Quantum random number generation method, device, equipment, system and storage medium

Abstract

The present disclosure provides a quantum random number generation method, device, equipment, system and storage medium, relates to the technical field of data processing, and particularly relates to the technical field of quantum computing, quantum random numbers and the like. A specific implementation scheme is as follows: determining a pulse feature of a target pulse applied on a target ion, wherein the target ion is an ion used as a quantum bit; applying the target pulse on the target ion based on the pulse feature of the target pulse, so that the target ion is in a target superposition state; and obtaining a quantum random number by using the target ion in the target superposition state.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This disclosure relates to the field of data processing technology, and in particular to the fields of quantum computing and quantum random numbers. Background Technology

[0002] Quantum random number generators are a technique that uses the principles of quantum mechanics to generate random number sequences, and their applications are very wide. This is because, in quantum physics, the physical properties of particles, such as position, energy, and spin, are random. These physical properties can be used to generate truly random number sequences, and quantum random number generators are based on these physical properties. The core principle is to generate random numbers by controlling the spin of quantum systems, such as photons, atoms, or electrons. Therefore, random numbers and quantum random number generators are widely used in both cryptography in information security and scientific research. For example, in physics, random numbers can be used to simulate the behavior of quantum systems, and quantum random number generators can help physicists better understand the behavior of quantum systems and provide a foundation for quantum computing. In engineering, quantum random number generators can be used to design more secure and reliable systems, thereby improving system performance. Summary of the Invention

[0003] This disclosure provides a method, apparatus, device, system, and storage medium for generating quantum random numbers.

[0004] According to a first aspect of this disclosure, a method for generating quantum random numbers is provided, comprising:

[0005] Determine the pulse characteristics of a target pulse to be applied to a target ion, wherein the target ion is an ion intended to serve as a quantum bit;

[0006] Based on the pulse characteristics of the target pulse, the target pulse is applied to the target ion to put the target ion into a target superposition state;

[0007] Quantum random numbers are obtained using the target ion in the superposition state of the target.

[0008] According to a second aspect of this disclosure, a method for generating quantum random numbers is provided, comprising:

[0009] Based on the input operation, a control command is generated; the control command is used to invoke the quantum random number generation device to execute the quantum random number generation method, wherein the quantum random number generation method is the method described in the first aspect above;

[0010] Obtain quantum random numbers.

[0011] According to a third aspect of this disclosure, a first quantum random number generation device is provided, comprising:

[0012] A pulse determination unit is used to determine the pulse characteristics of a target pulse to be applied to a target ion, wherein the target ion is an ion intended to serve as a quantum bit;

[0013] A pulse manipulation unit is used to apply the target pulse to the target ion based on the pulse characteristics of the target pulse, so that the target ion is in a target superposition state; and to obtain a quantum random number using the target ion in the target superposition state.

[0014] According to a fourth aspect of this disclosure, a second quantum random number generation device is provided, comprising:

[0015] An instruction generation unit is used to generate control instructions based on input operations; the control instructions are used to invoke a first quantum random number generation device to execute the method described in the first aspect above.

[0016] The output unit is used to output the obtained quantum random numbers.

[0017] According to a fifth aspect of this disclosure, a quantum random number generation system is provided, comprising:

[0018] A first quantum random number generator is used to perform the method described in the first aspect;

[0019] A second quantum random number generator is used to perform the method described in the second aspect.

[0020] According to a sixth aspect of this disclosure, a computing device is provided, comprising:

[0021] At least one quantum processing unit (QPU);

[0022] A memory, coupled to the at least one QPU and used to store executable instructions,

[0023] The instruction is executed by the at least one QPU to enable the at least one QPU to perform the method described above;

[0024] Or, including:

[0025] At least one processor; and

[0026] A memory communicatively connected to the at least one processor; wherein,

[0027] The memory stores instructions that can be executed by the at least one processor, which, when executed by the at least one processor, enables the at least one processor to perform the method described above.

[0028] According to a seventh aspect of this disclosure, a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium is provided storing computer instructions that, when executed by at least one quantum processing unit, cause the at least one quantum processing unit to perform the method described above.

[0029] Alternatively, the computer instructions may be used to cause the computer to perform the methods described above.

[0030] According to the eighth aspect of this disclosure, a computer program product is provided, comprising a computer program that, when executed by at least one quantum processing unit, implements the methods described above.

[0031] Alternatively, the computer program may implement the above-described method when executed by a processor.

[0032] Thus, the present invention applies a pulse to the target ion, causing the target ion to be in a target superposition state, and then uses the target ion in the target superposition state to obtain a quantum random number with high quality and strong randomness; in addition, the scheme is simple and easy to implement, has a low threshold for use, and is practical.

[0033] It should be understood that the description in this section is not intended to identify key or essential features of the embodiments of this disclosure, nor is it intended to limit the scope of this disclosure. Other features of this disclosure will become readily apparent from the following description. Attached Figure Description

[0034] The accompanying drawings are provided to better understand this solution and do not constitute a limitation of this disclosure. Wherein:

[0035] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the implementation process of the quantum random number generation method according to the embodiments of this disclosure. Figure 1 ;

[0036] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the implementation process of the quantum random number generation method according to the embodiments of this disclosure. Figure 2 ;

[0037] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the implementation process of the quantum random number generation method according to the embodiments of this disclosure. Figure 3 ;

[0038] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the implementation process of the quantum random number generation method according to the embodiments of this disclosure. Figure 4 ;

[0039] Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the implementation process of the quantum random number generation method according to the embodiments of this disclosure. Figure 5 ;

[0040] Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram illustrating an application scenario of the quantum random number generation method according to embodiments of this disclosure;

[0041] Figure 7(a) is a schematic diagram of the structure of a first quantum random number generation device in an example according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;

[0042] Figure 7(b) is a schematic diagram of a scenario in a specific example of the first quantum random number generation device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;

[0043] Figure 8 This is a schematic diagram illustrating the implementation process of the quantum random number generation method according to an embodiment of the present disclosure in a specific example;

[0044] Figure 9 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the first quantum random number generation device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;

[0045] Figure 10 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the second quantum random number generation device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;

[0046] Figure 11 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a quantum random number generation system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;

[0047] Figure 12 This is a block diagram of a computing device used to implement the quantum random number generation method of the embodiments of this disclosure. Detailed Implementation

[0048] The exemplary embodiments of this disclosure are described below with reference to the accompanying drawings, including various details of the embodiments to aid understanding, and should be considered merely exemplary. Therefore, those skilled in the art will recognize that various changes and modifications can be made to the embodiments described herein without departing from the scope of this disclosure. Similarly, for clarity and brevity, descriptions of well-known functions and structures are omitted in the following description.

[0049] In this document, the term "and / or" merely describes the relationship between related objects, indicating that three relationships can exist. For example, A and / or B can represent three cases: A alone, A and B simultaneously, and B alone. The term "at least one" in this document indicates any combination of at least two of a plurality of elements. For example, including at least one of A, B, and C can mean including any one or more elements selected from the set consisting of A, B, and C. The terms "first" and "second" in this document refer to and distinguish between multiple similar technical terms, not to restrict the order or to limit there to only two. For example, "first feature" and "second feature" refer to two categories / two features; the first feature can be one or more, and the second feature can also be one or more.

[0050] Furthermore, to better illustrate this disclosure, numerous specific details are set forth in the following detailed description. Those skilled in the art will understand that this disclosure can still be practiced even without certain specific details. In some instances, methods, means, components, and circuits well known to those skilled in the art have not been described in detail in order to highlight the main points of this disclosure.

[0051] The concept of random numbers can be traced back to ancient Greece, where mathematicians used dice to generate random sequences of numbers. Over time, random numbers have found widespread application in statistics, computer science, and information security. In cryptography, random numbers are crucial, with key applications including: key generation, such as generating keys for symmetric encryption algorithms (e.g., Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)) or asymmetric encryption algorithms (e.g., RSA (Rivet Shamir Adelman) or Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC)); and generating one-time passwords (OTPs) for two-factor authentication. Furthermore, random numbers can be used to increase the randomness of encrypted data, for example, in initialization vectors (IVs), for random padding, and in Secure Multi-Party Computation (SMPC) and zero-knowledge proof protocols, where they can serve as confusion factors and challenges.

[0052] A reliable random number generator (RNG) is fundamental to ensuring the security of the aforementioned applications. Therefore, random numbers need to possess sufficient entropy and unpredictability to ensure that attackers cannot easily guess or predict them. Conversely, keys and ciphers lacking randomness are easily guessed. For example, with initialization vectors or random padding, if the random numbers used have low randomness, encrypted data may be exposed to attackers. Therefore, random numbers play a crucial role in cryptography, and their reliability and security are critical to the overall security of the cryptographic system.

[0053] Traditional random number generators typically use pseudo-random number algorithms, but these algorithms have certain limitations and cannot generate truly random number sequences.

[0054] Quantum random number generators are a technique that uses the principles of quantum mechanics to generate random number sequences, and their applications are very wide. This is because, in quantum physics, the physical properties of particles, such as position, energy, and spin, are random. These physical properties can be used to generate truly random number sequences, and quantum random number generators are based on these physical properties. The core principle is to generate random numbers by controlling the spin of quantum systems, such as photons, atoms, or electrons. Therefore, random numbers and quantum random number generators are widely used in both cryptography in information security and scientific research. For example, in physics, random numbers can be used to simulate the behavior of quantum systems, and quantum random number generators can help physicists better understand the behavior of quantum systems and provide a foundation for quantum computing. In engineering, quantum random number generators can be used to design more secure and reliable systems, thereby improving system performance.

[0055] In summary, a quantum random number generator is a technique based on the principles of quantum mechanics to generate random number sequences. It can produce truly random number sequences and has a wide range of applications. In the future, with the continuous development and application of quantum technology, quantum random number generators will play an increasingly important role and become an indispensable part of computer science and information security.

[0056] Based on this, the present disclosure proposes a method for generating high-quality quantum random numbers using a single qubit in an ion trap.

[0057] Specifically, Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the implementation process of the quantum random number generation method according to the embodiments of this disclosure. Figure 1 This method can be optionally applied to quantum computing devices that also have classical computing capabilities, or it can be applied to classical computing devices that also have quantum computing capabilities, or it can be directly applied to classical computing devices, such as personal computers, servers, server clusters and other electronic devices with classical computing capabilities, or it can be directly applied to quantum computers. This disclosure does not impose any restrictions on this method.

[0058] Furthermore, the method includes at least a portion of the following: (e.g.) Figure 1 As shown, it includes:

[0059] Step S101: Determine the pulse characteristics of the target pulse to be applied to the target ion.

[0060] Here, the target ion is the ion used as a quantum bit.

[0061] Step S102: Based on the pulse characteristics of the target pulse, apply the target pulse to the target ion so that the target ion is in a target superposition state.

[0062] Step S103: Use the target ion in the target superposition state to obtain a quantum random number.

[0063] It is understood that the quantum random number obtained by the present invention can be a single random number or a sequence of random numbers, and the present invention does not impose any restrictions on this.

[0064] Additionally, it should be noted that the quantum random numbers described in this disclosure are random numbers obtained based on quantum properties. For example, in one example, they can be random numbers composed of classical bits, i.e., characters of 0 or 1, or random number sequences composed of 0 and 1.

[0065] Thus, the present invention applies a pulse to the target ion, causing the target ion to be in a target superposition state, and then uses the target ion in the target superposition state to obtain a quantum random number with high quality and strong randomness; in addition, the scheme is simple and easy to implement, has a low threshold for use, and is practical.

[0066] It should be noted that the present invention makes full use of the quantum properties of the target ion in the process of obtaining quantum random numbers. Therefore, the obtained quantum random numbers have sufficient entropy and unpredictability. Thus, the quantum random numbers obtained by the present invention can be widely used in the field of information security. For example, they can be used to generate keys or passwords. Moreover, using the quantum random numbers obtained by the present invention to generate keys or passwords can effectively ensure that attackers cannot easily guess or predict them, thereby effectively improving the reliability and security of the cryptographic system.

[0067] Furthermore, the quantum random numbers obtained by this disclosed scheme can also be used to estimate the behavior of quantum systems, thereby helping physicists better understand the behavior of quantum systems and thus providing a foundation for quantum computing.

[0068] Furthermore, the quantum random numbers obtained by this disclosed scheme can also be applied in the field of engineering to design more secure and reliable systems, thereby improving system performance.

[0069] In summary, this disclosed solution can provide strong support for the development of computer science and information security.

[0070] In a specific example, the pulse characteristics of the target pulse may include the pulse parameters of the target pulse and the duration of the target pulse; here, the pulse parameters of the target pulse specifically include, but are not limited to, at least one of the following: wavelength, frequency, phase, and power; the duration of the target pulse is the duration for which the target pulse acts on the target ion, in other words, the duration for which the target pulse continuously acts on the target ion; thus, the foundation is laid for obtaining quantum random numbers.

[0071] In a specific example, the target superposition state can be specifically a superposition state. An approximate quantum state is obtained, thus fully utilizing the characteristics of qubits to obtain high-quality, highly random quantum random numbers.

[0072] In a specific example of the scheme disclosed herein, the target ion is one of the following ions located in the ion trap: calcium ion, ytterbium ion, barium ion, or strontium ion. This fully utilizes the characteristics of ion qubits to obtain high-quality, highly random quantum numbers.

[0073] It should be noted that, in one example, the present invention uses a target ion, such as a calcium ion, to obtain high-quality, highly random quantum random numbers, thereby reducing the cost of using the present invention.

[0074] In a specific example of the scheme disclosed herein, Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the implementation process of the quantum random number generation method according to the embodiments of this disclosure. Figure 2 This method can be optionally applied to quantum computing devices that also possess classical computing capabilities, or it can be applied to classical computing devices that also possess quantum computing capabilities, or it can be directly applied to classical computing devices, such as personal computers, servers, server clusters, and other electronic devices with classical computing capabilities, or it can be directly applied to quantum computers. This disclosure does not impose any limitations on these applications. It is understood that the above... Figure 1 The methods shown can also be applied to this example, and the related content will not be elaborated further in this example.

[0075] Furthermore, the method includes at least a portion of the following: (e.g.) Figure 2 As shown, it includes:

[0076] Step S201: Determine the target continuous spectrum corresponding to the target ion.

[0077] Here, the target continuous spectrum characterizes the relationship between the duration of the target pulse applied to the target ion and the probability that the target ion is in a preset quantum state.

[0078] It is understood that, in a specific example, the preset quantum state may be a first quantum state, such as the |1> state, or a second quantum state, such as the |0> state.

[0079] Step S202: Based on the target continuous spectrum corresponding to the target ion, determine the target duration of the target pulse that puts the target ion into the target superposition state.

[0080] Here, the pulse characteristics of the target pulse include at least the target duration of the target pulse.

[0081] Step S203: Apply the target pulse to the target ion and maintain the target duration.

[0082] In other words, in this example, the target duration of the target pulse that puts the target ion in the target superposition state can be determined based on the target continuous spectrum. Then, by applying the target pulse to the target ion and continuing for the target duration, the target ion can be put in the target superposition state.

[0083] Step S204: Use the target ion in the target superposition state to obtain a quantum random number.

[0084] In other words, in this example, after obtaining the target continuous spectrum corresponding to the target ion, the target duration of the target pulse that puts the target ion in the target superposition state is obtained based on the target continuous spectrum. After obtaining the target duration, the target pulse is applied to the target ion and the target duration is sustained, so that the target ion is in the target superposition state. Then, the quantum random number is obtained using the target ion in the target superposition state.

[0085] In this way, the present invention uses the obtained target continuous spectrum to determine the target duration, and then applies the target pulse to the target ion and continues for the target duration, so that the target ion is in the target superposition state. In this way, the target ion in the target superposition state is used to obtain quantum random numbers. This process makes full use of the characteristics of ion qubits, so the obtained quantum random numbers are of high quality and strong randomness.

[0086] Furthermore, because the quantum random numbers obtained by this disclosure are of high quality and strong randomness, applying them to the field of information security (such as for generating keys or cryptography) can effectively improve the reliability and security of cryptographic systems. Alternatively, applying them to physics, such as for estimating the behavior of quantum systems, can effectively help physicists better understand the behavior of quantum systems, thus providing a foundation for quantum computing. Or, applying them to the engineering field can facilitate the design of more secure and reliable systems, thereby improving system performance. Therefore, this disclosure can provide strong support for the development of computer science and information security.

[0087] Here, the ionic qubit can specifically refer to an ion with quantum properties; in other words, the target ion used in this disclosure can also be called an ionic qubit.

[0088] In a specific example of the scheme disclosed herein, the target duration of the target pulse can be obtained in the following manner; specifically, the above-mentioned determination of the target duration of the target pulse that causes the target ion to be in the target superposition state based on the target continuous spectrum corresponding to the target ion (i.e., step S202 above) specifically includes:

[0089] Based on the target continuous spectrum corresponding to the target ion, the target duration of the target pulse is determined such that the probability of the target ion being in a preset quantum state satisfies a preset condition.

[0090] In a specific example, the probability that the target ion is in a preset quantum state can satisfy a preset condition as follows: the probability that the target ion is in a preset quantum state is within a preset range.

[0091] Here, it can be understood that the randomness is strongest when the probability of the target ion being in the |1> state or the |0> state is 0.5. Based on this characteristic and the actual error requirements, a preset range is set, such as [0.45, 0.55]. At this time, if the probability of the target ion being in the preset quantum state is within [0.45, 0.55], it can be considered that the preset condition is met. Conversely, if the probability of the target ion being in the preset quantum state is outside [0.45, 0.55], it can be considered that the preset condition is not met.

[0092] Furthermore, it should be noted that there may be multiple durations of the target pulse that satisfy the preset conditions. In this case, one of them can be selected as the target duration of the target pulse.

[0093] Alternatively, in another specific example, the probability that the target ion is in a preset quantum state can satisfy a preset condition as follows: the probability that the target ion is in a preset quantum state is a fixed value, for example, 0.5. In this case, based on the target continuous spectrum corresponding to the target ion, the duration of the target pulse with a probability of 0.5 that the target ion is in a preset quantum state is obtained, and the duration of the target pulse with a probability of 0.5 that the target ion is in a preset quantum state is taken as the target duration. Based on this target duration, the quantum random number obtained has the best quality and the strongest randomness.

[0094] Thus, this disclosure provides a specific method for obtaining the target duration of the target pulse, thereby laying the foundation for obtaining high-quality, highly random quantum random numbers. Furthermore, because the quantum random numbers obtained by this disclosure are of high quality and highly random, applying them to the field of information security (e.g., for generating keys or cryptography) can effectively improve the reliability and security of cryptographic systems; or, applying them to physics, such as for estimating the behavior of quantum systems, can effectively help physicists better understand the behavior of quantum systems, thus providing a foundation for quantum computing. Alternatively, applying them to the engineering field can facilitate the design of more secure and reliable systems, thereby improving system performance. Therefore, this disclosure can provide strong support for the development of computer science and information security.

[0095] In a specific example of the scheme disclosed herein, the target continuous spectrum can be obtained in the following manner; specifically, the determination of the target continuous spectrum corresponding to the target ion (i.e., step S201 described above) specifically includes:

[0096] Step S201-1: Obtain the probability that the target ion is in the preset quantum state under different durations of the target pulse;

[0097] Step S201-2: Based on the probability that the target ion is in the preset quantum state under different durations of the target pulse, obtain the target continuous spectrum corresponding to the target ion.

[0098] For example, after obtaining the probability that the target ion is in the preset quantum state under different durations of the target pulse, a probability-duration curve, i.e., the target continuous spectrum, can be fitted.

[0099] Thus, this disclosure provides a specific method for obtaining a target continuous spectrum. This method is simple and efficient, laying the foundation for efficiently determining the target duration of the target pulse and obtaining high-quality, highly random quantum random numbers. Furthermore, because the quantum random numbers obtained by this disclosure are of high quality and highly random, applying them to the field of information security (e.g., for generating keys or cryptography) can effectively improve the reliability and security of cryptographic systems. Alternatively, applying them to physics, such as for estimating the behavior of quantum systems, can effectively help physicists better understand the behavior of quantum systems, thus providing a foundation for quantum computing. Or, applying them to the engineering field can facilitate the design of more secure and reliable systems, thereby improving system performance. Therefore, this disclosure can provide strong support for the development of computer science and information security.

[0100] In a specific example of the scheme disclosed herein, the probability that the target ion is in the preset quantum state under different durations of the target pulse can be obtained in the following manner. Specifically, obtaining the probability that the target ion is in the preset quantum state under different durations of the target pulse (i.e., step S201-1 above) specifically includes:

[0101] The following preprocessing procedure is executed multiple times to obtain the probability that the target ion is in the preset quantum state under different first durations of the target pulse; wherein the first duration of the target pulse is different in different preprocessing procedures;

[0102] Here, the current preprocessing flow includes:

[0103] The target pulse is applied to the target ion and sustained for a first duration;

[0104] Given that the target ion is estimated to be in the preset quantum state, the probability that the target ion is in the preset quantum state is determined during the first duration of the current preprocessing flow.

[0105] In other words, the present invention can repeat the preprocessing process multiple times, and the duration of the target pulse in each preprocessing process is different, so as to obtain the probability that the target ion is in the preset quantum state under different durations of the target pulse.

[0106] It should be noted that after the current preprocessing process is completed, the first duration needs to be adjusted before entering the next preprocessing process. This process is repeated until the preset number of times is reached.

[0107] Thus, this disclosure provides a specific scheme for obtaining the probability that the target ion is in the preset quantum state under different first durations of the target pulse. This scheme is simple and efficient, laying the foundation for subsequently obtaining the target continuous spectrum efficiently, as well as the target duration of the target pulse, and thus obtaining high-quality, highly random quantum random numbers. Furthermore, because the quantum random numbers obtained by this disclosure are of high quality and highly random, applying them to the field of information security (e.g., for generating keys or cryptography) can effectively improve the reliability and security of cryptographic systems; or, applying them to physics, such as for estimating the behavior of quantum systems, can effectively help physicists better understand the behavior of quantum systems, thereby providing a foundation for quantum computing. Alternatively, applying them to the engineering field can facilitate the design of more secure and reliable systems, thereby improving system performance. Therefore, this disclosure can provide strong support for the development of computer science and information security.

[0108] In a specific example of the scheme disclosed herein, in the current preprocessing procedure, after applying the target pulse to the target ion and sustaining it for a first duration, the current preprocessing procedure further includes:

[0109] The preset pulse is applied to the target ion and sustained for a preset duration;

[0110] Obtain the total number of photons excited by the target ion;

[0111] The quantum state of the target ion is estimated based on the total number of photons emitted by the target ion.

[0112] In other words, in a specific example, the current preprocessing flow includes:

[0113] The target pulse is applied to the target ion and sustained for a first duration;

[0114] The preset pulse is applied to the target ion and sustained for a preset duration to excite the photons of the target ion;

[0115] Obtain the total number of photons excited by the target ion;

[0116] Based on the total number of photons emitted by the target ion, the quantum state of the target ion is estimated;

[0117] Given that the target ion is estimated to be in the preset quantum state, the probability that the target ion is in the preset quantum state is determined during the first duration of the current preprocessing flow.

[0118] Thus, this disclosure further provides a specific scheme for determining the probability that the target ion is in the preset quantum state under a first duration. This method is simple and efficient, laying the foundation for subsequently obtaining the target continuous spectrum efficiently, as well as the target duration of the target pulse, and thus obtaining high-quality, highly random quantum random numbers. Furthermore, because the quantum random numbers obtained by this disclosure are of high quality and highly random, applying them to the field of information security (e.g., for generating keys or cryptography) can effectively improve the reliability and security of cryptographic systems; or, applying them to physics, such as for estimating the behavior of quantum systems, can effectively help physicists better understand the behavior of quantum systems, thereby providing a foundation for quantum computing. Alternatively, applying them to the engineering field can facilitate the design of more secure and reliable systems, thereby improving system performance. Therefore, this disclosure can provide strong support for the development of computer science and information security.

[0119] In a specific example of the scheme disclosed herein, the quantum state of the target ion can be obtained in the following manner; specifically, the estimation of the quantum state of the target ion based on the total number of photons excited by the target ion, as described above, includes:

[0120] If the total number of photons excited by the target ion is greater than or equal to a preset threshold, the target ion is estimated to be in a first quantum state (e.g., the |1> state); the preset quantum state is either the first quantum state or the second quantum state.

[0121] or,

[0122] If the total number of photons excited by the target ion is less than a preset threshold, the target ion is estimated to be in a second quantum state (e.g., the |0> state).

[0123] It should be noted that the value of the preset threshold can be an empirical value. For example, the value of the preset threshold is related to the preset duration of the applied preset pulse, for example, the two are positively correlated.

[0124] Thus, this disclosure provides a specific scheme for determining the quantum state of the target ion based on the total number of photons emitted by the target ion. This method is simple and efficient, laying the foundation for subsequently obtaining the target continuous spectrum, the target duration of the target pulse, and thus obtaining high-quality, highly random quantum random numbers.

[0125] Furthermore, because the quantum random numbers obtained by this disclosure are of high quality and strong randomness, applying them to the field of information security (such as for generating keys or cryptography) can effectively improve the reliability and security of cryptographic systems. Alternatively, applying them to physics, such as for estimating the behavior of quantum systems, can effectively help physicists better understand the behavior of quantum systems, thus providing a foundation for quantum computing. Or, applying them to the engineering field can facilitate the design of more secure and reliable systems, thereby improving system performance. Therefore, this disclosure can provide strong support for the development of computer science and information security.

[0126] In a specific example of the scheme disclosed herein, in the current preprocessing procedure, before applying the target pulse to the target ion and sustaining it for a first duration, the current preprocessing procedure further includes: cooling the target ion.

[0127] In other words, in the preprocessing process, before applying the target pulse to the target ion, the target ion needs to be cooled down, for example, to a temperature threshold below a certain threshold. This reduces the influence of other noises on the randomness of the quantum state of the target ion, thus laying the foundation for obtaining high-quality, highly random quantum random numbers.

[0128] Specifically, Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the implementation process of the quantum random number generation method according to the embodiments of this disclosure. Figure 3 This method can be optionally applied to quantum computing devices that also possess classical computing capabilities, or it can be applied to classical computing devices that also possess quantum computing capabilities, or it can be directly applied to classical computing devices, such as personal computers, servers, server clusters, and other electronic devices with classical computing capabilities, or it can be directly applied to quantum computers. This disclosure does not impose any limitations on these applications. It is understood that the above... Figure 1 and Figure 2 The methods shown can also be applied to this example, and the related content will not be elaborated further in this example.

[0129] Furthermore, the method includes at least a portion of the following: (e.g.) Figure 3 As shown, it includes:

[0130] Step S301: Perform the following preprocessing process multiple times to obtain the probability that the target ion is in the preset quantum state under different first durations of the target pulse.

[0131] Here, the duration of the target pulse varies in different preprocessing procedures.

[0132] Here, the current preprocessing flow includes:

[0133] Step S301-1: Enter the current pretreatment process and cool the target ions.

[0134] Step S301-2: Apply the target pulse to the target ion and continue for a first duration.

[0135] Step S301-3: Apply the preset pulse to the target ion and continue for a preset duration.

[0136] Step S301-4: Obtain the total number of photons excited by the target ion.

[0137] Step S301-5: Determine whether the total number of photons excited by the target ion is greater than or equal to a preset threshold; if yes, proceed to step S301-6; otherwise, proceed to step S301-7.

[0138] Step S301-6: If the total number of photons excited by the target ion is greater than or equal to a preset threshold, estimate that the target ion is in a first quantum state; the preset quantum state is either the first quantum state or the second quantum state. Proceed to step S301-8.

[0139] Step S301-7: If the total number of photons excited by the target ion is less than a preset threshold, estimate that the target ion is in a second quantum state. Proceed to step S301-8.

[0140] Step S301-8: Based on the estimation that the target ion is in the preset quantum state, determine the probability that the target ion is in the preset quantum state during the first duration of the current preprocessing flow.

[0141] Here, the preset quantum state is either the first quantum state or the second quantum state.

[0142] Step S301-9: If the preset number of times has not been reached, adjust the first duration.

[0143] Then return to step S301-1 for the next preprocessing step.

[0144] Step S302: Based on the probability that the target ion is in the preset quantum state under different durations of the target pulse, obtain the target continuous spectrum corresponding to the target ion.

[0145] Here, the target continuous spectrum characterizes the relationship between the duration of the target pulse applied to the target ion and the probability that the target ion is in a preset quantum state.

[0146] Step S303: Based on the target continuous spectrum corresponding to the target ion, determine the target duration of the target pulse that makes the probability of the target ion being in a preset quantum state satisfy a preset condition.

[0147] Step S304: Apply the target pulse to the target ion and continue for the target duration so that the target ion is in a target superposition state.

[0148] Step S305: Use the target ion in the target superposition state to obtain a quantum random number.

[0149] In this way, the quantum properties are fully utilized to ensure that the obtained quantum random numbers are of high quality and strong randomness. Furthermore, because the quantum random numbers obtained by this disclosure are of high quality and strong randomness, applying them to the field of information security (such as for generating keys or cryptography) can effectively improve the reliability and security of cryptographic systems; or, applying them to physics, such as for estimating the behavior of quantum systems, can effectively help physicists better understand the behavior of quantum systems, thus providing a foundation for quantum computing. Alternatively, applying them to the field of engineering can facilitate the design of more secure and reliable systems, thereby improving system performance. Therefore, this disclosure can provide strong support for the development of computer science and information security.

[0150] In a specific example of the scheme disclosed herein, Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the implementation process of the quantum random number generation method according to the embodiments of this disclosure. Figure 4 This method can be optionally applied to quantum computing devices that also possess classical computing capabilities, or it can be applied to classical computing devices that also possess quantum computing capabilities, or it can be directly applied to classical computing devices, such as personal computers, servers, server clusters, and other electronic devices with classical computing capabilities, or it can be directly applied to quantum computers. This disclosure does not impose any limitations on these applications. It is understood that the above... Figure 1 , Figure 2 and Figure 3 The methods shown can also be applied to this example, and the related content will not be elaborated further in this example.

[0151] Furthermore, the method includes at least a portion of the following: (e.g.) Figure 4 As shown, it includes:

[0152] Step S401: Determine the target continuous spectrum corresponding to the target ion.

[0153] Here, the target continuous spectrum characterizes the relationship between the duration of the target pulse applied to the target ion and the probability that the target ion is in a preset quantum state.

[0154] Step S402: Based on the target continuous spectrum corresponding to the target ion, determine the target duration of the target pulse that puts the target ion into the target superposition state.

[0155] Here, the pulse characteristics of the target pulse include at least the target duration of the target pulse.

[0156] Step S403: Apply the target pulse to the target ion and maintain the target duration to make the target ion be in a target superposition state.

[0157] Step S404: After obtaining the target duration of the target pulse, execute a random number generation process to estimate the quantum state of the target ion.

[0158] The random number generation process includes:

[0159] Step S404-1: Apply the target pulse to the target ion and continue for the target duration.

[0160] Step S404-2: Obtain the total number of photons excited by the target ion.

[0161] Step S404-3: Based on the total number of photons excited by the target ion, estimate the quantum state of the target ion.

[0162] Step S405: Obtain the quantum random number based on the quantum state of the target ion.

[0163] Thus, this disclosure provides a specific scheme for generating quantum random numbers. This scheme is simple, efficient, and fully utilizes quantum properties, ensuring that the obtained quantum random numbers are of high quality and strong randomness. Furthermore, because the quantum random numbers obtained by this disclosure are of high quality and strong randomness, applying them to the field of information security (e.g., for generating keys or cryptography) can effectively improve the reliability and security of cryptographic systems. Alternatively, applying them to physics, such as for estimating the behavior of quantum systems, can effectively help physicists better understand the behavior of quantum systems, thereby providing a foundation for quantum computing. Or, applying them to the field of engineering can facilitate the design of more secure and reliable systems, thereby improving system performance. Therefore, this disclosure can provide strong support for the development of computer science and information security.

[0164] In a specific example of the scheme disclosed herein, in the random number generation process, after the target pulse is applied to the target ion and the target duration is maintained, and before the total number of photons excited by the target ion is obtained (i.e., after step S404-1 and before step S404-2 described above), the random number generation process further includes:

[0165] The preset pulse is applied to the target ion and sustained for a preset duration.

[0166] In other words, in a specific example, the random number generation process includes:

[0167] The target pulse is applied to the target ion and maintained for the target duration;

[0168] The preset pulse is applied to the target ion and sustained for a preset duration to excite the photons of the target ion;

[0169] Obtain the total number of photons excited by the target ion;

[0170] Based on the total number of photons emitted by the target ion, the quantum state of the target ion is estimated;

[0171] Given that the target ion is estimated to be in the preset quantum state, the probability that the target ion is in the preset quantum state is determined during the first duration of the current preprocessing flow.

[0172] Here, in a specific example, in the random number generation process, estimating the quantum state of the target ion based on the total number of photons emitted by the target ion may specifically include:

[0173] If the total number of photons excited by the target ion is greater than or equal to a preset threshold, the target ion is estimated to be in a first quantum state (e.g., the |1> state); the preset quantum state is either the first quantum state or the second quantum state.

[0174] or,

[0175] If the total number of photons excited by the target ion is less than a preset threshold, the target ion is estimated to be in a second quantum state (e.g., the |0> state).

[0176] It should be noted that the value of the preset threshold can be an empirical value. For example, the value of the preset threshold is related to the preset duration of the applied preset pulse, for example, the two are positively correlated.

[0177] Furthermore, in the random number generation process, before applying the target pulse to the target ion and maintaining it for the target duration, the random number generation process also includes: cooling the target ion. That is, in the random number generation process, before applying the target pulse to the target ion, the target ion needs to be cooled, for example, to below a certain temperature threshold. This reduces the influence of other noise on the randomness of the quantum state of the target ion, thus laying the foundation for obtaining high-quality, highly random quantum random numbers.

[0178] Thus, this disclosure further provides a specific scheme for generating quantum random numbers. This method is simple, efficient, and fully utilizes quantum properties, thereby ensuring that the obtained quantum random numbers are of high quality and strong randomness. Furthermore, because the quantum random numbers obtained by this disclosure are of high quality and strong randomness, applying them to the field of information security (such as for generating keys or cryptography) can effectively improve the reliability and security of cryptographic systems. Alternatively, applying them to physics, such as for estimating the behavior of quantum systems, can effectively help physicists better understand the behavior of quantum systems, thus providing a foundation for quantum computing. Or, applying them to the engineering field can facilitate the design of more secure and reliable systems, thereby improving system performance. Therefore, this disclosure can provide strong support for the development of computer science and information security.

[0179] In a specific example of the disclosed solution, to further improve the quality and randomness of the generated quantum random numbers, the quantum random number generation method further includes:

[0180] At least two random number generation processes are executed to estimate the quantum state of the target ion estimated by each of the at least two random number generation processes.

[0181] Furthermore, the above-described method of obtaining the quantum random number based on the quantum state of the target ion specifically includes:

[0182] If the quantum state of the target ion estimated by each random number generation process in at least two random number generation processes meets the preset requirements, the quantum random number is obtained based on the quantum state of the target ion estimated by each random number generation process in at least two random number generation processes.

[0183] In one example, the quantum state of the target ion estimated by each random number generation process in at least two random number generation processes meets the preset requirement, which can be specifically: the quantum state of the target ion estimated by each random number generation process in at least two random number generation processes is different from each other.

[0184] Alternatively, in another example, the quantum state of the target ion estimated by each of the at least two random number generation processes satisfies a preset requirement. Specifically, this can be defined as follows: at least one set of two adjacent random number generation processes exists that satisfies the following requirement: the quantum states of the target ion estimated by the two adjacent random number generation processes are not identical. In other words, as long as there exists a set of two adjacent random number generation processes and the quantum states of the target ion estimated by these two adjacent random number generation processes are not identical, the preset requirement can be considered satisfied.

[0185] Alternatively, in another example, the quantum state of the target ion estimated by each random number generation process in at least two random number generation processes meets a preset requirement, which can be specifically: the quantum state of the target ion estimated by any two adjacent random number generation processes in at least two random number generation processes is different.

[0186] Alternatively, in another example, the quantum state of the target ion estimated by each of the at least two random number generation processes meets a preset requirement, which can be specifically: there are at least two random number generation processes that satisfy the following requirement: the quantum state of the target ion estimated by the two random number generation processes is not the same; that is, there are at least two random number generation processes (adjacent or non-adjacent) that estimate the quantum state of the target ion not the same.

[0187] In this way, the randomness of the resulting quantum random numbers is further ensured through multiple random number generation processes.

[0188] In a specific example of the scheme disclosed herein, obtaining the quantum random number based on the quantum state of the target ion estimated by each of the two random number generation processes includes:

[0189] If the quantum state of the target ion is estimated to be the first quantum state in one of the at least two random number generation processes, and the quantum state of the target ion is estimated to be the second quantum state in the other of the at least two random number generation processes, then a first character (e.g., a one-bit value, 0 or 1) is obtained; the quantum random number includes the first character.

[0190] or,

[0191] A second character is obtained if the quantum state of the target ion is estimated to be the second quantum state in one of the at least two random number generation processes, and the quantum state of the target ion is estimated to be the first quantum state in the other of the at least two random number generation processes; the quantum random number includes the second character.

[0192] It is understandable that the second character is different from the first character. Similarly, the second character can also be a one-bit value, for example, the first character is 0 and the second character is 1.

[0193] It is understood that the first and second characters can also be represented by other characters, such as English characters, and this disclosure does not restrict this.

[0194] Thus, the present disclosure provides a specific scheme for obtaining quantum random numbers, which makes full use of the characteristics of qubits, and the obtained quantum random numbers have the characteristics of high quality and strong randomness.

[0195] Furthermore, because the quantum random numbers obtained by this disclosure are of high quality and strong randomness, applying them to the field of information security (such as for generating keys or cryptography) can effectively improve the reliability and security of cryptographic systems. Alternatively, applying them to physics, such as for estimating the behavior of quantum systems, can effectively help physicists better understand the behavior of quantum systems, thus providing a foundation for quantum computing. Or, applying them to the engineering field can facilitate the design of more secure and reliable systems, thereby improving system performance. Therefore, this disclosure can provide strong support for the development of computer science and information security.

[0196] In a specific example of the scheme disclosed herein, Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the implementation process of the quantum random number generation method according to the embodiments of this disclosure. Figure 5 This method can be optionally applied to classical computing devices, such as personal computers, servers, server clusters, and other electronic devices with classical computing capabilities.

[0197] Furthermore, the method includes at least a portion of the following: (e.g.) Figure 5 As shown, it includes:

[0198] Step S501: Generate control instructions based on input operations (such as user input operations, which may include the required length of quantum random numbers).

[0199] Here, the control command is used to invoke the first quantum random number generator to cause the first quantum random number generator to execute the quantum random number generation method described above.

[0200] Step S502: Obtain quantum random numbers.

[0201] In this example, control commands can be generated based on user input to invoke the first quantum random number generator, causing the first quantum random number generator to execute the quantum random number generation method described above, thereby obtaining a quantum random number of the length required by the user.

[0202] Furthermore, in a specific example, the method described in this example can be applied to a cloud server; that is, the second quantum random number generator described above can specifically be a cloud server, or a functional component within a cloud server; further, such as Figure 6 As shown, user 601 can input the length of the required quantum random number (which can be any length, and this disclosure does not impose any restrictions) through cloud server 602, such as the user interface of the cloud server. At this time, cloud server 602, based on the required length of quantum random number, calls the first quantum random number generating device 603 and causes the first quantum random number generating device 603 to execute the quantum random number generating method described above to generate a quantum random number, and sends the generated quantum random number to cloud server 602 so that the quantum random number can be displayed to the user through cloud server 602.

[0203] It should be noted that in practical applications, multiple users can simultaneously input the length of the desired quantum random number. In this case, the cloud server can generate control instructions based on the length of each desired quantum random number and call the first quantum random number generator in parallel or serially, thus meeting the quantum random number generation needs of different users.

[0204] In this way, the publicly available solution can obtain high-quality, highly random quantum random numbers through user interaction, which not only effectively guarantees user security needs and enriches the user experience, but also enhances the user experience.

[0205] Furthermore, because the quantum random numbers obtained by this disclosure are of high quality and strong randomness, applying them to the field of information security (such as for generating keys or cryptography) can effectively improve the reliability and security of cryptographic systems. Alternatively, applying them to physics, such as for estimating the behavior of quantum systems, can effectively help physicists better understand the behavior of quantum systems, thus providing a foundation for quantum computing. Or, applying them to the engineering field can facilitate the design of more secure and reliable systems, thereby improving system performance. Therefore, this disclosure can provide strong support for the development of computer science and information security.

[0206] The following detailed description of the present invention is provided with specific examples. The present invention proposes a scheme for realizing high-quality quantum random numbers using a single quantum bit in an ion trap. Specifically, the present invention applies a laser sequence to an ion quantum bit bound in an ion trap and performs fluorescence measurement on the ion quantum bit to obtain the measurement result. The measurement result is then post-processed to obtain high-quality random numbers, or to obtain a random number sequence of arbitrary length.

[0207] Here, the ionic qubit refers to an ion with quantum properties. For example, ions in an ion trap are processed to give them quantum properties in order to obtain an ionic qubit.

[0208] It should be noted that the ion trap described in this example is a device for confining target ions. This ion trap can stabilize the target ions within a fixed area, so as to facilitate the manipulation of the target ions.

[0209] It should be noted that ions are very suitable for being made into a true quantum bit. This is because: firstly, ions confined in an ultra-high vacuum, after being cooled to a low temperature by laser, exhibit very significant quantum characteristics; secondly, the internal energy levels of ions are very abundant in nature, so very good two-level structures can be found within the ion's energy levels. These two-level structures can then serve as the building blocks of ionic quantum bits. Furthermore, the coherence time of ionic quantum bits can reach the hour level, far exceeding that of other quantum bits, such as superconducting quantum bits and optical quantum bits.

[0210] The following is a detailed introduction to this disclosed solution in two parts. The first part explains the core idea and implementation steps of this disclosed solution. The second part demonstrates the application and illustrates the effects and advantages of applying this disclosed solution.

[0211] Part 1: Core Ideas and Key Implementation Steps

[0212] This disclosure provides a method for generating quantum random numbers. In this method, a fixed laser timing sequence, such as a target pulse of a target duration, is applied to an ion qubit bound in an ion trap. Fluorescence readout and measurement operations are performed on a single ion qubit in the ion trap to obtain the measurement results. Based on the measurement results, a quantum random number with high fidelity is generated.

[0213] It should be noted that the proposed solution can pass relevant random number standard tests, which is sufficient to further demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed solution.

[0214] Furthermore, this disclosure also provides a quantum random number generation device for performing the above-described quantum random number generation method, thereby enabling the generation of high-quality quantum random numbers. As shown in Figures 7(a) and 7(b), the quantum random number generation device includes an ion confinement device, an ion cooling device (e.g., for applying Doppler cooling and sideband cooling lasers to the target ions), an ion manipulation device (e.g., for applying quantum state manipulation lasers to the target ions), an ion reading device (e.g., for applying fluorescence reading lasers to the target ions), and a data post-processing device (not shown in Figure 7(b)). Further, the quantum random number generation device may also include a timing controller for controlling the ion confinement device, ion cooling device, ion manipulation device, and ion reading device, for example, by performing switching control and parameter adjustment.

[0215] Furthermore, the ion confinement device, ion cooling device, ion manipulation device, and ion reading device are all specifically lasers; furthermore, the ion confinement device, ion cooling device, ion manipulation device, and ion reading device can all be arranged around the ion trap to facilitate the manipulation of target ions in the ion trap.

[0216] Furthermore, in a specific example, the quantum random number generator can interact with the cloud, allowing users to invoke the quantum random number generator through the cloud to generate random numbers of arbitrary length.

[0217] Specifically, such as Figure 8 As shown, the core steps include:

[0218] Step S801: Obtain the target ion in thermal motion to be used as a quantum bit. For example, a calcium (Ca) ion in thermal motion.

[0219] For example, in one instance, thermal atoms in the thermal reservoir are ionized to excite thermally moving target ions, such as Ca ions, and then the Ca ions are fed into an ion trap consisting of a DC electrode and an alternating electrode through a transmission aperture to obtain Ca ions in the ion trap.

[0220] It should be noted that this example uses Ca ions as an example. In practical applications, other ions with quantum properties, such as ytterbium (Yb) ions, barium (Ba) ions, and strontium (Sr) ions, can also be used. This disclosure does not limit the use of these ions.

[0221] Step S802: Obtain the target continuous spectrum corresponding to the Ca ion, wherein the target continuous spectrum characterizes the relationship between the duration of the target pulse applied to the target ion, such as the Ca ion, and the probability that the Ca ion is in a preset quantum state.

[0222] Step S802-1: Cool the target ions in thermal motion in the ion trap;

[0223] For example, an ion cooling device can be used to cool down Ca ions that are in thermal motion in an ion trap.

[0224] It should be noted that the internal energy level information of thermally moving Ca ions cannot be effectively extracted in the ion trap. Therefore, it is necessary to cool the thermally moving Ca ions by means of cooling methods (such as Doppler cooling and sideband cooling) and reduce the temperature to below a certain temperature threshold (such as 4K) in order to reduce the coupling between the quantum information stored in the Ca ions and the environment to a smaller range.

[0225] Step S802-2: Apply the target pulse, such as the first laser pulse, to the Ca ions trapped in the ion trap and continue for a first duration (denoted as t). ' ).

[0226] In one example, the relevant parameters of the laser emitter can be adjusted so that the wavelength, frequency, phase, and power of the emitted first laser pulse meet the first pulse conditions. Then, after the parameter adjustment is completed, the first laser pulse is emitted towards the Ca ions trapped in the ion trap and lasts for a first duration t. ' .

[0227] It should be noted that for target ions, such as Ca ions, trapped in an ion trap, the most significant factor affecting their energy level transitions is the wavelength of the pulse, such as the wavelength of a laser pulse. This is necessary for subsequent manipulation. Amplitude, phase, and other factors can compensate for each other and have no effect on the energy level transitions. Therefore, in one example, the wavelength of the target pulse, such as the first laser pulse, is 729 nm.

[0228] It is understandable that different target ions have different energy level structures, therefore, the selected target pulse, for example, the wavelength of the target pulse may also be different.

[0229] Step S802-3: Apply a preset pulse, such as a second laser pulse, to the Ca ions trapped in the ion trap and continue for a preset duration (denoted as t0). For example, in one example, the preset duration t0 is in the millisecond range.

[0230] In one example, the relevant parameters of the laser emitter can be adjusted so that the wavelength, frequency, phase and power of the emitted second laser pulse meet the conditions for the second pulse. After the parameters are adjusted, the second laser pulse is emitted at the Ca ions trapped in the ion trap and continues for a preset duration.

[0231] Here, the preset pulse is a pulse that can excite photons of target ions, such as Ca ions. For example, in one example, the wavelength of the preset pulse (such as the second laser pulse) is 854 nm.

[0232] It is understandable that different target ions have different energy level structures, so the wavelengths at which photons can be excited may also be different. The wavelength of the preset pulse can be determined based on the actual target ion selected.

[0233] Step S802-4: Count the total number of photons excited by Ca ions within the preset time t0.

[0234] For example, in one example, the total number of photons collected by the charge-coupled device (CCD) imaging system for Ca ions within a preset time period t0 is counted using a charge-coupled device (CCD) imaging system.

[0235] Step S802-5: Determine whether the total number of photons counted is less than a preset threshold; if yes, proceed to step S802-6; otherwise, if the total number of photons is greater than or equal to the threshold, proceed to step S802-7.

[0236] In one example, the value of the preset threshold is related to the preset duration t0; for example, the preset threshold and the preset duration t0 are positively correlated.

[0237] Step S802-6: Obtain a first result, for example, the first result characterizes that the Ca ion is in a second quantum state, such as the |0> state. Proceed to step S802-8.

[0238] Step S802-7: Obtain a second result, for example, the second result characterizes the Ca

[0239] The ion is in the first quantum state, such as the |1> state. Proceed to step S802-8.

[0240] Step S802-8: Determine whether the first preset number of times has been reached; if so, proceed with the next step.

[0241] S802-9; otherwise, adjust the first duration t. ' Then return to step S802-1.

[0242] Step S802-9: Based on the first duration t ' With Ca ions in a predetermined quantum state (e.g.)

[0243] The target continuous spectrum is obtained by determining the relationship between the probabilities of the |0> state or the |1> state.

[0244] In a specific example, the probability of a Ca ion being in a predetermined quantum state can be obtained in the following ways:

[0245] A quantum measurement is performed on a Ca ion denoted as a preset quantum state (e.g., |0> state or |1> state), and the measurement is performed a second preset number of times to obtain a second preset number of measurement results; here, the measurement result in the second preset number of measurement results is a first value (e.g., 0) or a second value (e.g., 1);

[0246] The proportion of the first (or second) value among all measurement results in the second preset number of times is used as the probability that Ca ions are in a preset quantum state.

[0247] For example, if ten quantum measurements are performed on a Ca ion denoted as the |1> state, and the Ca ion is determined to be in the |1> state in 8 of the ten measurements (i.e., 8 measurements result in 1), then the probability that the Ca ion is in the preset quantum state is: 8 / 10 = 0.8.

[0248] Step S803: Based on the target continuous spectrum, determine the target duration t of the target pulse (e.g., the first laser pulse). * .

[0249] Here, the target pulse is applied to the target ion, such as a Ca ion, and maintained for a target duration t. * Afterwards, the Ca ions are in a target superposition state.

[0250] For example, the target pulse is applied to the target ion, such as a Ca ion, and maintained for a target duration t. * Then, the probability of Ca ions being in a predetermined quantum state is set to a predetermined value. For example, the probability of Ca ions being in the |1> state is 0.5. In this case, Ca ions are in a superposition state. An approximate quantum state. Proceed to step S804.

[0251] Step S804: Based on the target duration t * , thus obtaining quantum random numbers.

[0252] Step S804-1: Cool the target ions in thermal motion in the ion trap.

[0253] For example, an ion cooling device can be used to cool down Ca ions that are in thermal motion in an ion trap.

[0254] It should be noted that, after obtaining the duration t of the target... * Then, within a preset interval, such as milliseconds, step S804-1 is executed.

[0255] Step S804-2: Apply the target pulse, such as the first laser pulse, to the Ca ions trapped in the ion trap and maintain the target pulse for a duration t. * .

[0256] Step S804-3: Apply the preset pulse, such as the second laser pulse, to the Ca ions trapped in the ion trap and continue for the preset duration t0.

[0257] Step S804-4: Count the total number of photons excited by Ca ions within the preset time t0.

[0258] Step S804-5: Determine whether the total number of photons counted is less than a preset threshold; if yes, proceed to step S804-6; otherwise, if the total number of photons is greater than or equal to the threshold, proceed to step S804-7.

[0259] Step S804-6: Obtain a third result, for example, the third result indicates that the Ca ion is in the second quantum state, such as the |0> state. At this time, it can be recorded using one bit, for example, recorded as 0, and proceed to step S804-8.

[0260] Step S804-7: Obtain the fourth result, for example, the fourth result characterizes the Ca ion as being in the first quantum state, such as the |1> state. At this time, another number of bits can be used to record it, for example, it can be recorded as 1. Proceed to step S804-8.

[0261] Step S804-8: Repeat steps S804-1 to S804-7, and determine whether the number of executions has reached two, so as to obtain two adjacent results;

[0262] Step S804-9: Determine whether two adjacent results meet the preset requirements. If so,

[0263] Execute step S804-10; otherwise, discard the result and return to step S804-1 to re-execute steps S804-1 to S804-8, and obtain two adjacent results again.

[0264] For example, in one example, it can be determined whether two adjacent results are the same; if they are not...

[0265] If the results are the same, proceed to step S804-10; otherwise, proceed to step S804-1 to re-execute steps S804-1 to S804-8, and obtain two adjacent results again.

[0266] Step S804-10: Based on the results of two consecutive adjacent results, obtain quantum random numbers;

[0267] For example, in one example, if two consecutive results are |0>state and |1>state, then the first character can be obtained, for example, denoted as 0; if two consecutive results are |1>state and |0>state, then the second character can be obtained, for example, 1.

[0268] Understandably, by repeating the above process, a random number sequence of any length can be obtained.

[0269] Part Two: Application Demonstration

[0270] This disclosed scheme verifies the effectiveness of generating quantum random numbers using the above method, and generates the following quantum random numbers:

[0271]

[0272] Table 1

[0273] It should be noted that the original bits in Table 1 are obtained using steps 4-1 to 4-7 described above; the quantum random numbers in Table 1 are obtained based on steps 4-9 to 4-1 described above.

[0274] Furthermore, the quantum random numbers generated by this disclosed scheme have passed all tests of relevant random number standard tests, and the test results are shown in Table 2.

[0275]

[0276]

[0277] Table 2

[0278] In summary, compared with other quantum random number generation schemes in the industry, the disclosed scheme has the following significant advantages:

[0279] First, the cost is low; the disclosed scheme can generate high-quality quantum random numbers by manipulating a single qubit in an ion trap. This process does not require the harsh operating environment of a superconducting quantum computer, has low execution environment requirements, and has low requirements for the operation precision of a single qubit. Therefore, the overall cost is low.

[0280] Second, it is highly adaptable and practical; this disclosed scheme applies the target pulse to a single-qubit gate (for example, in this disclosed scheme, the target pulse is applied to a target ion in an ion trap, such as a Ca ion, and the target duration is maintained for a duration of t). *The accuracy of this method (which ensures that the probability of Ca ions being in a predetermined quantum state is a predetermined value, equivalent to performing a single-qubit gate operation in the ion trap) is low (e.g., the fidelity of a single-qubit gate can be approximately 90%), eliminating the need for ultra-high fidelity single-qubit gates. In other words, the target superposition state of the target ion used to generate quantum random numbers in this disclosed scheme can be a superposition state. An approximate quantum state is obtained without the need for a uniform superposition state, a requirement that is applicable to most ion trap quantum computing systems. Therefore, the scheme disclosed herein is highly adaptable and practical.

[0281] Third, it is highly practical; the disclosed scheme uses high-quality ion trap qubits (for example, the target ion in the ion trap, such as Ca ions), and through algorithm design, it maximizes the use of its quantum randomness. The generated quantum random numbers have passed all standard tests of relevant random number standards and can be regarded as a true random number generator.

[0282] Fourth, it offers high flexibility. This disclosed solution allows control of individual qubits in the ion trap via the cloud, thereby generating high-quality quantum random numbers and simultaneously meeting the quantum random number generation needs of multiple users. Furthermore, this disclosed solution can provide offline processing, such as generating quantum random numbers offline, or online processing, such as generating quantum random numbers online, effectively ensuring user security requirements.

[0283] This disclosure also provides a first quantum random number generation device, such as Figure 9 As shown, it includes:

[0284] Pulse determination unit 901 is used to determine the pulse characteristics of a target pulse to be applied to a target ion, wherein the target ion is an ion used as a quantum bit;

[0285] The pulse manipulation unit 902 is used to apply the target pulse to the target ion based on the pulse characteristics of the target pulse, so that the target ion is in a target superposition state; and to obtain a quantum random number using the target ion in the target superposition state.

[0286] In a specific example of the disclosed scheme, wherein,

[0287] The pulse determination unit 901 is specifically used to determine the target continuous spectrum corresponding to the target ion, wherein the target continuous spectrum characterizes the relationship between the duration of the target pulse applied to the target ion and the probability that the target ion is in a preset quantum state; based on the target continuous spectrum corresponding to the target ion, the target duration of the target pulse that causes the target ion to be in the target superposition state is determined, and the pulse characteristics of the target pulse include at least the target duration of the target pulse;

[0288] The pulse control unit 902 is specifically used to apply the target pulse to the target ion and maintain the target duration.

[0289] In a specific example of the scheme disclosed herein, the pulse determination unit 901 is specifically used for:

[0290] Based on the target continuous spectrum corresponding to the target ion, the target duration of the target pulse is determined such that the probability of the target ion being in a preset quantum state satisfies a preset condition.

[0291] In a specific example of the scheme disclosed herein, the pulse determination unit 901 is specifically used for:

[0292] Obtain the probability that the target ion is in the preset quantum state under different durations of the target pulse;

[0293] Based on the probability that the target ion is in the preset quantum state under different durations of the target pulse, the target continuous spectrum corresponding to the target ion is obtained.

[0294] In a specific example of the disclosed solution, the pulse determination unit 901 is specifically used for:

[0295] The following preprocessing procedure is executed multiple times to obtain the probability that the target ion is in the preset quantum state under different first durations of the target pulse; wherein the first duration of the target pulse is different in different preprocessing procedures;

[0296] The current preprocessing workflow includes:

[0297] The target pulse is applied to the target ion and sustained for a first duration;

[0298] Given that the target ion is estimated to be in the preset quantum state, the probability that the target ion is in the preset quantum state is determined during the first duration of the current preprocessing flow.

[0299] In a specific example of the scheme disclosed herein, the pulse determination unit 901 is further configured to:

[0300] In the current preprocessing procedure, after the target pulse is applied to the target ion and sustained for a first duration, the preset pulse is applied to the target ion and sustained for a preset duration.

[0301] Obtain the total number of photons excited by the target ion;

[0302] The quantum state of the target ion is estimated based on the total number of photons emitted by the target ion.

[0303] In a specific example of the disclosed solution, the pulse determination unit 901 is specifically used for:

[0304] If the total number of photons excited by the target ion is greater than or equal to a preset threshold, the target ion is estimated to be in a first quantum state; the preset quantum state is either the first quantum state or the second quantum state.

[0305] or,

[0306] If the total number of photons excited by the target ion is less than a preset threshold, the target ion is estimated to be in a second quantum state.

[0307] In a specific example of the scheme disclosed herein, the pulse determination unit 901 is further configured to:

[0308] In the current pretreatment process, the target ion is cooled before the target pulse is applied to the target ion and sustained for a first duration.

[0309] In a specific example of the disclosed solution, the pulse manipulation unit 902 is specifically used for:

[0310] A random number generation process is executed to estimate the quantum state of the target ion;

[0311] The quantum random number is obtained based on the quantum state of the target ion;

[0312] The random number generation process includes:

[0313] The target pulse is applied to the target ion and maintained for the target duration;

[0314] To obtain the total number of photons excited by the target ion;

[0315] Based on the total number of photons emitted by the target ion, the quantum state of the target ion is estimated.

[0316] In a specific example of the disclosed solution, the pulse manipulation unit 902 is further configured to:

[0317] In the random number generation process, after the target pulse is applied to the target ion and held for the target duration, and before the total number of photons emitted by the target ion is obtained, the preset pulse is applied to the target ion and held for the preset duration.

[0318] In a specific example of the disclosed solution, the pulse manipulation unit 902 is further configured to:

[0319] Execute at least two random number generation processes to estimate the quantum state of the target ion estimated by each of the two random number generation processes;

[0320] If the quantum state of the target ion estimated by each random number generation process in at least two random number generation processes meets the preset requirements, the quantum random number is obtained based on the quantum state of the target ion estimated by each random number generation process in at least two random number generation processes.

[0321] In a specific example of the disclosed solution, the preset requirement is one of the following:

[0322] The quantum states of the target ion estimated by each of the at least two random number generation processes are different.

[0323] Among the at least two random number generation processes, there are any two random number generation processes that satisfy the following requirement: the quantum states of the target ion estimated by any two random number generation processes are not the same;

[0324] In the at least two random number generation processes, there exists at least one set of two adjacent random number generation processes that satisfy the following requirement: the quantum states of the target ion estimated by the two adjacent random number generation processes are not the same.

[0325] In a specific example of the disclosed solution, the pulse manipulation unit 902 is specifically used for:

[0326] If the quantum state of the target ion is estimated to be the first quantum state in one of the at least two random number generation processes, and the quantum state of the target ion is estimated to be the second quantum state in the other of the at least two random number generation processes, then the first character is obtained; the quantum random number includes the first character.

[0327] or,

[0328] If the quantum state of the target ion is estimated to be the second quantum state in one of the at least two random number generation processes, and the quantum state of the target ion is estimated to be the first quantum state in the other of the at least two random number generation processes, a second character is obtained; the second character is different from the first character, and the quantum random number includes the second character.

[0329] In a specific example of the scheme disclosed herein, the target ion is one of the following ions located in the ion trap: calcium ion, ytterbium ion, barium ion, strontium ion.

[0330] For a description of the specific functions and examples of each unit of the apparatus in this disclosure embodiment, please refer to the relevant descriptions of the corresponding steps in the above method embodiments, which will not be repeated here.

[0331] This disclosure also provides a second quantum random number generation device, such as... Figure 10 As shown, it includes:

[0332] The instruction generation unit 1001 is used to generate control instructions based on input operations; the control instructions are used to invoke the first quantum random number generation device to execute the method performed by the first quantum random number generation device described above.

[0333] Output unit 1002 is used to output the obtained quantum random number.

[0334] For a description of the specific functions and examples of each unit of the apparatus in this disclosure embodiment, please refer to the relevant descriptions of the corresponding steps in the above method embodiments, which will not be repeated here.

[0335] This disclosure also provides a quantum random number generation system, such as Figure 11 As shown, it includes:

[0336] The first quantum random number generator 1101 is used to execute the above-described method applied to the first quantum random number generator;

[0337] The second quantum random number generator 1102 is used to execute the above-described method applied to the second quantum random number generator.

[0338] For a description of the specific functions and examples of each unit of the apparatus in this disclosure embodiment, please refer to the relevant descriptions of the corresponding steps in the above method embodiments, which will not be repeated here.

[0339] The acquisition, storage, and application of user personal information involved in the technical solution disclosed herein comply with the provisions of relevant laws and regulations and do not violate public order and good morals.

[0340] This disclosure also provides a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing computer instructions that, when executed by at least one quantum processing unit, cause the at least one quantum processing unit to perform the method described above using a quantum computing device.

[0341] This disclosure also provides a computer program product, including a computer program that, when executed by a processor, implements the methods described above for use in classical computing devices.

[0342] Alternatively, the computer program, when executed by at least one quantum processing unit, implements the method applied to a quantum computing device.

[0343] This disclosure also provides a quantum computing device, the quantum computing device comprising:

[0344] At least one quantum processing unit;

[0345] A memory, coupled to the at least one QPU and used to store executable instructions,

[0346] The instructions are executed by the at least one quantum processing unit to enable the at least one quantum processing unit to perform the method applied to the quantum computing device.

[0347] It is understood that the quantum processing unit (QPU) used in the present disclosure may also be referred to as a quantum processor or quantum chip, and may involve a physical chip comprising multiple qubits interconnected in a specific manner.

[0348] Furthermore, it is understood that the qubit described in this disclosure can refer to the basic information unit of a quantum computing device. The qubit is contained within the QPU and extends the concept of the classical digital bit.

[0349] According to embodiments of this disclosure, this disclosure also provides a computing device, a readable storage medium, and a computer program product.

[0350] Figure 12A schematic block diagram of an example computing device 1200 that can be used to implement embodiments of the present disclosure is shown. The computing device is intended to represent various forms of digital computers, such as laptop computers, desktop computers, workstations, personal digital assistants, servers, blade servers, mainframe computers, and other suitable computers. The computing device can also represent various forms of mobile devices, such as personal digital assistants, cellular phones, smartphones, wearable devices, and other similar computing devices. The components shown herein, their connections and relationships, and their functions are merely illustrative and are not intended to limit the implementation of the present disclosure described and / or claimed herein.

[0351] like Figure 12 As shown, device 1200 includes a computing unit 1201, which can perform various appropriate actions and processes according to a computer program stored in read-only memory (ROM) 1202 or a computer program loaded from storage unit 1208 into random access memory (RAM) 1203. The RAM 1203 may also store various programs and data required for the operation of device 1200. The computing unit 1201, ROM 1202, and RAM 1203 are interconnected via bus 1204. Input / output (I / O) interface 1205 is also connected to bus 1204.

[0352] Multiple components in device 1200 are connected to I / O interface 1205, including: input unit 1206, such as keyboard, mouse, etc.; output unit 1207, such as various types of monitors, speakers, etc.; storage unit 1208, such as disk, optical disk, etc.; and communication unit 1209, such as network card, modem, wireless transceiver, etc. Communication unit 1209 allows device 1200 to exchange information / data with other devices through computer networks such as the Internet and / or various telecommunications networks.

[0353] The computing unit 1201 can be a variety of general-purpose and / or special-purpose processing components with processing and computing capabilities. Some examples of the computing unit 1201 include, but are not limited to, a central processing unit (CPU), a graphics processing unit (GPU), various special-purpose artificial intelligence (AI) computing chips, various computing units running machine learning model algorithms, a digital signal processor (DSP), and any suitable processor, controller, microcontroller, etc. The computing unit 1201 performs the various methods and processes described above, such as quantum random number generation methods. For example, in some embodiments, the quantum random number generation method may be implemented as a computer software program tangibly contained in a machine-readable medium, such as storage unit 1208. In some embodiments, part or all of the computer program may be loaded and / or installed on device 1200 via ROM 1202 and / or communication unit 1209. When the computer program is loaded into RAM 1203 and executed by the computing unit 1201, one or more steps of the quantum random number generation method described above may be performed. Alternatively, in other embodiments, the computing unit 1201 may be configured to perform a quantum random number generation method by any other suitable means (e.g., by means of firmware).

[0354] Various embodiments of the systems and techniques described above herein can be implemented in digital electronic circuit systems, integrated circuit systems, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), application-specific standard products (ASSPs), systems-on-a-chip (SoCs), payload-programmable logic devices (CPLDs), computer hardware, firmware, software, and / or combinations thereof. These various embodiments may include implementations in one or more computer programs that can be executed and / or interpreted on a programmable system including at least one programmable processor, which may be a dedicated or general-purpose programmable processor, capable of receiving data and instructions from a storage system, at least one input device, and at least one output device, and transmitting data and instructions to the storage system, the at least one input device, and the at least one output device.

[0355] The program code used to implement the methods of this disclosure may be written in any combination of one or more programming languages. This program code may be provided to a processor or controller of a general-purpose computer, special-purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus, such that when executed by the processor or controller, the program code causes the functions / operations specified in the flowcharts and / or block diagrams to be implemented. The program code may be executed entirely on a machine, partially on a machine, as a standalone software package partially on a machine and partially on a remote machine, or entirely on a remote machine or server.

[0356] In the context of this disclosure, a machine-readable medium can be a tangible medium that may contain or store a program for use by or in conjunction with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device. A machine-readable medium can be a machine-readable signal medium or a machine-readable storage medium. A machine-readable medium can be, but is not limited to, electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor systems, apparatus, or devices, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. More specific examples of machine-readable storage media include electrical connections based on one or more wires, portable computer disks, hard disks, random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or flash memory), optical fiber, portable compact disk read-only memory (CD-ROM), optical storage devices, magnetic storage devices, or any suitable combination of the foregoing.

[0357] To provide interaction with a user, the systems and techniques described herein can be implemented on a computer having: a display device for displaying information to the user (e.g., a CRT (cathode ray tube) or LCD (liquid crystal display) monitor); and a keyboard and pointing device (e.g., a mouse or trackball) through which the user provides input to the computer. Other types of devices can also be used to provide interaction with the user; for example, feedback provided to the user can be any form of sensory feedback (e.g., visual feedback, auditory feedback, or tactile feedback); and input from the user can be received in any form (including sound input, voice input, or tactile input).

[0358] The systems and technologies described herein can be implemented in computing systems that include backend components (e.g., as a data server), or computing systems that include middleware components (e.g., an application server), or computing systems that include frontend components (e.g., a user computer with a graphical user interface or web browser through which a user can interact with embodiments of the systems and technologies described herein), or any combination of such backend, middleware, or frontend components. The components of the system can be interconnected via digital data communication of any form or medium (e.g., a communication network). Examples of communication networks include local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), and the Internet.

[0359] Computer systems can include clients and servers. Clients and servers are generally located far apart and typically interact via communication networks. Client-server relationships are created by computer programs running on the respective computers and having a client-server relationship with each other. Servers can be cloud servers, servers in distributed systems, or servers incorporating blockchain technology.

[0360] It should be understood that the various forms of processes shown above can be used to rearrange, add, or delete steps. For example, the steps described in this disclosure can be executed in parallel, sequentially, or in different orders, as long as the desired result of the technical solution disclosed in this disclosure can be achieved, and this is not limited herein.

[0361] The specific embodiments described above do not constitute a limitation on the scope of protection of this disclosure. Those skilled in the art should understand that various modifications, combinations, sub-combinations, and substitutions can be made according to design requirements and other factors. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, and improvements made within the principles of this disclosure should be included within the scope of protection of this disclosure.

Claims

1. A method for generating quantum random numbers, comprising: Determine the pulse characteristics of a target pulse to be applied to a target ion, wherein the target ion is an ion intended to serve as a quantum bit; Based on the pulse characteristics of the target pulse, the target pulse is applied to the target ion to put the target ion into a target superposition state; Quantum random numbers are obtained using the target ion in the superposition state of the target; The determination of the pulse characteristics for the target pulse applied to the target ion includes: Determine the target continuous spectrum corresponding to the target ion, wherein the target continuous spectrum characterizes the relationship between the duration of the target pulse applied to the target ion and the probability that the target ion is in a preset quantum state; Based on the target continuous spectrum corresponding to the target ion, the target duration of the target pulse that causes the target ion to be in the target superposition state is determined, and the pulse characteristics of the target pulse include at least the target duration of the target pulse; The step of applying the target pulse to the target ion based on the pulse characteristics of the target pulse to put the target ion into a target superposition state includes: The target pulse is applied to the target ion and the target duration is maintained.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein, The step of determining the target duration of the target pulse that puts the target ion into the target superposition state based on the target continuous spectrum corresponding to the target ion includes: Based on the target continuous spectrum corresponding to the target ion, the target duration of the target pulse is determined such that the probability of the target ion being in a preset quantum state satisfies a preset condition.

3. The method according to claim 1, wherein, Determining the target continuous spectrum corresponding to the target ion includes: Obtain the probability that the target ion is in the preset quantum state under different durations of the target pulse; Based on the probability that the target ion is in the preset quantum state under different durations of the target pulse, the target continuous spectrum corresponding to the target ion is obtained.

4. The method according to claim 3, wherein, The process of obtaining the probability that the target ion is in the preset quantum state under different durations of the target pulse includes: The following preprocessing procedure is executed multiple times to obtain the probability that the target ion is in the preset quantum state under different first durations of the target pulse; wherein the first duration of the target pulse is different in different preprocessing procedures; The current preprocessing workflow includes: The target pulse is applied to the target ion and sustained for a first duration; Given that the target ion is estimated to be in the preset quantum state, the probability that the target ion is in the preset quantum state is determined during the first duration of the current preprocessing flow.

5. The method according to claim 4, wherein, After applying the target pulse to the target ion and sustaining it for a first duration, the current preprocessing procedure further includes: A preset pulse is applied to the target ion and sustained for a preset duration; Obtain the total number of photons excited by the target ion; The quantum state of the target ion is estimated based on the total number of photons emitted by the target ion.

6. The method according to claim 5, wherein, The estimation of the quantum state of the target ion based on the total number of photons emitted by the target ion includes: If the total number of photons excited by the target ion is greater than or equal to a preset threshold, the target ion is estimated to be in a first quantum state; the preset quantum state is either the first quantum state or the second quantum state. or, If the total number of photons excited by the target ion is less than a preset threshold, the target ion is estimated to be in a second quantum state.

7. The method according to any one of claims 4-6, wherein, Before applying the target pulse to the target ion and sustaining it for a first duration, the current pretreatment process further includes: The target ions are subjected to a cooling treatment.

8. The method according to any one of claims 1-6, wherein, The process of obtaining quantum random numbers using target ions in the target superposition state includes: A random number generation process is executed to estimate the quantum state of the target ion; The quantum random number is obtained based on the quantum state of the target ion; The random number generation process includes: The target pulse is applied to the target ion and maintained for the target duration; To obtain the total number of photons excited by the target ion; Based on the total number of photons emitted by the target ion, the quantum state of the target ion is estimated.

9. The method according to claim 8, wherein, After applying the target pulse to the target ion and maintaining the target duration, and before obtaining the total number of photons emitted by the target ion, the random number generation process further includes: A preset pulse is applied to the target ion and sustained for a preset duration.

10. The method according to claim 8, wherein the quantum random number generation method further comprises: Execute at least two random number generation processes to estimate the quantum state of the target ion estimated by each of the two random number generation processes; The step of obtaining the quantum random number based on the quantum state of the target ion includes: If the quantum state of the target ion estimated by each random number generation process in at least two random number generation processes meets the preset requirements, the quantum random number is obtained based on the quantum state of the target ion estimated by each random number generation process in at least two random number generation processes.

11. The method according to claim 10, wherein, The preset requirement is one of the following: The quantum states of the target ion estimated by each of the at least two random number generation processes are different. Among the at least two random number generation processes, there are any two random number generation processes that satisfy the following requirement: the quantum states of the target ion estimated by any two random number generation processes are not the same; In the at least two random number generation processes, there exists at least one set of two adjacent random number generation processes that satisfy the following requirement: the quantum states of the target ion estimated by the two adjacent random number generation processes are not the same.

12. The method according to claim 10, wherein, The quantum random number is obtained by estimating the quantum state of the target ion based on at least two random number generation processes, including: If the quantum state of the target ion is estimated to be the first quantum state in one of the at least two random number generation processes, and the quantum state of the target ion is estimated to be the second quantum state in the other of the at least two random number generation processes, then the first character is obtained; the quantum random number includes the first character. or, If the quantum state of the target ion is estimated to be the second quantum state in one of the at least two random number generation processes, and the quantum state of the target ion is estimated to be the first quantum state in the other of the at least two random number generation processes, a second character is obtained; the second character is different from the first character, and the quantum random number includes the second character.

13. The method according to any one of claims 1-6, wherein, The target ion is one of the following ions in the ion trap: calcium ion, ytterbium ion, barium ion, strontium ion.

14. A method for generating quantum random numbers, comprising: Based on input operations, control commands are generated; The control command is used to invoke the quantum random number generation device to execute the quantum random number generation method, wherein the quantum random number generation method is the method described in any one of claims 1 to 13; Obtain quantum random numbers.

15. A first quantum random number generation device, comprising: A pulse determination unit is used to determine the pulse characteristics of a target pulse to be applied to a target ion, wherein the target ion is an ion intended to serve as a quantum bit; A pulse manipulation unit is used to apply the target pulse to the target ion based on the pulse characteristics of the target pulse, so that the target ion is in a target superposition state; and to obtain a quantum random number using the target ion in the target superposition state. Specifically, the pulse determination unit is used to determine the target continuous spectrum corresponding to the target ion, wherein the target continuous spectrum characterizes the relationship between the duration of the target pulse applied to the target ion and the probability that the target ion is in a preset quantum state; based on the target continuous spectrum corresponding to the target ion, the target duration of the target pulse that causes the target ion to be in the target superposition state is determined, and the pulse characteristics of the target pulse include at least the target duration of the target pulse; Specifically, the pulse control unit is used to apply the target pulse to the target ion and maintain the target duration.

16. The apparatus according to claim 15, wherein, The pulse determination unit is specifically used for: Based on the target continuous spectrum corresponding to the target ion, the target duration of the target pulse is determined such that the probability of the target ion being in a preset quantum state satisfies a preset condition.

17. The apparatus according to claim 15, wherein, The pulse determination unit is specifically used for: Obtain the probability that the target ion is in the preset quantum state under different durations of the target pulse; Based on the probability that the target ion is in the preset quantum state under different durations of the target pulse, the target continuous spectrum corresponding to the target ion is obtained.

18. The apparatus according to claim 17, wherein, The pulse determination unit is specifically used for: The following preprocessing procedure is executed multiple times to obtain the probability that the target ion is in the preset quantum state under different first durations of the target pulse; wherein the first duration of the target pulse is different in different preprocessing procedures; The current preprocessing workflow includes: The target pulse is applied to the target ion and sustained for a first duration; Given that the target ion is estimated to be in the preset quantum state, the probability that the target ion is in the preset quantum state is determined during the first duration of the current preprocessing flow.

19. The apparatus according to claim 18, wherein, The pulse determination unit is further configured to: In the current preprocessing procedure, after the target pulse is applied to the target ion and sustained for a first duration, a preset pulse is applied to the target ion and sustained for a preset duration. Obtain the total number of photons excited by the target ion; The quantum state of the target ion is estimated based on the total number of photons emitted by the target ion.

20. The apparatus according to claim 19, wherein, The pulse determination unit is specifically used for: If the total number of photons excited by the target ion is greater than or equal to a preset threshold, the target ion is estimated to be in a first quantum state; the preset quantum state is either the first quantum state or the second quantum state. or, If the total number of photons excited by the target ion is less than a preset threshold, the target ion is estimated to be in a second quantum state.

21. The apparatus according to any one of claims 18-20, wherein, The pulse determination unit is further configured to: In the current pretreatment process, the target ion is cooled before the target pulse is applied to the target ion and sustained for a first duration.

22. The apparatus according to any one of claims 15-20, wherein, The pulse control unit is specifically used for: A random number generation process is executed to estimate the quantum state of the target ion; The quantum random number is obtained based on the quantum state of the target ion; The random number generation process includes: The target pulse is applied to the target ion and maintained for the target duration; To obtain the total number of photons excited by the target ion; Based on the total number of photons emitted by the target ion, the quantum state of the target ion is estimated.

23. The apparatus according to claim 22, wherein, The pulse control unit is also used for: In the random number generation process, after the target pulse is applied to the target ion and held for the target duration, and before the total number of photons emitted by the target ion is obtained, a preset pulse is applied to the target ion and held for the preset duration.

24. The apparatus according to claim 22, wherein, The pulse control unit is also used for: Execute at least two random number generation processes to estimate the quantum state of the target ion estimated by each of the two random number generation processes; If the quantum state of the target ion estimated by each random number generation process in at least two random number generation processes meets the preset requirements, the quantum random number is obtained based on the quantum state of the target ion estimated by each random number generation process in at least two random number generation processes.

25. The apparatus according to claim 24, wherein, The preset requirement is one of the following: The quantum states of the target ion estimated by each of the at least two random number generation processes are different. Among the at least two random number generation processes, there are any two random number generation processes that satisfy the following requirement: the quantum states of the target ion estimated by any two random number generation processes are not the same; In the at least two random number generation processes, there exists at least one set of two adjacent random number generation processes that satisfy the following requirement: the quantum states of the target ion estimated by the two adjacent random number generation processes are not the same.

26. The apparatus according to claim 24, wherein, The pulse control unit is specifically used for: If the quantum state of the target ion is estimated to be the first quantum state in one of the at least two random number generation processes, and the quantum state of the target ion is estimated to be the second quantum state in the other of the at least two random number generation processes, then the first character is obtained. The quantum random number includes a first character; or, If the quantum state of the target ion is estimated to be the second quantum state in one of the at least two random number generation processes, and the quantum state of the target ion is estimated to be the first quantum state in the other of the at least two random number generation processes, a second character is obtained; the second character is different from the first character, and the quantum random number includes the second character.

27. The apparatus according to any one of claims 15-20, wherein, The target ion is one of the following ions in the ion trap: calcium ion, ytterbium ion, barium ion, strontium ion.

28. A second quantum random number generation device, comprising: The instruction generation unit is used to generate control instructions based on input operations; The control command is used to invoke the first quantum random number generation device to execute the quantum random number generation method according to any one of claims 1 to 13; The output unit is used to output the obtained quantum random numbers.

29. A quantum random number generation system, comprising: A first quantum random number generator is used to perform the method according to any one of claims 1 to 13; A second quantum random number generator is used to perform the method of claim 14.

30. A computing device, comprising: At least one quantum processing unit (QPU); A memory, coupled to the at least one QPU and used to store executable instructions, The instructions are executed by the at least one QPU to enable the at least one QPU to perform the method of any one of claims 1 to 14; Or, including: At least one processor; and A memory communicatively connected to the at least one processor; wherein, The memory stores instructions that can be executed by the at least one processor to enable the at least one processor to perform the method of any one of claims 1-14.

31. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing computer instructions, characterized in that, When at least one quantum processing unit is executed, the computer instructions cause the at least one quantum processing unit to perform the method according to any one of claims 1 to 14; Alternatively, the computer instructions are used to cause the computer to perform the method according to any one of claims 1-14.

32. A computer program product comprising a computer program that, when executed by at least one quantum processing unit, implements the method according to any one of claims 1-14; Alternatively, the computer program, when executed by a processor, implements the method according to any one of claims 1-14.

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