Method of execution of a quantum circuit based on a continuous entanglement distribution protocol

Abstract

The present disclosure provides an execution method of a quantum circuit based on a persistent entanglement distribution protocol, the method comprising: obtaining quantum circuit and quantum cluster information, wherein the quantum cluster information comprises a quantum cluster composed of a plurality of quantum devices, the number of qubits of different quantum devices, the number of communication links between different quantum devices, persistent entanglement distribution protocol information and quantum cluster parameters; performing line segmentation processing on the quantum circuit to obtain a sub-circuit topology graph; processing the quantum cluster information to obtain cluster topology information; generating a line heat map and a cluster topology heat map according to the sub-circuit topology graph and the cluster topology information; performing mapping processing on the line heat map and the cluster topology heat map to obtain target line device mapping information; based on the persistent entanglement distribution protocol information, determining whether there is a remote operation according to the target line device mapping information and from a plurality of quantum sub-lines in the quantum circuit, and performing the remote operation.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This disclosure relates to the field of quantum information technology, and more specifically, to a method for executing a quantum circuit based on a persistent entanglement distribution protocol. Background Technology

[0002] The development of quantum hardware devices has been relatively slow compared to the increase in the scale of quantum algorithms and quantum programs. Therefore, it is becoming increasingly possible to execute large-scale quantum programs in quantum distributed clusters composed of small-scale quantum devices. When distributing qubits of a multi-qubit quantum gate to different quantum devices for remote operation, this generally requires first obtaining entanglement between relevant bits through entanglement generation and entanglement swapping, and then implementing the multi-qubit quantum gate through telegate or teledata. This process consumes pre-allocated entangled pairs, such as EPR pairs.

[0003] In practice, network states change significantly (e.g., entanglement has a limited effective time, and it may fail after the cutoff time). Therefore, we need to adaptively select the execution scheme to improve performance. Finally, we execute the scheme on hardware to obtain the results. Considering that current quantum computers are severely affected by noise and have short settling times, traditional quantum circuit mapping tools struggle to minimize circuit execution time under continuous entanglement distribution protocols, and the utilization rate of entangled paths is low. Summary of the Invention

[0004] In view of this, embodiments of the present disclosure provide a method for executing a quantum circuit based on a persistent entanglement distribution protocol.

[0005] Embodiments of this disclosure provide a method for executing a quantum circuit based on a persistent entanglement distribution protocol, comprising:

[0006] Acquire quantum circuit and quantum cluster information, wherein the quantum cluster information includes a quantum cluster composed of multiple quantum devices, the number of qubits of different quantum devices, the number of communication links between different quantum devices, continuous entanglement distribution protocol information, and quantum cluster parameters;

[0007] Based on the quantum cluster information mentioned above, the quantum circuit is segmented to obtain a sub-circuit topology map.

[0008] The quantum cluster information is processed using a preset sampling method to obtain cluster topology information, wherein the cluster topology information characterizes the frequency of quantum entanglement between different quantum devices within a preset number of samplings.

[0009] Based on the above sub-line topology diagram and the above cluster topology information, generate a line heat map and a cluster topology heat map;

[0010] The Hungarian algorithm is used to map the above line heatmap and the above cluster topology heatmap to obtain the target line equipment mapping information;

[0011] Based on the aforementioned continuous entanglement distribution protocol information, the existence of remote operation is determined according to the aforementioned target line device mapping information, and the aforementioned remote operation is executed.

[0012] According to embodiments of this disclosure, the quantum circuit is segmented based on the aforementioned quantum cluster information to obtain a sub-circuit topology map, including:

[0013] Based on the number of bits of the quantum devices in the above quantum cluster information, the above quantum circuit is divided into multiple quantum sub-circuits.

[0014] By sampling multiple of the above-mentioned quantum circuits, a topology diagram of the above-mentioned quantum circuits among different quantum circuits is obtained.

[0015] According to embodiments of this disclosure, the plurality of quantum circuits are segmented based on the number of communication links described above to obtain a plurality of quantum sub-circuits, including:

[0016] Based on the number of qubits in the aforementioned quantum devices, the aforementioned multiple quantum circuits are partitioned using the Metis graph partitioning method to obtain multiple aforementioned quantum sub-circuits, wherein the number of qubits in each of the aforementioned quantum sub-circuits is no greater than the minimum value among the number of qubits in the multiple quantum devices.

[0017] According to embodiments of this disclosure, the quantum cluster information is processed using a preset sampling method to obtain cluster topology information, including:

[0018] The quantum cluster information is sampled a predetermined number of times to obtain the virtual topological information of the quantum cluster, wherein the virtual topological information represents the entangled topological information of the quantum cluster.

[0019] According to embodiments of this disclosure, a line heatmap and a cluster topology heatmap are generated based on the above-described sub-line topology diagram and the above-described cluster topology information, including:

[0020] Based on the above sub-line topology diagram, the above line heat map is generated. The heat value of each sub-line topology point in the above line heat map is the sum of the number of remote operations of the quantum sub-line and related sub-line corresponding to the above sub-line topology point. The above remote operation represents the two-bit operation of all related two qubits belonging to different quantum sub-lines.

[0021] Based on the above cluster topology information, the above cluster topology heatmap is generated, wherein the heat value of each cluster topology point in the above cluster topology heatmap is the sum of the edge weights of the quantum device and related devices corresponding to the above cluster topology point.

[0022] According to embodiments of this disclosure, the Hungarian algorithm is used to map the aforementioned line heatmap and the aforementioned cluster topology heatmap to obtain target line equipment mapping information, including:

[0023] The Hungarian algorithm is used to solve the heatmap of the above-mentioned line and the heatmap of the above-mentioned cluster topology to obtain the target line device mapping information. The target line device mapping information represents the mapping relationship between different quantum lines performing two-bit operations between different quantum devices.

[0024] According to embodiments of this disclosure, based on the aforementioned persistent entanglement distribution protocol information, and based on the aforementioned target line device mapping information and determining whether remote operation exists from among the multiple quantum lines in the aforementioned quantum lines, the remote operation is executed, including:

[0025] For each quantum circuit, if the two bits involved in a two-bit operation in the quantum circuit represent two different nodes in the target circuit device mapping information, the two-bit operation is determined to be a remote operation; if there is entanglement between the two different nodes, the remote operation is executed.

[0026] According to embodiments of this disclosure, the method for executing a quantum circuit further includes:

[0027] Given that the target line equipment mapping information indicates that two bits in the quantum sub-line are not entangled in the nodes of the target line equipment mapping information, the breadth-first search algorithm is used to calculate the entangled path between the two remote nodes of the quantum sub-line in the target line equipment mapping information table.

[0028] Based on the aforementioned entangled path, perform remote operations corresponding to the aforementioned quantum circuits.

[0029] According to embodiments of this disclosure, sub-circuit topology maps and cluster topology information are obtained by performing circuit segmentation and cluster information sampling on quantum circuits and quantum cluster information, respectively. Then, the corresponding circuit heatmaps and cluster topology heatmaps are mapped, and remote operations are performed according to the entanglement situation in actual execution. This enables efficient execution of quantum algorithm programs on quantum computer clusters under a continuous entanglement distribution protocol, while simultaneously possessing the characteristics of low quantum execution time and high entanglement utilization. Attached Figure Description

[0030] The above and other objects, features and advantages of this disclosure will become clearer from the following description of embodiments with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0031] Figure 1 A flowchart illustrating an execution method of a quantum circuit based on a persistent entanglement distribution protocol according to an embodiment of the present disclosure is shown schematically.

[0032] Figure 2 A schematic diagram illustrating a method for executing a quantum circuit according to an embodiment of the present disclosure is shown.

[0033] Figure 3 A schematic diagram illustrating cluster topology information according to an embodiment of the present disclosure is shown.

[0034] Figure 4 A schematic diagram illustrating target line device mapping information according to an embodiment of the present disclosure is shown.

[0035] Figure 5 A schematic diagram illustrating target line device mapping information according to an embodiment of the present disclosure is shown. Detailed Implementation

[0036] The embodiments of the present disclosure will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings. However, it should be understood that these descriptions are exemplary only and are not intended to limit the scope of the disclosure. In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are set forth to provide a thorough understanding of the embodiments of the present disclosure for ease of explanation. However, it will be apparent that one or more embodiments may be practiced without these specific details. Furthermore, descriptions of well-known structures and techniques are omitted in the following description to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the concepts of the present disclosure.

[0037] The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to limit this disclosure. The terms “comprising,” “including,” etc., as used herein indicate the presence of the stated features, steps, operations, and / or components, but do not exclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, steps, operations, or components.

[0038] All terms used herein (including technical and scientific terms) have the meanings commonly understood by those skilled in the art, unless otherwise defined. It should be noted that the terms used herein are to be interpreted in a manner consistent with the context of this specification, and not in an idealized or overly rigid way.

[0039] When using expressions such as "at least one of A, B, and C", they should generally be interpreted in accordance with the meaning that is commonly understood by a person skilled in the art (e.g., "a system having at least one of A, B, and C" should include, but is not limited to, a system having A alone, a system having B alone, a system having C alone, a system having A and B, a system having A and C, a system having B and C, and / or a system having A, B, and C, etc.).

[0040] Figure 1 A flowchart illustrating an execution method of a quantum circuit based on a persistent entanglement distribution protocol according to an embodiment of the present disclosure is shown. Figure 2 A schematic diagram illustrating a method for executing a quantum circuit according to an embodiment of the present disclosure is shown. Figure 3 A schematic diagram illustrating cluster topology information according to an embodiment of the present disclosure is shown. Figure 4 A schematic diagram illustrating target line device mapping information according to an embodiment of the present disclosure is shown.

[0041] like Figure 1 As shown, the execution method of the quantum circuit based on the continuous entanglement distribution protocol includes operations S101 to S103.

[0042] In operation S101, quantum circuit and quantum cluster information are obtained. The quantum cluster information includes a quantum cluster consisting of multiple quantum devices, the number of qubits of different quantum devices, the number of communication links between different quantum devices, the information on the continuous entanglement distribution protocol, and quantum cluster parameters.

[0043] In operation S102, the quantum circuit is segmented based on the quantum cluster information to obtain the sub-circuit topology map;

[0044] In operation S103, the quantum cluster information is processed using a preset sampling method to obtain cluster topology information, wherein the cluster topology information characterizes the frequency of quantum entanglement between different quantum devices within a preset number of samplings.

[0045] In operation S104, a line heat map and a cluster topology heat map are generated based on the sub-line topology map and cluster topology information.

[0046] In operation S105, the Hungarian algorithm is used to map the line heat map and the cluster topology heat map to obtain the target line equipment mapping information.

[0047] In operation S106, based on the continuous entanglement distribution protocol information, it is determined whether remote operation exists according to the target line equipment mapping information, and the remote operation is executed according to the actual entanglement situation.

[0048] According to embodiments of this disclosure, the quantum circuit is derived from a quantum algorithm program, referring to the sequence of operations required to perform a certain operation (e.g., X-gate operation). The quantum circuit can be a fault-tolerant quantum circuit (RCA circuit, QAOA circuit, etc.) or a NISQ (noisy medium-scale quantum) circuit. During the conversion process, quantum cluster information also needs to be acquired simultaneously. This quantum cluster information includes the hardware model of the entire distributed cluster and related persistent entanglement distribution protocol information. The hardware model can be constructed according to a 3x3 grid hardware topology. The quantum cluster parameters in this information include the performance of the quantum computers in the cluster (number of qubits, device noise, etc.) and the network performance of the cluster (network topology of devices in the cluster, reliability of inter-device communication, communication latency, etc.). The persistent entanglement distribution protocol information includes the SRS (Single Random Swap) protocol.

[0049] According to embodiments of this disclosure, remote operation: when a quantum circuit cannot be executed independently on a single quantum device, it is necessary to divide the quantum circuit into quantum sub-circuits with fewer bits based on a hardware model of a distributed cluster (i.e., a quantum cluster), and each quantum sub-circuit will be assigned to a quantum device in the cluster for execution. Some multi-qubit quantum gates may inevitably be assigned to different quantum sub-circuits, i.e., executed on different quantum devices, hence the term remote operation.

[0050] According to embodiments of this disclosure, see Figure 2 First, input the quantum circuit P and the quantum cluster information. Based on the quantum cluster information, perform circuit segmentation on the quantum circuit to obtain a sub-circuit topology. For example, it can be divided into sub-circuit topologies with each quantum sub-circuit consisting of 5 bits. Simultaneously, obtain the sub-circuit topologies between the quantum sub-circuit information. Furthermore, pre-defined sampling methods such as simulation, sampling, or random walks can be used to process the quantum cluster information to obtain, for example... Figure 3 The cluster topology information shown is as follows, Figure 3 In (a), ABCD represents quantum devices. Figure 3 Table (b) shows the frequencies of entangled links between different quantum devices.

[0051] According to embodiments of this disclosure, after obtaining the line topology map and cluster topology information respectively, corresponding line heatmaps and cluster topology heatmaps can be obtained based on the two topology data. By using the Hungarian algorithm to map the line heatmap and cluster topology heatmap, the target line equipment mapping information can be obtained. See [link to relevant documentation]. Figure 4 The number of remote operations that need to be performed between any two quantum circuits can be clearly known from the target circuit equipment mapping information. Figure 4The circles represent qubits, numbered 0, 1, 2, and 3 respectively; the rectangles represent quantum circuits; and the directed lines represent the control relationships between qubits. Figure 4 (a) indicates that two remote operations are performed between the left and right quantum circuits (bit 0 controls bit 3 once and bit 1 controls bit 2 once each), i.e. Figure 4 (b) has a weight of 2 for the edge between the two quantum circuits.

[0052] According to embodiments of this disclosure, based on the target line device mapping information obtained above, the presence of remote operation is determined from multiple quantum lines in quantum line P based on the SRS protocol. Figure 4 Remote operation exists, that is Figure 4 (As shown by the lines in the diagram), and perform remote operations.

[0053] According to embodiments of this disclosure, sub-circuit topology maps and cluster topology information are obtained by performing circuit segmentation and cluster information sampling on quantum circuits and quantum cluster information, respectively. Then, the corresponding circuit heatmaps and cluster topology heatmaps are mapped, and remote operations are performed according to the entanglement situation in actual execution. This enables efficient execution of quantum algorithm programs on quantum computer clusters under a continuous entanglement distribution protocol, while simultaneously possessing the characteristics of low quantum execution time and high entanglement utilization.

[0054] According to embodiments of this disclosure, a quantum circuit is segmented based on quantum cluster information to obtain a circuit topology map, including:

[0055] Based on the number of qubits in the quantum devices in the quantum cluster information, the quantum circuit is segmented to obtain multiple quantum sub-circuits, and a circuit topology diagram between different quantum sub-circuits is generated based on the multiple quantum sub-circuits.

[0056] According to embodiments of this disclosure, the number of communication links in each quantum circuit must not exceed the processing capacity of the quantum device. For example, each quantum circuit in a fault-tolerant quantum circuit has 40 bits, and for a NISQ circuit, each quantum circuit has 5 bits.

[0057] According to embodiments of this disclosure, multiple quantum sub-circuits can be obtained by performing circuit segmentation on the quantum circuit, thereby obtaining a circuit topology diagram.

[0058] According to embodiments of this disclosure, multiple quantum circuits are segmented based on the number of bits in the devices within the cluster to obtain multiple quantum sub-circuits, including:

[0059] Based on the number of communication links, the Metis graph partitioning method is used to divide multiple quantum lines into multiple quantum sub-lines. The number of qubits in each quantum sub-line is no greater than the minimum number of bits in the devices of the multiple clusters.

[0060] According to embodiments of this disclosure, the Metis graph partitioning method is a hierarchical partitioning algorithm (multi-level partitioning). The core idea is to continuously reduce the size of the original graph given the original graph structure, and then partition the reduced graph structure to a certain extent. Finally, the partitioned subgraphs are restored to the original graph structure to ensure the balance of each subgraph.

[0061] According to embodiments of this disclosure, quantum cluster information is processed using a preset sampling method to obtain cluster topology information, including:

[0062] The quantum cluster information is sampled a predetermined number of times to obtain virtual topological information of the quantum cluster, wherein the virtual topological information represents the entangled topological information of the quantum cluster.

[0063] According to embodiments of this disclosure, the specific value of the preset number of times can be set according to actual needs, for example, it can be 10,000 times.

[0064] According to embodiments of this disclosure, a heatmap of the line and a virtual topology heatmap of the cluster (i.e., a cluster topology heatmap) are generated based on the line topology diagram and the entangled topology information (i.e., virtual topology information) of the quantum cluster, including:

[0065] Based on the sub-line topology diagram, a line heat map is generated. The heat map value of each sub-line topology point in the line heat map is the sum of the number of remote operations of the quantum sub-line corresponding to the sub-line topology point and the related sub-line. The remote operation represents the two-bit operation of all related two qubits belonging to different quantum sub-lines.

[0066] Based on the entangled topology information of the quantum cluster, a cluster topology heatmap is generated. The heatmap value of each cluster topology point is the sum of the edge weights of the quantum device and related devices corresponding to the cluster topology point.

[0067] According to embodiments of this disclosure, the Hungarian algorithm is used to map line heatmaps and cluster topology heatmaps to obtain target line equipment mapping information, including:

[0068] The Hungarian algorithm is used to solve the line heatmap and cluster topology heatmap to obtain the target line device mapping information. The target line device mapping information represents the mapping relationship between different quantum lines performing two-bit operations between different quantum devices. The cost of mapping between quantum lines and quantum devices is the difference between the heat values ​​of the corresponding nodes in the cluster topology heatmap and the line heatmap.

[0069] According to embodiments of this disclosure, based on persistent entanglement distribution protocol information, determining whether remote operation exists from multiple quantum circuits in the quantum circuit based on target circuit device mapping information, and performing remote operation, includes:

[0070] For each quantum circuit, if the two bits involved in a two-bit operation in the quantum circuit represent two different nodes in the target circuit device mapping information, the two-bit operation is determined to be a remote operation; if there is entanglement between the two different nodes, the remote operation is executed.

[0071] According to embodiments of this disclosure, the method for executing a quantum circuit further includes:

[0072] If two bits in the quantum circuit are not entangled in the nodes of the target line equipment mapping information, the breadth-first search algorithm is used to calculate the entangled path between the two remote nodes of the quantum circuit in the target line equipment mapping information table.

[0073] Remote operations corresponding to quantum circuits are performed based on entangled paths.

[0074] According to embodiments of this disclosure, for each remote operation obtained through mapping, the execution method of the remote operation is determined by combining the real-time entanglement distribution in the protocol. The basic process is as follows:

[0075] (1) Determine whether there is entanglement between the two remote operation nodes containing the two bits in the remote operation. If there is, execute the remote operation directly. If not, proceed to the second step.

[0076] (2) Calculate the entangled path between the two remote nodes containing the two bits in the above remote operation using the breadth-first search algorithm. That is, the path between the two nodes in the virtual topology. Select one of the entangled paths and the entanglement within it (each segment of the path may contain multiple already deployed entanglements) to execute the current remote operation.

[0077] Figure 5 A schematic diagram illustrating target line device mapping information according to an embodiment of the present disclosure is shown.

[0078] In one specific embodiment, this disclosure selects NISQ (Noise-Including Medium-Scale Quantum) circuits ( Figure 5 The first five lines of the route), the fault-tolerant route ( Figure 5 Rows 6 through 11 show two quantum circuit sizes: RCA (100, 200, 300 qubits) and QAOA (100, 200, 300 qubits). The quantum cluster uses a 3x3 grid topology, with 40 qubits per node for fault-tolerant circuits and 5 qubits per node for NISQ circuits. The SRS (Single Random Swap) protocol is used for continuous entanglement distribution. Tests were conducted on 11 quantum circuits of different sizes; the specific circuits and results are shown above. Figure 5 As shown in the figure. Comparative analysis shows that the method disclosed herein reduces remote operation time by an average of 25.4% compared to the current best results.

[0079] The embodiments of this disclosure have been described above. However, these embodiments are for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope of this disclosure. Although various embodiments have been described above, this does not mean that the measures in the various embodiments cannot be used advantageously in combination. The scope of this disclosure is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents. Various substitutions and modifications can be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of this disclosure, and all such substitutions and modifications should fall within the scope of this disclosure.

Claims

1. An execution method of a quantum circuit based on a persistent entanglement distribution protocol, comprising: obtaining quantum circuit and quantum cluster information, wherein the quantum cluster information comprises a quantum cluster composed of a plurality of quantum devices, the number of qubits of different quantum devices, the number of communication links between different quantum devices, persistent entanglement distribution protocol information, and quantum cluster parameters; performing circuit segmentation processing on the quantum circuit based on the quantum cluster information to obtain a sub-circuit topology graph; processing the quantum cluster information using a preset sampling method to obtain cluster topology information, comprising: performing preset number of sampling processing on the quantum cluster information to obtain virtual topology information of the quantum cluster, wherein the cluster topology information represents the frequency of quantum entanglement between different quantum devices within a preset number of sampling times, and the virtual topology information represents entanglement topology information of the quantum cluster; generating a circuit heat map and a cluster topology heat map according to the sub-circuit topology graph and the cluster topology information, comprising: generating the circuit heat map according to the sub-circuit topology graph, wherein the heat value of each sub-circuit topology point in the circuit heat map is the sum of the number of remote operations of the quantum sub-circuit and the related sub-circuit corresponding to the sub-circuit topology point, and the remote operation represents a two-qubit operation in which all related two qubits belong to different quantum sub-circuits; generating the cluster topology heat map according to the cluster topology information, wherein the heat value of each cluster topology point in the cluster topology heat map is the sum of the edge weights of the quantum device and the related device corresponding to the cluster topology point; performing mapping processing on the circuit heat map and the cluster topology heat map using the Hungarian algorithm to obtain target circuit device mapping information; determining whether there is a remote operation according to the target circuit device mapping information based on the persistent entanglement distribution protocol information, and performing the remote operation, comprising: for each quantum sub-circuit, if the two bits involved in a two-bit operation in the quantum sub-circuit belong to two different nodes in the target circuit device mapping information, determining the two-bit operation as a remote operation; if there is entanglement between the two different nodes, performing the remote operation.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein, performing circuit segmentation processing on the quantum circuit based on the quantum cluster information to obtain a sub-circuit topology graph, comprising: performing circuit segmentation processing on the quantum circuit based on the number of bits of the quantum devices in the quantum cluster information to obtain a plurality of quantum sub-circuits; generating the sub-circuit topology graph between different quantum sub-circuits according to a plurality of quantum sub-circuits.

3. The method of claim 2, wherein, performing circuit segmentation processing on the quantum circuit based on the number of bits of the quantum devices in the quantum cluster information to obtain a plurality of quantum sub-circuits, comprising: performing circuit segmentation processing on the quantum circuit using the metis graph partitioning method based on the number of communication links to obtain a plurality of quantum sub-circuits, wherein the number of quantum bits of each quantum sub-circuit is not greater than the minimum value of the number of quantum bits of a plurality of quantum devices.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein, The line heat map and the cluster topology heat map are mapped by using a Hungarian algorithm to obtain target line device mapping information, including: The line heat map and the cluster topology heat map are solved by using a Hungarian algorithm to obtain the target line device mapping information, wherein the target line device mapping information represents the mapping relationship between different quantum lines and different quantum devices for performing two-bit operations.

5. The method of claim 1, further comprising: in the case that the target line device mapping information represents that two bits in the quantum sub-line do not exist in the entanglement in the nodes in the target line device mapping information, calculating an entanglement path existing between two remote nodes in the target line device mapping information table by using a breadth-first search algorithm; performing a remote operation corresponding to the quantum sub-line based on the entanglement path.

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