Solar cell module, its preparation method and solar cell

Abstract

The present application discloses a solar cell module, a preparation method thereof, and a solar cell. The solar cell module includes a substrate and at least one battery unit disposed on the substrate. The battery unit includes a first electrode layer, a functional layer, and a second electrode layer that are sequentially stacked in a direction away from the substrate. Among them, the first electrode layer includes a conductive portion, a light-transmitting hole is formed in the conductive portion, and a light-adjusting portion is disposed in at least one light-transmitting hole. The light-adjusting portion includes a first surface protruding in a direction away from the substrate, and the material of the light-adjusting portion includes a transparent polymer.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This application belongs to the technical field of batteries, and particularly relates to a solar cell module, a preparation method thereof, and a solar cell. Background Art

[0002] The development of semiconductor technology plays a crucial role in the progress of the electronics industry. As a new type of semiconductor, perovskite has many advantages such as long carrier diffusion length, high defect tolerance, adjustable bandgap, and large absorption coefficient. Compared with traditional organic and inorganic semiconductors, the preparation process of perovskite is simple and the cost is relatively low, showing great advantages in the semiconductor field. Up to now, the efficiency of perovskite solar cells has exceeded 26%, and T95 has exceeded thousands of hours. In addition, it has been studied and applied in light-emitting diodes, detectors, lasers, etc. As an emerging semiconductor material, perovskite shows great potential.

[0003] However, the performance of current perovskite cells needs to be improved. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The purpose of this application is to provide a solar cell module, a preparation method thereof, and a solar cell, which can improve the performance of the solar cell.

[0005] In the first aspect of this application, a solar cell module is provided, including a substrate and at least one battery unit disposed on the substrate. The battery unit includes a first electrode layer, a functional layer, and a second electrode layer that are sequentially stacked in a direction away from the substrate. Among them, the first electrode layer includes a conductive portion, and a light-transmitting hole is formed in the conductive portion. At least one light-adjusting portion is disposed in the light-transmitting hole. The light-adjusting portion includes a first surface that protrudes in a direction away from the substrate, and the material of the light-adjusting portion includes a transparent polymer.

[0006] In some embodiments, the shape of the orthographic projection of the light-adjusting portion on the substrate includes at least one of a circle, an ellipse, and a polygon.

[0007] In some embodiments, along a direction perpendicular to the plane where the substrate is located, the cross-sectional shape of the first surface of the light-adjusting portion is arc-shaped.

[0008] In some embodiments, the light-adjusting portion is hemispherical or semi-ellipsoidal;

[0009] In some embodiments, along a direction perpendicular to the plane where the substrate is located, the thickness H of the light-adjusting portion satisfies: 50 nm ≤ H ≤ 500 nm;

[0010] In some embodiments, along a direction perpendicular to the plane where the substrate is located, the light-adjusting portion protrudes from a surface of the conductive portion on a side away from the substrate;

[0011] In some embodiments, the number of light-transmitting holes is multiple, and the multiple light-transmitting holes are arranged in an array;

[0012] In some embodiments, the area ratio Z1 of the orthographic projection of the light-transmitting hole on the substrate to the orthographic projection of the conductive portion on the substrate satisfies: ≤Z1≤1.

[0013] In some embodiments, the multiple light-transmitting holes include a first light-transmitting hole and a second light-transmitting hole, and the light adjusting portion is located in the first light-transmitting hole;

[0014] In some embodiments, there is a gap between the light adjusting portion and the side wall of the first light-transmitting hole, or the side wall of the first light-transmitting hole is in contact with the light adjusting portion;

[0015] In some embodiments, multiple light adjusting portions arranged side by side are provided in the first light-transmitting hole;

[0016] In some embodiments, the battery unit includes an effective area and an ineffective area, and the light adjusting portion and the first light-transmitting hole are located in the effective area;

[0017] In some embodiments, the second light-transmitting hole is located in the effective area;

[0018] In some embodiments, the area ratio Z2 of the orthographic projection of the first light-transmitting hole on the substrate to the orthographic projection of the second light-transmitting hole on the substrate satisfies: 1≤Z2≤4;

[0019] In some embodiments, the shape of the orthographic projection of the multiple second light-transmitting holes on the substrate includes at least one of a circle, an ellipse, and a polygon.

[0020] In some embodiments, along the direction away from the substrate, the functional layer includes a first transport layer, a photosensitive layer, and a second transport layer stacked in sequence; a plurality of grooves are formed on the side of the first transport layer facing away from the substrate, and part of the photosensitive layer is filled in the grooves;

[0021] In some embodiments, the battery unit includes an effective area and an ineffective area, and the grooves are located in the effective area;

[0022] In some embodiments, along the thickness direction of the substrate, the ratio Z3 of the depth of the groove to the thickness of the first transport layer satisfies: 0.5≤Z3≤0.8.

[0023] In some embodiments, the battery unit includes a first opening, a second opening, and a third opening. The first opening penetrates the first electrode layer, the second opening penetrates the functional layer, and the third opening penetrates the second electrode layer. The orthographic projection of the second opening on the substrate is located between the orthographic projection of the first opening on the substrate and the orthographic projection of the third opening on the substrate;

[0024] In some embodiments, the number of battery cells is plural, and the plural battery cells are electrically connected to each other; among two adjacent battery cells, the second electrode layer of a battery cell extends into the second opening and is electrically connected to the first electrode layer of another adjacent battery cell.

[0025] In some embodiments, the material of the first electrode includes a light-transmissive material.

[0026] The second aspect of the present application provides a method for manufacturing a solar cell module, and the manufacturing method includes:

[0027] Form a first electrode layer on one side of a substrate, the first electrode layer includes a conductive portion, a light-transmissive hole is formed in the conductive portion, and at least one light-transmissive hole is provided with a light-adjusting portion, the light-adjusting portion includes a first surface protruding away from the substrate, and the material of the light-adjusting portion includes a transparent polymer;

[0028] Form a functional layer on the side of the first electrode layer facing away from the substrate;

[0029] Form a second electrode layer on the side of the functional layer facing away from the substrate.

[0030] In some embodiments, the step of forming the first electrode layer on one side of the substrate includes:

[0031] Form a first electrode material layer on one side of the substrate;

[0032] Perform patterning on the first electrode material layer to form the conductive portion and the light-transmissive hole;

[0033] Form a light-adjusting portion in at least one light-transmissive hole.

[0034] In some embodiments, the step of forming the first electrode layer on one side of the substrate includes:

[0035] Form at least one light-adjusting portion on one side of the substrate;

[0036] Form a first electrode material layer on the side of the light-adjusting portion facing away from the substrate, and the first electrode material layer surrounds the periphery of the light-adjusting portion to form the conductive portion and at least one light-transmissive hole.

[0037] In some embodiments, the step of forming the functional layer on the side of the first electrode layer facing away from the substrate includes:

[0038] Prepare a first transport material layer on the side of the first electrode layer facing away from the substrate, and etch on the side of the first transport material layer facing away from the substrate to form a first transport layer with a plurality of grooves;

[0039] Prepare a photosensitive material layer on the side of the first transport layer facing away from the substrate, and partially fill the photosensitive material layer into the grooves to form a photosensitive layer;

[0040] A second transport layer is prepared on the side of the photosensitive layer facing away from the substrate.

[0041] In some embodiments, the step of forming the second electrode layer on the side of the functional layer facing away from the substrate includes:

[0042] Placing a mask on the side of the functional layer facing away from the substrate;

[0043] Preparing a second electrode material layer on the side of the mask facing away from the substrate, with a part of the second electrode material layer covering the side of the functional layer facing away from the substrate;

[0044] Removing the mask to form the second electrode layer and the third opening.

[0045] The third aspect of the present application provides a solar cell, including the solar cell module of any one of the above; or, a solar cell module prepared by the preparation method of any one of the above.

[0046] The embodiments of the present application provide a solar cell module, its preparation method, and a solar cell. The solar cell module includes a substrate and at least one battery unit disposed on the substrate. The battery unit includes a first electrode layer, a functional layer, and a second electrode layer stacked in sequence along the direction away from the substrate. Light passes through the first electrode layer from the substrate and is transmitted to the functional layer, where it is separated to generate electron-hole pairs. Electrons and holes move towards the second electrode layer and the first electrode layer respectively, thereby generating current and achieving photoelectric conversion. The first electrode layer includes a conductive portion, and a light-transmitting hole is formed in the conductive portion. Therefore, the light transmittance of the first electrode layer can be improved through the light-transmitting hole, enabling more light to pass through the first electrode layer and be transmitted to the functional layer, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell. Moreover, a light adjustment portion is disposed in at least one light-transmitting hole. The light adjustment portion includes a first surface protruding away from the substrate, so that the light can be concentrated through the light adjustment portion, increasing the illumination intensity of the light irradiating on the functional layer, and further improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell module. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0047] In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present application, the following will briefly introduce the drawings required to be used in the embodiments of the present application. Obviously, the following described drawings are only some embodiments of the present application. For those of ordinary skill in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative efforts.

[0048] Figure 1 It is a schematic cross-sectional view of a solar cell module provided by some embodiments of the present application;

[0049] Figure 2 It is a partial schematic cross-sectional view of a solar cell module provided by some embodiments of the present application;

[0050] Figure 3 is Figure 2 a schematic cross-sectional view at A-A in

[0051] Figure 4 a schematic cross-sectional view of a solar cell module provided by some other embodiments of the present application;

[0052] Figure 5 a schematic cross-sectional view of a solar cell module provided by some other embodiments of the present application;

[0053] Figure 6 a schematic cross-sectional view of a solar cell module provided by some other embodiments of the present application;

[0054] Figure 7 another partial cross-sectional view of a solar cell module provided by some embodiments of the present application;

[0055] Figure 8 a schematic cross-sectional view of a solar cell module provided by some other embodiments of the present application;

[0056] Figure 9 is Figure 8 a partial cross-sectional view at B-B in

[0057] Figure 10 is Figure 8 another partial cross-sectional view at B-B in

[0058] Figure 11 another schematic cross-sectional view of a solar cell module provided by some embodiments of the present application;

[0059] Figure 12 a flowchart of a preparation method of a solar cell module provided by some embodiments of the present application;

[0060] Figure 13 a flowchart of a preparation method of a solar cell module provided by some other embodiments of the present application;

[0061] Figure 14 a flowchart of a preparation method of a solar cell module provided by some other embodiments of the present application;

[0062] Figure 15 a flowchart of a preparation method of a solar cell module provided by some other embodiments of the present application;

[0063] Figure 16 a flowchart of a preparation method of a solar cell module provided by some other embodiments of the present application;

[0064] Figure 17The top view corresponding to step S31 in the method for preparing a solar cell module provided in some embodiments of the present application;

[0065] Figure 18 is Figure 17 The schematic cross-sectional view at C-C in.

[0066] The reference numerals in the drawings are as follows:

[0067] Substrate 10; battery cell 20; first electrode layer 21; conductive part 211; light-transmitting hole 212; first light-transmitting hole 212a; second light-transmitting hole 212b; first opening 213; functional layer 22; second opening 221; second electrode layer 23; third opening 231; light ray adjusting part 24; first surface 241; first transmission layer 25; groove 251; photosensitive layer 26; second transmission layer 27; mask 30. Detailed implementation manners

[0068] The following further describes in detail the implementation manners of the present application with reference to the drawings and embodiments. The detailed description and drawings of the following embodiments are used to exemplarily illustrate the principle of the present application, but cannot be used to limit the scope of the present application, that is, the present application is not limited to the described embodiments.

[0069] In the description of the present application, it should be noted that unless otherwise specified, the meaning of "a plurality of" is two or more; the orientation or positional relationship indicated by the terms "upper", "lower", "left", "right", "inner", "outer", etc. is only for the convenience of describing the present application and simplifying the description, rather than indicating or implying that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, be constructed and operated in a specific orientation, and therefore cannot be understood as a limitation to the present application. In addition, the terms "first", "second", "third", etc. are only used for descriptive purposes and cannot be understood as indicating or implying relative importance. "Vertical" is not strictly vertical, but within the allowable error range. "Parallel" is not strictly parallel, but within the allowable error range.

[0070] Referring to "embodiments" in the present application means that the specific features, structures or characteristics described in combination with the embodiments can be included in at least one embodiment of the present application. The appearance of this phrase at various positions in the specification does not necessarily refer to the same embodiment, nor is it an independent or alternative embodiment mutually exclusive with other embodiments. Those skilled in the art explicitly and implicitly understand that the embodiments described in the present application can be combined with other embodiments.

[0071] The orientation terms used in the following description are all the directions shown in the figures, and do not limit the specific structure of the present application. In the description of the present application, it should also be noted that unless otherwise clearly specified and limited, the terms "installed", "connected", and "joined" should be understood in a broad sense. For example, it can be a fixed connection, a detachable connection, or an integral connection; it can be directly connected, or indirectly connected through an intermediate medium. For those of ordinary skill in the art, the specific meanings of the above terms in the present application can be understood according to specific circumstances.

[0072] Please refer to Figure 1 , a first aspect of the present application provides a solar cell module, including a substrate 10 and at least one battery unit 20 disposed on the substrate 10. The battery unit 20 includes a first electrode layer 21, a functional layer 22, and a second electrode layer 23 stacked in sequence along a direction away from the substrate 10. Among them, the first electrode layer 21 includes a conductive portion 211, and a light-transmitting hole 212 is formed in the conductive portion 211. At least one light-adjusting portion 24 is disposed in the light-transmitting hole 212. The light-adjusting portion 24 includes a first surface 241 protruding away from the substrate 10, and the material of the light-adjusting portion 24 includes a transparent polymer.

[0073] It should be noted that the solar cell module provided by the present application can be applied to any type of battery capable of realizing photoelectric conversion. Exemplarily, the solar cell module of the present application can be applied to a perovskite battery.

[0074] The substrate 10 can play a supporting role for the battery unit 20. It can be a rigid substrate made of materials such as glass or plastic, or a flexible substrate made of materials such as polyethersulfone (PES), polyacrylate (PAR), polyetherimide (PEI), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), polyarylate, polyimide (PI), polycarbonate (PC), or cellulose acetate propionate (CAP). When the substrate 10 includes a flexible substrate, the corresponding solar cell can be a flexible battery. When the substrate 10 includes a rigid substrate, the corresponding solar cell can be a rigid battery. The first electrode layer 21 can be a negative electrode, and the second electrode layer 23 can be a positive electrode.

[0075] It can be understood that during the operation of the solar cell, light passes through the first electrode layer 21 from the substrate 10 and is transmitted to the functional layer 22. The functional layer 22 receives external light and generates electron-hole pairs. Under the action of an external electric field, electrons and holes can move along the thickness direction of the substrate 10 towards the second electrode layer 23 and the first electrode layer 21 respectively, and form a current during the movement, thereby realizing photoelectric conversion.

[0076] In an embodiment of the present application, by providing that the first electrode layer 21 includes a conductive portion 211 and a light-transmitting hole 212 is formed in the conductive portion 211, thus, the light transmittance of the first electrode layer 21 can be increased through the light-transmitting hole 212, so that more light can pass through the first electrode layer 21 and be transmitted to the functional layer 22, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell module. At the same time, a light adjustment portion 24 is disposed in at least one light-transmitting hole 212. The light adjustment portion 24 includes a first surface 241 protruding away from the substrate 10. The material of the light adjustment portion 24 includes a transparent polymer, so that light can pass through the light adjustment portion 24 and be converged by the light adjustment portion, increasing the light intensity of the light irradiated on the functional layer 22, thereby further improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell module.

[0077] It should be noted that, as Figure 1 shown, the light adjustment portion 24 protrudes away from the substrate 10, and its cross-section can gradually decrease in the direction away from the substrate 10. Therefore, when light is incident on the first electrode layer 21 from the substrate 10, the light adjustment portion 24 located in the light-transmitting hole 212 can refract the light, causing the light to converge to increase the light intensity irradiated on the functional layer 22.

[0078] In some alternative embodiments, the light adjustment portion 24 further includes a second surface that is connected end to end with the first surface 241, and the second surface contacts the surface of the substrate 10 facing the functional layer 22.

[0079] Exemplarily, the material of the light adjustment portion 24 may include at least one of optical glue, polyimide, and polyethylene terephthalate, so that light can pass through the light adjustment portion 24.

[0080] Preferably, the shape of the orthographic projection of the light adjustment portion 24 on the substrate 10 includes at least one of a circle, an ellipse, and a polygon, that is, the cross-sectional shape of the light adjustment portion 24 may include at least one of a circle, an ellipse, and a polygon. Thus, by reasonably setting the shape of the light adjustment portion 24, the light converging effect of the light adjustment portion 24 can be improved.

[0081] It should be noted that the polygons mentioned in the embodiments of the present application may be triangles, rectangles, pentagons, hexagons, etc. In some alternative embodiments, the shape of the orthographic projection of the light-transmitting hole 212 on the substrate 10 may include at least one of a circle, an ellipse, and a polygon. The width of the light-transmitting hole 212 in the direction parallel to the plane where the substrate 10 is located may be greater than or equal to 2 microns and less than or equal to 3 microns. For example, the width of the light-transmitting hole 212 in the direction parallel to the plane where the substrate 10 is located may be 2 microns, 2.2 microns, 2.4 microns, 2.6 microns, 2.9 microns, 3 microns, etc.

[0082] Preferably, in a direction perpendicular to the substrate 10, the cross-sectional shape of the first surface 241 of the light adjusting portion 24 is arc-shaped, so as to improve the light converging effect of the light adjusting portion 24 on light.

[0083] It should be clear that the cross-sectional shape of the light adjusting portion 24 in the thickness direction of the substrate 10 is arc-shaped and protrudes towards the functional layer 22, so that at least a part of the cross-section of the light adjusting portion 24 gradually decreases in a direction away from the substrate 10.

[0084] Preferably, the light adjusting portion 24 is hemispherical or semi-ellipsoidal, so as to reasonably set the shape of the light adjusting portion 24 and improve its light converging effect on light.

[0085] It should be noted that the light adjusting portion 24 is hemispherical or semi-ellipsoidal, that is, the shape of the orthographic projection of the light adjusting portion 24 on the substrate 10 can be circular or elliptical, so that the light adjusting portion 24 has good light converging ability.

[0086] Moreover, the light adjusting portion 24 is disposed in the light-transmitting hole 212. Therefore, the shape of the light-transmitting hole 212 is adapted to the outer contour shape of the light adjusting portion 24. For example, when the shape of the light adjusting portion 24 is hemispherical or semi-ellipsoidal, the shape of the light-transmitting hole 212 can be generally hemispherical or semi-ellipsoidal.

[0087] Preferably, in a direction perpendicular to the plane where the substrate 10 is located, the thickness H of the light adjusting portion 24 satisfies: 50 nm ≤ H ≤ 500 nm, so as to reasonably set the thickness of the light adjusting portion 24 and improve the light converging effect of the light adjusting portion 24 on light.

[0088] The thickness of the light adjusting portion 24 can be greater than or equal to 50 nm and less than or equal to 500 nm. For example, the thickness of the light adjusting portion 24 can be 50 nm, 100 nm, 200 nm, 300 nm, 400 nm, 500 nm, etc.

[0089] Preferably, in a direction perpendicular to the plane where the substrate 10 is located, the light adjusting portion 24 protrudes from the surface of the conductive portion 211 on the side away from the substrate 10, which can reduce the shielding of light by the conductive portion 211 and improve the light transmission effect of the first electrode layer 21.

[0090] It should be clear that when the light adjusting portion 24 protrudes from the surface of the conductive portion 211 on the side away from the substrate 10, the shape of the light-transmitting hole 212 is adapted to the shape of the part of the light adjusting portion 24 located in the light-transmitting hole 212.

[0091] Please refer to Figure 2, preferably, the number of the light-transmitting holes 212 is plural, and the plural light-transmitting holes 212 are arranged in an array, so as to further improve the light transmittance of the first electrode layer 21 and improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0092] It should be clear that when the number of the light-transmitting holes 212 is plural, the light-adjusting parts 24 can be arranged in all of the plural light-transmitting holes 212, or the light-adjusting parts 24 can be arranged in some of the plural light-transmitting holes 212, and the remaining light-transmitting holes 212 are in a hollow state or are used to arrange other materials. Moreover, the shapes of the plural light-transmitting holes 212 can be the same or different, which is not limited in this embodiment.

[0093] Preferably, the area ratio Z1 of the orthographic projection of the light-transmitting hole 212 on the substrate 10 to the orthographic projection of the conductive part 211 on the substrate 10 satisfies: ≤Z1≤1, so as to improve the light transmittance of the first electrode layer 21 on the basis of ensuring the conductivity of the first electrode layer 21 by reasonably setting the volumes of the light-transmitting hole 212 and the conductive part 211.

[0094] The area ratio of the orthographic projection of the light-transmitting hole 212 on the substrate 10 to the orthographic projection of the conductive part 211 on the substrate 10 can be greater than or equal to and less than or equal to 1. For example, the area ratio can be , , , 0.5, 1, etc.

[0095] Please refer to Figure 3 , in some embodiments, the plural light-transmitting holes 212 include a first light-transmitting hole 212a and a second light-transmitting hole 212b, and the light-adjusting part 24 is located in the first light-transmitting hole 212a.

[0096] In these embodiments, the light-adjusting part 24 is located in the first light-transmitting hole 212a, and the second light-transmitting hole 212b can be in a hollow state, so as to improve the light transmittance of the first electrode layer 21 while converging light through the light-adjusting part 24.

[0097] It should be noted that in the embodiments of the present application, the first light-transmitting hole 212a refers to the light-transmitting hole 212 provided with the light-adjusting part 24, and the second light-transmitting hole 212b refers to the light-transmitting hole 212 not provided with the light-adjusting part 24, that is, the light-transmitting hole 212 in a hollow state or provided with other materials. Moreover, the shape of the first light-transmitting hole 212a and the shape of the second light-transmitting hole 212b can be the same or different, which is not limited in this embodiment.

[0098] In some embodiments, please refer to Figure 4, there is a gap between the light adjusting portion 24 and the side wall of the first light transmissive hole 212a, or, please refer to Figure 5 , the side wall of the first light transmissive hole 212a contacts the light adjusting portion 24.

[0099] Specifically, the first light transmissive hole 212a may include a first side opening close to the substrate 10 and a second side opening far from the substrate 10. Please refer to Figure 4 , the area of the orthographic projection of the first side opening on the substrate 10 may be less than or equal to the area of the orthographic projection of the second side opening on the substrate 10, such that the cross-section of the first light transmissive hole 212a in the direction perpendicular to the plane where the substrate 10 is located may be approximately square or inverted trapezoidal. At this time, when the light adjusting portion 24 is disposed in the first light transmissive hole 212a, there may be a gap between the first surface 241 of the light adjusting portion 24 and the side wall of the first light transmissive hole 212a, that is, the first surface 241 does not contact the side wall of the first light transmissive hole 212a. It should be noted that in this embodiment, the first light transmissive hole 212a as shown in Figure 4 may be formed by means such as dry etching or laser etching, so that the cross-section of the first light transmissive hole 212a in the direction perpendicular to the plane where the substrate 10 is located may be approximately square or inverted trapezoidal. Moreover, in this embodiment, the second light transmissive hole 212b may be prepared synchronously with the first light transmissive hole 212a.

[0100] Or, please refer to Figure 5 and Figure 6 , the area of the orthographic projection of the first side opening of the first light transmissive hole 212a on the substrate 10 may also be greater than the area of the orthographic projection of the second side opening on the substrate 10. At this time, the first surface 241 of the light adjusting portion 24 may contact the side wall of the first light transmissive hole 212a, such that the shape of the first surface 241 may be adapted to the shape of the side wall of the first light transmissive hole 212a, that is, the first light transmissive hole 212a fits with the side wall of a part of the first surface 241.

[0101] It should be noted that in this embodiment, the light adjusting portion 24 may be formed on one side of the substrate 10 first, and then the first electrode material layer may be formed on the side of the light adjusting portion 24 away from the substrate 10, such that the first electrode material layer surrounds the periphery of the light adjusting portion 24, thereby forming the conductive portion 211 and Figure 5 and Figure 6 the first light transmissive hole 212a as shown. It can be understood that when the first light transmissive hole 212a is prepared by the above method, the second light transmissive hole 212b may be prepared after the first light transmissive hole 212a and the conductive portion 211 are prepared. For example, after the first light transmissive hole 212a and the conductive portion 211 are prepared, the second light transmissive hole 212b may be formed on the conductive portion 211 by means such as dry etching or laser etching, such that the shape of the second light transmissive hole 212b is as shown in Figure 5As shown, its cross-section in the direction perpendicular to the plane where the substrate 10 is located can be approximately square or inverted trapezoidal.

[0102] Alternatively, in this embodiment, after the conductive part 211 is prepared, the first light-transmitting holes 212a and the second light-transmitting holes 212b as shown can also be formed on the conductive part 211 by other means, so that the opening sizes of the first light-transmitting holes 212a and the second light-transmitting holes 212b gradually decrease in the direction away from the substrate. Figure 6 As shown, the opening sizes of the first light-transmitting holes 212a and the second light-transmitting holes 212b gradually decrease in the direction away from the substrate.

[0103] Please refer to Figure 7 , in some embodiments, a plurality of light-adjusting parts 24 arranged side by side are provided in the first light-transmitting hole 212a, which can further improve the light-gathering effect of the light-adjusting part 24 on light.

[0104] It should be noted that the number of the light-adjusting parts 24 provided in the first light-transmitting hole 212a can be reasonably set according to the actual situation. Moreover, among the plurality of light-adjusting parts 24 provided in the first light-transmitting hole 212a, there can be a certain gap between two adjacent light-adjusting parts 24 as shown, or two adjacent light-adjusting parts 24 can be in contact with each other. This embodiment does not limit this. Figure 7 As shown, there can be a certain gap between two adjacent light-adjusting parts 24, or two adjacent light-adjusting parts 24 can be in contact with each other. This embodiment does not limit this.

[0105] Please continue to refer to Figures 4 - 6 , preferably, the battery cell 20 includes an active area AA and an inactive area NA, and the light-adjusting part 24 and the first light-transmitting hole 212a are located in the active area AA.

[0106] It should be noted that the active area AA can be the area in the battery cell 20 where photoelectric conversion can be performed. In the active area AA, the first electrode layer 21, the functional layer 22, and the second electrode layer 23 are sequentially stacked. The inactive area NA can be the area in the battery cell 20 where photoelectric conversion is not performed. In the inactive area NA, the orthographic projection of the first electrode layer 21 on the substrate 10 is misaligned with the orthographic projection of the second electrode layer 23 on the substrate 10.

[0107] In this embodiment, by arranging the light-adjusting part 24 and the first light-transmitting hole 212a in the active area AA, the light transmittance of the active area AA can be ensured, thereby ensuring the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the battery cell 20. At the same time, there is no need to provide the first light-transmitting hole 212a and the light-adjusting part 24 in the inactive area NA, which can reduce resource waste, and the first light-transmitting hole 212a and the light-adjusting part 24 do not need to occupy the space of the inactive area NA, which can reduce the volume of the inactive area NA to a certain extent and reduce the space occupied by the inactive area NA in the battery cell 20.

[0108] Please continue to refer to Figures 4 - 6, preferably, the second light-transmitting hole 212b is located in the active area AA to further ensure the light transmittance of the active area AA. At the same time, the second light-transmitting hole 212b does not need to occupy the space of the inactive area NA, which can reduce the volume of the inactive area NA to a certain extent and reduce the space occupied by the inactive area NA in the battery unit 20.

[0109] It should be noted that in this application, the first light-transmitting hole 212a, the light adjusting portion 24, and the second light-transmitting hole 212b can also be simultaneously arranged in the active area AA and the inactive area NA to reduce the process difficulty.

[0110] Preferably, the area ratio Z2 of the orthographic projection of the first light-transmitting hole 212a on the substrate 10 to the orthographic projection of the second light-transmitting hole 212b on the substrate 10 satisfies: 1 ≤ Z2 ≤ 4, so as to reasonably set the ratio of the first light-transmitting hole 212a and the second light-transmitting hole 212b, that is, to reasonably set the ratio of the light adjusting portion 24 and the second light-transmitting hole 212b, to ensure the light-gathering effect of the light adjusting portion 24 and the light transmittance of the first electrode layer 21.

[0111] The area ratio of the orthographic projection of the first light-transmitting hole 212a on the substrate 10 to the orthographic projection of the second light-transmitting hole 212b on the substrate 10 can be greater than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to 4. For example, the area ratio can be 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, etc.

[0112] Please continue to refer to Figure 3 , preferably, the shape of the orthographic projection of the plurality of second light-transmitting holes 212b on the substrate 10 includes at least one of a circle, an ellipse, and a polygon, so as to reasonably set the shape of the second light-transmitting hole 212b.

[0113] Please refer to Figure 8 , in some embodiments, along the direction away from the substrate 10, the functional layer 22 includes a first transport layer 25, a photosensitive layer 26, and a second transport layer 27 that are sequentially stacked; a plurality of grooves 251 are formed on the side of the first transport layer 25 facing away from the substrate 10, and part of the photosensitive layer 26 is filled in the grooves 251.

[0114] In these embodiments, carriers are transported between the photosensitive layer 26 and the first electrode layer 21 through the first transport layer 25, and carriers are transported between the photosensitive layer 26 and the second electrode layer 23 through the second transport layer 27, which can improve the carrier transport efficiency and the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell. A plurality of grooves 251 are formed on the side of the first transport layer 25 facing away from the substrate 10, and part of the photosensitive layer 26 is filled in the grooves 251, so as to reduce the distance between the photosensitive layer 26 and the first electrode layer 21 and shorten the path of carrier transfer between the photosensitive layer 26 and the first electrode layer 21, so as to further improve the carrier transport efficiency between the first electrode layer 21 and the photosensitive layer 26.

[0115] Optionally, the material of the photosensitive layer 26 may include a perovskite material, which can improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell module.

[0116] It should be noted that the first transport layer 25 can be used to transport holes, and the second transport layer 27 can be used to transport electrons. Of course, in some other embodiments, the first transport layer 25 can also be used to transport electrons, and the second transport layer 27 can be used to transport holes. This embodiment is not limited.

[0117] In some alternative embodiments, the material of the first transport layer 25 may include nickel oxide, and the material of the second transport layer 27 may include C60 (fullerene), so that the first transport layer 25 and the second transport layer 27 have good carrier transport performance. Of course, the materials of the first transport layer 25 and the second transport layer 27 can also be other materials.

[0118] In some alternative embodiments, the shape of the orthographic projection of the groove 251 on the substrate 10 may include at least one of a circle, a square, an ellipse, and a polygon. Exemplarily, please refer to Figure 9 , the shape of the orthographic projection of the groove 251 on the substrate 10 may be a circle. Of course, among the plurality of grooves 251, the shapes of different grooves 251 may be the same or different. This embodiment is not limited.

[0119] In some alternative embodiments, two adjacent grooves 251 may communicate with each other, so that the orthographic projection of the groove 251 on the substrate 10 is as shown in Figure 10 , which can increase the proportion of the groove 251 in the first transport layer 25 and increase the volume of the photosensitive layer 26 disposed in the groove 251.

[0120] Please continue to refer to Figure 8 , preferably, the battery cell 20 includes an active region AA and an inactive region NA, and the groove 251 is located in the active region AA, so as to reduce the distance between the photosensitive layer 26 in the active region AA and the first electrode layer 21 and shorten the carrier transfer path between the photosensitive layer 26 in the active region AA and the first electrode layer 21. At the same time, since the inactive region NA does not need to be provided with the groove 251, the volume of the inactive region NA can be reduced to a certain extent, and the space occupied by the inactive region NA in the battery cell 20 can be reduced.

[0121] It should be noted that in this application, the groove 251 can also be provided in both the active region AA and the inactive region NA at the same time to reduce the process difficulty.

[0122] In some alternative embodiments, the battery cell 20 further includes an auxiliary transport layer disposed between the second transport layer 27 and the second electrode layer 23 to further accelerate the carrier transport between the functional layer 22 and the second electrode layer 23.

[0123] Preferably, along the thickness direction of the substrate 10, the ratio Z3 of the depth of the groove 251 to the thickness of the first transmission layer 25 satisfies: 0.5 ≤ Z3 ≤ 0.8, so as to reasonably set the depth of the groove 251 and the thickness of the first transmission layer 25, and on the basis of ensuring the performance of the first transmission layer 25, reduce the distance between the photosensitive layer 26 and the first electrode layer 21 as much as possible.

[0124] The ratio of the depth of the groove 251 to the thickness of the first transmission layer 25 can be greater than or equal to 0.5 and less than or equal to 0.8. For example, the ratio of the depth of the groove 251 to the thickness of the first transmission layer 25 can be 0.5, 0.6, 0.65, 0.7, 0.75, 0.8, etc.

[0125] Please refer to Figure 11 , in some embodiments, the battery cell 20 includes a first opening 213, a second opening 221, and a third opening 231. The first opening 213 penetrates the first electrode layer 21, the second opening 221 penetrates the functional layer 22, and the third opening 231 penetrates the second electrode layer 23. The orthographic projection of the second opening 221 on the substrate 10 is located between the orthographic projection of the first opening 213 on the substrate 10 and the orthographic projection of the third opening 231 on the substrate 10.

[0126] Specifically, the first opening 213 penetrates the first electrode layer 21, the second opening 221 penetrates the functional layer 22, and the third opening 231 penetrates the second electrode layer 23, so that the first electrode layers 21 of two adjacent battery cells 20 are spaced apart from each other through the first opening 213, the functional layers 22 are spaced apart from each other through the second opening 221, and the second electrode layers 23 are spaced apart from each other through the third opening 231, realizing insulation between two adjacent battery cells 20.

[0127] It can be understood that in the related art, the third opening 231 can penetrate the second electrode layer 23 and the functional layer 22 and expose a part of the first electrode layer 21 of another adjacent battery cell 20. The third opening 231 is usually etched through an etching process after the second electrode layer 23 is prepared. Therefore, during the etching process, the material of the second electrode layer 23 may fall into the third opening 231 and be connected to the first electrode layer 21 of another adjacent battery cell 20, resulting in a short circuit of the solar cell module.

[0128] Therefore, in these embodiments, by setting the third opening 231 to penetrate the second electrode layer 23, compared with setting the third opening 231 to penetrate both the second electrode layer 23 and the functional layer 22, it is possible to avoid the material of the second electrode layer 23 falling into the third opening 231 and being connected to the first electrode layer 21 during the preparation process of the third opening 231, thereby reducing the risk of short circuit in the solar cell module.

[0129] Preferably, the number of battery cells 20 is plural, and the plural battery cells 20 are electrically connected to each other; among two adjacent battery cells 20, the second electrode layer 23 of the battery cell 20 extends into the second opening 221 and is electrically connected to the first electrode layer 21 of another adjacent battery cell 20, so as to realize the series connection of the plural battery cells 20.

[0130] It should be noted that the orthographic projection of the functional layer 22 of one battery cell 20 on the substrate 10 may partially overlap with the orthographic projection of the first electrode layer 21 of another adjacent battery cell 20 on the substrate 10. Therefore, when the second opening 221 is formed in the functional layer 22, the orthographic projection of the second opening 221 on the substrate 10 can overlap with the orthographic projection of the first electrode layer 21 of another adjacent battery cell 20 on the substrate 10, so that the second electrode layer 23 of the battery cell 20 can be connected to the first electrode layer 21 of another adjacent battery cell 20 after extending into the second opening 221.

[0131] In some embodiments, the material of the first electrode layer 21 includes a light-transmitting material, so that light can pass through the substrate and enter the functional layer 22 from the first electrode layer 21.

[0132] Exemplarily, the first electrode layer 21 may be a transparent oxide electrode, and its material includes light-transmitting conductive materials such as indium tin oxide and fluorine-doped tin oxide. Optionally, the second electrode layer 23 may also be a transparent oxide electrode, and its material includes electrode materials such as indium tin oxide and fluorine-doped tin oxide. Alternatively, the second electrode layer 23 may also be a carbon electrode, a metal electrode or a metal alloy electrode. For example, the material of the second electrode layer 23 may include silver.

[0133] Please refer to Figure 12 , a preparation method of a solar cell module is provided in the third aspect of the present application, and the preparation method includes:

[0134] S10. Form the first electrode layer 21 on one side of the substrate 10. The first electrode layer 21 includes a conductive portion 211, a light-transmitting hole 212 is formed in the conductive portion 211, and a light adjusting portion 24 is disposed in at least one light-transmitting hole 212. The light adjusting portion 24 includes a first surface 241 protruding away from the substrate 10, and the material of the light adjusting portion 24 includes a transparent polymer.

[0135] S20. Form the functional layer 22 on the side of the first electrode layer 21 facing away from the substrate 10.

[0136] S30. Form the second electrode layer 23 on the side of the functional layer 22 facing away from the substrate 10.

[0137] Through the method for manufacturing a solar cell provided by the embodiments of the present application, first, a first electrode layer 21 is formed on one side of a substrate 10. The first electrode layer 21 includes a conductive portion 211, and a light-transmitting hole 212 is formed in the conductive portion 211. At least one light-adjusting portion 24 is disposed in the light-transmitting hole 212. The material of the light-adjusting portion 24 includes a transparent polymer. The light-adjusting portion 24 includes a first surface 241 protruding away from the substrate 10. Subsequently, a functional layer 22 is formed on the side of the first electrode layer 21 facing away from the substrate 10, and a second electrode layer 23 is formed on the side of the functional layer 22 facing away from the substrate 10, such that the first electrode layer 21, the functional layer 22, and the second electrode layer 23 form a battery unit 20. When light passes through the first electrode layer 21 from the substrate 10 and is transmitted to the functional layer 22, the functional layer 22 can receive external light and generate electron-hole pairs. Under the action of an external electric field, electrons and holes can move toward the second electrode layer 23 and the first electrode layer 21 along the thickness direction of the substrate 10, respectively, and a current is formed during the movement, thereby realizing photoelectric conversion. During this process, the light transmittance of the first electrode layer 21 can be improved through the light-transmitting hole 212 of the first electrode layer 21, such that more light can pass through the first electrode layer 21 and be transmitted to the functional layer 22, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell. Moreover, the light-adjusting portion 24 disposed in at least one light-transmitting hole 212 can converge light, such that the illumination intensity of the light irradiated on the functional layer 22 is increased, thereby further improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell module.

[0138] Please refer to Figure 13 , in some embodiments, the step of forming the first electrode layer 21 on one side of the substrate 10 includes:

[0139] S11. Form a first electrode material layer on one side of the substrate 10.

[0140] S12. Perform patterning on the first electrode material layer to form the conductive portion 211 and the light-transmitting hole 212. It should be noted that in this embodiment, processes such as dry etching or laser etching can be used to perform patterning on the first electrode material layer to form, as shown in Figure 4 the first light-transmitting hole 212a and the second light-transmitting hole 212b, such that the cross-section of the light-transmitting hole 212 in the direction perpendicular to the plane where the substrate 10 is located can be approximately square or inverted trapezoidal. When the light-adjusting portion 24 is disposed in the light-transmitting hole 212, there can be a gap between the first surface 241 of the light-adjusting portion 24 and the side wall of the light-transmitting hole 212. Of course, other processes can also be used in this embodiment to perform patterning on the first electrode material layer to form, as shown in Figure 6 the first light-transmitting hole 212a and the second light-transmitting hole 212b.

[0141] S13. Form a light adjusting portion 24 in at least one light transmissive hole 212. Specifically, the light adjusting portion 24 can be formed in at least one light transmissive hole 212 by means of inkjet printing.

[0142] In these embodiments, first, a first electrode material layer is formed on one side of the substrate 10 such that the first electrode material layer is provided as a whole layer, and then the first electrode material layer is patterned to form a conductive portion 211 and a light transmissive hole 212 surrounded by the conductive portion 211, so that the light transmittance of the first electrode layer 21 can be improved through the light transmissive hole 212. Moreover, by providing the light adjusting portion 24 in at least one light transmissive hole 212, the light is concentrated by the light adjusting portion 24 to improve the illumination intensity of the light.

[0143] Please refer to Figure 14 , in some other embodiments, the step of forming the first electrode layer 21 on one side of the substrate 10 includes:

[0144] S14. Form at least one light adjusting portion 24 on one side of the substrate 10. Exemplarily, a light adjusting material layer can be formed on one side of the substrate 10 by a coating process, and then the light adjusting material layer is patterned by exposure and development to form the light adjusting portion 24. For example, development can be performed with a developer solution having a concentration of 2.38% of TMAH (tetramethylammonium hydroxide).

[0145] S15. Form a first electrode material layer on the side of the light adjusting portion 24 facing away from the substrate 10. The first electrode material layer surrounds the periphery of the light adjusting portion 24 to form a conductive portion 211 and at least one light transmissive hole 212. Specifically, a first electrode material layer can be formed on the side of the light adjusting portion 24 facing away from the substrate 10, a part of the first electrode material layer is located on the periphery of the light adjusting portion 24, and a part of the first electrode material layer is away from the surface of the side of the light adjusting portion 24 facing away from the substrate 10. By removing the part of the first electrode material layer located on this surface, a conductive portion 211 and at least one light transmissive hole 212 surrounded by the conductive portion 211 are formed, so that the light adjusting portion 24 is located within the light transmissive hole 212.

[0146] In these embodiments, first, the light adjusting portion 24 is formed on one side of the substrate 10, and then the first electrode layer 21 is formed on one side of the substrate 10 such that the conductive portion 211 of the first electrode layer 21 is located on the periphery of the light adjusting portion 24, which can facilitate the adjustment of the shape of the light adjusting portion 24.

[0147] It should be noted that the light-transmitting hole 212 is prepared by the preparation method provided in this embodiment, so that the side wall shape of the light-transmitting hole 212 is adapted to the shape of the first surface 241 of the light adjusting portion 24, so that the side wall of the light-transmitting hole 212 is in contact with the first surface 241 of the light adjusting portion 24, that is, the side wall of the light-transmitting hole 212 is in contact with the first surface 241. Figure 5 and Figure 6 The first light-transmitting hole 212 a and the light-adjusting portion 24 are shown.

[0148] Furthermore, after step S15, other light-transmitting holes 212 may be further formed on the conductive portion 211 by dry etching or laser etching. For example, light-transmitting holes 212 having a cross section approximately in the shape of a square or an inverted trapezoid may be formed on the conductive portion 211 by dry etching or laser etching, thereby forming a light-transmitting hole 212 having a cross section approximately in the shape of a square or an inverted trapezoid. Figure 5 Alternatively, after step S15, other processes may be used to form a first light-transmitting hole 212a and a second light-transmitting hole 212b on the conductive portion. Figure 6 The second light-transmitting hole 212 b shown is not limited in this embodiment.

[0149] See also Figure 15 In some embodiments, the step of forming the functional layer 22 on the side of the first electrode layer 21 facing away from the substrate 10 includes:

[0150] S21, preparing a first transmission material layer on the side of the first electrode layer 21 facing away from the substrate 10, and etching on the side of the first transmission material layer facing away from the substrate 10 to form a first transmission layer 25 with a plurality of grooves 251. The first transmission material layer can be coated on the side of the first electrode layer 21 facing away from the substrate 10 by a PVD gradual plating process, so that the first transmission material layer covers the first electrode layer 21. In addition, the grooves 251 can be formed on the side of the first transmission material layer facing away from the substrate 10 by laser etching or dry etching, thereby completing the preparation of the first transmission layer 25.

[0151] S22, prepare a photosensitive material layer on the side of the first transmission layer 25 facing away from the substrate 10, and fill part of the photosensitive material layer in the groove 251 to form a photosensitive layer 26. The photosensitive material layer can be formed on the side of the first transmission layer 25 facing away from the substrate 10 by a scraping process, so that part of the photosensitive material layer is located in the groove 251, and part of the photosensitive material layer is located on the surface of the first transmission layer 25 facing away from the substrate 10, thereby forming the photosensitive layer 26.

[0152] S23 , preparing a second transmission layer 27 on the side of the photosensitive layer 26 facing away from the substrate 10 .

[0153] In these embodiments, by forming a plurality of grooves 251 on the first transmission layer 25 such that a part of the photosensitive layer 26 is filled in the grooves 251, the distance between the photosensitive layer 26 and the first electrode layer 21 can be reduced, and the path of carrier transfer can be shortened, so as to further improve the carrier transfer efficiency between the first electrode layer 21 and the photosensitive layer 26.

[0154] Please refer to Figures 16 - 18 , in some embodiments, the step of forming the second electrode layer 23 on the side of the functional layer 22 away from the substrate 10 includes:

[0155] S31. Please refer to Figure 17 and Figure 18 , and place the mask 30 on the side of the functional layer 22 away from the substrate 10.

[0156] S32. Form a second electrode material layer on the side of the mask 30 away from the substrate 10, and a part of the second electrode material layer covers the side of the functional layer 22 away from the substrate 10. It can be understood that a part of the second electrode material layer can be covered on the side of the mask 30 away from the substrate 10.

[0157] S33. Please continue to refer to Figure 11 , remove the mask 30 to form the second electrode layer 23 and the third opening 231. It can be understood that when removing the mask 30, a part of the second electrode material layer located on the side of the mask 30 away from the substrate 10 can be synchronously removed, so that the third opening 231 is formed at the area originally for placing the mask 30.

[0158] In these embodiments, first place the mask 30 on the side of the functional layer 22 away from the substrate 10, then form a second electrode material layer on the side of the mask 30 away from the substrate 10, so that a part of the second electrode material layer covers the side of the functional layer 22 away from the substrate 10 and a part of the second electrode material layer covers the side of the mask 30 away from the substrate 10. Finally, remove the mask 30 and a part of the second electrode material layer located on the side of the mask 30 away from the substrate 10, and the second electrode layer 23 and the third opening 231 can be formed. In this process, the third opening 231 can be formed without patterning the second electrode layer 23 by processes such as etching, and the material of the second electrode layer 23 can be prevented from falling into the third opening 231.

[0159] The third aspect of the present application provides a solar cell, which includes: the solar cell module of any one of the above; or, the solar cell module prepared by the preparation method of any one of the above. The solar cell provided by the embodiments of the present application has the technical effects of the technical solutions of any one of the above embodiments, and the explanations of the same or corresponding structures and terms as those of the above embodiments will not be repeated here.

[0160] It should be noted that the solar cell in the present application can be used in an electrical device, and the electrical device can be any device that requires electrical energy, such as mobile devices like mobile phones, tablet computers, laptop computers, palmtop computers, in-vehicle electronic devices, wearable devices, ultra-mobile personal computers (UMPCs), netbooks, or personal digital assistants (PDAs), etc., or non-mobile devices like personal computers (PCs), televisions (TVs), teller machines, or self-service machines, etc.

[0161] Although the embodiments disclosed in the present application are as above, the content described is only an embodiment adopted for the convenience of understanding the present application and is not intended to limit the present invention. Any person skilled in the technical field to which the present application pertains, without departing from the spirit and scope disclosed in the present application, can make any modifications and changes in the form of implementation and details, but the protection scope of the present application shall still be subject to the scope defined by the appended claims.

[0162] As described above, this is only the specific implementation manner of the present application. Those skilled in the art can clearly understand that for the sake of convenience and brevity of description, the replacement of other connection methods described above and the like can refer to the corresponding processes in the foregoing method embodiments and will not be elaborated herein. It should be understood that the protection scope of the present application is not limited thereto. Any person skilled in the technical field can easily think of various equivalent modifications or replacements within the technical scope disclosed in the present application, and these modifications or replacements should all be covered within the protection scope of the present application.

Claims

1. A solar cell module, characterized in that: include: A substrate and at least one battery cell disposed on the substrate, wherein the battery cell comprises a first electrode layer, a functional layer, and a second electrode layer stacked in sequence in a direction away from the substrate; The first electrode layer includes a conductive part, a light-transmitting hole is formed on the conductive part, a light-adjusting part is disposed in at least one of the light-transmitting holes, the light-adjusting part includes a first surface protruding away from the substrate, and the material of the light-adjusting part includes a transparent polymer; Along the direction away from the substrate, the functional layer includes a first transmission layer, a photosensitive layer and a second transmission layer which are stacked in sequence; a plurality of grooves are formed on the side of the first transmission layer away from the substrate, and part of the photosensitive layer is filled in the grooves; The number of the light-transmitting holes is multiple, and the multiple light-transmitting holes are distributed in an array; the multiple light-transmitting holes include a first light-transmitting hole and a second light-transmitting hole, and the light adjustment part is located in the first light-transmitting hole and is not located in the second light-transmitting hole; the area ratio Z2 of the orthographic projection of the first light-transmitting hole on the substrate and the orthographic projection of the second light-transmitting hole on the substrate satisfies: 1≤Z2≤4.

2. The solar cell assembly according to claim 1, characterized in that: The shape of the orthographic projection of the light adjusting portion on the substrate includes at least one of a circle, an ellipse and a polygon.

3. The solar cell assembly according to claim 2, characterized in that: Along a direction perpendicular to the plane where the substrate is located, a cross-sectional shape of the first surface of the light adjustment portion is arc-shaped.

4. The solar cell assembly according to claim 3, characterized in that: The light adjustment portion is hemispherical or hemispherical.

5. The solar cell assembly according to claim 1, characterized in that: Along a direction perpendicular to the plane where the substrate is located, a thickness H of the light adjustment portion satisfies: 50 nanometers ≤ H ≤ 500 nanometers.

6. The solar cell assembly according to claim 1, characterized in that: Along a direction perpendicular to the plane where the substrate is located, the light adjustment portion is protruded relative to a surface of the conductive portion on a side away from the substrate.

7. The solar cell assembly according to claim 1, characterized in that: The area ratio Z1 of the orthographic projection of the light-transmitting hole on the substrate to the orthographic projection of the conductive portion on the substrate satisfies: ≤Z1≤1.

8. The solar cell assembly according to claim 1, characterized in that: There is a gap between the light adjustment part and the side wall of the first light transmission hole, or the side wall of the first light transmission hole is in contact with the light adjustment part.

9. The solar cell assembly according to claim 1, characterized in that: A plurality of light adjustment parts arranged side by side are provided in the first light transmission hole.

10. The solar cell assembly according to claim 1, characterized in that: The battery unit includes an effective area and an ineffective area, and the light adjustment part and the first light-transmitting hole are located in the effective area.

11. The solar cell assembly according to claim 10, characterized in that: The second light-transmitting hole is located in the effective area.

12. The solar cell assembly according to claim 1, characterized in that: The shape of the orthographic projection of the plurality of second light-transmitting holes on the substrate includes at least one of a circle, an ellipse and a polygon.

13. The solar cell assembly according to claim 1, characterized in that: The battery cell includes an active area and an inactive area, and the groove is located in the active area.

14. The solar cell assembly according to claim 1, characterized in that: Along a direction perpendicular to the plane where the substrate is located, a ratio Z3 of the depth of the groove to the thickness of the first transmission layer satisfies: 0.5≤Z3≤0.

8.

15. The solar cell assembly according to any one of claims 1 to 14, characterized in that: The battery cell includes a first opening, a second opening and a third opening, the first opening penetrates the first electrode layer, the second opening penetrates the functional layer, the third opening penetrates the second electrode layer, and the orthographic projection of the second opening on the substrate is located between the orthographic projection of the first opening on the substrate and the orthographic projection of the third opening on the substrate.

16. The solar cell assembly according to claim 15, characterized in that: There are multiple battery cells, and the multiple battery cells are electrically connected to each other; in two adjacent battery cells, the second electrode layer of the battery cell extends into the second opening and is electrically connected to the first electrode layer of another adjacent battery cell.

17. The solar cell assembly according to any one of claims 1 to 14, characterized in that: The material of the first electrode layer includes a light-transmitting material.

18. A method for preparing a solar cell module, characterized in that: The preparation method comprises: A first electrode layer is formed on one side of the substrate, the first electrode layer includes a conductive part, a light-transmitting hole is formed on the conductive part, a light-adjusting part is arranged in at least one of the light-transmitting holes, the light-adjusting part includes a first surface protruding away from the substrate, the material of the light-adjusting part includes a transparent polymer, the number of the light-transmitting holes is multiple, and the multiple light-transmitting holes are distributed in an array; the multiple light-transmitting holes include a first light-transmitting hole and a second light-transmitting hole, the light-adjusting part is located in the first light-transmitting hole, and is not located in the second light-transmitting hole; an area ratio Z2 of an orthographic projection of the first light-transmitting hole on the substrate to an orthographic projection of the second light-transmitting hole on the substrate satisfies: 1≤Z2≤4; forming a functional layer on a side of the first electrode layer facing away from the substrate; forming a second electrode layer on a side of the functional layer facing away from the substrate; The step of forming a functional layer on a side of the first electrode layer facing away from the substrate comprises: Preparing a first transmission material layer on a side of the first electrode layer facing away from the substrate, and etching the side of the first transmission material layer facing away from the substrate to form a first transmission layer with a plurality of grooves; A photosensitive material layer is prepared on a side of the first transmission layer facing away from the substrate, and a part of the photosensitive material layer is filled in the groove to form a photosensitive layer; A second transmission layer is provided on the side of the photosensitive layer facing away from the substrate.

19. The preparation method according to claim 18, characterized in that: The step of forming a first electrode layer on one side of the substrate comprises: forming a first electrode material layer on one side of the substrate; Performing patterning on the first electrode material layer to form the conductive portion and the light-transmitting hole; The light adjustment portion is formed in at least one of the light-transmitting holes.

20. The preparation method according to claim 18, characterized in that: The step of forming a first electrode layer on one side of the substrate comprises: forming at least one light adjustment portion on one side of the substrate; A first electrode material layer is formed on the side of the light adjustment portion away from the substrate, and the first electrode material layer surrounds the circumference of the light adjustment portion to form the conductive portion and at least one light-transmitting hole.

21. The preparation method according to claim 18, characterized in that: The step of forming the second electrode layer on the side of the functional layer away from the substrate comprises: placing a mask on a side of the functional layer facing away from the substrate; Prepare a second electrode material layer on the side of the mask away from the substrate, wherein a portion of the second electrode material layer covers the side of the functional layer away from the substrate; The mask is removed to form the second electrode layer and the third opening.

22. A solar cell, characterized in that: include: A solar cell module as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 17; or a solar cell module prepared by the preparation method as claimed in any one of claims 18 to 21.

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