A feeding attractant for low fish meal feed of carnivorous fish and application thereof

Abstract

The present application belongs to the field of feed, and discloses a feed attractant for low fish meal feed for carnivorous fish and application. The feed attractant comprises 7-9 parts of clam extract, 7-9 parts of squid by-product extract, 5-7 parts of amino acid, 8-12 parts of extract liquid of traditional Chinese medicine herb with a concentration of 1g / mg, and 4-6 parts of aquatic animal offal fermentation product. The feed attractant can improve the feed attraction and palatability of low fish meal feed, significantly improve the feeding rate of large mouth bass, promote the growth of large mouth bass, and reduce the feed coefficient. The feed attractant has good feed attraction effect on large mouth bass of each age stage. The present application also discloses low fish meal feed for large mouth bass and a preparation process. In the case of replacing fish meal with a large amount of non-animal protein, the appetite of large mouth bass is not reduced, feed waste is reduced, and the demand for large-scale breeding of large mouth bass is met.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of feed, and specifically relates to an attractant for low-fishmeal feed for carnivorous fish and its application. Background Technology

[0002] Fishmeal is the most important protein source in aquatic feed. Due to the shortage of fishmeal resources and the continuous rise in price, the research and application of low-fishmeal aquatic feeds has become a hot topic and a goal pursued by the aquatic feed industry.

[0003] For carnivorous fish like the largemouth bass, fishmeal is crucial due to their diet. The main feeds for farmed largemouth bass include fish paste processed from frozen fish, extruded feed, and soft pellet feed. Frozen fish farming is labor-intensive, and the quality and source of frozen fish are unstable. Frozen fish are also prone to carrying pathogens, making it difficult to control the feeding amount and resulting in a high feed conversion ratio. Farming 1 kg of largemouth bass requires feeding 4-5 kg ​​of frozen fish, and this method has been gradually phased out by fish farmers.

[0004] Largemouth bass feed mainly consists of protein sources, fat sources, carbohydrate sources, compound vitamins, and compound minerals. Feed costs account for more than 50% of the total farming cost, with protein costs making up the vast majority of these costs. Fishmeal, due to its high content of essential amino acids and fatty acids, low carbohydrate content, good palatability, low anti-nutritional factors, and high digestibility and absorption rate, is widely used in largemouth bass feed.

[0005] In recent years, with the increasing scale and intensification of largemouth bass farming, the demand for largemouth bass feed has been rising, leading to a sharp increase in the demand for fishmeal. However, the use of large amounts of alternative protein sources to replace fishmeal in feed has resulted in numerous problems, including poor palatability, refusal to eat by carnivorous largemouth bass, low feed intake, slow growth, and increased feed conversion ratios. These issues severely restrict the sustainable and healthy development of largemouth bass farming in my country.

[0006] As a non-nutritional feed additive, attractants offer advantages such as improving feed flavor, increasing feeding speed and amount in fish, promoting fish growth, improving feed conversion rate, and reducing water pollution. However, current attractants are ineffective against low-fishmeal feeds for largemouth bass, failing to meet the needs of the largemouth bass farming industry.

[0007] In recent years, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) herbs and their extracts have been widely used in various fields, including the aquaculture industry. The appetite-stimulating effect of TCM herbs on aquatic animals has been frequently mentioned. The appetite-stimulating effect of TCM herbs is mainly due to their rich content of amino acids, alkaloids, and organic acids, which have a strong appetite-stimulating effect on aquatic animals. Many TCM herbs also have unique flavors that significantly stimulate the taste and smell of aquatic animals. For example, Schisandra chinensis fruit has five flavors: sweet, sour, pungent, bitter, and salty; dried tangerine peel contains volatile oils; and asafoetida and garlic contain volatile low-molecular-weight substances. Asafoetida can attract sea bass, while allspice, parsley, cardamom, white pepper, garlic, and mint have a strong appetite-stimulating effect on loach; dried tangerine peel and garlic have a significant appetite-stimulating effect on goldfish. However, overall, there is currently limited research on the appetite-stimulating effect of TCM herbs on aquatic animals, and the main focus is on aquaculture purposes, where TCM herbs are primarily used as additives to regulate fish metabolism and enhance their immunity. Research on compound (or complex) Chinese herbal attractants is limited. Usually, it involves simple combinations of Chinese herbs with feed, such as the existing patent CN202010223387, which simply crushes a few Chinese herbs and adds them to the feed. This cannot truly bring out the effective components of the Chinese herbs for attracting fish. Furthermore, due to the inherent limitations of Chinese herbs, the attractants are not very targeted to different fish species. At the same time, the effects of these attractants are short-lived and have significant limitations.

[0008] Therefore, the purpose of this invention is to provide a more comprehensive feed attractant containing traditional Chinese medicine and other biological extracts, which can give full play to the feeding attraction effect of different components, maximize the feeding rate of carnivorous fish such as largemouth bass on low fishmeal feed, promote the growth of carnivorous farmed fish, and reduce their feed conversion ratio. Summary of the Invention

[0009] The purpose of this invention is to provide an attractant for low-fishmeal feed for carnivorous fish. The attractant comprises 8 parts of clam extract, 8 parts of squid by-product extract, 6 parts of amino acids, 10 parts of extract of Chinese herbal medicine at a concentration of 1g / mg, and 5 parts of fermented aquatic animal by-products.

[0010] Another object of the present invention is to provide the application of the above-mentioned attractant in the preparation of a largemouth bass attractant.

[0011] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention adopts the following technical measures:

[0012] The applicant used a self-made attractant maze to screen out a group of attractants suitable for largemouth bass, and further determined the specific components as follows, by weight:

[0013] 7-9 parts clam extract, 7-9 parts squid by-product extract, 5-7 parts amino acids, 8-12 parts extract of Chinese herbal medicine at a concentration of 1g / mg, and 4-6 parts fermented products of aquatic animal by-products.

[0014] The preparation method of the clam extract includes: cooking fresh clams, removing the shells, mashing them into a paste, ultrasonically extracting, concentrating and drying to obtain the extract;

[0015] The preparation method of the squid by-product extract includes: adding ascorbic acid and ethanol to the ground and crushed squid by-products, refluxing and cooling, heating and filtering, concentrating the filtrate, and vacuum drying to obtain the squid extract;

[0016] The preparation method of the herbal extract includes placing the compound Chinese medicine in a herbal extraction tank to obtain a 1g / ml solution; the compound Chinese medicine is: asafoetida, hawthorn, garlic, eucommia leaves, angelica, mint, and pepper in a weight ratio of 2-4:2-4:1-3:1-3:1-3:1-3:1-3:1-3 by weight.

[0017] The method for preparing the components of the fermentation product of aquatic animal by-products includes:

[0018] 1) Raw material components, parts by weight:

[0019] Fish oil 7-9 parts, aquatic animal by-products 40-50 parts, sucrose 30-40 parts, Lactobacillus plantarum b-2 powder 0.4-0.8 parts, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Candida bombi powder 0.4-0.8 parts, compound vitamins 0.5-2 parts, compound trace elements 0.5-2 parts;

[0020] 2) The preparation includes the following steps: (1) Enzymatic hydrolysis: Add aquatic animal offal to a tank and add water, add protease for enzymatic hydrolysis, cool down and add Lactobacillus plantarum b-2, stir evenly and let it stand for culture; (2) Fermentation: After the culture is completed, add sucrose, fish oil, brewer's yeast Candida bombi powder, compound vitamins and compound trace elements, stir thoroughly for 15 minutes, and let it stand for reaction to obtain the product.

[0021] The preferred palatability enhancers described above are: 8 parts clam extract, 8 parts squid by-product extract, 6 parts amino acids, 10 parts extract of Chinese herbal medicine at a concentration of 1g / mg, and 5 parts fermented aquatic animal by-products.

[0022] Preferably, asafoetida, hawthorn, garlic, eucommia leaves, angelica, mint, and pepper are mixed in a weight ratio of 3:3:2:2:2:2:1.

[0023] Preferably, the fermentation components of aquatic animal by-products are: 8 parts fish oil, 45.2 parts aquatic animal by-products, 35 parts sucrose, and 5*10^ 90.6 parts of Lactobacillus plantarum b-2 powder (cfu / g), 1*10^ 9 0.6 parts of CFU / g Candida bombi yeast powder, 1 part of compound vitamins, and 1 part of compound trace elements;

[0024] The scope of protection of this invention also includes:

[0025] The application of the above-mentioned attractants in the preparation of feed additives for largemouth bass.

[0026] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has at least the following beneficial effects:

[0027] 1. The palatability enhancer described in this invention stimulates both the olfactory and gustatory senses of the largemouth bass, fully leveraging the palatability-enhancing effects of each component to achieve optimal results. This not only increases feed palatability and improves the feed intake rate of the largemouth bass, but also enhances its digestibility and absorption capacity, promotes growth, and reduces the feed conversion ratio.

[0028] 2. The attractant described in this invention has good attractant properties for largemouth bass of different ages.

[0029] 3. The largemouth bass feed prepared by the attractant described in this invention still has palatability and attractiveness even with low fishmeal content, maintaining the largemouth bass's appetite, reducing feed waste, and having a low feed conversion ratio.

[0030] 4. It has a targeted appetite-stimulating effect on largemouth bass. Attached Figure Description

[0031] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the food-attracting maze device. Detailed Implementation

[0032] To enable those skilled in the art to more clearly understand the technical solutions described in this invention, the following embodiments are provided for illustration. It should be noted that the following embodiments do not constitute a limitation on the scope of protection claimed by this invention. Unless otherwise specified, the technical solutions described in this invention are conventional solutions in the art.

[0033] Example 1:

[0034] Screening of palatability enhancer components:

[0035] The applicant prepared a simple food-attracting maze device, such as... Figure 1 As shown, the central area is the temporary holding area for largemouth bass before the start of feeding; the remaining areas are where feeding attractants are placed, and the mesh barriers are movable barriers used to test substances on the market that claim to have feeding attractant effects.

[0036] Including: kinase-based attractants—B vitamins, citric acid, wolfberry polysaccharide, shiitake mushroom polysaccharide, butyric acid, lauric acid; animal-derived raw materials and extracts (liquids): fish meal, shrimp meal, squid meal, mussel meal, clam extract, squid by-product extract; methyl donor-based attractants—lysine, methionine, betaine, choline, DMPT (dimethyl-β-propionate thiatin); fermented attractants—fermented products of aquatic animal by-products, fermented products of poultry animal by-products; traditional Chinese medicine attractants—cinnamon, clove, coptis, asafoetida, hawthorn, garlic, eucommia leaf, angelica, mint, pepper, phellodendron, scutellaria, star anise, dried plum, gardenia, polygonum cuspidatum, jujube red; etc.

[0037] The experimental method is as follows:

[0038] In such Figure 1 Two types of basic feeds supplemented with attractants (at a concentration of 2%) were placed in two areas on either side of the central grid of the feeding maze. Largemouth bass were temporarily held in the central holding area. After the experiment began, the central area barrier was removed, allowing the largemouth bass to freely choose their feeding area. The maze test was used to record the number of times the experimental fish entered the feeding chambers with different attractant components and the number of times the fish pecked at the food, in order to analyze the feeding effects of different attractant components on largemouth bass. Then, the effective attractant components were combined to create attractants containing different components, and the above operation was repeated to observe their feeding effects on largemouth bass.

[0039] After multiple experiments, the feeding effects were ranked, and the feeding agent components of the present invention were finally determined to be: clam extract, squid by-product extract, amino acids (including lysine and methionine), traditional Chinese medicine (asafoetida, hawthorn, garlic, eucommia leaves, angelica, mint and pepper), and fermented products of aquatic animal by-products.

[0040] Example 2:

[0041] An attractant for use in low-fishmeal feeds for carnivorous fish, comprising the following components, in parts by weight:

[0042] Eight portions of clam extract, eight portions of squid by-product extract, six portions of amino acids, ten portions of extracts of Chinese herbal medicines at a concentration of 1g / mg, and five portions of fermented aquatic animal by-products.

[0043] The preparation method of the clam extract is as follows: Fresh clams are purged of sand, boiled in water, shelled, and the meat is minced into a paste. This paste is then mixed with the original clam cooking juice, stirred evenly, ultrasonically crushed, and extracted by vibration. After concentration and drying, a golden-yellow powder is obtained, which is the clam extract. The mixing ratio of clam meat paste to original clam cooking juice is 1:40; the ultrasonic crushing time is 2 hours; and the vibration extraction time at 50℃ is 3 hours.

[0044] The preparation method of the squid by-product extract is as follows: Squid by-products (including squid viscera, squid skin, squid eyes, and squid cartilage) are washed, ground and crushed, ascorbic acid with a final concentration of 0.5% is added, ethanol with a final concentration of 40% is added, refluxed at 60°C for 20 min, cooled to 30°C, and then the temperature is increased to 40°C and maintained for 90 min. The mixture is filtered, the filtrate is concentrated, and vacuum dried to obtain the squid extract.

[0045] The preparation method of the herbal extract is as follows: Asafoetida, hawthorn, garlic, eucommia leaves, angelica, mint, and pepper are mixed in a weight ratio of 3:3:2:2:2:2:1, ultra-finely pulverized at 0℃, and passed through an 80-mesh sieve. The herbal extract is then placed into an extraction tank (Dongchen Fluid Equipment's small-scale multi-functional herbal pharmaceutical extraction and concentration equipment), and 5-10 times the amount of solvent ethanol is added (this can be replaced according to process requirements, such as water, methanol, acetone, etc.). The heating system of the extraction tank is turned on, and the extract is heated to boiling for 20-30 minutes. Then, one-third of the extract is drawn into a concentration tank using a suction filter. Close the hot water supply to the extraction tank and the jacket, and open the heating system of the concentration tank to maintain the temperature of the concentrated juice at around 80℃ and the vacuum degree at -0.05 to -0.08 MPa. The secondary steam generated during concentration is condensed and cooled, and then returned to the extraction tank as a new solvent. The new solvent flows from top to bottom through the herb layer to the bottom of the extraction tank. The soluble components in the herb dissolve in the solvent in the extraction tank. The extract is then drawn into the concentration tank through the suction filter tube. The secondary steam generated during concentration is sent back to the extraction tank as a new solvent, forming a new solvent reflux extraction process until complete dissolution (the extract is colorless). Concentration continues until the extract is concentrated to a 1g / ml solution.

[0046] The preparation method of the fermented components of aquatic animal by-products:

[0047] 1) Raw material components, parts by weight:

[0048] Fish oil 8 parts, aquatic animal by-products 45.2 parts, sucrose 35 parts, Lactobacillus plantarum b-2 powder (effective bacterial concentration 5*10^ 9 cfu / g)(Zhang Xiangmei, Zhao Yuxing, Yan Xiaojing, et al. Screening and identification of a strain of lactic acid bacteria with antibacterial and antioxidant activities[J]. Food Science, 2018, 39(2):93-98.DOI:10.7506 / spkx1002-6630-201802015.) 0.6 parts, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Candida bombi powder (effective bacterial concentration 1*10^ 9 cfu / g)(Fan Tingting, Wang Muyao, Li Jun, et al. Development and industrial application of yeast biodiversity. Chinese Journal of Biotechnology, 2021, 37(3):806-815.) 0.6 parts, compound vitamin (Shanghai Newray Biotechnology Co., Ltd.) 1 part, compound trace elements (Shanghai Newray Biotechnology Co., Ltd.) 1 part.

[0049] 2) The preparation includes the following steps: (1) Enzymatic hydrolysis: Add aquatic animal by-products to a tank and add water with a mass of 10 times that of aquatic animal by-products. Add protease (Shanghai Shengyaoda Biotechnology Co., Ltd.) to make the final concentration 1.5% (mass ratio). After enzymatic hydrolysis at 60℃, cool down to 40℃, add Lactobacillus plantarum b-2, stir evenly at 37℃ and let stand for 5h; (2) Fermentation: When the temperature drops to 30℃, add sucrose. After it is completely dissolved, add fish oil, brewer's yeast Candida bombi powder, compound vitamins, and compound trace elements. Stir thoroughly for 15min and let stand for 4h to finally obtain the fermented aquatic animal by-products.

[0050] Lactobacillus plantarum b-2 exhibits strong antibacterial effects against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus cereus, and Staphylococcus aureus. Its CFE (Chemical Free Element) scavenges 67.6% of ·OH radicals, while its CFS (Chemical Free Element) scavenges 91.3% of DPPH free radicals, demonstrating significant advantages among similar strains. It holds important value in food and bio-fermentation fields and has great application potential. Meanwhile, Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Candida bombi) exhibits excellent stress resistance and shows good development potential for high-concentration substrate fermentation.

[0051] Example 3:

[0052] Application of an attractant in low-fishmeal feed for carnivorous fish:

[0053] A largemouth bass feed, prepared from the following raw materials:

[0054] 20kg of fish meal;

[0055] Other protein source ingredients: 15kg soybean meal, 10kg corn gluten meal, 5kg peanut meal, 5kg chicken meal, 5kg blood meal, 5kg shrimp meal

[0056] Fat source ingredients: 4kg fish oil, 4kg soybean oil, 1kg lecithin;

[0057] Sugar source ingredients: 8 kg wheat flour, 7 kg corn starch;

[0058] Multivitamins: 1 kg;

[0059] Complex minerals: 1kg;

[0060] Add an appetite stimulant at 3% of the feed weight mentioned above.

[0061] Control group:

[0062] Commercially available general-purpose largemouth bass feed (Tongwei Co., Ltd.) contains fishmeal accounting for more than 50% of the total protein source ingredients.

[0063] The experiment was conducted at the experimental base. Largemouth bass were fed according to Table 1, with three replicates for each group (1-4), in a total of 12 rearing tanks (250L), each stocked with 30 largemouth bass. Initial weights of the largemouth bass were recorded at the beginning of the rearing process. Feeding was conducted twice daily, at 8:00 AM and 8:00 PM. After eight weeks of feeding, the number of largemouth bass in each cage was counted, and the survival rate was calculated. Simultaneously, all fish in each cage were weighed, and the weight gain rate was calculated. Feed consumption was recorded, and the feed conversion ratio was calculated.

[0064] The weight gain rate (%) is calculated as follows: (final weight - initial weight) / initial weight × 100%.

[0065] Feed conversion ratio = Feed intake (g) / Net weight gain of fish (g).

[0066] Table 1. Largemouth bass feeding situation

[0067] Group 1 2 3 4 Initial body weight (g) 10 30 10 30 Feed used This invention combines feed and appetite stimulant. This invention combines feed and appetite stimulant. Commercial feed Commercial feed Final body weight (g) 70 171 72 173 Weight gain rate % 600％ 470％ 620％ 477％ Survival rate % 100 100 100 97.70％ Feed conversion ratio 0.97 0.93 0.99 1.01

[0068] As shown in Table 1, the attractant of the present invention, combined with a suitable feed preparation method, is suitable for largemouth bass of all ages. Under low fishmeal feeding conditions, the largemouth bass’s feeding is not affected, and the feeding is normal. The growth rate is fast, and the weight gain rate, survival rate and feed conversion ratio are better than commercial feeds and are comparable to commercial feeds with a fishmeal content of about 50%.

[0069] Example 4:

[0070] For several other carnivorous fish species, namely snakehead, culter culter, and grass carp, the same method as in Example 3 was used, employing commercially available general feed for snakehead, culter culter, and grass carp (Tongwei Co., Ltd.).

[0071] Experiments were conducted at the experimental base. Snakehead fish, mandarin fish, and grass carp were fed according to Table 1. Groups 1-4 had three replicates each, with a total of 12 rearing tanks (250L). Each tank held 30 snakehead fish, 30 mandarin fish, and 30 grass carp. Initial weights of the snakehead fish, mandarin fish, mandarin fish, and grass carp were measured at the beginning of rearing. Feeding was conducted twice daily, at 8:00 AM and 8:00 PM. After eight weeks of feeding, the number of snakehead fish, mandarin fish, and grass carp in each cage was counted, and the survival rate was calculated. Simultaneously, all fish in each cage were weighed, and the weight gain rate was calculated. Feed consumption was recorded, and the feed conversion ratio was calculated.

[0072] The weight gain rate (%) is calculated as follows: (final weight - initial weight) / initial weight × 100%.

[0073] Feed conversion ratio = Feed intake (g) / Net weight gain of fish (g).

[0074] Table 2. Feeding situation of snakehead, topmouth culter, and grass carp.

[0075]

[0076]

[0077] As shown in Table 1, the attractant of the present invention, combined with a suitable feed preparation method, does not have a good effect on other carnivorous fish such as snakehead, culter culter, and grass carp. Under the condition of low fishmeal feed, the feeding of snakehead, culter culter, and grass carp is affected to a certain extent, with reduced feeding, slower growth rate, and lower weight gain rate, survival rate, and feed conversion ratio than commercial feed.

[0078] Therefore, the experimental results show that the feed of the present invention is a attractant specifically suitable for largemouth bass.

Claims

1. The application of a feeding attractant in the preparation of low-fishmeal feed for largemouth bass, the application process of which includes: The palatability enhancer is added at 3% of the feed weight, and the feed formula is as follows: 20kg of fishmeal; Other protein source ingredients: 15kg soybean meal, 10kg corn gluten meal, 5kg peanut meal, 5kg chicken meal, 5kg blood meal, 5kg shrimp meal Fat source ingredients: 4kg fish oil, 4kg soybean oil, 1kg lecithin; Sugar source ingredients: 8 kg wheat flour, 7 kg corn starch; Multivitamins: 1 kg; Complex minerals: 1kg; The palatability enhancer, by weight, comprises: 7-9 parts clam extract, 7-9 parts squid by-product extract, 5-7 parts amino acids, 8-12 parts extract of Chinese herbal medicine at a concentration of 1g / mg, and 4-6 parts fermented products of aquatic animal by-products. The preparation method of the clam extract includes: cooking fresh clams, removing the shells, mashing them into a paste, ultrasonically extracting, concentrating and drying to obtain the extract; The preparation method of the squid by-product extract includes: adding ascorbic acid and ethanol to the ground and crushed squid by-products, refluxing and cooling, heating and filtering, concentrating the filtrate, and vacuum drying to obtain the squid extract; The preparation method of the herbal extract includes placing the compound Chinese medicine in a herbal extraction tank to obtain a 1g / ml solution; the compound Chinese medicine is: asafoetida, hawthorn, garlic, eucommia leaves, angelica, mint, and pepper in a weight ratio of 2-4:2-4:1-3:1-3:1-3:1-3:1-3:1-3 by weight. The preparation method of the fermented components of aquatic animal by-products includes: 1) Raw material components, parts by weight: Fish oil 7-9 parts, aquatic animal by-products 40-50 parts, sucrose 30-40 parts, Lactobacillus plantarum b-2 powder 0.4-0.8 parts, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Candida bombi powder 0.4-0.8 parts, compound vitamins 0.5-2 parts, compound trace elements 0.5-2 parts; 2) The preparation includes the following steps: (1) Enzymatic hydrolysis: Add aquatic animal offal to a tank and add water, add protease for enzymatic hydrolysis, cool down and add Lactobacillus plantarum b-2, stir evenly and let it stand for culture; (2) Fermentation: After the culture is completed, add sucrose, fish oil, brewer's yeast Candida bombi powder, compound vitamins and compound trace elements, stir thoroughly for 15 minutes, and let it stand for reaction to obtain the product.

2. The application according to claim 1, characterized in that: Eight portions of clam extract, eight portions of squid by-product extract, six portions of amino acids, ten portions of extracts of Chinese herbal medicines at a concentration of 1g / mg, and five portions of fermented aquatic animal by-products.

3. The application according to claim 2, characterized in that: Asafoetida, hawthorn, garlic, eucommia leaves, angelica, mint, and pepper are mixed in a weight ratio of 3:3:2:2:2:2:

1.

4. The application according to claim 2, characterized in that: The components of the fermented aquatic animal by-products are: 8 parts fish oil, 45.2 parts aquatic animal by-products, 35 parts sucrose, and 5*10^ 9 0.6 parts of Lactobacillus plantarum b-2 powder (cfu / g), 1*10^ 9 0.6 parts of CFU / g Candida bombi yeast powder, 1 part of multivitamin, and 1 part of multi-trace element.

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