) that the coolant is allowed to boil (optionally via an external cooling device such as a heat sink) before being redirected back to the element being cooled. Thus, the composition of the fifth aspect of the invention is advantageous in that the fixed boiling point provides a fixed upper operating temperature limit for the computer hardware element being cooled.

[0051] It has been found that the composition of the fifth aspect of the invention is particularly advantageous in that it facilitates the cooling of computer hardware elements. The serious disadvantages of previously observed air-cooled computer hardware elements, including restrictive building design and the requirement for expensive and inefficient air conditioning systems, can be avoided. The elimination of these inefficient air conditioning systems (and their noisy cooling fans) means that the noise problems caused by fan usage can be eliminated.

[0052] Additionally, since the composition of the fifth aspect of the invention can improve the cooling efficiency, it has a knock-on effect of increasing the power density of the computing device; it is advantageous in that it facilitates a reduced space requirement.

[0053] Preferably, the composition of the third, fourth and fifth aspects is substantially free of water. By using the term free of water, it is meant that the composition is completely free of water or has a low water content of less than about 1000 ppm, more preferably less than 500 ppm, more preferably less than 300 ppm, more preferably less than 200 ppm and most preferably less than 100 ppm of water.

[0054] The compositions of the third, fourth and fifth aspects can comprise a desiccant. Alternatively, an element used with the composition can have a desiccant incorporated therein or adapted to work therewith. As an example, the element can be configured or adapted to incorporate an optionally replaceable cartridge comprising a desiccant.

[0055] Experimental Section

[0056] The physical properties of 1,1,1,3-tetrafluoro-2-methoxypropane ("Ether A"), 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoro-2-methoxypropane ("Ether B"), C4F9OCH3(Novec 7100) and C4F9OC2H5(Novec 7200) were determined by a series of experiments.

[0057] Experiment 1: Measurement of vapour pressure

[0058] The vapour pressure was measured by storing the liquid to be tested in a cylindrical test cell. During the measurement the liquid was stirred using a magnetic stirrer to achieve a rapid adjustment of the phase equilibrium in the measurement cell. The temperature of the test cell was adjusted in a thermostat. The temperature in the test cell was measured with a calibrated resistance thermometer (maximum error 0.05 K).

[0059] For the pressure measurement a pressure transmitter (Serie 35X HTC, absolute pressure 30 bar, error < ± 0.5% full scale error 0.15 bar) from Keller was connected to the test cell. The temperature compensation of the Keller sensor is up to 300 °C. 150 ml of the test liquid were filled into the test cell and degassed by vacuum. The vapour pressure of each fluid was recorded in the range from 0 °C to 120 °C. From these data the standard (atmospheric) boiling point of each fluid was then determined. The found standard boiling points (in °C) are:

[0060] Ether A Ether B Novec 7100 Novec 7200 63.0 58.9 59.8 75.5

[0061] The experimental vapour pressures are shown in Figure 1 .

[0062] The vapour pressure curve of Novec 7100 was found to intersect the vapour pressure curves of both Ether A and Ether B, indicating that binary mixtures of these ethers with Novec 7100 will form azeotropic compositions.

[0063] Experiment 2: Measurement of liquid viscosity

[0064] Dynamic viscosity was measured under static conditions using a Cambridge Viscosity Flow-Through viscometer. The measurement procedure is described in detail in ASTM D 7483-13a1. The viscometer was calibrated with calibration fluids traceable to the national viscosity standard (DKD or NIST calibration, respectively). The temperature was measured with a maximum deviation of 0.15 K. The maximum deviation of the viscosity was 1% of the full scale or 5% of the measured value, whichever was lower.

[0065] The results for the four fluids are shown in Figure 2 It is apparent that both ether A and ether B have a lower viscosity than Novec 7100 or Novec 7200.

[0066] Experiment 3: Determination of the liquid heat capacity

[0067] The measurement of the specific heat capacity was performed using a Setaram differential scanning calorimeter μDSC VII. During this procedure, the heat applied to the reference and to the sample is measured over a certain temperature range. The sample is put into a vessel and heated with a ramp rate of 0.2 K / min in steps of 5 K. At each 5 K temperature level, the temperature is kept constant for half an hour to reach thermal equilibrium. A second empty vessel is heated in the DSC in the same sequence in parallel to compensate for the thermal influence of the vessel itself. The difference in the heat absorption behavior of the two empty vessels is measured using the same procedure and is automatically subtracted. After the measurement and calibration run, the specific heat capacity is calculated as a function of temperature and the measured heat and the weight of the sample. The measurement is checked using a fluid with a well-known specific heat capacity. The uncertainty of the specific heat capacity measurement is below 3%. The results are shown in Figure 3

[0068] It is apparent that both ether A and ether B have a significantly higher heat capacity than Novec 7100 or Novec 7200.

[0069] Experiment 4: Determination of the liquid density

[0070] The liquid density of each of ether A, ether B, Novec 7100 and Novec 7200 was measured at room temperature using a calibrated cylinder and a microbalance. The densities were found to be (in kg / m 3

[0071] Ether A Ether B Novec 7100 Novec 7200 1270 1340 1510 1440

[0072] ​​The combination of the above properties indicates that both ether A and ether B require lower mass and volume flow rates of coolant to remove a constant amount of heat from a heat generating electronic component or battery pack. This in turn means that if these fluids are used as single phase pumped coolants, the pressure drop through the cooling loop will be lower, resulting in reduced pumping power requirements compared to Novec fluids. Therefore, the combination of ether A with Novec fluids will improve their ability to remove heat when the resulting liquid is used as a single phase coolant.

[0073] Example 6: Estimation of azeotrope formation

[0074] The vapor pressure data determined in Experiment 1 was used to construct a thermodynamic model based on the Peng-Robinson equation of state to estimate the behavior of binary mixtures of ether A and ether B with Novec fluids. The critical point parameters required were estimated using the Joback method as described in the reference text "The Properties of Gases and Liquids" (5th Edition, BE Poling, JM Prausnitz, JP O'Connell, McGraw-Hill, 2000). The Mathias Copeman temperature function described in Mathias P. M. and Copeman T. W. "Extension of the Peng-Robinson Equation of State to Complex Mixtures: Evaluation of the Various Forms of the Local Composition Concept" (Fluid Phase Equilib., 13, 91-108, 1983) was used to ensure that the model was able to accurately represent the vapor pressure of each fluid over the range of experimental data available.

[0075] Using this model it was demonstrated that Novec 7100 forms a binary minimum boiling azeotrope with ether A and ether B over the temperature range 20°C to 100°C, which is consistent with the typical operating temperature range of immersion coolants.

Claims

1. A coolant for cooling electrical / electronic components by direct immersion cooling, said coolant comprising a partially fluorinated ether having the structure of compound 1. Where R 1 For CF3, R 2 and R 3 Each is H. R 4 Selected from the group containing the following: H, F, CF3, fluoroalkyl, and R 5 It is independently selected from the following group: CF3, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, perfluoroalkyl, haloalkyl, and perfluorohaloalkyl.

2. The coolant according to claim 1, wherein the coolant does not contain water.

3. The coolant according to claim 1, wherein the coolant further comprises C4F9OCH3.

4. The coolant of claim 1, wherein the coolant further comprises a non-flammable component or a perfluorinated ether and / or a non-flammable component or a perfluorinated ketone.

5. The coolant according to claim 3, wherein the coolant comprises 1 wt% to 99 wt% of a partially fluorinated ether of compound 1 and 1 wt% to 99 wt% of a non-flammable partially or perfluorinated ether and / or a non-flammable partially or perfluorinated ketone.

6. The coolant according to claim 5, wherein it forms an azeotropic or near-azeotropic mixture.

7. The coolant according to claim 6, forming an azeotropic or near-azeotropic mixture comprising 10 wt% to 90 wt% of C4F9OCH3 and 10 wt% to 90 wt% of 1,1,1,3-tetrafluoro-2-methoxypropane.

8. The coolant according to claim 6, forming an azeotropic or near-azeotropic mixture comprising 5 wt% to 70 wt% of C4F9OCH3 and 30 wt% to 95 wt% of 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoro-2-methoxypropane.

9. A coolant for cooling high-voltage electrical transmission elements by direct immersion cooling, said coolant comprising a partially fluorinated ether having the structure of compound 1. Where R 1 For CF3, R 2 and R 3 Each is H. R 4 Selected from the group containing the following: H, F, CF3, fluoroalkyl, and R 5 It is independently selected from the following group: CF3, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, perfluoroalkyl, haloalkyl, and perfluorohaloalkyl.

10. The coolant of claim 9, wherein the coolant is water-free.

11. The coolant according to claim 9, wherein the high-voltage electrical transmission element comprises an MV / HV transformer, a circuit breaker, or a switching device.

12. The coolant of claim 9, wherein the coolant further comprises C4F9OCH3.

13. The coolant of claim 9, wherein the coolant further comprises a non-flammable component or perfluorinated ether and / or a non-flammable component or perfluorinated ketone.

14. The coolant of claim 12, wherein the coolant comprises 1 wt% to 99 wt% of a partially fluorinated ether of compound 1 and 1 wt% to 99 wt% of a non-flammable partially or perfluorinated ether and / or a non-flammable partially or perfluorinated ketone.

15. The coolant according to claim 14, which forms an azeotropic or near-azeotropic mixture.

16. The coolant according to claim 15, forming an azeotropic or near-azeotropic mixture comprising 10 wt% to 90 wt% of C4F9OCH3 and 10 wt% to 90 wt% of 1,1,1,3-tetrafluoro-2-methoxypropane.

17. The coolant according to claim 15, forming an azeotropic or near-azeotropic mixture comprising 5 wt% to 70 wt% of C4F9OCH3 and 30 wt% to 95 wt% of 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoro-2-methoxypropane.

18. A coolant for cooling electric vehicle components by direct immersion cooling, said coolant comprising a partially fluorinated ether having the structure of compound 1. Where R 1 For CF3, R 2 and R 3 Each is H. R 4 Selected from the group containing the following: H, F, CF3, fluoroalkyl, R 5 It is independently selected from the following group: CF3, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, perfluoroalkyl, haloalkyl, and perfluorohaloalkyl.

19. The coolant of claim 18, wherein the coolant is water-free.

20. The coolant of claim 18, wherein the electric vehicle component comprises a battery; an electrical conductor, including components of any charging / discharging system; an electric motor and / or a gearbox.

21. The coolant of claim 18, wherein the coolant further comprises C4F9OCH3.

22. The coolant of claim 18, wherein the coolant further comprises a non-flammable component or perfluorinated ether and / or a non-flammable component or perfluorinated ketone.

23. The coolant of claim 21, wherein the coolant comprises 1 wt% to 99 wt% of a partially fluorinated ether of compound 1 and 1 wt% to 99 wt% of a non-flammable partially or perfluorinated ether and / or a non-flammable partially or perfluorinated ketone.

24. The coolant according to claim 21, wherein it forms an azeotropic or near-azeotropic mixture.

25. The coolant according to claim 24, forming an azeotropic or near-azeotropic mixture comprising 10 wt% to 90 wt% of C4F9OCH3 and 10 wt% to 90 wt% of 1,1,1,3-tetrafluoro-2-methoxypropane.

26. The coolant according to claim 24, forming an azeotropic or near-azeotropic mixture comprising 5 wt% to 70 wt% of C4F9OCH3 and 30 wt% to 95 wt% of 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoro-2-methoxypropane.

27. A coolant for cooling computer hardware components by direct immersion cooling, said coolant comprising a partially fluorinated ether having the structure of compound 1. Where R 1 For CF3, R 2 and R 3 Each is H. R 4 Selected from the group containing the following: H, F, CF3, fluoroalkyl, and R 5 It is independently selected from the following group: CF3, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, perfluoroalkyl, haloalkyl, and perfluorohaloalkyl.

28. The coolant of claim 27, wherein the coolant is water-free.

29. The coolant of claim 27, wherein the computer hardware component comprises a server in a data center.

30. The coolant of claim 27, wherein the coolant further comprises C4F9OCH3.

31. The coolant of claim 27, wherein the coolant further comprises a non-flammable component or perfluorinated ether and / or a non-flammable component or perfluorinated ketone.

32. The coolant of claim 30, wherein the coolant comprises 1 wt% to 99 wt% of a partially fluorinated ether of compound 1 and 1 wt% to 99 wt% of a non-flammable partially or perfluorinated ether and / or a non-flammable partially or perfluorinated ketone.

33. The coolant according to claim 32, wherein it forms an azeotropic or near-azeotropic mixture.

34. The coolant according to claim 33, forming an azeotropic or near-azeotropic mixture comprising 10 wt% to 90 wt% of C4F9OCH3 and 10 wt% to 90 wt% of 1,1,1,3-tetrafluoro-2-methoxypropane.

35. The coolant according to claim 33, forming an azeotropic or near-azeotropic mixture comprising 5 wt% to 70 wt% of C4F9OCH3 and 30 wt% to 95 wt% of 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoro-2-methoxypropane.

36. The use of the coolant according to claim 1 for cooling electrical components by immersion cooling.

37. Use of the coolant according to claim 9 for cooling high-voltage electrical transmission components by immersion cooling.

38. Use of the coolant according to claim 18 for cooling components of an electric vehicle.

39. The use of the coolant according to claim 27 for immersion cooling of computer hardware components.

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