Application of aqueous electrolyte with adjustable relaxation time to zinc metal anode and zinc battery

Abstract

The application relates to the field of electrochemistry, and specifically discloses a water-based electrolyte with adjustable relaxation time, which comprises small-molecule ketone substances as electrolyte additives, is used for inhibiting the growth of zinc dendrites and the occurrence of hydrogen evolution and other adverse side reactions generated in the cycle of a water-based zinc battery, and further significantly improves the electrochemical performance of the water-based zinc battery. The small-molecule ketone substances include indantrione, furanone, ginger ketone, phenyl ketone, tea aroma ketone or triazolone. By using the ketone small molecules containing lone pair electron groups, the double electric layer between the solid-liquid interface is restructured to ensure the uniform distribution of zinc ion concentration, and the hydrogen in the water molecules is attracted by the carbonyl oxygen atoms of the ketone small molecules, so that the reaction activity of water is effectively inhibited, the hydrogen evolution side reaction is reduced, and finally the zinc battery with excellent rate performance (30 mAcm ‑2 ) and super-long cycle life (1500 hours) is realized.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The application relates to the field of electrochemistry, in particular to application of a water-based electrolyte with adjustable relaxation time to a zinc metal negative electrode and a zinc battery. BACKGROUND

[0002] Serious environmental pollution and excessive greenhouse gas emissions have greatly promoted the development and utilization of renewable energy. In view of the characteristics of the dispersion and intermittence of renewable energy, the development of advanced electrochemical energy storage devices has ushered in an unprecedented prosperous era, especially in the application scenarios of fixed energy storage. However, the lithium ion battery with the highest proportion in the existing electrochemical energy storage equipment is facing the problems of lithium resource scarcity (about 0.0065wt% of the earth's crust) and flammable organic electrolyte, so it is not a wise choice to develop lithium ion batteries to realize the green and safe power grid level energy storage system advocated by the country. In this case, rechargeable aqueous zinc batteries are considered to be one of the most promising candidates for future large-scale renewable energy storage devices, because they have unique environmental friendliness and inherent high safety characteristics compared with the same type of batteries using flammable organic electrolytes. And because the zinc metal negative electrode has the advantages of high theoretical capacity (mass specific capacity: 820mAh g -1 ; volume specific capacity: 5855mAh cm -3 ), abundant reserves, low cost and good redox potential (-0.762V vs. SHE), it has become the most commonly used negative electrode material in high specific energy aqueous zinc batteries. However, the irreversible deposition / stripping behavior of the zinc metal negative electrode seriously hinders the practical deployment of high specific energy aqueous zinc batteries in fixed energy storage devices. As for the aqueous zinc battery system using weak acid electrolyte (pH=4-6), the zinc metal negative electrode will always be affected by uncontrollable zinc dendrite growth and adverse reactions (including corrosion of the zinc negative electrode surface, hydrogen evolution and byproduct generation caused by water decomposition, etc.) during the cycle process, which affects the electrochemical performance (such as cycle life, coulombic efficiency, etc.) of the aqueous zinc battery. It is always difficult to meet the high standards required for grid-level fixed energy storage.

[0003] In view of the above-mentioned complex problems faced by zinc anode, researchers have developed various strategies to improve the electrochemical performance of aqueous zinc batteries. Among them, the strategy of directly modifying / recompounding the aqueous electrolyte composed of a large number of water molecules is considered by researchers as one of the effective means to protect the zinc metal anode. Professor Ji Xuelai's team at Oregon State University [Nature Sustainability 2023, 6, 806] reported a concentrated electrolyte (30 m zinc chloride + 10 m tetramethylammonium chloride + 5 m lithium chloride), and the design of this high-concentration salt can adjust the coordination of hydrated zinc ions and generate a protective layer composed of an organic / inorganic composite outer layer and an inorganic inner layer in situ on the surface of the zinc metal anode to ensure that the zinc metal anode is not affected by the hydrogen evolution side reaction and the uneven growth of zinc dendrites. Professor Wang Chao's team at Tongji University [Advanced Materials 2023, 2306546] used acetamide, caprolactam, zinc trifluoromethanesulfonate, and water to construct a deep eutectic electrolyte system. This deep eutectic system not only restructures the solvation structure of zinc ions and promotes the stable deposition of zinc with the (002) crystal plane, but also greatly alleviates the problem of uneven growth of zinc dendrites.

[0004] From the above research results, it can be seen that modifying the electrolyte to suppress dendrite growth and side reactions is a desirable and effective strategy. However, most current electrolyte modification strategies use high-concentration zinc salts (additives) or a combination of multiple zinc salts (additives) to improve the zinc anode, and the improved electrochemical performance is often limited and can only focus on one aspect. Therefore, in order to obtain high-energy zinc batteries that have the potential to develop into large-scale stationary energy storage, a zinc battery electrolyte should be developed that can improve the electrochemical performance in multiple aspects, and only involves a low-concentration zinc salt or only uses a single and trace amount of additive. SUMMARY

[0005] In view of the technical problem that zinc dendrite growth, corrosion on the surface of the zinc anode, and hydrogen evolution side reactions inevitably occur during the use of aqueous zinc battery systems, thereby leading to a decline in the electrochemical performance of the aqueous zinc battery, the first aspect of the present application provides a water-based electrolyte with adjustable relaxation time, which comprises a zinc salt, an electrolyte additive, and water, wherein the electrolyte additive is a ketone substance.

[0006] In some embodiments, the ketone substance is selected from any one of indantrione, furanone, ginger ketone, phenyl ketone, tea aroma ketone, or triazone.

[0007] In some embodiments, the zinc salt is a water-soluble zinc salt.

[0008] In some more specific embodiments, the water-soluble zinc salt is selected from zinc sulfate, zinc trifluoromethanesulfonate, zinc chloride, zinc perchlorate, zinc bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, zinc tetrafluoroborate, zinc acetate, any one.

[0009] In some specific embodiments, the molar content of zinc ions in 1 L of electrolyte is 0.8-1.2 mol, and in some preferred embodiments, the molar content of zinc ions in 1 L of electrolyte is 1 mol.

[0010] In some specific embodiments, the molar content of zinc ions in 1 L of electrolyte is 0.8-1.2 mol, and in some preferred embodiments, the molar content of zinc ions in 1 L of electrolyte is 1 mol.

[0011] The second aspect of the present application proposes the use of an indantrione, furanone, gingerone, phenylhydrazone, theaflavone or triazolone as an electrolyte additive in the regulation of the relaxation time.

[0012] In some specific embodiments, the molar concentration of the indantrione in 1 L of electrolyte is 1.07-19.98 mmol, and in some preferred embodiments, the molar concentration of the indantrione in 1 L of electrolyte is 5 mmol.

[0013] In some specific embodiments, the molar amount of one of the furanone, gingerone, phenylhydrazone, theaflavone or triazolone in 1 L of electrolyte is 4.5-5.5 mmol.

[0014] The third aspect of the present application proposes a battery comprising the aqueous electrolyte of the first aspect.

[0015] In some specific embodiments, the battery is a symmetric battery or an asymmetric battery.

[0016] In some specific embodiments, the electrode material of the battery is selected from one or more of zinc, copper, ammonium vanadate, tin, indium, titanium, nickel, copper sulfide, copper telluride, copper selenide.

[0017] In some specific embodiments, the electrode material is coated on a current collector selected from one of stainless steel mesh, copper foil, aluminum foil, graphite paper, carbon paper, carbon felt.

[0018] In some specific embodiments, the positive electrode and the negative electrode of the symmetric battery are both zinc sheets.

[0019] In some specific embodiments, the asymmetric battery is prepared by coupling a zinc foil as the negative electrode and a copper foil as the positive electrode.

[0020] In some specific embodiments, the zinc battery is prepared by coupling a zinc foil as the negative electrode and a positive electrode sheet as the positive electrode.

[0021] In some embodiments, the thickness of the zinc foil is 50-200 μm, and in some preferred embodiments, the thickness of the zinc foil is 100 μm.

[0022] In some embodiments, the positive electrode tab material is selected from any one of ammonium vanadate, sodium vanadate, vanadium pentoxide, manganese dioxide, or elemental sulfur, selenium, tellurium, iodine, bromine.

[0023] Advantages of the present application:

[0024] (1) The aqueous electrolyte used in the present application contains a small molecule ketone with a lone pair of electrons group (carbonyl), which has a strong electronegative characteristic that enables the additive to quickly adsorb to the zinc metal surface, causing the double electric layer between the solid-liquid (zinc metal and electrolyte) interface to be restructured (mainly by changing the thickness ratio between the inner and outer Helmholtz layers); and to achieve the regulation of the relaxation time, so that the zinc ion concentration can always remain uniform, thereby effectively alleviating the uneven growth of zinc dendrites. And because the oxygen atom of the carbonyl group can attract hydrogen in water molecules as a proton acceptor, the aqueous electrolyte can also change and regulate the desolvation process of zinc ions, which not only facilitates the uniform deposition / peeling of zinc, but also significantly accelerates the transport efficiency of zinc ions, and can effectively inhibit the reactivity of water, thereby reducing the hydrogen evolution side reaction, ultimately achieving a zinc metal anode and zinc battery with excellent rate performance (30 mA cm -2 ) and ultra-long cycle life (1500 hours).

[0025] (2) The zinc salt involved in the aqueous electrolyte used in the present application is economical and practical, the concentration of the additive used is extremely low (0.005 mol / L), and the process required for the configuration of the electrolyte is simple, the reaction conditions are mild, the reaction time is short, it is easy to mass produce and store, and the aqueous electrolyte can not only be used on zinc metal anodes, but also on some other metal anodes (such as tin foil, indium foil, titanium foil, nickel foil, etc.), metal powders (such as zinc powder, tin powder, indium powder, copper powder, etc.), negative electrode materials (such as copper sulfide, copper telluride, copper selenide, etc.), etc., and has good application and development prospects. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0026] Figure 1 is the Tafel curve graph of the zinc metal anode in Example 1 and the comparative example.

[0027] Figure 2 is the linear sweep voltammetry curve graph of the zinc metal anode in Example 1 and the comparative example.

[0028] Figure 3 is the X-ray diffraction graph of the zinc metal anode before and after soaking in the comparative example.

[0029] Figure 4 is the X-ray diffraction pattern of the zinc metal anode before and after immersion in Example 1.

[0030] Figure 5 is the rate capability plot of the symmetric cell prepared in Comparative Example for the zinc metal anode.

[0031] Figure 6 is the rate capability plot of the symmetric cell prepared in Example 1 for the zinc metal anode.

[0032] Figure 7 is the cyclic voltammogram of the symmetric cell prepared in Comparative Example for the zinc metal anode at a current density of 1 mA cm -2 with a deposition surface capacity of 1 mAh cm -2 .

[0033] Figure 8 is the cyclic voltammogram of the symmetric cell prepared in Example 1 for the zinc metal anode at a current density of 1 mA cm -2 with a deposition surface capacity of 1 mAh cm -2 .

[0034] Figure 9 is the cyclic performance plot of the asymmetric cell prepared in Example 1 and Comparative Example for the zinc metal anode at a current density of 5 mA cm -2 with a deposition surface capacity of 1 mAh cm -2 .

[0035] Figure 10 is the scanning electron microscope image of the zinc metal anode after cycling in Comparative Example.

[0036] Figure 11 is the scanning electron microscope image of the zinc metal anode after cycling in Example 1.

[0037] Figure 12 is the long cycle performance plot of the zinc cell prepared in Example 1 and Comparative Example for the zinc metal anode at a current density of 10 Ag -1 . DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0038] The further features, advantages and effects of the present application will become more apparent and transparent to those skilled in the art through the following further detailed description of embodiments of the present application in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments.

[0039] The specific embodiments of the present application will be further described below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. However, the scope of protection of the present application is not limited to these embodiments.

[0040] Example 1

[0041] The embodiment provides a preparation method of a water-based electrolyte with adjustable relaxation time, and detailed steps of the method are as follows.

[0042] (1) 115.02g of zinc sulfate heptahydrate is placed in a beaker, 400ml of water is added, and after stirring uniformly, 1mol / L of a zinc sulfate solution is obtained.

[0043] (2) 100ml of the 1mol / L zinc sulfate solution is taken, 0.089g of indantrione is added, and after the solution is stirred uniformly, the water-based electrolyte with adjustable relaxation time of the embodiment 1 is obtained.

[0044] The electrolyte is placed into a 2032 button cell together with two pieces of zinc metal and a separator to couple, and the symmetrical battery of the embodiment 1 is obtained.

[0045] The electrolyte is placed into a 2032 button cell together with one piece of zinc metal, one piece of copper foil and a separator to couple, and the asymmetric battery of the embodiment 1 is obtained.

[0046] The electrolyte is placed into a 2032 button cell together with one piece of zinc metal, one piece of ammonium vanadate positive electrode and a separator to couple, and the zinc battery of the embodiment 1 is obtained.

[0047] Embodiment 2

[0048] The embodiment provides a preparation method of a water-based electrolyte with adjustable relaxation time, and the difference between the method and the embodiment 1 is mainly as follows: in step (2), 0.019g of indantrione is added into 100ml of 1mol / L zinc sulfate solution to obtain the water-based electrolyte with adjustable relaxation time.

[0049] The remaining steps and the experimental parameters involved are the same as those of the embodiment 1.

[0050] Embodiment 3

[0051] The embodiment provides a preparation method of a water-based electrolyte with adjustable relaxation time, and the difference between the method and the embodiment 1 is mainly as follows: in step (2), 0.036g of indantrione is added into 100ml of 1mol / L zinc sulfate solution to obtain the water-based electrolyte with adjustable relaxation time.

[0052] The remaining steps and the experimental parameters involved are the same as those of the embodiment 1.

[0053] Embodiment 4

[0054] The present example provides a preparation method of aqueous electrolyte with adjustable relaxation time. The main difference between the present example and Example 1 is as follows: in step (2), 0.178 g of indantrione is added to 100 mL of 1 mol / L zinc sulfate solution to obtain the aqueous electrolyte with adjustable relaxation time.

[0055] The remaining steps and the experimental parameters involved are the same as those of Example 1.

[0056] Example 5

[0057] The present example provides a preparation method of aqueous electrolyte with adjustable relaxation time. The main difference between the present example and Example 1 is as follows: in step (2), 0.356 g of indantrione is added to 100 mL of 1 mol / L zinc sulfate solution to obtain the aqueous electrolyte with adjustable relaxation time.

[0058] The remaining steps and the experimental parameters involved are the same as those of Example 1.

[0059] Example 6

[0060] The present example provides a preparation method of aqueous electrolyte with adjustable relaxation time. The main difference between the present example and Example 1 is as follows: in step (2), 0.064 g of furanone is added to 100 mL of 1 mol / L zinc sulfate solution to obtain the aqueous electrolyte with adjustable relaxation time.

[0061] The remaining steps and the experimental parameters involved are the same as those of Example 1.

[0062] Example 7

[0063] The present example provides a preparation method of aqueous electrolyte with adjustable relaxation time. The main difference between the present example and Example 1 is as follows: in step (2), 0.076 g of theaflavone is added to 100 mL of 1 mol / L zinc sulfate solution to obtain the aqueous electrolyte with adjustable relaxation time.

[0064] The remaining steps and the experimental parameters involved are the same as those of Example 1.

[0065] Example 8

[0066] The present example provides a preparation method of aqueous electrolyte with adjustable relaxation time. The main difference between the present example and Example 1 is as follows: in step (2), 0.147 g of triazolone is added to 100 mL of 1 mol / L zinc sulfate solution to obtain the aqueous electrolyte with adjustable relaxation time.

[0067] The remaining steps and the experimental parameters involved are the same as those of Example 1.

[0068] Comparative Example

[0069] Weigh 115.02 g of zinc sulfate heptahydrate and place it in a beaker. Add 400 mL of water and stir until homogeneous to obtain the electrolyte used in the comparative example. Couple this electrolyte, along with two zinc metal electrodes and a separator, into a 2032 coin cell to obtain the symmetrical battery of the comparative example. Couple this electrolyte, along with one zinc metal electrode, one copper foil electrode, and a separator, into a 2032 coin cell to obtain the asymmetrical battery of the comparative example. Couple this electrolyte, along with one zinc metal negative electrode, one ammonium vanadate positive electrode, and a separator, into a 2032 coin cell to obtain the zinc battery of the comparative example.

[0070] The symmetric cells prepared in Examples 1-8 and the comparative examples were tested at a current density of 1 mA / cm². -2 The deposition surface capacity is 1 mAh cm⁻¹ -2 Electrochemical tests were performed, and the results are shown in Table 1.

[0071] Table 1 Battery cycle life of various embodiments of the present invention

[0072]

[0073]

[0074] Figure 1 In Example 1 and the comparative example, the zinc metal anode was used in a three-electrode system with a scan rate of 1 mV / s. -1 The Tafel curve below. From Figure 1 It can be seen that the corrosion potential of Example 1 is significantly higher than that of the comparative example (-0.966V vs -0.977V), and its corrosion current is also lower. This indicates that the zinc metal anode in Example 1 is less prone to corrosion, and even if corrosion does occur, its corrosion rate is significantly slower than that of the comparative example, proving that the zinc metal anode in Example 1 has excellent corrosion resistance.

[0075] Figure 2 In Example 1 and the comparative example, the zinc metal anode was used in a three-electrode system with a scan rate of 1 mV / s. -1 The linear sweep voltammetry curve below. From Figure 2 It can be observed that the "inflection point" (first hydrogen evolution potential) of Example 1 occurs later than that of the comparative example, and the response current generated during the hydrogen evolution reaction is also significantly smaller than that of the comparative example (when the response current is -20 mA cm⁻¹). -2The potential corresponding to the example is -1.306 V, and the potential corresponding to the comparative example is -1.204 V. This shows that the zinc metal anode in Example 1 is more difficult to undergo a hydrogen evolution side reaction, and even if a hydrogen evolution side reaction occurs, the amount of hydrogen produced is significantly less than that of the comparative example, proving that the hydrogen evolution side reaction of the zinc metal anode in Example 1 is significantly inhibited.

[0076] Figure 3 and Figure 4 are the X-ray diffraction patterns of the zinc metal anode before and after immersion in the comparative example and Example 1, respectively. As shown in Figure 3 , when the zinc metal anode is immersed in the comparative example, strong diffraction peaks attributable to basic zinc sulfate salt (Zn4SO4(OH)6·5H2O, card PDF #39-0688) are detected, which indicates that in the comparative example, the zinc metal anode spontaneously undergoes a hydrogen evolution side reaction, resulting in an increase in hydroxyl ion concentration, and the hydroxyl ion rapidly consumes zinc ions to generate a basic zinc sulfate salt byproduct, which also causes the zinc ion concentration at the interface to be unevenly distributed. In the example, the zinc metal anode Figure 4 after immersion, no additional obvious diffraction peaks were detected, similar to the zinc metal anode before immersion, which indicates that the hydrogen evolution reaction of the zinc metal anode in Example 1 is significantly inhibited, and no basic zinc sulfate salt is generated, which also ensures that the zinc ion concentration of the zinc metal anode in Example 1 is uniformly distributed.

[0077] Figure 5 and Figure 6 are the rate cycling curves of the symmetric battery prepared using the zinc metal anode in the comparative example and Example 1, respectively. As shown in Figure 5 , when the zinc metal anode in the comparative example is cycled, the polarization of the battery rapidly increases with increasing current density, and rapidly fails at 20 mA cm -2 . As can be seen from Figure 6 , the zinc metal anode can stably operate at each current density, and can reach up to 30 mA cm -2 . This shows that the side reaction of the zinc metal anode in Example 1 is significantly inhibited, and the zinc ion concentration can still be uniformly distributed at a large rate to achieve a uniform zinc deposition / stripping process.

[0078] Figure 7 and Figure 8 are the cycle curves of the symmetric battery prepared using the zinc metal anode in the comparative example and Example 1 at a current density of 1 mA cm -2 and a deposition surface capacity of 1 mAh cm -2 . As shown in Figure 7As shown, the zinc metal anode in the comparative example only cycled for about 100 hours, short circuit phenomenon occurred, which indicates that the side reaction of the zinc metal anode in the comparative example is serious, resulting in a short cycle life. While the zinc metal anode in Example 1 can achieve a long cycle of up to 1500 hours Figure 8 , which indicates that the side reaction problem of the zinc metal anode in Example 1 is greatly alleviated, and the zinc ion concentration distribution can be kept uniform for a long time during the long cycle process, thereby effectively alleviating the problem of uneven zinc dendrite growth.

[0079] Figure 9 is the cycle performance diagram of the zinc battery prepared by the zinc metal anode in Example 1 and the comparative example at a current density of 5 mA cm -2 , and a deposition surface capacity of 1 mAh cm -2 . It can be known from Figure 9 that the coulombic efficiency of the zinc metal anode in the comparative example rapidly decreases to 20-40% after only 131 high reversible cycles, which indicates that too much zinc is lost during the deposition / stripping process, and high reversible cycles cannot be achieved. While the zinc metal anode in Example 1 can perform 2500 high reversible cycles, and the average coulombic efficiency is more than 99%. This indicates that the zinc metal anode in Example 1 not only has excellent cycle life but also has extremely high zinc deposition / stripping reversibility.

[0080] Figure 10 and Figure 11 are scanning electron microscope images of the zinc metal anode after cycling in the comparative example and Example 1, respectively. It can be seen that there are a large number of dead zinc on the surface of the zinc metal anode after cycling in the comparative example, and the distribution is uneven. In contrast, the surface of the zinc metal anode after cycling in Example 1 remains smooth and dense.

[0081] Figure 12 is the long cycle performance diagram of the zinc battery prepared by the zinc metal anode in Example 1 and the comparative example at a current density of 10 Ag -1 . It can be clearly found that the zinc battery in Example 1 can provide a high reversible capacity of about 140 mAh g -1 at a large current density of 10 Ag -1 , and still has a capacity retention rate of up to 92.1% after 1800 cycles. In sharp contrast, the zinc battery in the comparative example has a capacity of only 20 mAh g -1 (less than 16% capacity retention rate) after 1800 cycles.

[0082] The asymmetric batteries prepared in Examples 1-8 and the comparative example were cycled at a current density of 5 mA cm -2 , and a deposition surface capacity of 1 mAh cm -2The electrochemical test was carried out, and the results are shown in Table 2.

[0083] Table 2 Reversible cycle times of batteries of each embodiment of the present application

[0084] High number of reversible cycles Additive Example 1 2500 Indantrione Example 2 771 Indantrione Example 3 2031 Indantrione Example 4 1921 Indantrione Example 5 1352 Indantrione Example 6 1611 Furanone Example 7 1882 Theaspirone Example 8 1673 Triazolone Comparative example 131 None

[0085] It can be seen from Table 1 and Table 2 that the cycle life and high reversible cycle times of all the embodiments exceed those of the comparative examples, and the electrochemical performance of Example 1 is the best, indicating that the relaxation time regulated in this embodiment is the most suitable.

[0086] The above-described embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the present application, rather than limit them; although the present application has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, those of ordinary skill in the art should understand that they can still modify the technical solutions recorded in the foregoing embodiments, or make equivalent replacements for part of the technical features; and these modifications or replacements do not make the essence of the corresponding technical solutions deviate from the spirit and scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present application, and should be included in the protection scope of the present application.

Claims

1. An aqueous electrolyte with adjustable relaxation time, characterized in that, The electrolyte comprises zinc salt, electrolyte additive, and water. The electrolyte additive is a ketone, selected from any one of ninhydrin, furanone, gingerone, phenanthrene, tea ketone, or triazolone. The molar concentration of zinc ions is 0.8~1.2 mol / L, and the molar concentration of the ketone is 1.1 mmol / L~20 mmol / L.

2. The aqueous electrolyte with adjustable relaxation time according to claim 1, characterized in that, The ketones are selected from any one of ninhydrin, furanone, tea ketone, or triazolone.

3. The aqueous electrolyte with adjustable relaxation time according to claim 1, characterized in that, The zinc salt is a water-soluble zinc salt, selected from any one of zinc sulfate, zinc trifluoromethanesulfonate, zinc chloride, zinc perchlorate, zinc bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, zinc tetrafluoroborate, and zinc acetate.

4. The aqueous electrolyte with adjustable relaxation time according to claim 1, characterized in that, The zinc ion molar concentration is 1 mol / L.

5. The aqueous electrolyte with adjustable relaxation time according to claim 1, characterized in that, The molar concentration of the ketones is 5-10 mmol / L.

6. The aqueous electrolyte with adjustable relaxation time according to claim 1, characterized in that, The molar concentration of the ketone substance is 5 mmol / L.

7. The use of an electrolyte additive as a regulator of relaxation time in a zinc electrode, characterized in that, The zinc ion molar concentration in the electrolyte is 0.8~1.2 mol / L, and the electrolyte is an aqueous electrolyte. The electrolyte additive is selected from any one of ninhydrin, furanone, gingerone, phenanthrene, tea ketone, or triazolone. The molar concentration of ninhydrin in the electrolyte is 1.07 mmol / L~19.98 mmol / L, and the concentration of any one of furanone, gingerone, phenanthrene, tea ketone, or triazolone in the electrolyte is 4.5 mmol / L~5.5 mmol / L.

8. The use of the electrolyte additive according to claim 7 as a regulator of relaxation time in a zinc electrode, characterized in that, The molar concentration of ninhydrin in the electrolyte is 5 mmol / L.

9. A battery comprising any one of the aqueous electrolytes of claims 1 to 6.

10. The battery according to claim 9, characterized in that, The battery is either a symmetrical battery or an asymmetrical battery.

11. The battery according to claim 9, characterized in that, The electrode material of the battery is selected from one or more of zinc, copper, ammonium vanadate, tin, indium, titanium, nickel, copper sulfide, copper telluride, and copper selenide, and / or the electrode material covers the current collector, which is selected from one of stainless steel mesh, copper foil, aluminum foil, graphite paper, carbon paper, and carbon felt.

12. The battery according to claim 10, characterized in that, The positive and negative electrodes of the symmetrical battery are both zinc sheets, and / or the asymmetrical battery is made by coupling a zinc foil as the negative electrode with a positive electrode sheet, and / or the thickness of the zinc foil is 50μm-200μm, and / or the material of the positive electrode sheet is selected from ammonium vanadate, copper, sodium vanadate, vanadium pentoxide, manganese dioxide, or any one of elemental sulfur, selenium, tellurium, iodine, and bromine.

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