A simple and rapid method for ecological restoration of near-natural coastal wetlands

Abstract

The present invention discloses a simple and rapid near-natural coastal wetland ecological restoration method, belonging to the technical field of environmental protection, including: Step 1, determining the area of the coastal wetland to be restored; Step 2, viewing the current and historical remote sensing satellite images of the area of the coastal wetland to be restored, and determining the locations of the tidally developed tidal creeks within the area of the coastal wetland to be restored; Step 3, determining the high tide line of neap tide and the low tide line of neap tide in the area of the coastal wetland to be restored; Step 4, reconstructing the tidal creeks at the locations of the tidally developed tidal creeks within the area of the coastal wetland to be restored, and simultaneously constructing a tidal inlet shallow beach at the intersection of the reconstructed tidal creeks between the high tide line of neap tide and the low tide line of neap tide; Step 5, post-maintenance. The near-natural coastal wetland ecological restoration method of the present invention makes the restoration design of coastal wetlands simpler, more convenient, and faster, can greatly reduce the interference degree of coastal wetland restoration on the surrounding ecological environment during the engineering construction stage, and improve the diversification of the coastal wetland restoration effect.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention belongs to the technical field of environmental protection, relates to an ecological restoration method, and particularly relates to a simple and rapid near-natural coastal wetland ecological restoration method. Background Art

[0002] Existing coastal wetland tidal channel ecological restoration methods mainly involve surveying the tidal line in the coastal wetland to be restored, conducting soil surveys, detecting substances such as iron, organic matter, and available phosphorus in the coastal wetland, and dividing the coastal wetland to be restored into different areas such as high-tide areas, mid-tide areas, and low-tide areas; subsequently, several artificially dug crosswise tidal channels are dug in different areas to simulate the tidal channel phenomenon in the coastal wetland and restore the ecological environment of the coastal wetland.

[0003] Existing coastal wetland tidal channel ecological restoration methods have the following problems: (1) It is necessary to carry out detection work on substances such as iron, organic matter, and available phosphorus in the coastal wetland to be restored. The process steps involved in the detection process, such as sampling and machine analysis, are cumbersome and time-consuming; (2) The existing method of digging several crosswise artificial tidal channels only simulates the appearance form of the tidal channel, that is, guiding the seawater flow in the form of artificial ditches, and the artificial interference traces are obvious. It does not consider the natural development process of the tidal channel under the influence of the interaction between seawater dynamics and the coastal wetland, which goes against the current latest ecological restoration concept of "mainly natural restoration and supplemented by artificial restoration", and is not conducive to the natural restoration of the coastal wetland; (3) It mainly constructs artificial tidal channels to achieve the restoration goal of the coastal wetland vegetation community. It does not consider the ecological restoration goal of the coastal wetland under the ecological background of the "East Asian-Australasian Flyway" of birds in China. The ecological restoration goal of the coastal wetland needs to be combined with the restoration goal of the coastal wetland bird community at the same time, and it cannot meet the new requirements of the current era's ecological civilization construction. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The present invention provides a simple and rapid near-natural coastal wetland ecological restoration method to overcome the defects of the prior art.

[0005] To achieve the above object, the present invention provides a simple and rapid near-natural coastal wetland ecological restoration method, which has the following characteristics: including the following steps: Step 1, determining the area of the coastal wetland to be restored; Step 2, viewing the current and historical remote sensing satellite images of the coastal wetland to be restored to determine the location of the naturally developed tidal channels in the coastal wetland to be restored; Step 3, determining the neap high tide line and the neap low tide line of the coastal wetland to be restored; Step 4, reconstructing the tidal channels at the locations of the naturally developed tidal channels in the coastal wetland to be restored, and constructing a tide-receiving shallow beach at the intersection of the reconstructed tidal channels between the neap high tide line and the neap low tide line; Step 5, post-maintenance.

[0006] Furthermore, the present invention provides a simple and rapid method for ecological restoration of near-natural coastal wetlands, which may further have the following characteristics: In step four, the reconstructed tidal channels are divided into primary tidal channels, secondary tidal channels, and tertiary tidal channels. The primary tidal channels are the main tidal channels, the secondary tidal channels are the branch tidal channels of the primary tidal channels, and the tertiary tidal channels are the branch tidal channels of the secondary tidal channels. The tidal channels are connected to the sea tide, playing a role in the exchange of nutrients and biological resources.

[0007] Furthermore, the present invention provides a simple and rapid method for ecological restoration of near-natural coastal wetlands, which may further have the following characteristics: In step four, the width of the primary tidal channel is constructed to be 8 - 10 m, and the width-depth ratio is 20; the width of the secondary tidal channel is constructed to be 2 - 4 m, and the width-depth ratio is 14; the width of the tertiary tidal channel is constructed to be 0.5 - 1 m, and the width-depth ratio is 6.

[0008] Furthermore, the present invention provides a simple and rapid method for ecological restoration of near-natural coastal wetlands, which may further have the following characteristics: In step four, the natural angle of repose of the tidal channels around the area of the coastal wetland to be restored is used as the slope of the side walls on both sides of the reconstructed tidal channels; when the slope of the side walls on both sides of the reconstructed tidal channels is less than 15°, crushed stones with a particle size of 3 - 5 cm are used as the lining of the tidal channels, thereby enhancing the stability of the tidal channels and preventing the erosion of the tidal channels by tidal action.

[0009] Furthermore, the present invention provides a simple and rapid method for ecological restoration of near-natural coastal wetlands, which may further have the following characteristics: In step four, the tidal water intake shallow beach is constructed at the intersection of the primary tidal channel and the secondary tidal channel.

[0010] Furthermore, the present invention provides a simple and rapid method for ecological restoration of near-natural coastal wetlands, which may further have the following characteristics: In step four, the tidal water intake shallow beach is irregular in shape, with the boundary between invasive plants and native plants as the boundary where the tidal water intake shallow beach is located, and the range of the tidal water intake shallow beach needs to cover the dense area where the invasive plants are located.

[0011] Furthermore, the present invention provides a simple and rapid method for ecological restoration of near-natural coastal wetlands, which may further have the following characteristics: In step four, the bottom elevation of the tidal water intake shallow beach is determined according to hydraulic data, and it meets the requirement that the water depth of the tidal water intake shallow beach exceeds 6 hours within the time range from 4:00 to 20:00 every day when the water depth range is 10 - 30 cm.

[0012] Furthermore, the present invention provides a simple and rapid method for ecological restoration of near-natural coastal wetlands, which may further have the following characteristics: In step one, the area of the coastal wetland to be restored is determined according to topographic differences, vegetation distribution, and the degree of habitat damage.

[0013] Furthermore, the present invention provides a simple and rapid method for ecological restoration of near-natural coastal wetlands, which may also have the following characteristics: Among them, the specific method of step three is: survey the tidal activity data of the connected river channels or sea areas in the coastal wetland area to be restored, record the water level changes and time, and the tidal activity range, and determine the neap high tide line and the neap low tide line.

[0014] Furthermore, the present invention provides a simple and rapid method for ecological restoration of near-natural coastal wetlands, which may also have the following characteristics: Among them, the specific method of step five is: after constructing the tidal channels and the tidal-inlet shallow beaches, remove the invasively growing plants during the secondary growth.

[0015] The beneficial effects of the present invention are as follows:

[0016] First, it makes the restoration design of coastal wetlands simpler, more convenient, and faster: The present invention combines the use of remote sensing satellite image data to quickly identify the natural development morphology of tidal channels, greatly shortening the time for surveying and investigating the area in the existing restoration methods, simplifying the restoration design steps of coastal wetlands, and making the restoration design easier to execute.

[0017] Second, it greatly reduces the degree of ecological interference during the engineering construction stage of coastal wetland restoration: The present invention only utilizes the natural development morphology of tidal channels in coastal wetlands to carry out construction operations on part of the coastal wetlands in the restoration area, avoiding the large-area excavation construction of a number of artificial vertical and horizontal tidal channels required by the existing restoration methods, effectively reducing ecological interference, alleviating the construction disturbance to surrounding organisms, reducing the construction scale and ecological impact of coastal wetlands, and realizing the minimization of ecosystem disturbance and the maximization of ecological benefits.

[0018] Third, it improves the diversification of the restoration effect of coastal wetlands: While restoring the tidal flat vegetation belt in the restoration area, the present invention further increases the area of bird habitats, improves the bird carrying capacity in the restoration area, increases the habitat capacity, realizes the goal of restoring the bird community, and makes the restored area produce more diverse ecological benefits through the construction of tidal-inlet shallow beaches. Description of the Drawings

[0019] Figure 1 are the current and historical remote sensing satellite images of the coastal wetland area to be restored in the embodiment;

[0020] Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of the neap high tide line and the neap low tide line of the coastal wetland area to be restored in the embodiment;

[0021] Figure 3 is a schematic design diagram of reconstructing tidal channels and constructing tidal-inlet shallow beaches in the embodiment;

[0022] Figure 4 is a schematic diagram of primary tidal channels, secondary tidal channels, tertiary tidal channels and tidal-inlet shallow beaches. Detailed Embodiments

[0023] The present invention will be further described below in conjunction with specific embodiments.

[0024] Taking the design of the ecological restoration project in Yancheng National Rare Birds Nature Reserve as an example, the present embodiment provides a simple and rapid near-natural coastal wetland ecological restoration method, including the following steps:

[0025] Step 1: Determine the coastal wetland area to be restored according to topographic differences, vegetation distribution, and the degree of habitat damage.

[0026] Specifically, in the core area of Yancheng National Rare Birds Nature Reserve, select an area connected to the Xinyanggang and affected by factors such as Spartina alterniflora invasion, resulting in damaged coastal wetland habitats and a decline in the quality of bird habitats, as the coastal wetland area to be restored.

[0027] Step 2: Through the National Geographic Information Public Service Platform (map.tianditu.gov.cn), view the current and historical remote sensing satellite images of the coastal wetland area to be restored, and determine the location of the naturally developed historical tidal channels within the area to be restored.

[0028] Specifically, as Figure 1 shown in a, it can be clearly seen from the 2023 remote sensing image data that the tidal channels within the coastal wetland area to be restored have been invaded by alien plants, resulting in the atrophy of the tidal channels and the loss of ecological functions. By viewing the past historical remote sensing image data, such as in 2015, Figure 1 shown in b, it is found that the tidal channels are not clearly identified and cannot provide an effective reference for subsequent design. Finally, the 2012 remote sensing image data is selected. As Figure 1 shown in c, it can be found that the tidal channels are relatively clear.

[0029] Step 3: Survey the tidal activity data of the river or sea area connected to the coastal wetland area to be restored, record the water level changes and time, and the tidal activity range, and determine the neap high tide line and the neap low tide line.

[0030] Specifically, obtain the measured hydrological data of the area near the Xinyanggang in the coastal wetland area to be restored, as well as the tidal activity range, and determine the locations of the neap high tide line and the neap low tide line, as Figure 2 shown.

[0031] Step 4: Reconstruct the tidal channels at the locations of the naturally developed tidal channels within the coastal wetland area to be restored, and construct a tidal inlet shallow beach at the intersection of the reconstructed tidal channels between the neap high tide line and the neap low tide line.

[0032] Specifically, as Figure 3 is the design schematic diagram of reconstructing the tidal channels and constructing the tidal inlet shallow beach.

[0033] Among them, asFigure 4 As shown in the figure, the reconstructed tidal creeks are divided into primary tidal creeks, secondary tidal creeks and tertiary tidal creeks. The primary tidal creeks are the main tidal creeks, the secondary tidal creeks are the branch tidal creeks of the primary tidal creeks, and the tertiary tidal creeks are the branch tidal creeks of the secondary tidal creeks. The tidal creeks connect the tides of the sea area and play a role in the exchange of nutrients and biological resources. The designed width of the primary tidal creek is 8.4 m and the depth is 0.42 m; the designed width of the secondary tidal creek is 3 m and the depth is 0.15 m; the designed width of the tertiary tidal creek is 1 m and the depth is 0.05 m. The slope of the reconstructed tidal creek can be designed with reference to the natural angle of repose of the surrounding tidal creeks in the coastal wetland area to be restored. In this embodiment, the natural angle of repose of the surrounding tidal creeks is 25°. Therefore, the designed angle of the slopes on both sides of the reconstructed tidal creek in this embodiment is 25°, and no crushed stone revetment is laid. However, when the slope of the side walls on both sides of the reconstructed tidal creek is less than 15°, crushed stones with a particle size of 3-5 cm can be used as the tidal creek revetment to enhance the stability of the tidal creek and prevent the erosion of the tidal creek by tidal action.

[0034] A tidal inlet shallow beach is constructed at the intersection of the primary tidal creek and the secondary tidal creek. The tidal inlet shallow beach is irregular in shape, with the boundary between the alien invasive plants and the native plants as the location of the tidal inlet shallow beach, and the range of the tidal inlet shallow beach needs to cover the dense area where the invasive plants are located. The bottom elevation of the tidal inlet shallow beach is determined according to the hydraulic data, and it meets the requirement that the water depth of the tidal inlet shallow beach exceeds 6 hours within the range of 10-30 cm from 4:00 to 20:00 every day. In this implementation, a total of 5 tidal inlet shallow beaches are designed, and the designed areas are 9.39 mu for No. 1 beach, 6.49 mu for No. 2 beach, 8.38 mu for No. 3 beach, 23.76 mu for No. 4 beach, and 12.90 mu for No. 5 beach respectively according to the vegetation distribution and water level conditions, and the designed water depth is all 20 cm.

[0035] Step Five: Regularly maintain the constructed ecological tidal creeks and tidal inlet shallow beaches, and promptly pull out the alien invasive plants. Specifically, maintain the ecological tidal creeks and tidal inlet shallow beaches according to the actual situation, check whether there are alien invasive species such as Spartina alterniflora, and promptly carry out manual removal operations.

[0036] In the present invention, unless otherwise specified, the scientific and technical terms used herein have the meanings commonly understood by those skilled in the art. And the reagents, materials and operation steps used herein are all widely used reagents, materials and conventional steps in the corresponding fields.

[0037] Finally, it should be noted that the above are only the preferred embodiments of the present invention and are not used to limit the present invention. Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, those skilled in the art can still modify the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments, or perform equivalent replacements for some of the technical features. Any modifications, equivalent replacements, improvements, etc. made within the spirit and principle of the present invention shall be included within the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A simple and rapid method for ecological restoration of near-natural coastal wetlands, characterized in that: It includes the following steps: Step 1: Determine the area of the coastal wetland to be restored; Step 2: View the current and historical remote sensing satellite images of the area of the coastal wetland to be restored, and determine the location of the naturally developed tidal channels within the area of the coastal wetland to be restored; Step 3: Determine the neap high tide line and the neap low tide line of the area of the coastal wetland to be restored; Step 4: Reconstruct the tidal channels at the locations of the naturally developed tidal channels within the area of the coastal wetland to be restored, and construct a tidal inlet shallow beach at the intersection of the reconstructed tidal channels between the neap high tide line and the neap low tide line; Divide the reconstructed tidal channels into primary tidal channels, secondary tidal channels and tertiary tidal channels. The primary tidal channels are the main tidal channels, the secondary tidal channels are the branch tidal channels of the primary tidal channels, and the tertiary tidal channels are the branch tidal channels of the secondary tidal channels; Construct the tidal inlet shallow beach at the intersection of the primary tidal channels and the secondary tidal channels; Step 5: Post-maintenance.

2. The simple and rapid method for ecological restoration of near-natural coastal wetlands according to claim 1, characterized in that: Among them, In step 4, the width of the constructed primary tidal channel is 8-10m, and the width-depth ratio is 20; the width of the constructed secondary tidal channel is 2-4m, and the width-depth ratio is 14; the width of the constructed tertiary tidal channel is 0.5-1m, and the width-depth ratio is 6.

3. The simple and rapid method for ecological restoration of near-natural coastal wetlands according to claim 1, characterized in that: Among them, In step 4, use the natural repose angle of the tidal channels around the area of the coastal wetland to be restored as the slope of the side walls on both sides of the reconstructed tidal channels; When the slope of the side walls on both sides of the reconstructed tidal channels is less than 15°, use gravel with a particle size of 3-5 cm as the tidal channel lining.

4. The simple and rapid method for ecological restoration of near-natural coastal wetlands according to claim 1, characterized in that: Among them, In step 4, the tidal inlet shallow beach is in an irregular shape, with the boundary between the alien invasive plants and the native plants as the boundary of the tidal inlet shallow beach, and the range of the tidal inlet shallow beach needs to cover the dense area where the invasive plants are located.

5. The simple and rapid method for ecological restoration of near-natural coastal wetlands according to claim 1, characterized in that: Among them, In step 4, the bottom elevation of the tidal inlet shallow beach is determined according to the hydraulic data, and it meets the requirement that the water depth range of the tidal inlet shallow beach exceeds 6 hours within the time range from 4:00 to 20:00 every day when the water depth range is 10-30 cm.

6. The simple and rapid method for ecological restoration of near-natural coastal wetlands according to claim 1, characterized in that: Among them, In step 1, determine the area of the coastal wetland to be restored according to the terrain differences, vegetation distribution and the degree of habitat damage.

7. The simple and rapid method for ecological restoration of near-natural coastal wetlands according to claim 1, characterized in that: Among them, The specific method of step 3 is: Survey the tidal activity data of the connected river or sea area of the area of the coastal wetland to be restored, record the water level changes and time, and the tidal activity range, and determine the neap high tide line and the neap low tide line.

8. The simple and rapid method for ecological restoration of near-natural coastal wetlands according to claim 1, characterized in that: Among them, The specific method of step 5 is: After the construction of the tidal channels and the tidal inlet shallow beach, remove the invasively growing plants that grow again.

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