Method for rapid restoration of ecological environment and landscape reconstruction of mine

Abstract

The application discloses a kind of mine ecological environment quick repair and landscape reconstruction method, it is related to the management technology of mine ecological environment, the method includes: the slope formed after mining is covered with vegetation, so that the slope surface is firm;After the slope surface is firm, the surface soil damaged after mining is improved and fertilized, to restore mine vegetation;According to the terrain, water body and pollution situation after mining, the mine landscape is reconstructed.The present application integrates the measures such as slope management, soil improvement, vegetation restoration and landscape reconstruction, and refines the mine landscape ecological environment quick repair and reconstruction technology system, which is beneficial to scientific, effective and quick realization of mine ecological environment repair and landscape reconstruction.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to technologies for the management of the ecological environment in mines, and particularly to a method for rapid restoration and landscape reconstruction of the ecological environment in mines. Background Technology

[0002] Long-term mining has led to the depletion of mineral resources. The abandoned mine sites not only cause extreme disharmony with the surrounding landscape, but also cause a certain degree of damage to the ecological environment of the mines.

[0003] Based on existing research and practice, how to scientifically, effectively, and quickly achieve the restoration of the ecological environment and the reconstruction of the landscape in mines remains a major problem that urgently needs to be solved. Summary of the Invention

[0004] This invention provides a method for rapid restoration and landscape reconstruction of the ecological environment of mines, aiming to achieve the restoration and reconstruction of the ecological environment of mines in a scientific, effective and rapid manner.

[0005] This invention provides a method for rapid restoration and landscape reconstruction of the ecological environment of a mine. The method involves covering the slopes formed after mining with vegetation to stabilize the slope surface; after the slope surface is stabilized, the surface soil damaged by mining is improved and fertilized to restore the mine vegetation; and the mine landscape is reconstructed according to the topography, water bodies and pollution conditions after mining.

[0006] Preferably, the step of covering the slope formed after mining with vegetation to stabilize the slope surface includes: determining the type of the slope based on its characteristics, and covering the slope with vegetation according to the type of the slope.

[0007] Preferably, the vegetation cover application to the slope according to its type includes: if the slope is a cliff, planting trees and climbing plants at the foot of the slope and shrubs and trailing plants at the top; if the slope is a hard, steep slope, using nearby undisturbed natural slopes as a reference, filling the slope with solid waste from mining to form a new slope, and planting shrubs and herbaceous plants on the surface of the new slope; if... If the slope type is a steep gravelly soil slope, then the natural slope nearby that has not been disturbed by human activity will be used as a reference, and the slope will be gradually reduced according to the principle of contour lines to form a trapezoidal slope. Drainage ditches and intercepting ditches will be set on the trapezoidal slope, or the slope can be filled with ecological bags to form a new greenable slope, and a retaining wall will be set at the toe of the new slope. If the slope type is a gentle gravelly soil slope, then after the slope surface is leveled, turf will be laid on the leveled slope surface and trees will be planted.

[0008] Preferably, several holes are excavated in the cliff face, and each hole is filled with soil to plant at least one of climbing plants, hanging plants, shrubs, and herbs.

[0009] Preferably, before carrying out soil improvement and fertilization on the surface soil damaged after mining, the method further includes: determining whether there is vegetation in the mine; correspondingly, the soil improvement and fertilization on the surface soil damaged after mining specifically means: if there is no vegetation in the mine, then the surface soil damaged after mining is improved and fertilized.

[0010] Preferably, the soil improvement and fertilization of the surface soil damaged after mining includes: covering the surface soil damaged after mining with soil; after covering with soil, using fertilization and microbial improvement methods to increase the organic matter and nutrient content of the soil, and using plant improvement methods to select suitable plants to improve the physical properties of the soil and remediate soil pollution.

[0011] Preferably, the restoration of mine vegetation includes: after cultivating vegetation in the mine, identifying dominant herbaceous vegetation from the cultivated vegetation and planting the grass species of the dominant herbaceous vegetation in the mine; after the coverage rate of the dominant herbaceous vegetation meets the requirements, identifying dominant shrubs from the cultivated vegetation and planting the tree species of the dominant shrubs in the mine, or planting native shrub species introduced from the vicinity of the mine in the mine; after the shrub species grow into forests, identifying dominant trees from the cultivated vegetation and planting the tree species of the dominant trees in the mine, or planting native tree species introduced from the vicinity of the mine in the mine, until a multi-layered plant community is formed, thereby forming a multi-structured ecosystem.

[0012] Preferably, the reconstruction of the mine landscape based on the topography, water bodies, and pollution conditions after mining includes: reshaping the existing topography formed after mining, including concave topography with depression characteristics and convex topography with convex characteristics; and modifying polluted and unpolluted water bodies after mining, including creating pit and pond landscapes.

[0013] Preferably, the landform reshaping of existing landforms formed after mining, including concave landforms with depression characteristics and convex landforms with convex characteristics, includes: for concave or convex landforms that can be directly remodeled, transforming them into the desired geomorphic landscape; for concave and convex landforms that cannot be directly remodeled, filling the concave landforms with the deposits of the convex landforms, so that the convex landforms are sloped down and the concave landforms are filled.

[0014] Preferably, the transformation of the concave or convex terrain that can be directly remodeled into the desired geomorphic landscape includes: if the concave terrain is free from heavy metal pollution and has natural water accumulation, water is introduced into the concave terrain to form a pond landscape.

[0015] This invention integrates measures for slope management, soil improvement, vegetation restoration, and landscape reconstruction, and refines the technical system for rapid restoration and reconstruction of the mine landscape ecological environment, which is conducive to the scientific, effective, and rapid realization of mine ecological environment restoration and landscape reconstruction. Attached Figure Description

[0016] Figure 1 This is a flowchart of the method for rapid restoration and landscape reconstruction of the mine ecological environment provided in Embodiment 1 of the present invention;

[0017] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the technical approach for mine ecological environment restoration and landscape reconstruction provided in Embodiment 2 of the present invention;

[0018] Figure 3a , Figure 3b , Figure 3c , Figure 3d These are schematic diagrams of slope stabilization techniques, including vegetation cover slope protection, slope filling and stabilization, ecological bags and retaining walls slope protection, and turf slope protection.

[0019] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the technical approaches to vegetation restoration in mines. Detailed Implementation

[0020] It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the invention and are not intended to limit the invention.

[0021] This invention proposes differentiated restoration and governance measures for different scenarios of rapid restoration and landscape reconstruction of the mining ecological environment. The choice of restoration direction and governance measures is determined by the underlying ecological environment of the mine and its future development positioning, and is tailored to local conditions in order to rapidly restore the mining ecological environment.

[0022] Example 1

[0023] Figure 1 This is a flowchart of the method for rapid restoration and landscape reconstruction of the mine ecological environment provided in Embodiment 1 of the present invention, as follows: Figure 1 As shown, the method may include:

[0024] Step S101: Cover the slopes formed after mining with vegetation to stabilize the slope surface.

[0025] Step S102: After the slope surface is stabilized, the surface soil damaged by mining is improved and fertilized to restore the mine vegetation.

[0026] Step S103: Reconstruct the mine landscape based on the terrain, water bodies, and pollution conditions after mining.

[0027] Optionally, the slope type is determined based on its characteristics, and vegetation cover is applied to the slope according to its type. The slope characteristics may include height, slope, hardness, thickness, etc. Correspondingly, determining the slope type based on these characteristics may include, but is not limited to, one of the following: when the slope height is greater than a preset height, the slope gradient is greater than a preset gradient, and the slope hardness is greater than a preset hardness, the slope type is determined to be a cliff face (cliff slope); when the slope height is less than a preset height, the slope gradient is greater than a preset gradient, and the slope hardness is greater than a preset hardness, the slope type is determined to be a hard, steep slope; when the slope gradient is greater than a preset gradient, the slope soil is gravelly soil, and the thickness of the gravelly soil is greater than a preset thickness, the slope type is determined to be a gravelly, gentle slope. Based on the different types of slopes mentioned above, slope protection and stabilization treatments can be carried out on the slopes. For example, if the slope type is a cliff, trees and climbing plants can be planted at the foot of the slope, and shrubs and trailing plants can be planted at the top of the slope. In addition, several holes can be dug in the cliff face, and each hole can be filled with soil to plant at least one of climbing plants, trailing plants, shrubs, and herbs. If the slope type is a hard, steep slope, the slope can be filled with solid waste from mining, using nearby undisturbed natural slopes as a reference, to form a... A new slope is constructed, and shrubs and herbaceous plants are planted on the slope surface. If the slope is a steep slope with gravelly soil, the slope is gradient-cut according to the principle of contour lines, taking the nearby undisturbed natural slope as a reference, to form a trapezoidal slope. Drainage ditches and intercepting ditches are set on the trapezoidal slope, or ecological bags are used to fill the slope to form a new greenable slope. A retaining wall is set at the toe of the new slope, and grass is planted on the slope surface. If the slope is a gentle slope with gravelly soil, turf is laid on the slope surface and trees are planted.

[0028] Optionally, before carrying out soil improvement and fertilization on the surface soil damaged after mining, the process may further include: determining whether vegetation exists in the mine. Accordingly, the soil improvement and fertilization of the surface soil damaged after mining may specifically involve: if there is no vegetation in the mine, then carrying out soil improvement and fertilization on the surface soil damaged after mining.

[0029] Soil improvement and fertilization of surface soil damaged after mining can include: covering the damaged surface soil with soil, and then using fertilization and microbial improvement methods to increase the organic matter and nutrient content of the soil. In order to thoroughly improve the soil properties, plant improvement methods can also be used, that is, selecting suitable plants to improve the physical properties of the soil and remediate soil pollution. For example, green manure plants can be selected to enrich, mature and stabilize the cover soil, and plants with roots that can absorb heavy metal pollutants in the soil can be selected for soil pollution remediation, etc.

[0030] When restoring vegetation in a mine, the dominant vegetation is first identified and planted in the mine. After the coverage of the dominant vegetation meets the requirements, shrub species, such as local native shrub species or dominant shrub species, are planted in the mine. After the shrub species grow into a forest, tree species, such as local native tree species or dominant tree species, are planted in the mine until a multi-layered plant community is formed. Specifically, after cultivating vegetation in the mine, dominant herbaceous vegetation is identified from the cultivated vegetation, and the grass species of the dominant herbaceous vegetation are planted in the mine. Once the coverage rate of the dominant herbaceous vegetation meets the requirements, dominant shrubs are identified from the cultivated vegetation, and the tree species of the dominant shrubs are planted in the mine, or native shrub species introduced from the vicinity of the mine are planted in the mine. After the shrubs grow into forests, dominant trees are identified from the cultivated vegetation, and the tree species of the dominant trees are planted in the mine, or native tree species introduced from the vicinity of the mine are planted in the mine, until a multi-layered plant community is formed, thereby forming a multi-structured ecosystem. This invention accelerates the restoration of mine vegetation by artificially creating conditions conducive to natural vegetation succession.

[0031] Optionally, the reconstruction of the mining landscape may include: reshaping the existing terrain formed after mining, including concave terrain with depression characteristics and convex terrain with convex characteristics; and modifying polluted and unpolluted water bodies after mining, including creating pit and pond landscapes.

[0032] The reshaping of existing terrain formed after mining, including concave terrain with depression characteristics and convex terrain with convex characteristics, can include: for concave or convex terrain that can be directly remodeled, transforming it into the desired geomorphic landscape. For example, if the concave terrain is free of heavy metal pollution and has natural water accumulation, water can be introduced into the concave terrain to form a pond landscape; for concave and convex terrain that cannot be directly remodeled, filling the concave terrain with the deposits of the convex terrain to reduce the slope of the convex terrain and fill the concave terrain. The deposits include solid waste such as waste rock and slag, etc.

[0033] This invention integrates measures for slope management, waste utilization, soil improvement, vegetation restoration, and landscape reconstruction, which is conducive to the scientific, effective, and rapid restoration of the mine's ecological environment and the reconstruction of its landscape.

[0034] Example 2

[0035] Currently, domestic and international scholars focus on research into land use and landscape pattern changes in mining areas, soil and water conservation, soil profile reconstruction and restoration, and vegetation restoration and ecological reconstruction in mining areas. Research on ecological environment restoration technologies in mining areas primarily emphasizes soil reconstruction and vegetation restoration, with relatively little research on the recycling of mining waste, slope management, and landscape reconstruction. Ecological environment restoration and landscape reconstruction in mining waste sites should be approached from a landscape ecology perspective, aiming at vegetation restoration and biodiversity conservation. This involves selecting appropriate schemes to improve soil, utilizing bioengineering to restore ecological patterns, controlling heavy metal migration, and using waste materials such as slag, gravel, and soil for backfilling or promoting plant growth. Furthermore, ecological environment restoration and landscape reconstruction should emphasize landscape beautification, sustainable development, and harmony between humans and nature. Therefore, integrating ecological environment restoration and landscape reconstruction technologies in mining areas is of great significance for the ecological restoration of mining landscapes and the sustainable development of mining. Based on the theories of ecological restoration and landscape ecology, this embodiment analyzes the characteristics of ecological environment damage in mine landscapes and the limiting factors of ecological environment restoration, and provides a principle and method for ecological environment restoration and landscape reconstruction, in order to provide scientific ideas and methods for mine ecological environment restoration and landscape reconstruction.

[0036] Figure 2 This is an organizational diagram of the mine ecological environment restoration and landscape reconstruction technology provided in Embodiment 2 of the present invention, as follows: Figure 2 As shown.

[0037] The first step is to analyze the characteristics of ecological and environmental damage in mines and evaluate the limiting factors.

[0038] (1) Characteristics of ecological and environmental damage in mines

[0039] Feature 1: Increased landscape heterogeneity and compromised stability.

[0040] Mining activities have altered the performance of local landscape elements and their originally excellent structure, leading to obstructed channels for the flow of landscape elements. This disrupts the normal circulation of matter, energy, and information, severely damaging the productive functions of the landscape ecosystem. Mining activities have also caused the originally homogeneous landscape to become increasingly heterogeneous—mining has created landscape types such as spoil heaps, waste rock piles, and subsidence areas, as well as landscape elements like roads, waterlogged areas, factories, and mine shafts, making the previously homogeneous landscape even more heterogeneous. The intense human disturbance far exceeds the carrying capacity and self-recovery ability of the local landscape ecosystem, leading to ecosystem degradation. This manifests in numerous problems, including decreased ecosystem productivity, reduced biodiversity, food chain disruption, soil nutrient loss, and interruption of the material and energy cycle. As mining activities continue, the balance and stability of the originally stable local ecosystem are further damaged.

[0041] Feature 2: Both overt and covert pollution occur simultaneously.

[0042] Mining operations cause varying degrees of pollution to the surrounding natural environment. Pollutants mainly include solid waste such as open-pit coal gangue, metal slag, and construction waste, as well as mine wastewater and toxic metal elements. These solid wastes and toxic elements are highly susceptible to weathering, decomposition, and diffusion, thus polluting the mining area. For example, dust generated by weathering of gangue piles not only pollutes the air but also enters water bodies through groundwater and rainwater leaching, causing visible pollution to the surrounding environment. Long-term accumulation and occupation of other non-ferrous metal slag causes pollutants to diffuse into the surrounding soil, resulting in latent heavy metal pollution.

[0043] Feature 3: Habitat destruction and triggering disasters.

[0044] Mining alters the original ecological niche of mining areas, leading to the destruction of native habitats and the downward evolution of ecosystems. For example, native vegetation communities in mining areas are directly fragmented or eliminated, resulting in a decline in the quantity and quality of plants, mass migration and death of wild animals, and a decrease in biodiversity. A series of mining activities have altered or even destroyed a large number of original micro-topographical patterns. For example, the filling, excavation, and dumping of soil during the mining process create exposed slopes, huge deep pits, and massive spoil heaps. These all fundamentally change the topography and surface features of local areas or regions to a certain extent, thereby inducing geological disasters such as landslides, debris flows, collapses, and flash floods, affecting the lives and property of residents in mining areas. Disaster management and rapid vegetation restoration have become top priorities for mine land remediation.

[0045] (2) Limiting factors for mine ecological environment restoration and landscape reconstruction

[0046] Mining, due to its intense human disturbance, causes a series of landscape and ecological environmental problems in mining areas, including land damage, vegetation destruction, water pollution, heavy metal pollution, air pollution, and landscape destruction. Although some progress has been made in the restoration of the landscape and ecological environment of mining areas, many limiting factors still exist.

[0047] Limiting factor 1: Lack of effective soil layers.

[0048] Whether it is an open-pit mine or an underground mine, the biggest problem is the inevitable damage to the natural surface soil. After the mining is completed, the topsoil in the mining area is often missing, compacted, periodically eroded, and subject to large temperature fluctuations. It is also polluted by heavy metals and lacks nutrients. The lack or insufficient thickness of the effective surface soil layer makes it difficult for vegetation communities to survive and for the ecosystem to succeed, becoming the main limiting factor for the reconstruction of the mine ecosystem.

[0049] Limiting factor 2: Large workload.

[0050] Mine ecological environment restoration involves various aspects of the mine, including land, air, water, soil, and ecosystems. Land management, air purification, water body restoration, soil improvement, biodiversity restoration, and overall landscape layout all require substantial human, material, and financial resources. Furthermore, the restoration of the mine's landscape and ecological environment cannot be achieved by relying solely on individuals with a single professional background; it necessitates the collaborative efforts of professionals from multiple disciplines, such as ecology, geography, landscape ecology, soil science, and hydrology. The sheer scale of the project reflects both the immense scale of mine restoration, requiring significant investment and a large number of highly skilled technical personnel.

[0051] Limiting factor 3: Long repair cycle.

[0052] The restoration of the ecological environment of mine landscapes should not be rushed. Current restoration measures mainly involve creating an environment conducive to the natural succession of the ecosystem. However, natural succession from a lower system to a higher system generally takes decades or even hundreds of years to form. Even if environmental conditions conducive to succession are created artificially, it can only accelerate the succession as much as possible and form a relatively stable primary ecosystem as soon as possible, reducing the probability of disasters. But it is still impossible to achieve the goal of forming a stable climax ecosystem in a short period of time.

[0053] ④ Shortage of funds.

[0054] Mine ecological environment restoration requires substantial financial investment, and there is a shortage of funds for mine landscape ecological environment restoration.

[0055] The second step, in the process of mine ecological environment restoration and landscape reconstruction, should take into account the characteristics of mine landscape ecological environment damage, potential hazards (hidden danger points) and existing limiting factors. In order to meet the requirements of safe, efficient and rapid mine ecological environment restoration and landscape reconstruction, it is necessary to regard the local "mountains, rivers, forests, fields, lakes and grasslands" community of life as an organic whole and carry out ecological restoration and landscape reconstruction within the overall framework.

[0056] 1. Layout and Design for Rapid Restoration of Mine Ecological Environment

[0057] (1) Slope stabilization technology

[0058] In mining operations, the processes of excavation, soil extraction, and soil disposal during the excavation of mineral deposits and the construction of auxiliary facilities all result in exposed slopes of a certain degree. To stabilize these slopes in subsequent management, slope stabilization techniques must be combined with slope engineering techniques and biological technologies to achieve a stable slope that harmonizes with the surrounding natural landscape.

[0059] The implementation of slope stabilization technology should be tailored to the specific conditions of each mine slope, with appropriate selection of slope engineering and biological technologies. Specifically:

[0060] ① For steep, hard cliff faces, the main approach is to remove dangerous rocks, plant evergreen trees and Virginia creeper at the foot of the slope, and evergreen shrubs and trailing plants at the top. To accelerate revegetation, a number of holes can be dug in the cliff face, filled with relatively fertile soil, and then Virginia creeper, other trailing plants, and some shrubs and herbs can be planted. This stabilizes the slope and quickly revegetates it, achieving harmony with the surrounding landscape. Figure 3a As shown.

[0061] ② For steep, hard slopes with a relatively low height, a backfilling technique can be used to create a gentler slope at the toe of the slope by filling it with crushed rock and waste soil from mining. The slope gradient of the new slope can be referenced to the surrounding natural slopes that have not been disturbed by humans. These natural slopes have been formed under local climate conditions and long-term external forces, possessing considerable stability. Since the newly created slopes are mostly filled with solid waste from the mining area, the effective soil layer is relatively thin. Therefore, tall trees are not suitable for planting; instead, low shrubs and herbaceous plants should be planted, such as... Figure 3b As shown.

[0062] ③ For steep gravelly soil slopes with large gradients, the natural slope should be referenced based on near-natural principles. Gradual slope reduction should be implemented according to contour lines, or a combination of eco-bags and retaining walls should be used for slope protection. When gradient slope reduction, the overall slope should first be determined based on the surrounding natural slopes. The height difference and width of each slope platform should be set according to the relative height of the slopes and the principle of contour lines. After slope reduction, drainage ditches and intercepting ditches should be constructed on the trapezoidal slope according to the terrain to prevent excessive soil erosion. When using a combination of eco-bags and retaining walls for slope protection, the slope setting should be based on the surrounding natural slopes. The eco-bags should be compacted in layers and reinforced with nails or steel rivets. The filling material inside the eco-bags can be a mixture of organic fertilizer, grass seeds, soil, and water-retaining agents in a certain proportion to ensure subsequent greening of the slope. Figure 3c As shown.

[0063] ④ For slopes with a gentle gradient and a large thickness of gravelly soil, slope protection can be achieved by leveling the land using engineering methods, followed by laying turf and planting a certain number of trees. Figure 3d As shown. Gentle slopes with flat soil are less prone to geological disasters such as collapses and landslides due to their gentle slope. Therefore, the protection of such slopes mainly focuses on preventing soil erosion. The prevention of soil erosion on these gentle slopes should focus on increasing vegetation cover, and the vegetation configuration should adhere to the combination of trees, shrubs and grasses. In the early stage, the main focus should be on sowing grass seeds and planting shrubs to reduce excessive soil erosion in the early stage.

[0064] (2) Waste Utilization Technology

[0065] Mining waste is primarily solid waste. Reusing it helps improve the surrounding environment (production, living, and ecology) and allows for on-site utilization for mine ecological restoration and landscape reconstruction, saving investment through local resources. Efficient utilization technologies for mine waste are crucial for mine ecological restoration and the construction of beautiful villages, becoming paramount for the successful implementation of these projects. Considering the characteristics of waste from abandoned mining sites, integrating resources both inside and outside the mining area, and focusing on future utilization possibilities, the utilization of mine waste can target the following two aspects: on-site utilization by integrating the needs of production, living, and ecology within and outside the mining area, and extended utilization by linking it to other industries for off-site transport.

[0066] ① On-site utilization

[0067] The boundary of the mining area is used as a benchmark, with a buffer zone of 500m extending outwards to define the utilization range of mining waste. This is to avoid the problem of treating mining as a mining operation. In situations where there are many small mines scattered across a wide area in the southwestern mountainous region, it is necessary to focus on a larger utilization range to provide a more relaxed external environment for the efficient and full utilization of demolished materials. Targeted on-site surveys should be conducted within the buffer zone, including subsidence pits, landslides, road construction, and soil erosion, to diagnose the types of engineering projects needed for ecological restoration within the mining area boundary, the problems existing in the normal "production, living, and ecology" activities within the buffer zone outside the boundary, and the necessary supporting facilities, so as to find a place for the utilization of waste. Based on the status of mining waste, including the total amount of waste, the amount of damage, the amount of usable waste, and the amount of waste discarded, the utilization of waste should be optimized according to the basic principle of "first satisfying the needs within the boundary, then satisfying the needs outside the boundary," and an on-site utilization method that integrates the waste inside and outside the mining area boundary and meets the needs of "production, living, and ecology" should be implemented.

[0068] ② Outward transportation and utilization

[0069] The external utilization primarily targets waste remaining from on-site utilization and waste that cannot be utilized locally. It involves examining the industrial development and engineering construction within a township or county, especially the development of infrastructure construction and building materials industries, as well as the raw materials used in infrastructure construction. This includes determining the total amount of raw materials required annually for infrastructure construction, their sources, and annual costs. Based on the on-site utilization of waste within the mining area, the total amount of remaining waste and the spatial distribution of demolished materials are estimated. The spatial coupling between infrastructure construction sites and remaining waste is analyzed, and classified collection is implemented in different areas before centralized external transportation to infrastructure construction sites or building material yards. The transported waste is then classified and utilized for infrastructure construction or building material production. In this way, utilizing waste for infrastructure construction and building material production not only effectively utilizes waste but also reduces the occupation of other resources by infrastructure construction and the building materials industry, and reduces pollutants in the ecological restoration of mining areas. This has a significant "win-win-win" effect and is a viable model for resource recycling or waste resource utilization.

[0070] (3) Soil improvement and fertilization techniques

[0071] After mining, most of the surface soil is damaged. To quickly restore the ecological environment of the mining area, in addition to engineering measures to cover the exposed surface with soil, biological and chemical measures are also needed to restore soil fertility and vegetation cover. However, covering the surface with soil does not immediately guarantee that the soil fertility will be sufficient for planting. Therefore, considering the topography and site conditions of the study area, appropriate biochemical measures should be taken to improve the soil in the mining area, enhancing its fertility and structure. Soil fertilization mainly occurs during the vegetation restoration preparation stage after covering the surface. Because the soil covering or the original soil in the mining area has poor physical and chemical properties, especially lacking organic matter, it is prone to soil compaction and low fertility, presenting some limiting factors for plant growth. The purpose of soil fertilization is to increase soil organic matter and nutrient content, improve soil properties, and enhance soil fertility. Soil improvement and fertilization commonly employ fertilization methods, microbial improvement techniques, and plant improvement methods.

[0072] ① Fertilization method

[0073] Soil fertilization is one of the important measures for soil improvement. Since the soil in mining areas is newly tectonic, soil fertility improvement becomes a key issue in increasing land productivity. Applying farmyard manure during the establishment of vegetation in mining areas can increase soil nutrient supply, improve soil physical and chemical properties, and enhance soil water retention. Fertilization ensures nutrient supply, expands the basis for organic matter cycling, rapidly improves fertility, and increases yield. However, attention should be paid to balanced nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilization. Phosphorus and potassium fertilizers should be sufficient as base fertilizer, while nitrogen fertilizer should be applied according to the time, location, and crop. Simultaneously, medium and micronutrient fertilizers should be supplemented to avoid improper fertilization affecting crop yield. Organic fertilizers or miscellaneous fertilizers are mainly used for large-scale soil mulching and fertilization. Human and animal excrement, straw, and sawdust are good soil conditioners. These are readily available, inexpensive, and provide abundant organic matter and soil microorganisms, offering a long-term nutrient supply and serving the dual purpose of surface mulching and fertilization. Making full use of these wastes can not only improve the cover soil, but also provide a better way to dispose of these wastes.

[0074] ② Microbial improvement technology

[0075] Microbial remediation refers to the process of using the metabolic activities of microorganisms to reduce the concentration of toxic and harmful substances in the soil or to render them completely harmless, thereby gradually restoring contaminated soil to a clean state. For example, in Russia, bacteria were isolated from rocks covered with soil. Under the influence of microbial metabolism, the amount of nitrogen and humus increased, and the number of bacteria increased the following year, significantly improving soil fertility and providing a favorable environment for vegetation restoration.

[0076] ③ Plant improvement method

[0077] The two methods mentioned above are effective in improving soil fertility in the short term. However, for a thorough improvement of soil properties, selecting suitable plants for soil physical property improvement and soil pollution remediation is the best approach. This is where plant improvement technology comes in. Plant metabolism, in conjunction with microorganisms, can exert a powerful synergistic effect. Plant improvement primarily involves using the root systems of appropriate plants to absorb heavy metal pollutants from the soil, eutrophic elements from water, and toxic gases from the air, while increasing soil organic matter and available nutrients. For example, in the remediation of heavy metals in mine soils, vetiver is often planted to absorb lead and zinc, while dayflower and bahia grass are planted to absorb copper. In soil fertilization, green manure is commonly used. Green manure is generally composed of legumes, with some cruciferous, grass, and tuber plants. Green manure typically contains 15%–25% organic matter and 0.3%–0.6% nitrogen, increasing soil organic matter and available nutrients. Green manure plants have strong root penetration capabilities, promoting the formation of water-stable soil aggregates, thereby improving the physical and chemical properties of the cover soil and increasing the survival rate and yield of crops and trees. Most soil improvement projects typically use green manure plants as pioneer plants to enrich, mature, and stabilize the cover soil. Green manure plants provide an environment and abundant food for insects, microorganisms, and other organisms, leading to a rapid increase in soil biodiversity.

[0078] 2. Layout and design for mine vegetation restoration and landscape reconstruction

[0079] (1) Vegetation restoration technology

[0080] Vegetation restoration should follow the laws of natural succession. It involves creating conditions conducive to natural vegetation succession, improving the ecological factors required for succession, and establishing suitable ecological niches to accelerate restoration. Specifically, after mine closure, vegetation is often scarce. The ultimate goal of vegetation restoration is not to restore the mined area to its original state, but to establish a stable and efficient near-natural artificial ecosystem. According to ecological succession theory, a climax community is a stable community structure adapted to the local ecological niche. Early-stage communities create more suitable conditions for later-stage communities, and after several successions, a stable climax community is finally reached. Under natural conditions, vegetation will evolve upwards, while under adverse human interference, it will evolve downwards. In bare land like abandoned mines, if left to evolve naturally, it will take decades or even centuries to form a top-level stable community. However, if conditions conducive to natural vegetation succession are created, the ecological factors required for succession are improved, and suitable ecological niches for vegetation succession are created, the time for community succession can be effectively shortened, thereby quickly establishing a stable vegetation community in the mining area.

[0081] When carrying out vegetation restoration in mining areas, the following principles should be followed when selecting vegetation species: ① Adaptable to growing in harsh environments with poor soil, possessing excellent characteristics such as resistance to wind and sand, drought, cold, barrenness, and pests. ② Strong growth and reproduction capabilities, rapid canopy closure, dense crowns, abundant and easily decomposed fallen leaves, quickly forming a soft layer of dead branches and leaves; ideally, possessing nitrogen-fixing capabilities to increase the nitrogen content in the soil. ③ Well-developed root systems and strong sprouting ability, effectively consolidating the soil and preventing soil erosion. This is especially important in the early stages of reclamation projects. ④ Native plants; selecting locally adapted plants based on different landforms and soil types to better adapt to the natural environment of the study area. ⑤ Easy to sow and plant, with high survival rates. The vegetation configuration pattern should adapt to local natural and site conditions, meet soil and water conservation requirements, and suit the physiological and ecological habits of pioneer plants and suitable tree species. The requirements include simple and easy management, low investment, quick results, adherence to the natural succession patterns of vegetation growth, and ensuring the stability and sustainable development of vegetation.

[0082] During vegetation restoration, if vegetation exists in the mining area, it should be entirely preserved, including allowing weeds to grow freely. Dominant species should be selected from the existing plants for initial planting. Once the mine's ecological environment has initially improved, local native tree species should be introduced to create a complete ecosystem. If the mine has been completely abandoned after mining, it's crucial to first observe which plants grow naturally and best on the abandoned land. These plants should then be selected as pioneer plants. During this period, dominant grass species, such as foxtail grass and cogongrass, should be cultivated and promoted. Once the grass coverage reaches a certain level, dominant shrub species should be planted. After the shrubs have formed a forest, nearby native tree species should be introduced until the cultivated plants form a multi-layered vegetation community, creating a multi-structured ecosystem. When planting shrubs and trees, it's essential to start with seedlings, as mature trees will struggle to survive under such harsh natural conditions, while seedlings can adapt to their ecological niche. For detailed technical approaches to rapid mine vegetation restoration, please refer to [link to relevant documentation]. Figure 4 .

[0083] (2) Mine landscape reconstruction technology

[0084] When mines close, industrial sites gradually transform into industrial wastelands, and industrial landscapes evolve into abandoned industrial facilities, indicating that their current state is no longer in harmony with the surrounding landscape environment. Mine landscape regeneration, as a successful strategy for the renewal of industrial wastelands, essentially involves finding potential landscape elements that are compatible with the new environmental conditions, occupying and fully utilizing resources to transform these potential landscape elements into new landscapes.

[0085] ① Terrain reshaping technology

[0086] Topography serves as the framework for mine landscape redevelopment, and its creation directly impacts the overall structure of the mine landscape. Topographic reshaping requires thorough on-site surveys to fully understand the existing topography of the abandoned mine. The direction of the overall mine landscape redevelopment should be considered in conjunction with the existing topography, aiming to minimize engineering work and unnecessary expansion. Ideally, the soil and waste materials from the mining area should be utilized locally for topographic modification. In general, topographic reshaping essentially involves shaping concave and convex terrain.

[0087] A. Concave terrain reshaping

[0088] Concave topography mainly refers to the pits, caves, and ditches formed by mining operations, exhibiting a sunken characteristic. The methods for reshaping and reusing concave topography are as follows: For mine pits without heavy metal pollution and with natural water accumulation, water can be diverted to create lakes and ponds; for mine pits with heavy metal pollution, heavy metal treatment can be used to transform them into landfill sites, thus solving the environmental harm caused by waste; for shallow mine pits without heavy metal pollution, soil can be used to create farmland, forming a unique agricultural landscape; for mines with strong industrial relics, partial preservation and renovation can be carried out to develop them into tourism and science education bases; for mine tunnels with spacious underground spaces and stable geological conditions, appropriate treatment can be carried out to construct underground storage facilities; for mine tunnels with limited space and poor underground landscape conditions, filling technology can be fully utilized to serve as landfill sites for industrial waste from the mining area; for large ditches generated during mining, landscape planning can be used to create excellent locations for shaping the water system of the mining area; for small ditches, soil can be used to fill them in and create agricultural landscapes.

[0089] B. Convex Terrain Reshaping

[0090] Convex terrain mainly refers to outward-protruding landforms formed by mining operations, such as slag heaps, waste rock piles, and excavated mountains. For convex terrain with steep slopes, terraced slope reduction or sculpting into an artistic form based on the characteristics of the convex terrain can be used to reshape the terrain. For convex terrain with gentler slopes, soil covering can be used to create terraced farmland landscapes based on contour lines, or biological measures can be directly adopted to create vegetation communities. Rapid reshaping of concave and convex terrain generally has two main directions: one is "utilizing the existing terrain," and the other is "lowering the elevation and filling the depression." For concave and convex terrain that can be directly utilized, "utilizing the existing terrain" can be used to shape the desired landform landscape, such as creating a pond landscape directly from a non-polluted, waterlogged mine pit. For concave and convex terrain that cannot be directly utilized, engineering techniques of "lowering the elevation and filling the depression" are required. For example, concave terrain often requires filling, while convex terrain often requires slope reduction and leveling. For convex terrain, directly using the accumulated material to fill the concave terrain is the primary choice when conditions permit.

[0091] ② Water body modification technology

[0092] Water body renovation should be carried out according to the actual conditions of the water body and in accordance with local conditions. Creating pond landscapes after pollution treatment of the water body is the preferred method for water body landscape renovation.

[0093] Water bodies after mining operations are mainly rainwater accumulated in abandoned mine pits, which may be polluted or unpolluted. Unpolluted water bodies can be preserved, creating pond landscapes, and then fish and aquatic plants can be introduced to develop recreational fishing. Polluted water bodies must be treated using a combination of conventional wastewater treatment and ecological treatment technologies, integrating biological and ecological techniques to comprehensively increase beneficial aquatic organisms for water purification before utilization. For small, scattered ponds, they can be preserved initially and then connected and leveled using engineering measures, linking the scattered landscape patches through constructed corridors to form a coordinated ecological wetland model of patches-corridors-base. Shallow water bodies can be transformed through land leveling projects, covering with soil to create new land or afforestation.

[0094] ③Vegetation reshaping technology

[0095] Vegetation is to mines what clothing is to people; its restoration is crucial for mine landscape reconstruction. It can improve the ecological environment of mining areas, create food chains, build complete ecosystems, and beautify the environment while eliminating disharmony with the surrounding landscape. Plant communities, as an important landscape element, play a vital role in mine landscape reconstruction. Site-specific plant selection and planting design for abandoned mining sites are essential for creating near-natural landscapes and achieving regional landscape harmony.

[0096] A. Selection of plant species

[0097] Vegetation, as a traditional landscaping element, is widely used in numerous famous gardens both domestically and internationally. However, the redevelopment of vegetation landscapes in abandoned mining areas differs from traditional garden landscaping. Redevelopment must prioritize ecological restoration. Therefore, the redevelopment of abandoned mining areas should select vegetation adapted to the mining environment, based on the planned utilization direction of the mining area. Vegetation configuration should adhere to a combination of trees, shrubs, and grasses, making full use of the transplantability of vegetation. The selection of vegetation species should not be based on the selection of rare or aesthetically pleasing plants as in traditional garden landscaping, but rather should follow these principles:

[0098] ① Select plants suitable for the site conditions of the mining area, primarily those that are tolerant of poor soil, acid and alkali conditions, drought, and strong resistance. Examples include Masson pine, cogongrass, and Virginia creeper. ② Select plants with soil-improving properties, such as black locust, lespedeza, and purple locust. ③ Native plants should be the primary choice, as they adapt well to the mining environment. ④ Trees, shrubs, and grasses should all be selected. Creating a combined vegetation community not only enriches the landscape but also increases vegetation coverage and stabilizes the ecosystem. ⑤ In terms of plant size, planting should begin with seedlings. Mature trees struggle to adapt to the harsh environment of abandoned mining sites, while seedlings can thrive naturally.

[0099] B. Plant Landscape Optimization

[0100] After a mine is abandoned, the original industrial landscape is transformed into a stark contrast of dilapidated factory buildings, collapsed sites, and exposed rocks. Plants, as the most vibrant landscape element in abandoned mine sites, can soften this harsh industrial landscape when properly arranged. Examples include stabilizing and revegetating slopes, placing landscape plants around buildings, and planting trees on exposed slopes.

[0101] This embodiment comprehensively integrates measures for slope stabilization, waste treatment, soil improvement, and vegetation restoration. Considering the characteristics of ecological damage to the mining landscape, potential hazards (potential risks), and existing limitations, it refines the rapid restoration and reconstruction technology system for the mining landscape: slope stabilization technology, soil improvement technology, waste utilization technology, vegetation restoration technology, terrain reshaping technology, water body modification technology, and vegetation landscape reconstruction technology. This facilitates the scientific, effective, and rapid restoration and reconstruction of the mining ecological environment. Furthermore, in the decision-making process for mining ecological environment restoration, a multi-functional utilization approach is prioritized, developing post-mining areas towards ecological landscapes, tourism, exploration, and archaeology. The use of temporary construction sites is no longer limited to simple demolition, revegetation, or recultivation, but rather diversified. Some industrial plazas, roads, and surface buildings are preserved and used as agricultural land for reclamation areas and surrounding industrial development facilities, while some subsidence areas or ground fissures are transformed into wetlands and water bodies. Moreover, in the process of vegetation restoration, more emphasis is placed on precious native tree species. Precious species can increase the income of residents in mining areas, while native species can improve the ecological suitability of vegetation restoration. The selection of vegetation is often based on fast-growing species, with seedlings being the main selection target. On the one hand, large trees are not easy to survive, and on the other hand, large trees are also more expensive. Once the survival rate cannot be guaranteed, the reclamation loss will be enormous. Therefore, seedlings are the main selection.

[0102] The preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described above with reference to the accompanying drawings, but this does not limit the scope of the invention. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, and improvements made by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention should be considered within the scope of the invention.

Claims

1. A method for quick restoration of ecological environment and landscape reconstruction in a mine, characterized in that, The method comprises: According to the type of the slope formed after the mining of the mine, which is a cliff or a steep slope with strong hardness or a gravel soil steep slope or a gravel soil gentle slope, vegetation coverage suitable for the slope is carried out to stabilize the slope surface; wherein, when the height of the slope is greater than a preset height, the slope degree is greater than a preset slope degree, and the hardness is greater than a preset hardness, the type of the slope is determined as a cliff; After the slope surface is stabilized, it is determined whether the mine has vegetation, and if not, the damaged surface soil after the mining of the mine is improved and fertilized; According to the progressive cultivation of dominant herb, dominant shrub and dominant tree, a multi-level plant community is formed to restore the vegetation of the mine; According to the terrain, water body and pollution after the mining of the mine, mine landscape reconstruction including terrain reshaping and water body reconstruction is carried out; Among them, according to the terrain, water body and pollution after the mining of the mine, mine landscape reconstruction including terrain reshaping and water body reconstruction comprises: if the concave terrain with concave characteristics formed after the mining of the mine does not have heavy metal pollution and natural water accumulation, water is introduced into the concave terrain to form a pit pond landscape.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein, According to the type of the slope formed after the mining of the mine, which is a cliff or a steep slope with strong hardness or a gravel soil steep slope or a gravel soil gentle slope, vegetation coverage suitable for the slope is carried out to stabilize the slope surface; wherein, when the height of the slope is greater than a preset height, the slope degree is greater than a preset slope degree, and the hardness is greater than a preset hardness, the type of the slope is determined as a cliff; If the type of the slope is a cliff, trees and climbing plants are planted at the foot of the slope, and shrubs and hanging plants are planted at the top of the slope; If the type of the slope is a steep slope with strong hardness, a new slope is formed by filling the slope with solid waste after the mining of the mine, using the natural slope near the mine which is not disturbed by human activities as a reference, and shrubs and herbaceous plants are planted on the slope surface of the new slope; If the type of the slope is a gravel soil steep slope, a trapezoidal slope is formed by gradient cutting according to the principle of contour line after referring to the natural slope near the mine which is not disturbed by human activities, and drainage ditches and water interception ditches are arranged on the trapezoidal slope, or the slope is filled with ecological bags to form a new slope that can be greened, and a retaining wall is arranged at the foot of the new slope; If the type of the slope is a gravel soil gentle slope, after land leveling on the slope surface, turf is laid on the leveled slope surface, and trees are planted.

3. The method of claim 2, wherein, A plurality of holes are dug in the cliff, and each hole is filled with soil to plant at least one of climbing plants, hanging plants, shrubs and herbs.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein, The soil improvement and fertilization of the damaged surface soil after the mining of the mine comprises: Covering the soil of the damaged surface soil after the mining of the mine; After covering the soil, the organic matter and nutrient content of the soil are increased by using fertilization method and microbial improvement method, and the soil physical property improvement and soil pollution repair are carried out by using plant improvement method and selecting appropriate plants.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein, The progressive cultivation of dominant herb, dominant shrub and dominant tree to form a multi-level plant community to restore the vegetation of the mine comprises: After the vegetation is cultivated in the mine, the dominant herb vegetation is determined from the cultivated vegetation, and the seed of the dominant herb vegetation is planted in the mine. After the coverage of the dominant herbaceous vegetation meets the requirements, dominant shrubs are determined from the cultivated vegetation, and the tree species of the dominant shrubs are planted in the mine; After the shrub tree species grow into a forest, dominant trees are determined from the cultivated vegetation, and the tree species of the dominant trees are planted in the mine until a multi-level plant community is formed, and a multi-structure ecological system is further formed.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein, The mine landscape reconstruction according to the terrain, water body and pollution after the mining of the mine includes terrain reshaping and water body reconstruction, and comprises: The existing terrain formed after the mining of the mine, including concave terrain with concave features and convex terrain with convex features, is reshaped; The polluted water body and the unpolluted water body after the mining of the mine are reconstructed, including the construction of a pit landscape.

7. The method of claim 6, wherein, The terrain reshaping of the existing terrain formed after the mining of the mine, including concave terrain with concave features and convex terrain with convex features, comprises: For the concave terrain or the convex terrain that can be directly reconstructed, the concave terrain or the convex terrain is reconstructed into a desired landscape; For the concave terrain and the convex terrain that cannot be directly reconstructed, the concave terrain is filled with the accumulation of the convex terrain so that the convex terrain is lowered and the concave terrain is filled.

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