System and method for monitoring CCS and CCUS based on integrated geophysical techniques on the ground and in the well

Abstract

The application is based on a CCS and CCUS monitoring system and method of integrated geophysical prospecting technology on the ground and in the well, which comprises a ground micro-gravity data acquisition system, a well high-density micro-gravity data acquisition system, a ground controllable source electromagnetic data acquisition system, a ground seismic data acquisition system, a ground-well controllable source electromagnetic data composite acquisition system and a ground-well seismic data composite acquisition system. Time-lapse ground and well micro-gravity data, ground controllable source electromagnetic data, ground seismic data, ground-well controllable source electromagnetic data and ground-well seismic data collected in different stages are used for multi-parameter joint data processing and comprehensive interpretation, real-time evaluation of the efficiency of the underground reservoir of the carbon dioxide injection well, long-term safety monitoring of the migration and distribution state of the underground supercritical carbon dioxide, and prevention of the leakage of the carbon dioxide to the ground along the well wall of the injection well or the monitoring well or the shallow surface fault or crack activated by the high-pressure supercritical carbon dioxide injected underground.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of integrated geophysical exploration technology, and more specifically, to a CCS and CCUS monitoring system and method based on integrated surface and well geophysical exploration technologies. Background Technology

[0002] CCS, or carbon dioxide capture and storage, is a technology used to mitigate climate change and reduce carbon dioxide emissions. Its origins lie in the technology of using carbon dioxide to enhance oil recovery, which emerged in the United States in the 1970s. The three key elements of CCS are the capture, transport, and geological storage of carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide (CO2) storage refers to the capture, compression, and long-term storage of carbon dioxide generated by large emission sources at selected locations, rather than its release into the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide storage technologies, especially geological storage, are receiving increasing attention and research. The United States, the European Union, Japan, Australia, and other countries have formulated corresponding research plans to conduct theoretical, experimental, demonstration, and applied research on carbon dioxide storage technologies.

[0003] The basic principle of CO2 geological sequestration is to mimic the natural mechanism of fossil fuel storage by sequestering CO2 within the geological strata. The CO2 can then be transported via pipelines or by vehicles and ships to suitable locations and injected into strata at specific geological conditions and depths. Suitable geological conditions for CO2 geological sequestration include old oil and gas fields, difficult-to-mine coal seams, and deep groundwater layers.

[0004] Ideal geological storage environments include deep coal seams with no commercial exploitation value (while simultaneously promoting coalbed methane recovery) and oil fields (while simultaneously promoting petroleum recovery), depleted natural gas fields, and deep saline aquifers. In each type, CO2 geological storage involves injecting compressed CO2 liquid into underground rock structures. The storage depth is generally below 800 meters, where the temperature and pressure conditions allow CO2 to remain in a high-density liquid or supercritical state. The time span for carbon dioxide burial can be thousands or even tens of thousands of years. To prevent carbon dioxide from returning to the surface or migrating elsewhere under pressure, the geological structure must meet the characteristics of a caprock, reservoir, and trap structure to achieve safe and effective burial.

[0005] Conventional geological traps include three types: oil fields, gas fields, and hydrocarbon-free gas reservoirs (mainly deep saline aquifers). For the first two, utilizing them for CO2 storage is relatively easy due to familiarity with the structures and geological conditions of already exploited oil and gas fields. Utilizing saline aquifers for storage has two advantages: first, saline aquifer traps are more common than oil and gas fields; second, some large anticline gas reservoirs within saline aquifers may be suitable for CO2 storage. Furthermore, there is a difference: after CO2 is injected into a saline aquifer, it undergoes hydrodynamic reactions and can remain stable in the aquifer for tens of thousands of years. A chemical reaction occurs between the mineral strata and the CO2-rich aquifer, converting CO2 into harmless carbonates that precipitate and can be preserved for millions of years.

[0006] CCUS stands for Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage. It refers to carbon capture, storage, and reuse technologies. Carbon dioxide (CO2) capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) is the process of separating CO2 from industrial processes, energy use, or the atmosphere, and then directly utilizing or injecting it into the ground to achieve permanent CO2 emission reduction. As a key technology for addressing global climate change, CCUS aims to capture CO2 at its source, purify it, and then recycle it, or store it underground, thereby mitigating the negative impacts of CO2 on the climate. CCUS is a concept proposed by my country based on its own circumstances. It adds a carbon dioxide utilization stage to CCS (Carbon Capture, Storage, and Retrieval) technology. The main methods include using carbon dioxide for oil recovery, refining food-grade carbon dioxide, and other industrial utilization methods. CCUS adds "utilization" to CCS, a concept that emerged with the development of CCS technology and a deepening understanding of it, and was strongly advocated by China and the United States. It has now gained widespread international recognition. CCUS is divided into capture, transportation, utilization, and storage stages according to its technological process.

[0007] Carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) technology represents a new trend in CCS technology. It involves capturing and purifying carbon dioxide emitted during production processes, then recycling or storing it in new production processes. This technology offers synergistic benefits for large-scale greenhouse gas emission reduction and low-carbon utilization of fossil fuels, making it a crucial technological option for addressing global warming. CCS technology primarily consists of four stages: capture, transport, geological storage and monitoring, and enhancement of oil recovery rate (EOR / EGR). The fourth stage is optional and has potential benefits.

[0008] Through numerous CCS and CCUS projects, millions, tens of millions, or even hundreds of millions of tons of high-pressure supercritical carbon dioxide have been injected underground. Because carbon dioxide has a higher oxygen content, if this injected carbon dioxide leaks to the surface through the walls of injection or monitoring wells, or through shallow faults or fractures activated by the high-pressure underground carbon dioxide, it will cause massive geological disasters and incalculable loss of life and property in the leaking areas. Therefore, we need to deploy real-time, long-term, and effective monitoring systems both on the surface and underground in CCS and CCUS projects to monitor the leakage of underground carbon dioxide to the surface in real time. Once a carbon dioxide leak occurs at the surface, we must promptly issue early warning information, activate emergency response mechanisms, take necessary engineering and technical measures to block the carbon dioxide leakage channels, evacuate people in and near the leakage area, and minimize the occurrence of major geological disasters. Summary of the Invention

[0009] The purpose of this invention is to provide a CCS and CCUS monitoring system and method based on integrated surface and well geophysical exploration technologies. It uses real-time or time-shifted surface and well microgravity data, surface controlled-source electromagnetic data, surface seismic data, surface-well controlled-source electromagnetic data, and surface-well seismic data collected at different stages to perform multi-parameter joint data processing and comprehensive interpretation. This allows for real-time evaluation of the efficiency of underground reservoirs in supercritical carbon dioxide injection wells and long-term safety monitoring of the migration and distribution of underground supercritical carbon dioxide. This prevents supercritical carbon dioxide from leaking to the surface along the well walls of injection wells or monitoring wells, or through shallow surface faults or fractures activated by high-pressure supercritical carbon dioxide injected underground.

[0010] The above-mentioned technical objective of the present invention is achieved through the following technical solution:

[0011] CCS and CCUS monitoring systems based on integrated geophysical exploration technologies from the ground and well include a ground microgravity data acquisition system, a well high-density microgravity data acquisition system, a ground controlled-source electromagnetic data acquisition system, a ground seismic data acquisition system, a ground-well controlled-source electromagnetic data composite acquisition system, and a ground-well seismic data composite acquisition system.

[0012] The aforementioned ground microgravity data acquisition system is deployed according to two-dimensional survey lines or three-dimensional survey networks. It collects high-density two-dimensional or three-dimensional microgravity data over time using ground gravity instruments at fixed locations within the monitoring area, with the spacing between measurement points and survey lines controlled between 50 and 200 meters. Then, by processing the ground time-lapse microgravity measurement data, the change in fluid density distribution in the underground strata over time is obtained.

[0013] The aforementioned high-density gravity data acquisition system involves deploying high-density gravity instruments underground within the monitoring area to collect time-lapse high-density microgravity data, with the spacing between measuring points controlled between 5 and 10 meters. Then, by processing the time-lapse high-density microgravity measurement data, the change in fluid density distribution in the formation surrounding the underground well over time can be obtained.

[0014] The aforementioned ground-based controlled-source electromagnetic data acquisition system is deployed according to a two-dimensional survey line or a three-dimensional survey network. It involves setting up large-diameter controlled-source electromagnetic excitation coils (several kilometers in diameter) or rectangular controlled-current excitation sources consisting of four long-distance ground-based controlled-current sources (several kilometers in length) around the monitoring area. A high-power controlled-current transmitter is connected to the middle of each long-distance ground-based controlled-current source, with grounded power supply electrodes connected to both ends. Controlled-source electromagnetic data acquisition stations are deployed according to a two-dimensional survey line or a three-dimensional survey network at the middle of the large-diameter ring-shaped controlled-source electromagnetic excitation coil or the long-side rectangular controlled-current excitation source. These stations acquire multi-component (three-component magnetic field data and two horizontal electric field components) controlled-source electromagnetic data, with the spacing between measurement points and survey lines controlled between 50 and 200 meters. Then, by processing the time-shifted ground-based controlled-source electromagnetic data, the change in the resistivity distribution of fluids in the underground strata over time is obtained.

[0015] The aforementioned ground seismic data acquisition system is deployed according to two-dimensional or three-dimensional seismic lines and networks. Single-component or three-component geophones, or armored spiral optical cables, are deployed on the ground in the monitoring area according to a pre-designed seismic network. Time-lapsed artificial source signals are excited at the source points of the pre-designed two-dimensional or three-dimensional source network on the ground, and time-lapsed two-dimensional or three-dimensional seismic data are acquired periodically. By processing the periodically acquired time-lapsed two-dimensional or three-dimensional seismic data, the system obtains the travel time, amplitude, phase, fluid sensitivity factor, and various attribute parameters of seismic waves along the underground two-dimensional seismic line or within the three-dimensional seismic network space, and their changes or rates of change over time. This allows for the understanding and judgment of the migration status of fluids in the underground strata, including injected carbon dioxide, and their distribution and changes along the two-dimensional seismic line or in three-dimensional space.

[0016] The aforementioned ground-well controlled-source electromagnetic data composite acquisition system consists of a large-diameter controlled-source electromagnetic excitation coil or a rectangular controlled-source current excitation source deployed on the surface, and a well-based electromagnetic data acquisition array deployed in the well. It periodically acquires time-shifted multi-component (three-component magnetic field data and vertical electric field component data) ground-well electromagnetic data. By processing the ground-well time-shifted controlled-source electromagnetic data, the changes in the resistivity distribution of fluids in the underground strata over time can be obtained.

[0017] The aforementioned ground-well seismic data composite acquisition system involves deploying a three-component geophone array, armored straight optical cable, or armored spiral optical cable underground in the monitoring area. Time-lapsed artificial source signals are excited at the source points of a pre-designed two-dimensional source line or three-dimensional source network on the surface, periodically acquiring ground-well time-lapsed two-dimensional VSP or time-lapsed three-dimensional VSP data. By processing the periodically acquired ground-well time-lapsed two-dimensional or time-lapsed three-dimensional VSP data, the system obtains the travel time, amplitude, phase, fluid sensitivity factor, and various attribute parameters of seismic waves along the underground two-dimensional survey line or within the three-dimensional survey network space, as well as their changes or rates of change over time. This allows for understanding and judgment of the migration status of fluids in the underground strata, including injected carbon dioxide, and their distribution and changes along the two-dimensional survey line or in three-dimensional space.

[0018] The monitoring method of the CCS and CCUS monitoring system based on integrated surface and well geophysical exploration technology includes the following steps:

[0019] (1) The ground microgravity data acquisition system, which is set up according to the two-dimensional survey line or three-dimensional survey network, is a high-density two-dimensional or three-dimensional microgravity data collected by ground gravity instruments at fixed positions in the monitoring area. The distance between the measuring points and the survey lines is controlled between 50 meters and 200 meters.

[0020] (2) Subsequently, by processing the two-dimensional or three-dimensional time-shifted microgravity measurement data on the ground, the change of fluid density distribution in the two-dimensional or three-dimensional underground strata over time was obtained;

[0021] (3) High-density well gravity instruments are deployed in the monitoring area to collect time-shifted high-density microgravity data, and the spacing between the measuring points is controlled between 5 and 10 meters.

[0022] (4) Subsequently, by rapidly processing the time-shifted high-density microgravity measurement data in the well, the change of fluid density distribution in the formation surrounding the underground well over time was obtained;

[0023] (5) Deploy large-diameter controllable source electromagnetic excitation coils or rectangular controllable source current excitation sources consisting of four long-distance ground controllable current sources, with a high-power controllable current emission source connected in the middle of each long-distance ground controllable current source and grounded power supply electrodes connected at both ends.

[0024] (6) Set up a controllable source electromagnetic data acquisition station in the middle of a large-diameter ring-shaped controllable source electromagnetic excitation coil or a large-side-length rectangular controllable current source excitation source according to a two-dimensional measurement line or a three-dimensional measurement network, and collect multi-component (three-component magnetic field data and two horizontal electric field component data) controllable source electromagnetic data. The distance between the measurement point and the measurement line is controlled between 50 meters and 200 meters.

[0025] (7) Subsequently, by processing the electromagnetic data of the time-shifted controllable source on the ground, the change of fluid resistivity distribution in the underground strata over time was obtained;

[0026] (8) Install single-component geophones or three-component geophones or bury armored spiral optical cables on the ground of the monitoring area according to the pre-designed measurement network, and excite time-shifted artificial seismic source signals at the source points of the pre-designed two-dimensional source line or three-dimensional source network on the ground, and periodically collect ground time-shifted two-dimensional or three-dimensional seismic data.

[0027] (9) Subsequently, by processing the ground time-shifted two-dimensional or time-shifted three-dimensional seismic data, the travel time, amplitude, phase, fluid sensitivity factor, and various attribute parameters of seismic waves along the underground two-dimensional survey line or in the three-dimensional survey network space are obtained as a result, thereby understanding and judging the migration state of fluids in the underground strata, including carbon dioxide injected underground, and their distribution and changes along the two-dimensional survey line or in three-dimensional space.

[0028] (10) A large-diameter controllable source electromagnetic excitation coil or a rectangular controllable source current excitation source is deployed on the ground, and an electromagnetic data acquisition array is deployed in the well to periodically collect time-shifted multi-component (three-component magnetic field data and vertical electric field component data) ground-well electromagnetic data.

[0029] (11) Subsequently, by processing the ground-well time-shift controllable source electromagnetic data, the change of fluid resistivity distribution in the underground strata over time was obtained;

[0030] (12) Install a three-component geophone array or armored straight optical cable or armored spiral optical cable in the well of the monitoring work area (63), and excite time-shifted artificial source signals at the source points of the pre-designed two-dimensional source line or three-dimensional source network on the ground (34), and periodically collect ground-well time-shifted two-dimensional VSP or time-shifted three-dimensional VSP data.

[0031] (13) By processing the regularly collected ground-well time-shifted two-dimensional VSP or time-shifted three-dimensional VSP data, the travel time, amplitude, phase, fluid sensitivity factor, and various attribute parameters of seismic waves along the underground two-dimensional survey line or in the three-dimensional survey network space are obtained as a result, and the migration state of fluids in the underground strata, including carbon dioxide injected underground, and their distribution and changes along the two-dimensional survey line or in three-dimensional space are understood and judged.

[0032] (14) Joint inversion and fusion processing will be performed on the ground microgravity data, well gravity data, ground controlled source electromagnetic data, well controlled source electromagnetic data, ground seismic data and well seismic data collected for the first time before underground CO2 injection, to establish a fine geological and fluid distribution model of the underground reservoir, including the burial depth, thickness, density, porosity, permeability, resistivity, fluid in the reservoir pores and its distribution in three-dimensional space;

[0033] (15) Joint inversion and fusion processing will be performed on the time-lapsed surface microgravity data, time-lapsed well gravity data, time-lapsed surface controlled-source electromagnetic data, time-lapsed well controlled-source electromagnetic data, time-lapsed surface seismic data and time-lapsed well seismic data collected periodically after underground CO2 injection to establish a fine time-lapsed geological and fluid distribution model of the underground reservoir, including the time-lapsed density, time-lapsed resistivity, time-lapsed fluid in the reservoir pores and its distribution changes in three-dimensional space;

[0034] (16) Calculate the time-shifted density, time-shifted resistivity, time-shifted fluid in reservoir pores and its distribution in three-dimensional space after each periodic sampling after CO2 injection in the underground reservoir, and the corresponding differences between the density, resistivity, fluid in reservoir pores and its distribution in three-dimensional space before CO2 injection in step (14).

[0035] (17) By comprehensively analyzing and comparing the processing results of data collected before underground CO2 injection and the processing results of data collected each time after underground CO2 injection, based on the time-shift density, time-shift resistivity, fluid in the time-shift reservoir pores and their distribution changes in three-dimensional space and time (time shift) in the underground reservoir, the direction, position, velocity, concentration, state and other parameters of the CO2 plume front of the directional underground injection are delineated in the underground three-dimensional space over time, and the injected CO2 is monitored for a long time.

[0036] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has at least the following beneficial effects:

[0037] This invention utilizes real-time or time-shifted microgravity data, surface-controlled source electromagnetic data, surface seismic data, surface-well controlled source electromagnetic data, and surface-well seismic data collected at different stages to perform multi-parameter joint data processing (multi-parameter joint inversion, data fusion, and comprehensive interpretation) to evaluate the efficiency of underground reservoirs in supercritical carbon dioxide injection wells in real time, and to conduct long-term safety monitoring of the migration, occurrence, and distribution of underground supercritical carbon dioxide fronts, preventing supercritical carbon dioxide from leaking to the surface along the well walls of injection wells or monitoring wells or through shallow surface faults or fractures activated by high-pressure supercritical carbon dioxide injected underground. Attached Figure Description

[0038] The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of embodiments of the invention and form part of this application, do not constitute a limitation thereof. In the drawings:

[0039] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram illustrating the deployment of gravimeters on the ground and in the well, as described in an embodiment of the present invention.

[0040] Figure 2This is a schematic diagram illustrating the deployment of a large-diameter controllable source electromagnetic excitation coil on the ground and the deployment of electromagnetic data acquisition stations on the ground and in the well, as per an embodiment of the present invention.

[0041] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of a controllable rectangular current source with a large side length being deployed on the ground and an electromagnetic data acquisition station being deployed on the ground and in the well, as described in an embodiment of the present invention.

[0042] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of a single-component or three-component geophone and a controllable seismic source deployed on the ground in an embodiment of the present invention;

[0043] Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of a single-component or three-component geophone and a controllable seismic source deployed on the ground, and a three-component geophone array deployed underground, as described in this embodiment of the invention.

[0044] Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram of the armored spiral optical cable and controllable seismic source deployed on the ground and the three-component geophone array deployed underground in an embodiment of the present invention.

[0045] Figure 7 This is a schematic diagram illustrating the deployment of armored spiral optical cables and a controllable seismic source on the ground, and the deployment of armored straight or armored spiral optical cables underground, as described in this embodiment of the invention.

[0046] The attached diagram shows the markings and corresponding component names:

[0047] 1. Surface microgravity data acquisition system; 2. Well-drilled high-density microgravity data acquisition system; 3. Surface controlled-source electromagnetic data acquisition system; 4. Surface seismic data acquisition system; 5. Surface-well controlled-source electromagnetic data composite acquisition system; 6. Surface-well seismic data composite acquisition system; 11. Surface gravity instrument; 21. Well-drilled gravity instrument; 31. Large-diameter controlled-source electromagnetic excitation coil; 32. Surface large-side-length rectangular controlled current source; 33. Rectangular controlled-source current excitation source; 34. Grounded power supply electrodes connected at both ends; 35. Surface controlled-source electromagnetic data acquisition station; 41. Single-component or three-component geophone; 42. Armored spiral optical cable; 44. Artificial seismic source signal; 51. Well-drilled electromagnetic data acquisition array; 61. Three-component geophone array; 62. Armored straight optical cable or armored spiral optical cable. Detailed Implementation

[0048] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. The components of the embodiments of the present invention described and shown in the accompanying drawings can generally be arranged and designed in various different configurations.

[0049] Therefore, the following detailed description of the embodiments of the invention provided in the accompanying drawings is not intended to limit the scope of the claimed invention, but merely to illustrate selected embodiments of the invention. All other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of the invention without inventive effort are within the scope of protection of the invention.

[0050] It should be noted that similar labels and letters in the following figures indicate similar items. Therefore, once an item is defined in one figure, it does not need to be further defined and explained in subsequent figures.

[0051] In the description of the embodiments of the present invention, it should be noted that if terms such as "upper", "lower", "left", "right", "vertical", "horizontal", "inner", "outer" are used to indicate the orientation or positional relationship based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the accompanying drawings, or the orientation or positional relationship in which the product of the invention is usually placed during use, they are only for the convenience of describing the present invention and simplifying the description, and are not intended to indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, or be constructed and operated in a specific orientation, and therefore should not be construed as a limitation of the present invention.

[0052] Furthermore, the use of terms such as "horizontal," "vertical," and "sag" does not imply that the component must be absolutely horizontal or suspended, but rather that it can be slightly tilted. For example, "horizontal" simply means that its direction is more horizontal relative to "vertical," and does not mean that the structure must be completely horizontal, but can be slightly tilted.

[0053] In the description of the embodiments of the present invention, "multiple" means at least two.

[0054] In the description of the embodiments of the present invention, it should also be noted that, unless otherwise explicitly specified and limited, the terms "set," "install," "connect," and "link" should be interpreted broadly. For example, they can refer to a fixed connection, a detachable connection, or an integral connection; they can refer to a mechanical connection or an electrical connection; they can refer to a direct connection or an indirect connection through an intermediate medium; and they can refer to the internal connection of two components. Those skilled in the art can understand the specific meaning of the above terms in the present invention according to the specific circumstances.

[0055] Example 1:

[0056] The CCS and CCUS monitoring system based on integrated geophysical exploration technologies from the ground and well includes a ground microgravity data acquisition system 1, a well high-density microgravity data acquisition system 2, a ground controlled-source electromagnetic data acquisition system 3, a ground seismic data acquisition system 4, a ground-well controlled-source electromagnetic data composite acquisition system 5, and a ground-well seismic data composite acquisition system 6.

[0057] like Figure 1 The ground microgravity data acquisition system 1, as shown, is deployed according to two-dimensional survey lines or three-dimensional survey networks. It uses ground gravity instruments 11 at fixed locations within the monitoring area to collect time-lapse high-density two-dimensional or three-dimensional microgravity data. The spacing between the measuring points and survey lines is controlled between 50 meters and 200 meters. Then, by processing the ground time-lapse microgravity measurement data, the change in fluid density distribution in the underground strata over time is obtained.

[0058] The aforementioned high-density gravity data acquisition system 2 involves deploying high-density gravity instruments 21 underground within the monitoring area to collect time-lapse high-density microgravity data. The spacing between the measuring points is controlled between 5 and 10 meters. Then, by processing the time-lapse high-density microgravity measurement data, the change in fluid density distribution in the formation surrounding the underground well over time is obtained.

[0059] like Figure 2 and Figure 3 The ground-based controlled-source electromagnetic data acquisition system 3, deployed according to a two-dimensional survey line or a three-dimensional survey network, consists of several kilometers of large-diameter controlled-source electromagnetic excitation coils 31 or rectangular controlled-current excitation sources composed of four long-distance ground-based controlled-current sources 32. A high-power controlled-current transmitter 33 is connected to the middle of each long-distance ground-based controlled-current source 32, with grounded power supply electrodes 34 connected to both ends. Controlled-source electromagnetic data acquisition stations 36 are deployed according to a two-dimensional survey line or a three-dimensional survey network at the middle of the large-diameter ring-shaped controlled-source electromagnetic excitation coil 31 or the long-side rectangular controlled-current excitation source 33. These stations acquire multi-component (three-component magnetic field data and two horizontal electric field components) controlled-source electromagnetic data, with the spacing between the measuring points and the survey lines controlled between 50 meters and 200 meters. Then, by processing the ground-based time-shifted controlled-source electromagnetic data, the change in the resistivity distribution of the underground fluid strata over time is obtained.

[0060] like Figure 4 As shown, the ground seismic data acquisition system 4, deployed according to a two-dimensional or three-dimensional seismic network, involves deploying single-component or three-component geophones 41 or burying armored spiral optical cables 42 on the ground in the monitoring area according to a pre-designed seismic network. Time-lapsed artificial source signals 43 are excited at the source points of the pre-designed two-dimensional or three-dimensional source network on the ground, and time-lapsed two-dimensional or three-dimensional seismic data are acquired periodically. By processing the periodically acquired time-lapsed two-dimensional or three-dimensional seismic data, the travel time, amplitude, phase, fluid sensitivity factor, and various attribute parameters of seismic waves along the underground two-dimensional seismic line or within the three-dimensional seismic network space are obtained, along with their changes or rates of change over time. This allows for the understanding and judgment of the migration status of fluids in the underground strata, including injected carbon dioxide, and their distribution and changes along the two-dimensional seismic line or in three-dimensional space.

[0061] like Figure 5 , Figure 6 and Figure 7 As shown, the ground-well seismic data composite acquisition system 6 involves deploying single-component or three-component geophones 41 or burying armored spiral optical cables 42 on the surface of the monitoring area according to a pre-designed seismic network. It also involves deploying a three-component geophone array 61 or armored straight optical cables or armored spiral optical cables 62 underground within the monitoring area. Time-shifted artificial source signals 43 are excited at the source points of the pre-designed two-dimensional or three-dimensional seismic source network on the surface, periodically acquiring ground-well time-shifted two-dimensional VSP or time-shifted three-dimensional VSP data. By processing the periodically acquired ground-well time-shifted two-dimensional or time-shifted three-dimensional VSP data, the system obtains the travel time, amplitude, phase, fluid sensitivity factor, and various attribute parameters of seismic waves along the underground two-dimensional seismic line or within the three-dimensional seismic network space, as well as their changes or rates of change over time. This allows for understanding and judgment of the migration status of fluids in the underground strata, including injected carbon dioxide, and their distribution and changes along the two-dimensional seismic line or in three-dimensional space.

[0062] The monitoring method of the CCS and CCUS monitoring system based on integrated surface and well geophysical exploration technology includes the following steps:

[0063] (a) The ground microgravity data acquisition system 1, which is laid out according to the two-dimensional survey line or the three-dimensional survey network, collects time-shifting high-density two-dimensional or three-dimensional microgravity data at fixed positions in the monitoring area using ground gravity instruments 11, and the distance between the measuring points and the survey lines is controlled between 50 meters and 200 meters.

[0064] (b) Subsequently, by processing the two-dimensional or three-dimensional time-shifted microgravity measurement data on the ground, the change of fluid density distribution in the two-dimensional or three-dimensional underground strata over time was obtained;

[0065] (c) High-density well gravity instruments 21 are deployed in the well within the monitoring area to collect time-shifted high-density microgravity data, with the spacing between the measuring points controlled between 5 meters and 10 meters.

[0066] (d) Subsequently, by rapidly processing the time-shifted high-density microgravity measurement data in the well, the change of fluid density distribution in the formation surrounding the underground well over time was obtained;

[0067] (e) A large-diameter controllable source electromagnetic excitation coil 31 or a rectangular controllable source current excitation source 33 consisting of four long-distance ground controllable current sources 32 is deployed around the monitoring work area. A high-power controllable current emission source 33 is connected to the middle position of each long-distance ground controllable current source 32, and grounded power supply electrodes 34 are connected to both ends.

[0068] (f) A controllable source electromagnetic data acquisition station 36 is set up in the middle of a large-diameter ring-shaped controllable source electromagnetic excitation coil 31 or a large-side rectangular controllable current source excitation source 35 according to a two-dimensional measurement line or a three-dimensional measurement network to collect multi-component (three-component magnetic field data and two horizontal electric field component data) controllable source electromagnetic data. The distance between the measurement point and the measurement line is controlled between 50 meters and 200 meters.

[0069] (g) Subsequently, by processing the electromagnetic data of the time-shifted controllable source on the ground, the change of fluid resistivity distribution in the underground strata over time was obtained;

[0070] (h) On the ground of the monitoring work area, a single-component geophone 41, or a three-component geophone 42, or an armored spiral optical cable 43 is laid out according to the pre-designed measurement network. Time-shifted artificial seismic source signals 44 are excited at the source points of the pre-designed two-dimensional source line or three-dimensional source network on the ground, and time-shifted two-dimensional or three-dimensional seismic data on the ground are collected periodically.

[0071] (i) Subsequently, by processing the ground time-lapsed two-dimensional or time-lapsed three-dimensional seismic data, the travel time, amplitude, phase, fluid sensitivity factor, and various attribute parameters of seismic waves along the underground two-dimensional survey line or in the three-dimensional survey network space are obtained as a result, thereby understanding and judging the migration state of fluids in the underground strata, including carbon dioxide injected underground, and their distribution and changes along the two-dimensional survey line or in three-dimensional space.

[0072] (j) A large-diameter controllable source electromagnetic excitation coil 31 or a rectangular controllable source current excitation source 33 is deployed on the ground, and an electromagnetic data acquisition array 37 is deployed in the well to periodically acquire time-shifted multi-component (three-component magnetic field data and vertical electric field component data) ground-well electromagnetic data.

[0073] (k) Subsequently, by processing the ground-well time-shift controllable source electromagnetic data, the change of fluid resistivity distribution in the underground strata over time was obtained;

[0074] (l) Install a three-component geophone array 61, armored straight optical cable 62, or armored spiral optical cable (63) in the well of the monitoring work area, and excite time-shifted artificial source signal 34 at the source point of the pre-designed two-dimensional source line or three-dimensional source network on the ground, and periodically collect ground-well time-shifted two-dimensional VSP or time-shifted three-dimensional VSP data.

[0075] (m) By processing the regularly collected ground-well time-shifted two-dimensional VSP or time-shifted three-dimensional VSP data, the travel time, amplitude, phase, fluid sensitivity factor, and various attribute parameters of seismic waves along the underground two-dimensional survey line or in the three-dimensional survey network space are obtained as a result, thereby understanding and judging the migration state of fluids in the underground strata, including carbon dioxide injected underground, and their distribution and changes along the two-dimensional survey line or in three-dimensional space.

[0076] (n) Joint inversion and fusion processing will be performed on the ground microgravity data, well gravity data, ground controlled-source electromagnetic data, well controlled-source electromagnetic data, ground seismic data and well seismic data collected for the first time before underground CO2 injection to establish a detailed geological and fluid distribution model of the underground reservoir, including its burial depth, thickness, density, porosity, permeability, resistivity, fluid in the reservoir pores and its distribution in three-dimensional space;

[0077] (o) Joint inversion and fusion processing will be performed on time-lapsed surface microgravity data, time-lapsed well gravity data, time-lapsed surface controlled-source electromagnetic data, time-lapsed well controlled-source electromagnetic data, time-lapsed surface seismic data, and time-lapsed well seismic data collected periodically after underground CO2 injection to establish a fine time-lapsed geological and fluid distribution model of the underground reservoir, including time-lapsed density, time-lapsed resistivity, time-lapsed fluid in the reservoir pores, and their distribution changes in three-dimensional space;

[0078] (p) Calculate the time-shifted density, time-shifted resistivity, time-shifted fluid in reservoir pores and their distribution in three-dimensional space after each periodic sampling after CO2 injection in the underground reservoir, and the corresponding differences between the density, resistivity, fluid in reservoir pores and their distribution in three-dimensional space before CO2 injection in step (n).

[0079] (q) By comprehensively analyzing and comparing the processing results of data collected before underground CO2 injection and the processing results of data collected at each time after underground CO2 injection, based on the time-shift density, time-shift resistivity, time-shift fluid in the reservoir pores and their distribution changes in three-dimensional space and time (time shift), the direction, position, velocity, concentration, state and other parameters of the CO2 plume front of the directional underground injection are delineated in the underground three-dimensional space over time, so as to conduct long-term monitoring of the injected CO2.

[0080] The specific embodiments described above further illustrate the purpose, technical solution, and beneficial effects of the present invention. It should be understood that the above description is only a specific embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the scope of protection of the present invention. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, improvements, etc., made within the spirit and principles of the present invention should be included within the scope of protection of the present invention.

Claims

1. A CCS and CCUS monitoring system based on integrated geophysical techniques on surface and in the well, characterized in that, It comprises a ground micro-gravity data acquisition system (1), a well high-density micro-gravity data acquisition system (2), a ground controlled source electromagnetic data acquisition system (3), a ground seismic data acquisition system (4), a ground-well controlled source electromagnetic data composite acquisition system (5) and a ground-well seismic data joint acquisition system (6); The ground micro-gravity data acquisition system (1) comprises a plurality of ground gravity instruments (11) arranged at fixed positions in the monitoring work area to acquire time-lapse high-density two-dimensional or three-dimensional micro-gravity data, and the spacing between the measuring points and measuring lines is controlled between 50m and 200m; The well high-density gravity data acquisition system (2) comprises high-density well gravity instruments (21) arranged in the monitoring well in the monitoring work area, and the spacing between the measuring points is controlled between 5m and 10m; The ground controlled source electromagnetic data acquisition system (3) comprises a large-diameter controlled source electromagnetic excitation coil (31) arranged around the monitoring work area or a rectangular controlled current excitation source (33) composed of four long-distance ground controlled current sources (32), a large-power controlled current emission source (33) is connected in the middle position of each long-distance ground controlled current source (32), and ground power supply electrodes (34) are connected at both ends; controlled source electromagnetic data acquisition stations (35) are arranged in the middle area of the large-diameter annular controlled source electromagnetic excitation coil (31) or the large-side-length rectangular controlled current source excitation source (33) according to two-dimensional measuring lines or three-dimensional measuring networks, and three-component magnetic field data and two horizontal electric field component data of ground controlled source electromagnetic are acquired, and the spacing between the measuring points and measuring lines is controlled between 50m and 200m; The ground seismic data acquisition system (4) comprises single-component geophones or three-component geophones (41) or buried armored spiral optical cables (42) arranged on the ground according to the pre-designed measuring network in the monitoring work area, and time-lapse artificial seismic source signals (43) are excited at the seismic source points of the pre-designed two-dimensional seismic source lines or three-dimensional seismic source networks on the ground at regular intervals; The ground-well controlled source electromagnetic data composite acquisition system (5) comprises a large-diameter controlled source electromagnetic excitation coil (31) or a rectangular controlled source current excitation source (33) arranged on the ground, and a well electromagnetic data acquisition array (51) arranged in the well, and time-lapse three-component magnetic field data and vertical electric field component data in the well are acquired at regular intervals; The ground-well seismic data joint acquisition system (6) comprises single-component geophones or three-component geophones (41) or buried armored spiral optical cables (42) arranged on the ground according to the pre-designed measuring network in the monitoring work area, and a three-component geophone array (61) or an armored straight optical cable or an armored spiral optical cable (62) is arranged in the well in the monitoring work area, and time-lapse artificial seismic source signals (43) are excited at the seismic source points of the pre-designed two-dimensional seismic source lines or three-dimensional seismic source networks on the ground at regular intervals.

2. The CCS and CCUS monitoring system based on integrated geophysical techniques, ground and downhole, according to claim 1, characterized in that, The ground micro-gravity data acquisition system (1) is arranged according to two-dimensional measuring lines or three-dimensional measuring networks, and is used for acquiring time-lapse high-density two-dimensional or three-dimensional micro-gravity data. Then, through the processing of the ground time-lapse micro-gravity measurement data, the characteristics and rules of the fluid density distribution in the underground stratum with time are obtained.

3. The CCS and CCUS monitoring system based on integrated geophysical techniques, ground and downhole, according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that, The well high-density gravity data acquisition system (2) is laid in the well in the monitoring work area and is used for collecting time-lapse high-density microgravity data at regular time intervals. Then, the variation characteristics and rules of the fluid density distribution in the strata around the well with time are obtained through processing of the well time-lapse high-density microgravity measurement data.

4. The CCS and CCUS monitoring system based on integrated geophysical techniques, ground and downhole, according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that, The ground CSEM data acquisition system (3) is laid according to a two-dimensional survey line or a three-dimensional survey network and is used for collecting ground multi-component CSEM data at regular time intervals. Then, the variation characteristics and rules of the fluid resistivity distribution in the strata with time are obtained through processing of the ground time-lapse CSEM data.

5. The CCS and CCUS monitoring system based on integrated geophysical techniques, ground and borehole based of claim 1, wherein, The ground seismic data acquisition system (4) is laid on the ground in the monitoring work area according to a two-dimensional survey line or a three-dimensional survey network and is used for collecting ground time-lapse two-dimensional or three-dimensional seismic data at regular time intervals; through processing of the collected ground time-lapse two-dimensional or time-lapse three-dimensional seismic data, the travel time, amplitude, phase, fluid sensitive factor, various attribute parameters of the seismic wave in the two-dimensional survey line or the three-dimensional survey network with time are obtained, and then the migration state of the fluid including the injected carbon dioxide in the strata and the distribution and variation characteristics and rules of the carbon dioxide in the two-dimensional survey line or in the three-dimensional space with time are understood and judged.

6. The CCS and CCUS monitoring system based on integrated geophysical techniques, ground and borehole based of claim 1, wherein, The ground-well CSEM data composite acquisition system (5) is used for collecting time-lapse ground-well multi-component CSEM data at regular time intervals; through processing of the time-lapse ground-well multi-component CSEM data, the variation characteristics and rules of the fluid resistivity distribution in the strata with time are obtained.

7. The CCS and CCUS monitoring system based on integrated geophysical techniques, ground and borehole based of claim 1, wherein, The ground-well seismic data joint acquisition system (6) is laid on the ground in the monitoring work area according to a pre-design and is used for jointly collecting ground-well time-lapse two-dimensional ground seismic and VSP or time-lapse three-dimensional ground seismic and VSP data at regular time intervals; through processing of the collected ground-well time-lapse two-dimensional ground seismic and VSP or time-lapse three-dimensional ground seismic and VSP data, the travel time, amplitude, phase, fluid sensitive factor, various attribute parameters of the seismic wave in the two-dimensional survey line or the three-dimensional survey network with time are obtained, and then the migration state of the fluid including the injected carbon dioxide in the strata and the distribution characteristics and variation rules of the carbon dioxide in the two-dimensional survey line or in the three-dimensional space are understood and judged.

8. The monitoring method of the CCS and CCUS monitoring system based on the integrated geophysical techniques on the ground and in the well according to any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that, The method comprises the following steps: (a) The ground microgravity data acquisition system (1) laid according to a two-dimensional survey line or a three-dimensional survey network is used for collecting time-lapse high-density two-dimensional or three-dimensional microgravity data at a fixed position in the monitoring work area by using a ground gravity instrument (11); (b) Then, the variation characteristics and rules of the fluid density distribution in the two-dimensional or three-dimensional strata with time are obtained through processing of the ground two-dimensional or three-dimensional time-lapse microgravity measurement data; (c) The high-density well gravity instrument (21) is laid in the well in the monitoring work area to collect time-lapse high-density microgravity data; (d) Then, the variation characteristics and rules of the fluid density distribution in the strata around the well with time are obtained through rapid processing of the well time-lapse high-density microgravity measurement data. (e) A large diameter loop CSEM transmitter coil (31) or a rectangular CIP transmitter source (33) composed of four long distance ground CIP sources (32) is laid around the monitoring area. A high power CIP transmitter (33) is connected in the middle of each long distance ground CIP source (32) and the two ends are connected to the ground power supply electrodes (34); (f) Controlled source electromagnetic data acquisition stations (35) are laid in the middle area of the large diameter loop CSEM transmitter coil (31) or the large side length rectangular CIP transmitter source (33) according to the two-dimensional survey line or three-dimensional survey network. The ground multi-component CSEM data is collected, and the spacing between the survey points and survey lines is controlled between 50 meters and 200 meters; (g) The characteristics and rules of the fluid resistivity distribution in the subsurface formation over time are obtained by processing the ground multi-component time-lapse CSEM data; (h) Single-component geophones or three-component geophones (41) or armored spiral optical cables (42) are laid on the ground according to the pre-designed survey network in the monitoring area. Time-lapse artificial source signals (43) are excited at the source points of the pre-designed two-dimensional source line or three-dimensional source network on the ground at regular intervals, and time-lapse two-dimensional or three-dimensional seismic data is collected on the ground at regular intervals; (i) The travel time, amplitude, phase, fluid sensitive factor, and various attribute parameters of the seismic wave in the subsurface two-dimensional survey line or three-dimensional survey network over time or the rate of change are obtained by processing the time-lapse two-dimensional or time-lapse three-dimensional seismic data on the ground, and the migration state and distribution and variation characteristics and rules of the fluid including the injected carbon dioxide in the subsurface formation in the two-dimensional survey line or in the three-dimensional space are further understood and judged; (j) A large diameter CSEM transmitter coil (31) or a rectangular CIP transmitter source (33) is laid on the ground, and a multi-component geophone array (51) is laid in the well. Time-lapse multi-component ground-to-well CSEM data is collected at regular intervals; (k) The characteristics and rules of the fluid resistivity distribution in the subsurface formation over time are obtained by processing the time-lapse ground-to-well CSEM data; (l) A three-component geophone array (61) or an armored straight optical cable or armored spiral optical cable (62) is laid in the well in the monitoring area. Time-lapse artificial source signals (34) are excited at the source points of the pre-designed two-dimensional source line or three-dimensional source network on the ground at regular intervals, and time-lapse two-dimensional ground seismic and VSP or time-lapse three-dimensional ground seismic and VSP data is collected on the ground-to-well; (m) The travel time, amplitude, phase, fluid sensitive factor, and various attribute parameters of the seismic wave in the subsurface two-dimensional survey line or three-dimensional survey network over time or the rate of change are obtained by processing the time-lapse two-dimensional ground seismic and VSP or time-lapse three-dimensional ground seismic and VSP data collected on the ground-to-well, and the migration state and distribution and variation characteristics and rules of the fluid including the injected carbon dioxide in the subsurface formation in the two-dimensional survey line or in the three-dimensional space are further understood and judged; (n) jointly inverting and fusing the first time surface microgravity data, well gravity data, surface CSEM data, well CSEM data, surface seismic data and well seismic data collected before the CO2 injection into the subsurface, to establish a fine geologic and fluid distribution model of the subsurface reservoir in terms of the depth, thickness, density, porosity, permeability, resistivity, the fluid in the reservoir pores and their distribution in the three-dimensional space; (o) jointly inverting and fusing the time-lapse surface microgravity data, time-lapse well gravity data, time-lapse surface CSEM data, time-lapse well CSEM data, time-lapse surface seismic data and time-lapse well seismic data collected periodically after the CO2 injection into the subsurface, to establish a fine time-lapse geologic and fluid distribution model of the subsurface reservoir in terms of the time-lapse density, time-lapse resistivity, the time-lapse fluid in the reservoir pores and their distribution in the three-dimensional space over time; (p) calculating the corresponding differences between the time-lapse density, time-lapse resistivity, the time-lapse fluid in the reservoir pores and their distribution in the three-dimensional space over time calculated after each time-lapse integrated geophysical data collected periodically after the CO2 injection into the subsurface and the density, resistivity, the fluid in the reservoir pores and their distribution in the three-dimensional space before the CO2 injection into the subsurface in step (n); (q) comprehensively analyzing and comparing the processing results of the data collected before the CO2 injection into the subsurface and the processing results of each time-lapse data collected after the CO2 injection into the subsurface, and delineating the direction, position, velocity, concentration, state parameters of the CO2 plume front in the three-dimensional space over time according to the time-lapse density, time-lapse resistivity, the time-lapse fluid in the reservoir pores and their distribution in the three-dimensional space over time, to monitor the CO2 injected into the subsurface in the long term.

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