Preparation method of 3D printed bionic self-suspension solar evaporator
By using 3D-printed multi-channel self-suspended solar evaporators, combined with photothermal conversion materials and photocatalysts, the problems of low efficiency and pollutant accumulation in solar water evaporators have been solved, achieving efficient water evaporation and wastewater purification, which is suitable for industrial applications.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- CN · China
- Patent Type
- Patents(China)
- Current Assignee / Owner
- FUJIAN NORMAL UNIV
- Filing Date
- 2023-11-13
- Publication Date
- 2026-05-29
AI Technical Summary
Existing solar water evaporators have low evaporation efficiency, poor hydrophilicity, and the accumulation of pollutants and salt crystals affects the evaporation rate, making it difficult to achieve efficient water evaporation and wastewater purification.
By combining 3D printing technology with impregnation and spraying techniques, photothermal conversion materials CB or CNT are introduced into ABS-TPU material, and PDA photocatalyst is loaded. A multi-channel self-suspended solar evaporator is designed to improve light absorption and water transport capabilities, degrade pollutants, and prevent salt crystal precipitation.
It achieves efficient water evaporation, wastewater purification and desalination capabilities, improves solar energy conversion efficiency, simplifies the preparation process, and is suitable for large-scale production.
Smart Images
Figure CN117301520B_ABST
Abstract
Description
Technical Field
[0001] This invention belongs to the field of photothermal conversion and photocatalysis, specifically relating to a method for preparing a 3D-printed biomimetic self-suspended solar evaporator. Background Technology
[0002] Due to global population growth, climate change, and severe pollution over the past few decades, a large number of people are suffering from freshwater shortages, which has become a major constraint on sustainable development. To address this issue, obtaining clean water from seawater and wastewater is considered a feasible and effective strategy to alleviate water scarcity. Solar energy, as a renewable energy source, is another promising technology. Solar water evaporation technology utilizes solar energy to extract water vapor from liquid water, making it environmentally friendly and promising. However, due to water's poor absorption of sunlight, heat loss is significant, resulting in low solar water evaporation efficiency. If solar energy is used to drive water evaporation at the interface, selective heating of the air-liquid interface rather than the entire water volume can be achieved, significantly improving evaporation efficiency. 3D printing technology, a rapid prototyping technology, offers advantages such as flexible design and customized models, and has received widespread attention in various fields.
[0003] ABS, with its resistance to chemical corrosion, heat, and impact, and low thermal conductivity, is one of the most common and stable 3D printing consumables. ABS-TPU filaments, through 3D printing technology, control the mass, shape, and infill density of a solar evaporator, achieving self-suspension in water with its surface slightly above the liquid level. Inspired by light reflection, a multi-channel solar evaporator was constructed. The presence of multiple channels allows light to propagate along irregular paths within the evaporator channels, generating multiple reflections and increasing light absorption. Furthermore, the solar evaporator must possess excellent light absorption properties, necessitating the introduction of high-performance photothermal materials. However, ABS-TPU has poor hydrophilicity; solar evaporators printed from it exhibit poor hydrophilicity, preventing water from quickly transferring to the evaporator surface, resulting in a low water evaporation rate. Therefore, modification to improve its hydrophilicity is necessary.
[0004] Solar evaporation technology uses solar energy to heat and evaporate water, obtaining clean water by condensing the steam. However, during the solar evaporation process, pollutants in the water source accumulate as the water evaporates, leading to more severe pollution. Combining photocatalytic degradation of pollutants with photothermal evaporation allows for the simultaneous degradation of pollutants in the water during evaporation, enabling both the production of fresh water and wastewater purification. Furthermore, during seawater desalination, salt accumulates on the surface of the solar evaporator, affecting the evaporation rate; therefore, the designed solar evaporator must possess excellent desalination capabilities.
[0005] Inspired by natural transpiration, a multi-channel biomimetic self-suspended solar evaporator was constructed using ABS and TPU as raw materials via 3D printing. A 3D printing technique combining impregnation and spraying was proposed to coat and load PDA and photocatalyst onto the biomimetic self-suspended solar evaporator, resulting in a multi-channel self-suspended solar evaporator (ACy / PDA / photocatalyst). To further improve the light absorption performance of the self-suspended solar evaporator, photothermal conversion materials CB or CNT can be blended between ABS and TPU to obtain 3D-printed ABS-TPU / CB (or CNT) filaments. The printed multi-channel biomimetic self-suspended solar evaporator can then be further coated with PDA and loaded with a photocatalyst. The multi-channel design not only increases light absorption but also effectively transports water to the surface of the solar evaporator, enhancing its ability to exchange salt with seawater and effectively preventing salt crystal precipitation. The self-suspended structure drives water evaporation at the evaporator interface, improving solar energy conversion efficiency. The introduction of photothermal conversion materials further enhances this efficiency. PDA coating alters the hydrophilicity of the solar evaporator, facilitating efficient and rapid water transport from the bottom layer. A photocatalyst endows the solar evaporator with photocatalytic properties. Therefore, the designed ACy / photothermal material / photocatalyst solar evaporator possesses high-efficiency water evaporation, wastewater purification, and desalination capabilities, making it significant for alleviating global water pollution and water scarcity. Summary of the Invention
[0006] The purpose of this invention is to propose a method for fabricating a 3D-printed multi-channel biomimetic self-suspended solar evaporator. This method has a simple process flow, is highly operable, has low cost, and is conducive to large-scale production. This solar evaporator can also purify water while evaporating it.
[0007] The objective of this invention is achieved by providing a method for fabricating a 3D-printed biomimetic self-suspended solar evaporator, characterized by comprising the following steps:
[0008] (1) Preparation of 3D printed ABS-TPU filament: ABS particles and TPU particles were placed in an oven at 60 ℃ and dried for 12 h. The ABS particles and TPU particles were mixed evenly on a homogenizer at a mass ratio of 80:20. Then, they were melted and prepared into filaments by a twin-screw extruder. The molten and extruded filaments were air-cooled and cut into granules. The granules were then shaped by a single-screw extruder to finally obtain 3D printed filaments with a diameter of 1.75 ± 0.05 mm.
[0009] (2) Preparation of 3D printed ABS-TPU / CB (or ABS-TPU / CNT) filament: ABS particles, TPU particles and CB (or CNT) are placed in an oven at 60 ℃ and dried for 12 h. ABS particles, TPU particles and photothermal material CB or CNT particles are mixed evenly in a homogenizer at a mass fraction ratio of 80:20:15~40. Then, the mixture is melted and prepared into filament by a twin-screw extruder. The molten and extruded filament is air-cooled and cut into particles. The particles are then shaped by a single-screw extruder to finally obtain 3D printed filament with a diameter of 1.75 ± 0.05 mm.
[0010] (3) Design and fabrication of ACy and ACy / CB (or ACy / CNT) solar evaporators: The solar evaporator model was designed using Cinema 4D (C4D). Cura was used to set the filling density and printing speed of the multi-channel solar evaporator model. The specific steps are as follows: The condition for device suspension is that the buoyancy force on the device is equal to the weight of the device itself, or the density of the device is equal to the density of the liquid, so that the device can achieve the suspension effect. Therefore, the filling density of the solar evaporator model is adjusted so that the overall density of the solar evaporator device is close to the density of the liquid. For example, using ABS / TPU as raw material, a cylindrical solar evaporator model with a radius of 3.5 cm and a height of 0.5 cm is designed. The density of the prepared ABS / TPU wire is 1.10 g / cm3, and the volume of the sphere is 19.23 cm3. The condition for suspension in the liquid is: F_buoyancy = G_object. If the model filling rate is 100%, it will sink in the water because its weight is greater than the buoyancy. When the filling rate is less than or equal to 91%, the device will suspend. When the percentage is %, the suspension effect can be achieved. At the same time, multiple water channels are designed on the evaporator. The 3D printing filament prepared in step (1) or step (2) is used to obtain self-suspended solar evaporators of different shapes and sizes on the 3D printer.
[0011] (4) Preparation of ACy / photothermal material solar evaporator: Photothermal material PDA is coated onto ACy and ACy / CB (or ACy / CNT) solar evaporators obtained in step (3) by impregnation deposition method to obtain ACy / PDA and ACy / CB (or ACy / CNT) / PDA solar evaporators. The specific steps are as follows: After soaking ACy and ACy / CB (or ACy / CNT) solar evaporators in ethanol solution for 15 min, they are placed in a pH=8.5, 50 mM tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane hydrochloride (Tris) buffer solution. Then, 2 mg / mL dopamine hydrochloride is added to the Tris buffer solution and shaken at 30 °C for 12 h. The sample is washed with deionized water and dried in an oven at 60 °C for 3 h.
[0012] (5) Preparation of ACy / PDA / photocatalyst and ACy / CB (or ACy / CNT) / PDA / photocatalyst solar evaporators: The photocatalyst is ultrasonically dispersed in anhydrous ethanol to obtain a dispersion with a concentration of 1~7 g / L; the dispersion is poured into an atomizing spray bottle and sprayed onto the ACy / PDA and ACy / CB (or ACy / CNT) / PDA solar evaporators obtained in step (4). After each spraying, the evaporators are placed in an oven at 60~130 ℃ to dry; this process is repeated 2~4 times.
[0013] Furthermore, the acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer (ABS) can be either virgin material or recycled material.
[0014] Furthermore, when the wire is melted and prepared by the twin-screw extruder, the temperature is controlled at 100~260℃ and the screw speed is 50~200 rpm. For the single-screw extruder, the temperature is controlled at 110~240℃ and the screw speed is 20~100 rpm.
[0015] Furthermore, the nozzle printing temperature of the 3D printer is 200~230 ℃, the base plate temperature is 80~100 ℃, and the printing speed of the 3D printer is 50~100 mm / s. The 3D printed model can be designed according to actual applications, has a multi-channel structure and self-suspending characteristics, and its overall density can be adjusted through 3D printing structure design, so that the device density of the solar evaporator is slightly lower than the liquid density. After coating with PDA and depositing photocatalyst, it can achieve the effect of suspending on the liquid surface, and the surface of the solar evaporator is slightly higher than the liquid surface.
[0016] Furthermore, the photothermal material is one of polydopamine (PDA) synthesized from dopamine hydrochloride, carbon black (CB) / polydopamine (PDA), or carbon nanotube (CNT) / polydopamine (PDA).
[0017] Further, the photocatalyst in step (5) is TiO2, ZnO, g-C3N4, Bi2O3, BiOCl, SnO2, ZrO2 or a photocatalytic material based on the above materials.
[0018] Furthermore, the catalyst is loaded at different temperatures ranging from 60 to 130 °C, and the photocatalyst loading ranges from 10% to 40%.
[0019] Furthermore, the 3D-printed biomimetic self-suspended solar evaporator is applied to solar-driven water evaporation and solar-driven wastewater purification.
[0020] Specifically, this invention discloses a technical solution for fabricating a 3D-printed multi-channel biomimetic self-suspended solar evaporator, as follows:
[0021] A method for fabricating a 3D-printed biomimetic self-suspended solar evaporator, characterized by the following steps:
[0022] (1) Preparation of 3D printed ABS-TPU filament: ABS granules and TPU granules were dried in an oven at 60 ℃ for 12 h. The granules were mixed evenly on a homogenizer at a mass ratio of 80:20, and then melted and prepared into filaments by a twin-screw extruder. The molten and extruded filaments were air-cooled and cut into granules. The granules were then shaped by a single-screw extruder to finally obtain 3D printed filaments with a diameter of 1.75 ± 0.05 mm.
[0023] (2) Preparation of 3D printed ABS-TPU / CB (or CNT) filaments: ABS granules, TPU granules and carbon black (or carbon nanotubes) were dried in an oven at 60 ℃ for 12 h. The granules were mixed evenly on a homogenizer at a mass fraction ratio of 80:20:15~40, and then melted and prepared into filaments by a twin-screw extruder. The melt-extruded filaments were air-cooled and cut into granules. The granules were then shaped by a single-screw extruder to finally obtain 3D printed filaments with a diameter of 1.75 ± 0.05 mm.
[0024] (3) Design and fabrication of ACy and ACy / CB (or CNT) solar evaporators: The solar evaporator model was designed using Cinema 4D (C4D), and Cura was used to set the fill density and printing speed of the multi-channel solar evaporator model. The specific steps are as follows: The condition for device suspension is that the buoyancy force on the device is equal to the weight of the device itself, or the density of the device is equal to the density of the liquid, which can achieve the effect of device suspension. Therefore, the fill density of the model is adjusted so that the overall density of the device is close to the density of the liquid. For example, using ABS-TPU as raw material, a cylindrical solar evaporator model with a radius of 3.5 cm and a height of 0.5 cm was designed, and the density of the prepared ABS / TPU filament was approximately 1.10 g / cm³. 3 The volume of the sphere is approximately 19.23 cm³. 3 If the model fill rate is 100%, it will sink in water because its density is greater than that of water; when the fill rate is less than or equal to 91%, it can achieve a suspension effect. At the same time, multiple water channels are designed on the evaporator; using the 3D printing filaments prepared in steps (1) and (2), self-suspended solar evaporators of different shapes and sizes are obtained on the 3D printer;
[0025] (4) Preparation of ACy / PDA and ACy / CB (or CNT) / PDA solar evaporators: PDA was coated onto the ACy and ACy / CB (or CNT) solar evaporators obtained in step (3) using an impregnation deposition method: The ACy and ACy / CB (or CNT) solar evaporators were immersed in ethanol solution for 15 min and then placed in a 50 mM tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane hydrochloride (Tris) buffer solution at pH 8.5. Subsequently, 2 mg / mL of dopamine hydrochloride was added to the Tris buffer solution, and the mixture was shaken at 30 °C for 12 h. The samples were washed with deionized water and dried in an oven at 60 °C for 3 h. This process was repeated 1 to 4 times.
[0026] (5) Preparation of ACy / PDA / photocatalyst and ACy / CB (or CNT) / PDA / photocatalyst solar evaporators: The photocatalyst was ultrasonically dispersed in anhydrous ethanol to obtain a dispersion with a concentration of 1~7 g / L. The dispersion was poured into an atomizing spray bottle and sprayed onto the ACy / PDA and ACy / CB (or CNT) / PDA solar evaporators obtained in step (4). After each spraying, the evaporators were placed in an oven at 60~130 ℃ to dry. This process was repeated 2~4 times.
[0027] The acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer (ABS) can be either recycled material or virgin material.
[0028] The twin-screw extruder has a temperature control range of 100~260 ℃ and a screw speed range of 50~200 rpm. The single-screw extruder has a temperature control range of 110~240 ℃ and a screw speed range of 20~100 rpm.
[0029] The solar evaporator model described above utilizes 3D printing to construct a multi-channel structure. The shape and specifications of the solar evaporator are adjusted according to actual application conditions, and the wall thickness and volume of the model are controlled. The resin density is taken into account so that the overall density of the designed solar evaporator after loading PDA and photocatalyst is comparable to that of the liquid, achieving a self-suspending effect.
[0030] The 3D printer has a nozzle printing temperature of 200~230 ℃, a base plate temperature of 80~100 ℃, and a printing speed of 50~100 mm / s.
[0031] The photothermal material is one of polydopamine (PDA), carbon black (CB) / polydopamine (PDA), or carbon nanotubes (CNT) / polydopamine (PDA).
[0032] The method of coating PDA by impregnation is repeated 1 to 4 times.
[0033] The photocatalyst is TiO2, ZnO, g-C3N4, Bi2O3, BiOCl, SnO2, ZrO2, or a photocatalytic material based on the above materials.
[0034] The aforementioned method involves coating the supported photocatalyst using a spraying method, with a drying temperature of 60~130℃ and a repetition frequency of 2~4 times.
[0035] Beneficial effects of this invention:
[0036] The 3D-printed multi-channel biomimetic self-suspended solar evaporator prepared in this invention can achieve water purification while efficiently evaporating water under solar power. This preparation method is simple, efficient, energy-saving, and easy to control, making it suitable for industrial production and application; it achieves the immobilization of photothermal materials / photocatalysts, preventing secondary pollution; and it can retain salt for a long time. Attached Figure Description
[0037] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the synthesis of Examples 1, 4, 5 and 8.
[0038] Figure 2 The figures show physical images and SEM surface morphology images of the biomimetic self-suspended solar evaporators of Examples 1, 4, and 5. In the figures: a is a physical image of the biomimetic self-suspended solar evaporator; b is an SEM surface morphology image of the biomimetic self-suspended solar evaporator.
[0039] Figure 3 These are actual images of the biomimetic self-suspended solar evaporators in Examples 1, 4, and 5. In the images: a is a side view of the actual biomimetic self-suspended solar evaporator; b is a top view of the actual biomimetic self-suspended solar evaporator.
[0040] Figure 4 This is the infrared spectrum of Example 1.
[0041] Figure 5 This is the Raman spectrum of Example 1.
[0042] Figure 6 This is a comparison of the water evaporation activity between Example 1 and Example 8.
[0043] Figure 7 This is a comparison of the water evaporation activity between Example 1 and Example 3.
[0044] Figure 8 This is a comparison of the water evaporation mass activity under one sun in Examples 1 and 4. In the figure: a is a graph showing the change in water evaporation mass of pure water and ACy / PDA-0, 1, 2, 3 and 4; b is a graph showing the evaporation rate and evaporation efficiency of pure water and ACy / PDA-0, 1, 2, 3 and 4.
[0045] Figure 9 This is a comparison of the water evaporation mass activity under one sun in Examples 1 and 5. In the figure: a is a graph showing the change in water evaporation mass of ACy / PDA / TiO2-60, ACy / PDA / TiO2-100, and ACy / PDA / TiO2-130 under one sun; b is a graph showing the evaporation rate and evaporation efficiency of ACy / PDA / TiO2-60, ACy / PDA / TiO2-100, and ACy / PDA / TiO2-130 under one sun.
[0046] Figure 10 This refers to the photocatalytic degradation activity of MB in Examples 1 and 5.
[0047] Figure 11 This is a desalination performance test of ACy / PDA / TiO2-60 in Example 1. In the figure: ad is the desalination test diagram of ACy / PDA / TiO2-60; e is the water evaporation mass loss diagram of ACy / PDA / TiO2-60 with and without salt; fg is the SEM image of ACy / PDA / TiO2-60 surface. Detailed Implementation
[0048] The present invention will be further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments. The following embodiments are merely descriptive and not limiting, and should not be used to limit the scope of protection of the present invention. Example 1
[0049] (1) Preparation of 3D printed ABS-TPU filament: Recycled ABS granules and thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer (TPU) granules were dried in a 60 ℃ oven for 12 h. The granules were mixed evenly on a homogenizer at a mass ratio of 80:20, and then melted through a twin-screw extruder to prepare filament (the temperature of each section of the twin-screw extruder was set to 100℃ and 125℃ respectively). ℃, 145℃, 165℃ ℃, 175 ℃, 180℃, 178 The molten extruded filament was air-cooled and cut into granules. The granules were then shaped using a single-screw extruder (the temperature of each section of the screw was set to 110 ℃, 150 ℃, 170 ℃, and 160 ℃, and the screw speed was 100 rpm). Finally, 3D printing filament with a diameter of 1.75 ± 0.05 mm was obtained.
[0050] (2) Design and fabrication of a multi-channel self-suspended solar evaporator (ACy): The solar evaporator model was designed using Cinema 4D (C4D). The model was a cylindrical model with multiple water absorption channels, with a radius of 2 cm and a height of 0.5 cm. Cura was used to set the filling density and printing speed of the multi-channel solar evaporator model. The specific steps are as follows: The condition for the device to suspend is that the buoyancy of the device is equal to the weight of the device itself, or the density of the device is equal to the density of the liquid. Therefore, the filling density of the model was adjusted so that the overall density of the device is close to the density of the liquid. Multiple water channels were designed on the evaporator. The 3D printing filament prepared in step (1) was used on a 3D printer (the nozzle printing temperature of the 3D printer is 230 ℃, the bottom plate temperature is 100 ℃, and the printing speed of the 3D printer is 100 mm / s) to obtain a cylindrical self-suspended solar evaporator with multiple water absorption channels, with a radius of 2 cm and a height of 0.5 cm, namely the multi-channel self-suspended solar evaporator (ACy).
[0051] (3) Preparation of ACy / PDA solar evaporator: PDA was coated onto the ACy solar evaporator obtained in step (2) using an impregnation deposition method: The ACy solar evaporator was immersed in ethanol solution for 15 min and then placed in a 50 mM tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane hydrochloride (Tris) buffer solution with pH = 8.5. Subsequently, dopamine hydrochloride at a concentration of 2 mg / mL was added to a 40 mL Tris buffer solution, and the mixture was shaken at 30 °C for 12 h. The sample was washed with deionized water and dried in an oven at 60 °C for 3 h. This process was repeated 3 times to successfully obtain a solar evaporator with polydopamine (PDA) as the photothermal material (i.e., ACy / PDA solar evaporator).
[0052] (4) Preparation of ACy / PDA / TiO2 solar evaporator: 100 mg TiO2 was ultrasonically dispersed in 20 mL of anhydrous ethanol to obtain a dispersion with a concentration of 5 g / L. The dispersion was poured into an atomizing spray bottle and sprayed onto the ACy / PDA solar evaporator obtained in step (3). After each spraying, the evaporator was placed in an oven at 60 °C to dry. This process was repeated 3 times to obtain the ACy / PDA / TiO2 solar evaporator. The synthesis diagram is shown below. Figure 1 As shown in the image. The physical image and SEM surface morphology of the ACy / PDA / TiO2 biomimetic self-suspended solar evaporator are shown below. Figure 2 As shown. Side and top views of the ACy / PDA / TiO2 biomimetic self-suspended solar evaporator suspended in water are as follows. Figure 3 As shown.
[0053] The specific testing methods for using a 3D-printed biomimetic self-suspended solar evaporator in solar-driven water evaporation and solar-driven wastewater purification are as follows:
[0054] (1) Solar-driven water evaporation: The ACy / PDA / TiO2 solar evaporator is a cylindrical solar evaporator with a radius of 2 cm and a height of 0.5 cm and multiple water absorption channels. Solar water evaporation experiments were conducted at room temperature in a 100 mL glass beaker with an inner diameter of 4.5 cm. The outer wall of the glass beaker was wrapped with an insulation layer to prevent heat loss. During the experiment, the ACy / PDA / TiO2 solar evaporator was placed in a glass beaker containing 30 mL of deionized water. The water evaporation rate of different solar evaporators was measured using a PLS-SXE300 / 300UV xenon lamp as the light source, and the water mass loss during evaporation was recorded using a balance over 60 minutes. Simultaneously, an infrared camera was used to monitor the surface temperature of the evaporator at different time points during the experiment.
[0055] Solar evaporation efficiency calculation: Solar evaporation efficiency η (also known as steam generation efficiency, solar-steam conversion efficiency, water evaporation efficiency) is defined as the ratio of the energy used for water evaporation to the radiant solar energy, i.e.:
[0056] (2.1)
[0057] In the formula, m refers to the solar evaporation rate; h lv The total enthalpy change during the liquid-gas phase transition, including latent heat and sensible heat; C opt Represents the concentration factor; q i This refers to one solar radiation intensity (i.e., 1 kW m). -2 ).
[0058] (2) Solar-driven wastewater purification: Using methylene blue (MB) as the target pollutant and a PLS-SXE300 / 300UV xenon lamp as the light source, the photocatalytic activity of the ACy / PDA / TiO2 solar evaporator at different temperatures was tested under simulated sunlight (one sun) to determine the optimal preparation temperature. Specifically, the ACy / PDA / TiO2 solar evaporator was placed in 30 mL of a 5 g / L MB solution and stirred in the dark for 1 h to allow the reaction system to reach adsorption-desorption equilibrium. To better simulate actual conditions, stirring was stopped when the light source was turned on. Samples were taken every 1 h, centrifuged using a high-speed centrifuge, and the supernatant was used to determine the MB concentration at a wavelength of 664 nm. MB degradation rate:
[0059] D%= (1 – C / C0) × 100% (2.2)
[0060] In the formula: D% is the degradation rate, C is the concentration of the supernatant obtained each time, and C0 is the concentration of MB after dynamic adsorption-desorption equilibrium.
[0061] The characterization, solar-driven water evaporation, solar-driven wastewater purification activity test, and desalination performance test results of the 3D-printed biomimetic self-suspended solar evaporator prepared above are as follows:
[0062] (1) Characterization of ACy / PDA / TiO2 solar evaporator: such as Figure 4 Infrared spectra of ACy / PDA / TiO2 and Figure 5 The Raman spectrum of ACy / PDA / TiO2 shows that PDA and TiO2 were successfully coated and loaded onto the ACy solar evaporator.
[0063] (2) Photocatalytic activity test: Using methylene blue as the target pollutant, the photocatalytic degradation activity of ACy / PDA / TiO2-60 under simulated sunlight was investigated, such as... Figure 10 As shown, after 3 hours of simulated sunlight exposure, the degradation rate of MB by ACy / PDA / TiO2-60 was 95.6%.
[0064] (3) Desalination performance test: such as Figure 11 As shown in the diagram, when solid NaCl (0.5 g) was placed on the surface of an ACy / PDA / TiO2-60 evaporator and exposed to sunlight for 30 minutes, the solid NaCl on the evaporator surface gradually disappeared over time. Figure 11 As can be seen, there is no difference in the evaporation rate of ACy / PDA / TiO2-60 with and without surface salt. To investigate the self-desalination mechanism of ACy / PDA-3-T-60, its structure was characterized by SEM. Figure 11 As can be seen from fg, the surface of ACy consists of many channels. The presence of these channels not only allows water to be transported to the top of the evaporator, but also increases the ability to exchange salt with seawater, effectively preventing the precipitation of salt crystals on its surface. Example 2
[0065] (1) Preparation of 3D printed ABS-TPU filament: ABS recycled material granules and TPU granules were dried in a 60 ℃ oven for 12 h. The granules were mixed evenly on a homogenizer at a mass ratio of 80:20, and then melted through a twin-screw extruder to prepare filament (the temperature of each section of the twin-screw extruder was set to 100 ℃ and 125 ℃ respectively). ℃, 145℃, 165℃ ℃, 175 ℃, 180℃, 178 The molten extruded filament was air-cooled and cut into granules. The granules were then shaped using a single-screw extruder (the temperature of each section of the screw was set to 110 ℃, 150 ℃, 170 ℃, and 160 ℃, and the screw speed was 100 rpm). Finally, 3D printing filament with a diameter of 1.75 ± 0.05 mm was obtained.
[0066] (2) Design and fabrication of a multi-channel self-suspended solar evaporator (ACy): The solar evaporator model was designed using Cinema 4D (C4D). The model was a cuboid with a length of 3 cm, a width of 2 cm, and a height of 1 cm. Cura was used to set the filling density and printing speed of the multi-channel solar evaporator model. The specific steps are as follows: The condition for the device to suspend is that the buoyancy of the device is equal to the weight of the device itself, or the density of the device is equal to the density of the liquid. Therefore, the filling density of the model was adjusted so that the overall density of the device is close to the density of the liquid. Multiple water channels were designed on the evaporator. The 3D printing filament prepared in step (1) was used to obtain a cuboid self-suspended solar evaporator with a length of 3 cm, a width of 2 cm, and a height of 1 cm on a 3D printer (the nozzle printing temperature of the 3D printer is 230 ℃, the bottom plate temperature is 100 ℃, and the printing speed of the 3D printer is 100 mm / s).
[0067] (3) Preparation of ACy / PDA solar evaporator: PDA was coated onto the ACy solar evaporator obtained in step (2) using an impregnation deposition method: The ACy solar evaporator was immersed in ethanol solution for 15 min and then placed in a 50 mM tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane hydrochloride (Tris) buffer solution at pH 8.5. Subsequently, 2 mg / mL dopamine hydrochloride was added to 40 mL of Tris buffer solution, and the mixture was shaken at 30 °C for 12 h. The sample was washed with deionized water and dried in an oven at 60 °C for 3 h. This process was repeated 3 times to successfully obtain a solar evaporator with polydopamine (PDA) as the photothermal material (i.e., ACy / PDA solar evaporator).
[0068] (4) Preparation of ACy / PDA / TiO2 solar evaporator: 100 mg TiO2 was ultrasonically dispersed in 20 mL of anhydrous ethanol to obtain a dispersion with a concentration of 5 g / L. The dispersion was poured into an atomizing spray bottle and sprayed onto the ACy / PDA solar evaporator obtained in step (3). After each spraying, the evaporator was placed in an oven at 60 °C to dry. This process was repeated 3 times to obtain the ACy / PDA / TiO2 solar evaporator. Example 3
[0069] (1) Preparation of 3D printed ABS-TPU filament: ABS recycled material granules and TPU granules were dried in a 60 ℃ oven for 12 h. The granules were mixed evenly on a homogenizer at a mass ratio of 80:20, and then melted through a twin-screw extruder to prepare filament (the temperature of each section of the twin-screw extruder was set to 100 ℃ and 125 ℃ respectively). ℃, 145℃, 165℃ ℃, 175 ℃, 180℃, 178 The molten extruded filament was air-cooled and cut into granules. The granules were then shaped using a single-screw extruder (the temperature of each section of the screw was set to 110 ℃, 150 ℃, 170 ℃, and 160 ℃, and the screw speed was 100 rpm). Finally, 3D printing filament with a diameter of 1.75 ± 0.05 mm was obtained.
[0070] (2) Design and fabrication of a multi-channel self-suspended solar evaporator (ACy): The solar evaporator model was designed using Cinema 4D (C4D), with a petal-shaped model having a radius of 2 cm and a height of 1 cm. Cura was used to set the filling density and printing speed of the multi-channel solar evaporator model. The specific steps are as follows: The condition for the device to suspend is that the buoyancy force on the device is equal to the weight of the device itself, or the density of the device is equal to the density of the liquid, which can achieve the effect of device suspension. Therefore, the filling density of the model was adjusted so that the overall density of the device is close to the density of the liquid. Multiple water channels were designed on the evaporator; using the 3D printing filament prepared in step (1), a petal-shaped self-suspended solar evaporator with a radius of 2 cm and a height of 1 cm was obtained on a 3D printer (the nozzle printing temperature of the 3D printer is: 230 ℃, the bottom plate temperature is: 100 ℃, and the printing speed of the 3D printer is 100 mm / s).
[0071] (3) Preparation of ACy / PDA solar evaporator: PDA was coated onto the ACy solar evaporator obtained in step (2) using an impregnation deposition method: The ACy solar evaporator was immersed in ethanol solution for 15 min and then placed in a 50 mM tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane hydrochloride (Tris) buffer solution at pH 8.5. Subsequently, 2 mg / mL dopamine hydrochloride was added to 40 mL of Tris buffer solution, and the mixture was shaken at 30 °C for 12 h. The sample was washed with deionized water and dried in an oven at 60 °C for 3 h. This process was repeated 3 times to successfully obtain a solar evaporator with polydopamine (PDA) as the photothermal material (i.e., ACy / PDA solar evaporator).
[0072] (4) Preparation of ACy / PDA / TiO2 solar evaporator: 100 mg TiO2 was ultrasonically dispersed in 20 mL of anhydrous ethanol to obtain a dispersion with a concentration of 5 g / L. The dispersion was poured into an atomizing spray bottle and sprayed onto the ACy / PDA solar evaporator obtained in step (3). After each spraying, the evaporator was placed in an oven at 60 °C to dry. This process was repeated 3 times to obtain the ACy / PDA / TiO2 solar evaporator.
[0073] The results of the solar-driven water evaporation activity test of the 3D-printed biomimetic self-suspended solar evaporator prepared above are as follows:
[0074] (1) Comparison of the activity of solar evaporators of different shapes: such as Figure 7 As shown, the water evaporation activity of solar evaporators of different shapes (cylindrical and petal-shaped) under one sun after being coated with a PDA once and three times was compared. The figure shows that the water evaporation activity of the cylindrical solar evaporator is higher than that of the petal-shaped solar evaporator. Example 4
[0075] (1) Preparation of 3D printed ABS-TPU filament: Recycled ABS granules and TPU granules were dried in a 60 ℃ oven for 12 h. The granules were mixed evenly on a homogenizer at a mass ratio of 80:20, and then melted through a twin-screw extruder to prepare filament (the temperature of each section of the twin-screw extruder was set to 100 ℃ and 125 ℃ respectively). ℃, 145℃, 165℃ ℃, 175 ℃, 180℃, 178 The molten extruded filament was air-cooled and cut into granules. The granules were then shaped using a single-screw extruder (the temperature of each section of the screw was set to 110 ℃, 150 ℃, 170 ℃, and 160 ℃, and the screw speed was 100 rpm). Finally, 3D printing filament with a diameter of 1.75 ± 0.05 mm was obtained.
[0076] (2) Design and fabrication of a multi-channel self-suspended solar evaporator (ACy): The solar evaporator model was designed using Cinema 4D (C4D). The model was a cylindrical model with multiple water absorption channels, with a radius of 2 cm and a height of 0.5 cm. Cura was used to set the filling density and printing speed of the multi-channel solar evaporator model. The specific steps are as follows: The condition for the device to suspend is that the buoyancy of the device is equal to the weight of the device itself, or the density of the device is equal to the density of the liquid. Therefore, the filling density of the model was adjusted so that the overall density of the device is close to the density of the liquid. Multiple water channels were designed on the evaporator. The 3D printing filament prepared in step (1) was used to obtain a cylindrical self-suspended solar evaporator with multiple water absorption channels, with a radius of 2 cm and a height of 0.5 cm, on a 3D printer (the nozzle printing temperature of the 3D printer is 230 ℃, the bottom plate temperature is 100 ℃, and the printing speed of the 3D printer is 100 mm / s).
[0077] (3) Preparation of ACy / PDA solar evaporator: PDA was coated onto the ACy solar evaporator obtained in step (2) using an impregnation deposition method: The ACy solar evaporator was immersed in ethanol solution for 15 min and then placed in a 50 mM tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane hydrochloride (Tris) buffer solution at pH 8.5. Subsequently, 2 mg / mL dopamine hydrochloride was added to 40 mL of Tris buffer solution, and the mixture was shaken at 30 °C for 12 h. The sample was washed with deionized water and dried in an oven at 60 °C for 3 h. This process was repeated once, and a solar evaporator with polydopamine (PDA) as the photothermal material (i.e., ACy / PDA solar evaporator) was successfully obtained.
[0078] (4) Preparation of ACy / PDA / TiO2 solar evaporator: 100 mg TiO2 was ultrasonically dispersed in 20 mL of anhydrous ethanol to obtain a dispersion with a concentration of 5 g / L. The dispersion was poured into an atomizing spray bottle and sprayed onto the ACy / PDA solar evaporator obtained in step (3). After each spraying, the evaporator was placed in an oven at 60 °C to dry. This process was repeated 3 times to obtain the ACy / PDA / TiO2 solar evaporator. The synthesis diagram is shown below. Figure 1 As shown in the image. The physical image and SEM surface morphology of the ACy / PDA / TiO2 biomimetic self-suspended solar evaporator are shown below. Figure 2 As shown. Side and top views of the ACy / PDA / TiO2 biomimetic self-suspended solar evaporator suspended in water are as follows. Figure 3 As shown.
[0079] The results of the solar-driven water evaporation activity test of the 3D-printed biomimetic self-suspended solar evaporator prepared above are as follows:
[0080] (1) Comparison of the activity of PDA solar evaporators coated with different numbers of times: such as Figure 8 As shown, the water evaporation activity and efficiency of solar evaporators coated with PDAs for different numbers of times were compared under one sun. The figure shows that the solar evaporator coated with PDAs three times (ACy / PDA-3) exhibits the best water evaporation activity and the highest water evaporation efficiency. Example 5
[0081] (1) Preparation of 3D printed ABS-TPU filament: Recycled ABS granules and TPU granules were dried in a 60 ℃ oven for 12 h. The granules were mixed evenly on a homogenizer at a mass ratio of 80:20, and then melted through a twin-screw extruder to prepare filament (the temperature of each section of the twin-screw extruder was set to 100 ℃ and 125 ℃ respectively). ℃, 145℃, 165℃ ℃, 175 ℃, 180℃, 178 The molten extruded filament was air-cooled and cut into granules. The granules were then shaped using a single-screw extruder (the temperature of each section of the screw was set to 110 ℃, 150 ℃, 170 ℃, and 160 ℃, and the screw speed was 100 rpm). Finally, 3D printing filament with a diameter of 1.75 ± 0.05 mm was obtained.
[0082] (2) Design and fabrication of a multi-channel self-suspended solar evaporator (ACy): The solar evaporator model was designed using Cinema 4D (C4D). The model was a cylindrical model with multiple water absorption channels, with a radius of 2 cm and a height of 0.5 cm. Cura was used to set the filling density and printing speed of the multi-channel solar evaporator model. The specific steps are as follows: The condition for the device to suspend is that the buoyancy of the device is equal to the weight of the device itself, or the density of the device is equal to the density of the liquid. Therefore, the filling density of the model was adjusted so that the overall density of the device is close to the density of the liquid. Multiple water channels were designed on the evaporator. The 3D printing filament prepared in step (1) was used to obtain a cylindrical self-suspended solar evaporator with multiple water absorption channels, with a radius of 2 cm and a height of 0.5 cm, on a 3D printer (the nozzle printing temperature of the 3D printer is 230 ℃, the bottom plate temperature is 100 ℃, and the printing speed of the 3D printer is 100 mm / s).
[0083] (3) Preparation of ACy / PDA solar evaporator: PDA was coated onto the ACy solar evaporator obtained in step (2) using an impregnation deposition method. The ACy solar evaporator was immersed in ethanol solution for 15 min and then placed in a 50 mM tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane hydrochloride (Tris) buffer solution at pH 8.5. Subsequently, 2 mg / mL dopamine hydrochloride was added to 40 mL of Tris buffer solution, and the mixture was shaken at 30 °C for 12 h. The sample was washed with deionized water and dried in an oven at 60 °C for 3 h. This process was repeated 3 times to successfully obtain a solar evaporator with polydopamine (PDA) as the photothermal material (i.e., ACy / PDA solar evaporator).
[0084] (4) Preparation of ACy / PDA / TiO2 solar evaporator: 100 mg TiO2 was ultrasonically dispersed in 20 mL of anhydrous ethanol to obtain a dispersion with a concentration of 5 g / L. The dispersion was poured into an atomizing spray bottle and sprayed onto the ACy / PDA solar evaporator obtained in step (3). After each spraying, the evaporator was placed in an oven at 100 °C to dry. This process was repeated 3 times. The synthesis diagram is shown below. Figure 1 As shown in the image. The physical image and SEM surface morphology of the ACy / PDA / TiO2 biomimetic self-suspended solar evaporator are shown below. Figure 2 As shown. Side and top views of the ACy / PDA / TiO2 biomimetic self-suspended solar evaporator suspended in water are as follows. Figure 3 As shown.
[0085] The results of the solar-driven water evaporation activity test and the solar-driven wastewater purification activity test of the 3D-printed biomimetic self-suspended solar evaporator prepared above are as follows:
[0086] (1) Comparison of the activity of solar evaporators with different TiO2 deposition temperatures: such as Figure 9 As shown in the figure, the water evaporation activity and efficiency of solar evaporators with different TiO2 deposition temperatures were compared under one sun. It can be observed from the figure that the deposition temperature of 60℃ (ACy / PDA / TiO2-60) has the best water evaporation activity and the highest water evaporation efficiency.
[0087] (2) Photocatalytic activity test: Using methylene blue as the target pollutant, the photocatalytic degradation activity of ACy / PDA / TiO2-60, 100, and 130 under simulated sunlight was investigated. Figure 10 As shown, after 3 hours of simulated sunlight irradiation, the degradation rates of MB by ACy / PDA / TiO2-60, 100, and 130 were 95.6%, 88.9%, and 85.6%, respectively, among which ACy / PDA / TiO2-60 exhibited the best photocatalytic activity. Example 6
[0088] (1) Preparation of 3D printed ABS-TPU / CB filament: Recycled ABS granules, TPU granules and carbon black (CB) were dried in a 60 ℃ oven for 12 h. The granules were mixed evenly on a homogenizer at a mass fraction ratio of 80:20:15~40, and then melted through a twin-screw extruder to prepare filament (the temperature of each section of the twin-screw extruder was set to 100 ℃ and 125 ℃ respectively). ℃, 145 ℃, 165℃, 175℃ ℃, 180 ℃, 178℃, 175℃, 173℃ The molten extruded filament is air-cooled and then cut into granules. The granules are then formed by a single-screw extruder (the temperature of each section of the screw is set to 110 ℃, 150 ℃, 170 ℃, and 160 ℃, and the screw speed is 100 rpm). Finally, 3D printing filament with a diameter of 1.75 ± 0.05 mm is obtained.
[0089] (2) Design and fabrication of ACy / CB solar evaporators: The solar evaporator model was designed using Cinema 4D (C4D), and Cura was used to set the fill density and printing speed of the multi-channel solar evaporator model. The specific steps are as follows: The condition for device suspension is that the buoyancy force on the device is equal to the weight of the device itself, or the density of the device is equal to the density of the liquid, which can achieve the effect of device suspension. Therefore, the fill density of the model is adjusted so that the overall density of the device is close to the density of the liquid. For example, using ABS / TPB / CB as raw material, a cylindrical solar evaporator model with a radius of 3.5 cm and a height of 0.5 cm was designed, and the density of the prepared ABS / TPU / CB wire was approximately 2.20 g / cm³. 3 The volume of the sphere is approximately 19.23 cm³. 3 The condition for achieving suspension in a liquid is: F 浮 =G 物 If the model has a fill rate of 100%, it will sink in water because its weight is greater than its buoyancy. When the fill rate is less than or equal to 46%, it can achieve a suspension effect. Using the 3D printing filament prepared in step (1), a cylindrical self-suspended solar evaporator with a radius of 2 cm and a height of 0.5 cm with multiple water absorption channels is obtained on a 3D printer (the nozzle printing temperature of the 3D printer is 230 ℃, the base plate temperature is 100 ℃, and the printing speed of the 3D printer is 100 mm / s).
[0090] (3) Preparation of ACy / CB / PDA solar evaporator: PDA was coated onto the ACy / CB solar evaporator obtained in step (2) using an impregnation deposition method: The ACy / CB solar evaporator was immersed in ethanol solution for 15 min and then placed in a 50 mM tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane hydrochloride (Tris) buffer solution at pH=8.5. Subsequently, 2 mg / mL dopamine hydrochloride was added to 40 mL of Tris buffer solution, and the mixture was shaken at 30 °C for 12 h. The sample was washed with deionized water and dried in an oven at 60 °C for 3 h. This process was repeated 3 times to successfully obtain a solar evaporator (i.e., ACy / CB / PDA solar evaporator) with carbon black (CB) / polydopamine (PDA) as the photothermal material.
[0091] (4) Preparation of ACy / CB / PDA / TiO2 solar evaporator: 60 mg TiO2 was ultrasonically dispersed in 20 mL of anhydrous ethanol to obtain a dispersion with a concentration of 3 g / L. The dispersion was poured into an atomizing spray bottle and sprayed onto the ACy / CB / PDA solar evaporator obtained in step (3). After each spraying, the evaporator was placed in an oven at 70 °C to dry. This process was repeated 4 times. Example 7
[0092] (1) Preparation of 3D printed ABS-TPU / CNT filaments: Recycled ABS particles, TPU particles, and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were dried in a 60 ℃ oven for 12 h. The particles were then mixed evenly on a homogenizer at a mass fraction ratio of 80:20:15~40, and then melted through a twin-screw extruder to prepare filaments (the temperature of each section of the twin-screw extruder was set to 100 ℃ and 125 ℃ respectively). ℃, 145 ℃, 165℃, 175℃ ℃, 180 ℃, 178℃, 175℃, 173℃ The molten filament is cooled by air and then cut into granules. The granules are then formed by a single-screw extruder (the temperature of each section of the screw is set to 110 ℃, 150 ℃, 170 ℃, and 160 ℃, and the screw speed is 100 rpm). Finally, 3D printing filament with a diameter of 1.75 ± 0.05 mm is obtained.
[0093] (2) Design and fabrication of ACy / CNT solar evaporator: The solar evaporator model was designed using Cinema 4D (C4D), and Cura was used to set the filling density and printing speed of the multi-channel solar evaporator model. The specific steps are as follows: The condition for device suspension is that the buoyancy of the device is equal to the weight of the device itself, or the density of the device is equal to the density of the liquid, so that the device can achieve the suspension effect. Therefore, the filling density of the model is adjusted so that the overall density of the device is close to the density of the liquid. Using the 3D printing filament prepared in step (1), a cylindrical self-suspended solar evaporator with a radius of 2 cm and a height of 0.5 cm with multiple water absorption channels is obtained on a 3D printer (the nozzle printing temperature of the 3D printer is 230 ℃, the bottom plate temperature is 100 ℃, and the printing speed of the 3D printer is 100 mm / s).
[0094] (3) Preparation of ACy / CNT / PDA solar evaporator: PDA was coated onto the ACy / CNT solar evaporator obtained in step (2) using an impregnation deposition method. The ACy / CNT solar evaporator was immersed in ethanol solution for 15 min and then placed in a 50 mM tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane hydrochloride (Tris) buffer solution at pH 8.5. Subsequently, 2 mg / mL dopamine hydrochloride was added to 40 mL of Tris buffer solution, and the mixture was shaken at 30 °C for 12 h. The sample was washed with deionized water and dried in an oven at 60 °C for 3 h. This process was repeated 3 times.
[0095] (4) Preparation of ACy / CNT / PDA / TiO2 solar evaporator: 60 mg TiO2 was ultrasonically dispersed in 20 mL of anhydrous ethanol to obtain a dispersion with a concentration of 3 g / L. The dispersion was poured into an atomizing spray bottle and sprayed onto the ACy / CNT / PDA solar evaporator obtained in step (3). After each spraying, it was placed in an oven at 70 °C to dry. This was repeated 4 times, and a solar evaporator with carbon nanotubes (CNT) / polydopamine (PDA) as the photothermal material (i.e., ACy / CNT / PDA solar evaporator) was successfully obtained. Example 8
[0096] (1) Preparation of 3D printed ABS-TPU filament: Fresh ABS granules and TPU granules were dried in a 60 ℃ oven for 12 h. The granules were mixed evenly on a homogenizer at a mass ratio of 80:20, and then melted through a twin-screw extruder to prepare filament (the temperature of each section of the twin-screw extruder was set to 100 ℃ and 125 ℃ respectively). ℃, 145℃, 165℃ ℃, 175 ℃, 180℃, 178 The temperature ranges from 175℃ to 173℃, with a screw speed of 200 rpm. The molten and extruded filament is air-cooled and then cut into granules. The granules are then shaped using a single-screw extruder (the temperature of each section of the screw is set to 110℃, 150℃, 170℃, and 160℃, and the screw speed is 100 rpm). Finally, 3D printing filament with a diameter of 1.75 ± 0.05 mm is obtained.
[0097] (2) Design and fabrication of ACy solar evaporator: The solar evaporator model was designed using Cinema 4D (C4D). The model was a cylindrical model with multiple water absorption channels, with a radius of 2 cm and a height of 0.5 cm. Cura was used to set the filling density and printing speed of the multi-channel solar evaporator model. The specific steps are as follows: The condition for the device to suspend is that the buoyancy of the device is equal to the weight of the device itself, or the density of the device is equal to the density of the liquid, so that the device can suspend. Therefore, the filling density of the model was adjusted so that the overall density of the device is close to the density of the liquid. Multiple water channels were designed on the evaporator; the 3D printing filament prepared in step (1) was used to obtain a cylindrical self-suspended solar evaporator with multiple water absorption channels, with a radius of 2 cm and a height of 0.5 cm, on a 3D printer (the nozzle printing temperature of the 3D printer is 230 ℃, the bottom plate temperature is 100 ℃, and the printing speed of the 3D printer is 100 mm / s).
[0098] (3) Preparation of ACy / PDA solar evaporator: PDA was coated onto the ACy solar evaporator obtained in step (2) using an impregnation deposition method: The ACy solar evaporator was immersed in ethanol solution for 15 min and then placed in a 50 mM tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane hydrochloride (Tris) buffer solution at pH 8.5. Subsequently, 2 mg / mL dopamine hydrochloride was added to 40 mL of Tris buffer solution, and the mixture was shaken at 30 °C for 12 h. The sample was washed with deionized water and dried in an oven at 60 °C for 3 h. This process was repeated 3 times to successfully obtain a solar evaporator with polydopamine (PDA) as the photothermal material (i.e., ACy / PDA solar evaporator).
[0099] (4) Preparation of ACy / PDA / TiO2 solar evaporator: 100 mg TiO2 was ultrasonically dispersed in 20 mL of anhydrous ethanol to obtain a dispersion with a concentration of 5 g / L. The dispersion was poured into an atomizing spray bottle and sprayed onto the ACy / PDA solar evaporator obtained in step (3). After each spraying, the evaporator was placed in an oven at 60 °C to dry. This was repeated 3 times.
[0100] The results of the solar-driven water evaporation activity test of the 3D-printed biomimetic self-suspended solar evaporator prepared above are as follows:
[0101] (1) Comparison of the activity of solar evaporators with different raw materials: such as Figure 6 As shown, the water evaporation activity of solar evaporators made from different raw materials (virgin and recycled materials) coated with PDA three times was compared under one sun. The figure shows that the water evaporation activity of the solar evaporator made from recycled materials is significantly higher than that of the solar evaporator made from virgin materials. Example 9
[0102] (1) Preparation of 3D printed ABS-TPU filament: Recycled ABS granules and TPU granules were dried in a 60 ℃ oven for 12 h. The granules were mixed evenly on a homogenizer at a mass ratio of 80:20, and then melted through a twin-screw extruder to prepare filament (the temperature of each section of the twin-screw extruder was set to 100 ℃ and 125 ℃ respectively). ℃, 145℃, 165℃ ℃, 175 ℃, 180℃, 178 The molten extruded filament was air-cooled and cut into granules. The granules were then shaped using a single-screw extruder (the temperature of each section of the screw was set to 110 ℃, 150 ℃, 170 ℃, and 160 ℃, and the screw speed was 100 rpm). Finally, 3D printing filament with a diameter of 1.75 ± 0.05 mm was obtained.
[0103] (2) Design and fabrication of a multi-channel self-suspended solar evaporator (ACy): The solar evaporator model was designed using Cinema 4D (C4D). The model was a cylindrical model with multiple water absorption channels, with a radius of 2 cm and a height of 0.5 cm. Cura was used to set the filling density and printing speed of the multi-channel solar evaporator model. The specific steps are as follows: The condition for the device to suspend is that the buoyancy of the device is equal to the weight of the device itself, or the density of the device is equal to the density of the liquid. Therefore, the filling density of the model was adjusted so that the overall density of the device is close to the density of the liquid. Multiple water channels were designed on the evaporator. The 3D printing filament prepared in step (1) was used to obtain a cylindrical self-suspended solar evaporator with multiple water absorption channels, with a radius of 2 cm and a height of 0.5 cm, on a 3D printer (the nozzle printing temperature of the 3D printer is 230 ℃, the bottom plate temperature is 100 ℃, and the printing speed of the 3D printer is 100 mm / s).
[0104] (3) Preparation of ACy / PDA solar evaporator: PDA was coated onto the ACy solar evaporator obtained in step (2) using an impregnation deposition method: The ACy solar evaporator was immersed in ethanol solution for 15 min and then placed in a 50 mM tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane hydrochloride (Tris) buffer solution at pH = 8.5. Subsequently, 2 mg / mL dopamine hydrochloride was added to the Tris buffer solution, and the mixture was shaken at 30 °C for 12 h. The sample was washed with deionized water and dried in an oven at 60 °C for 3 h. This process was repeated 3 times to successfully obtain a solar evaporator with polydopamine (PDA) as the photothermal material (i.e., ACy / PDA solar evaporator).
[0105] (4) Preparation of ACy / PDA / ZnO solar evaporator: 100 mg ZnO was ultrasonically dispersed in 20 mL of anhydrous ethanol to obtain a dispersion with a concentration of 5 g / L. The dispersion was poured into an atomizing spray bottle and sprayed onto the ACy / PDA solar evaporator obtained in step (3). After each spraying, the evaporator was placed in an oven at 60 °C to dry. This was repeated 3 times.
Claims
1. A method for preparing a 3D-printed biomimetic self-suspended solar evaporator, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: (1) Preparation of 3D printed ABS-TPU filament: ABS particles and TPU particles were placed in an oven at 60 ℃ and dried for 12 h. The ABS particles and TPU particles were mixed evenly on a homogenizer at a mass ratio of 80:
20. Then, they were melted and prepared into filaments by a twin-screw extruder. The molten and extruded filaments were air-cooled and cut into granules. The granules were then shaped by a single-screw extruder to finally obtain 3D printed filaments with a diameter of 1.75 ± 0.05 mm. (2) Preparation of 3D printed ABS-TPU / CB or ABS-TPU / CNT filaments: ABS particles, TPU particles and CB or CNT are placed in an oven at 60 ℃ and dried for 12 h. ABS particles, TPU particles and photothermal material CB or CNT particles are mixed evenly in a homogenizer at a mass fraction ratio of 80:20:15~40. Then, they are melted and prepared into filaments by a twin-screw extruder. The molten and extruded filaments are air-cooled and cut into granules. The granules are then shaped by a single-screw extruder to finally obtain 3D printed filaments with a diameter of 1.75 ± 0.05 mm. (3) Design and fabrication of solar evaporators: The solar evaporator model was designed by Cinema 4D (C4D). Cura was used to set the filling density and printing speed of the multi-channel solar evaporator model. The specific steps are as follows: Adjust the filling density of the solar evaporator model so that the device density of the solar evaporator is lower than the liquid density. After coating with PDA and depositing photocatalyst, it can achieve the effect of being suspended on the liquid surface. The surface of the solar evaporator is higher than the liquid surface. At the same time, multiple water channels are designed on the evaporator. The 3D printing filament prepared in step (1) or step (2) is used to obtain self-suspended solar evaporators of different shapes and sizes on the 3D printer. (4) The photothermal material PDA was coated onto the solar evaporator obtained in step (3) by the impregnation deposition method. The specific steps are as follows: The solar evaporator obtained in step (3) was soaked in ethanol solution for 15 min and then placed in a 50 mM tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane hydrochloride buffer solution with pH = 8.
5. Then, 2 mg / mL of dopamine hydrochloride was added to the tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane hydrochloride buffer solution and shaken at 30 °C for 12 h. The sample was washed with deionized water and dried in an oven at 60 °C for 3 h. (5) The photocatalyst TiO2 is ultrasonically dispersed in anhydrous ethanol to obtain a dispersion with a concentration of 1~7 g / L; the dispersion is poured into an atomizing spray bottle and sprayed onto the solar evaporator obtained in step (4). After each spraying, it is placed in an oven at 60~130 ℃ to dry; repeat 2~4 times.
2. The method for preparing a 3D-printed biomimetic self-suspended solar evaporator according to claim 1, characterized in that, The ABS can be either virgin material or recycled material.
3. The method for preparing a 3D-printed biomimetic self-suspended solar evaporator according to claim 1, characterized in that, When the wire is melted and prepared by a twin-screw extruder, the temperature is controlled at 100~260 ℃ and the screw speed is 50~200 rpm. For the single-screw extruder, the temperature is controlled at 110~240 ℃ and the screw speed is 20~100 rpm.
4. The method for preparing a 3D-printed biomimetic self-suspended solar evaporator according to claim 1, characterized in that, The 3D printer has a nozzle printing temperature of 200~230 ℃, a base plate temperature of 80~100 ℃, and a printing speed of 50~100 mm / s.
5. The method for preparing a 3D-printed biomimetic self-suspended solar evaporator according to claim 1, characterized in that, The photothermal material is one of the following: polydopamine (PDA) synthesized from dopamine hydrochloride, carbon black (CB) / polydopamine (PDA), or carbon nanotube (CNT) / polydopamine (PDA).
6. The method for preparing a 3D-printed biomimetic self-suspended solar evaporator according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that, The 3D-printed biomimetic self-suspended solar evaporator is applied to solar-driven water evaporation and solar-driven wastewater purification.