Display device

Abstract

The invention relates to a display device. The display device includes: a display panel; an input sensing unit including a sensing insulating layer and a conductive layer overlapping the non-emission region; a light control layer disposed on the input sensing unit; and a window disposed on the light control layer. The light control layer includes: a high refractive index pattern covering each of the plurality of emission regions in a plan view, and having a first refractive index; and a low refractive index layer covering the high refractive index pattern and the conductive layer, and having a second refractive index smaller than the first refractive index. One side surface of the high refractive index pattern is spaced apart from one side surface of an emission region closest to the one side surface of the high refractive index pattern among the plurality of emission regions by a separation distance in a range of 6 [mu] m to 9 [mu] m.

Description

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0002] This application claims priority to and all benefits arising from Korean Patent Application No. 10-2023-0073019, filed on June 7, 2023, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Technical Field

[0003] Embodiments of the present disclosure described herein relate to a display device and a method of manufacturing the same, and more particularly, to a display device including a high refractive index pattern and a low refractive index layer. Background Art

[0004] Various display devices are being developed for use in multimedia devices such as televisions, mobile phones, tablet computers, game consoles, etc. The display device may include various optical functional layers to provide users with high-quality color images.

[0005] Meanwhile, research on slim display devices is being conducted to realize various forms of display devices such as display devices including curved surfaces, rollable display devices, and foldable display devices. The slim display device can be realized by reducing the number of optical functional layers and including optical functional layers having various functions. Summary of the invention

[0006] Embodiments of the present disclosure provide a display device for improving light efficiency and increasing brightness of a side surface of the display device.

[0007] According to an embodiment, a display device includes: a display panel including a plurality of emission areas and non-emission areas adjacent to the plurality of emission areas; an input sensing unit disposed on the display panel, including a sensing insulating layer disposed on the display panel and a conductive layer disposed on the sensing insulating layer, and overlapping the non-emission area; a light control layer disposed on the input sensing unit; and a window disposed on the light control layer, and including a front surface and a curved surface curved from the front surface. The light control layer includes: a high refractive index pattern disposed on the sensing insulating layer, covering each of the plurality of emission areas in a plan view, and having a first refractive index; and a low refractive index layer covering the high refractive index pattern and the conductive layer and overlapping the non-emission area and the emission area, and having a second refractive index less than the first refractive index. A side surface of the high refractive index pattern is spaced apart from a side surface of an emission area closest to a side surface of the high refractive index pattern in a plan view by a separation distance in a range of 6 micrometers (μm) to 9 μm.

[0008] The display panel may include a base layer; a light emitting element disposed on the base layer and overlapping the emission region; and a thin film encapsulation layer disposed on the light emitting element and sealing the light emitting element, and the thin film encapsulation layer may have a thickness of 10 μm to 11 μm.

[0009] The high refractive index pattern may have a thickness of 2 μm to 5 μm.

[0010] A side angle formed by a side surface of the high refractive index pattern with respect to an upper surface of the sensing insulation layer may be in the range of 60 degrees to 90 degrees.

[0011] The side angle may be in the range of 60 to 70 degrees, and the difference between the first refractive index and the second refractive index may be in the range of 0.25 to 0.35.

[0012] The separation distance may increase as the side angle decreases.

[0013] A difference between the first refractive index and the second refractive index may be 0.25 or less.

[0014] The first refractive index may be in the range of 1.5 to 1.8.

[0015] The second refractive index may be in the range of 1.3 to 1.5.

[0016] The input sensing unit may include: a first sensing insulating layer, disposed on the display panel; a first conductive layer, disposed on the first sensing insulating layer and overlapping the non-emitting area; a second sensing insulating layer, disposed on the first sensing insulating layer and covering at least a portion of the first conductive layer; and a second conductive layer, disposed on the second sensing insulating layer and overlapping the non-emitting area, and the low refractive index layer may cover the second conductive layer.

[0017] The separation distance may increase as the thickness of the high refractive index pattern increases.

[0018] The separation distance may increase as the difference between the first refractive index and the second refractive index increases.

[0019] The plurality of emission regions may include a first emission region that emits red light and a second emission region that emits green light. The high refractive index pattern may be provided in plurality. The plurality of high refractive index patterns may include a first high refractive index pattern covering the first emission region in a plan view and a second high refractive index pattern covering the second emission region in a plan view. A side surface of the first high refractive index pattern may be spaced apart from a side surface of the first emission region closest to a side surface of the first high refractive index pattern by a first separation distance in a plan view. A side surface of the second high refractive index pattern may be spaced apart from a side surface of the second emission region closest to a side surface of the second high refractive index pattern by a second separation distance in a plan view. The second separation distance may be different from the first separation distance.

[0020] The second separation distance may be greater than the first separation distance.

[0021] The display device may further include a polarizing unit disposed directly on the low refractive index layer.

[0022] The high refractive index pattern may have a thickness of 10 μm or more.

[0023] According to an embodiment, a display device includes: a display panel including a plurality of emission areas and a non-emission area adjacent to the plurality of emission areas; an input sensing unit disposed on the display panel, including a sensing insulating layer disposed on the display panel and a conductive layer disposed on the sensing insulating layer, and overlapping the non-emission area; a light control layer disposed on the input sensing unit; and a window disposed on the light control layer, and including a front surface and a curved surface curved from the front surface. The light control layer includes: a low refractive index pattern disposed on the sensing insulating layer, covering the conductive layer, overlapping the non-emission area, and having a first refractive index; and a high refractive index layer covering the low refractive index pattern, overlapping the non-emission area and the emission area, and having a second refractive index greater than the first refractive index. A side surface of the low refractive index pattern is spaced apart from a side surface of an emission area closest to a side surface of the low refractive index pattern by a separation distance in a plan view in a range of 6 μm to 9 μm.

[0024] The display panel may include a base layer; a light emitting element disposed on the base layer and overlapping the emission region; and a thin film encapsulation layer disposed on the light emitting element and sealing the light emitting element, and the thin film encapsulation layer may have a thickness of 10 μm to 11 μm.

[0025] A side angle formed by a side surface of the low refractive index pattern with respect to an upper surface of the sensing insulation layer may be in the range of 90 degrees to 120 degrees.

[0026] The first refractive index may be in the range of 1.3 to 1.5.

[0027] The second refractive index may be in the range of 1.5 to 1.8. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0028] The above and other aspects and features of the present disclosure will become apparent by describing in detail embodiments of the present disclosure with reference to the attached drawings.

[0029] Figure 1 is a perspective view of a display device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0030] Figure 2 is an exploded perspective view of a display device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0031] Figure 3 According to the embodiment of the present disclosure, Figure 1 A cross-sectional view taken along line II'.

[0032] Figure 4 is a cross-sectional view of a display device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0033] Figure 5A is a plan view of a display panel according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0034] Figure 5B is a cross-sectional view of a display panel according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0035] Figure 6 is a plan view of an input sensing unit according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0036] Figure 7 is an enlarged plan view of an effective area according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0037] Figure 8 According to the embodiment of the present disclosure, Figure 7 A cross-sectional view of the display device taken along line II-II'.

[0038] Fig. 9 The present invention is shown in the embodiment of the present invention. Figure 8 An enlarged cross-sectional view of area AA.

[0039] Fig. 10A and Fig. 10B The comparative example is shown Figure 8 An enlarged cross-sectional view of area AA.

[0040] Fig.11A and Fig. 11B They are cross-sectional views showing optical paths according to a comparative example and an embodiment of the present disclosure, respectively.

[0041] Fig. 12A and Fig. 12Bis a graph depicting front light efficiency and light efficiency at a viewing angle of 45 degrees of a display device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0042] Fig.13A and Fig. 13B is a view showing light efficiency according to viewing angles according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0043] Fig.14A and Fig. 14B is a view showing light efficiency according to viewing angles according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0044] Fig.15 is a graph depicting light efficiency according to a side angle and a refractive index difference of a display device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0045] FIG. 16A to FIG. 16F is a graph depicting light efficiency according to viewing angles of a display device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0046] Fig.17 is a graph depicting light efficiency according to viewing angles of a display device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0047] Fig.18 According to another embodiment of the present disclosure, Figure 7 A cross-sectional view of the display device taken along line II-II'.

[0048] Fig.19 is a cross-sectional view of a display device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0049] Fig. 20 According to another embodiment of the present disclosure, Figure 7 A cross-sectional view of the display device taken along line II-II'.

[0050] Fig.21 According to another embodiment of the present disclosure, Figure 7 A cross-sectional view of the display device taken along line II-II'. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0051] In this specification, when a component (or region, layer, part, etc.) is referred to as being "on," "connected to" or "coupled to" another component, this means that the component may be directly on, directly connected to or directly coupled to the other component, or a third component may be present therebetween.

[0052] The same reference numerals represent the same parts. In addition, in the accompanying drawings, the thickness, proportion and size of the parts are exaggerated for effective description. The terms used herein are only used for the purpose of describing specific embodiments, and are not intended to be limited. As used herein, "a", "one", "the" and "at least one" do not represent the limitation of quantity, and are intended to include both the singular and the plural, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. For example, "an element" has the same meaning as "at least one element", unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. "At least one" should not be interpreted as limiting "a" or "one". "Or" means "and / or". As used herein, the term "and / or" includes all of one or more combinations defined by the relevant components.

[0053] Terms such as "first", "second", etc. may be used to describe various components, but these components should not be limited by these terms. These terms may only be used to distinguish one component from other components. For example, a first component may be referred to as a second component, and similarly, a second component may also be referred to as a first component without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. Unless otherwise specified, terms in the singular may include plural forms.

[0054] In addition, terms such as "below", "beneath", "above", and "over" are used to describe the relationship of components shown in the drawings. These terms are relative concepts and are described based on the directions shown in the drawings.

[0055] It should be understood that when used herein, terms such as “includes,” “comprising,” and “having” specify the presence of stated features, quantities, steps, operations, components, parts, or a combination thereof, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, quantities, steps, operations, components, parts, or a combination thereof.

[0056] Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical or scientific terms) used herein have the same meanings as those commonly understood by those skilled in the art to which the present disclosure belongs. Terms such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries should be interpreted as having the same meanings as the contextual meanings in the relevant field, and should not be interpreted as having idealized or overly formalized meanings unless clearly defined as having such meanings in the present application.

[0057] Hereinafter, embodiments of the present disclosure will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0058] Figure 1 is a perspective view of a display device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Figure 2 is an exploded perspective view of a display device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0059] refer to Figure 1 and Figure 2 , the display device DD may be activated according to the electrical signal. For example, the display device DD may be a mobile phone, a tablet computer, a car navigation unit, a game console, or a wearable device, but is not limited thereto. Figure 1 An example is shown in which the display device DD is a mobile phone.

[0060] The display device DD may display an image IM and may sense a user input TC applied from the outside.

[0061] The image IM may be displayed on all surfaces of the window WM. For example, the image IM may be displayed on the front surface FS and the curved surface SS of the window WM. That is, the display device DD according to an embodiment of the present disclosure may correspond to a device regarded as a multi-display device, which displays images on the front surface and the four side surfaces SS1, SS2, SS3, and SS4. Figure 1 and Figure 2 A multi-display device is shown in FIG. 1 , but a display device DD according to an embodiment of the present disclosure to be described below is not limited thereto and may be applied to a front display device.

[0062] The user input TC (hereinafter referred to as external input) includes various forms of external input such as a part of the user's body, light, heat, pressure, etc. In addition, the display device DD can sense not only inputs in contact with the display device DD, but also inputs approaching or adjacent to the display device DD. In this embodiment, the display device DD is shown as a smart phone, and the external input TC is shown as a user's hand. Meanwhile, in this embodiment, the external input TC may include force and touch.

[0063] The display device DD may sense user input TC provided to all surfaces of the window WM. Figure 1 , for ease of description, the user input TC is shown as being provided on the front surface FS of the display device DD. However, the user input TC may be provided on the side surface of the display device DD, and the display device DD may easily sense information about the position and strength of the external input TC provided on the side surface.

[0064] The display device DD may include a window WM, an electronic panel EP, and a housing HU. The window WM and the housing HU may be coupled to each other to form the appearance of the display device DD. The window WM protects the upper surface of the electronic panel EP. The window WM may be optically transparent. Therefore, an image displayed on the electronic panel EP may be visible to a user through the window WM. The window WM may be formed of glass, plastic, or film.

[0065] The window WM may include at least a portion bent from a plane defined by the first direction DR1 and the second direction DR2. The window WM may include a front surface FS, a first side surface SS1, a second side surface SS2, a third side surface SS3, and a fourth side surface SS4.

[0066] In this embodiment, the front surface FS is shown as a surface perpendicular to the third direction DR3. The first side surface SS1, the second side surface SS2, the third side surface SS3, and the fourth side surface SS4 may be bent from the front surface FS. The first side surface SS1 and the second side surface SS2 may be surfaces bent from the front surface FS and perpendicular to the first direction DR1. The first side surface SS1 and the second side surface SS2 may be opposite to each other in the first direction DR1.

[0067] The third and fourth side surfaces SS3 and SS4 may be surfaces bent from the front surface FS and perpendicular to the second direction DR2. The third and fourth side surfaces SS3 and SS4 may be opposite to each other in the second direction DR2.

[0068] The electronic panel EP may include a main portion P0 and a plurality of cutout portions P1, P2, P3, and P4. The main portion P0 may be disposed parallel to the front surface FS and may have a shape corresponding to the front surface FS. The main portion P0 may include a main active area AA0 for providing an image IM on the front surface FS.

[0069] The cut-off portions P1, P2, P3, and P4 may include a first cut-off portion P1, a second cut-off portion P2, a third cut-off portion P3, and a fourth cut-off portion P4. The first cut-off portion P1, the second cut-off portion P2, the third cut-off portion P3, and the fourth cut-off portion P4 are disposed on a side of the main portion P0 and protrude from the main portion P0.

[0070] exist Figure 2 , for ease of description, the first cut-off portion P1, the second cut-off portion P2, the third cut-off portion P3, and the fourth cut-off portion P4 are shown as extending parallel to the main portion P0. However, the first cut-off portion P1, the second cut-off portion P2, the third cut-off portion P3, and the fourth cut-off portion P4 may be assembled into a state of being bent from the main portion P0 to face the first side surface SS1, the second side surface SS2, the third side surface SS3, and the fourth side surface SS4. The first cut-off portion P1, the second cut-off portion P2, the third cut-off portion P3, and the fourth cut-off portion P4 may include sub-active areas AA1, AA2, AA3, and AA4 for providing an image IM on the first side surface SS1, the second side surface SS2, the third side surface SS3, and the fourth side surface SS4.

[0071] At the same time, this is illustrative, and the electronic panel EP can be assembled in various forms according to the shape of the window WM. For example, only some of the cutouts P1, P2, P3, and P4 can be assembled into a state bent from the main part P0, or all of the cutouts P1, P2, P3, and P4 can be assembled into a shape defining the same plane as the main part P0. The display device DD according to an embodiment of the present disclosure can be assembled in various forms according to a determined design and is not limited to any one embodiment. In this specification, hereinafter, the cutouts P1, P2, P3, and P4 of the electronic panel EP are not shown separately.

[0072] Figure 3 According to the embodiment of the present disclosure, Figure 1 A cross-sectional view taken along line II'.

[0073] refer to Figure 3 , the light L1 output through the front surface FS of the window WM and the light L2 output through the second side surface SS2 of the window WM can be recognized. Figure 1 When the display device DD is configured, the viewing angle of the light L1 output through the front surface FS may be 0 degrees. Here, the viewing angle may refer to the angle of the light relative to the display panel DP (reference Figure 4 )’s surface and the angle formed by a reference line perpendicular to it.

[0074] When the user observes from the front surface Figure 1 When the display device DD is displayed, the viewing angle of the light L2 output through the second side surface SS2 may be greater than 0 degrees and less than 90 degrees. The viewing angle of the light L2 output through the second side surface SS2 may increase away from the front surface FS. Because the light efficiency decreases as the viewing angle increases, the light efficiency of the light L2 output through the second side surface SS2 may decrease away from the front surface FS. Hereinafter, the light efficiency described in the present disclosure may refer to the brightness at a viewing angle of 0 to 90 degrees when the brightness at the front surface (at a viewing angle of 0 degrees) is 100%.

[0075] Figure 4 is a cross-sectional view of a display device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Figure 4 , the display device DD is simply shown to explain the stacking relationship between the functional panels and the functional units constituting the display device DD.

[0076] refer to Figure 4 The display device DD may include a display panel DP, an input sensing unit ISL, a light control layer LCL, and a window WM. The electronic panel EP may include a display panel DP, an input sensing unit ISL, a light control layer LCL, a first adhesive layer ADL1, and a polarization unit POL.

[0077] The display panel DP may generate an image. The display panel DP may include a plurality of pixels PX (refer to Figure 5A ). The display panel DP may be an emissive display panel including a light-emitting element as a display element, but is not particularly limited thereto. For example, the display panel DP may be an organic light-emitting display panel or an inorganic light-emitting display panel. The emissive layer of the organic light-emitting display panel may include an organic light-emitting material. The emissive layer of the inorganic light-emitting display panel may include quantum dots, quantum rods, or inorganic LEDs. Hereinafter, the display panel DP will be described as an organic light-emitting display panel.

[0078] The input sensing unit ISL may be disposed on the display panel DP. The input sensing unit ISL obtains coordinate information of an external input (eg, a touch event). The input sensing unit ISL may sense the external input in a capacitive type.

[0079] The light control layer LCL may be disposed on the input sensing unit ISL. The light control layer LCL may include a plurality of patterns and a layer having a refractive index different from that of the plurality of patterns. A description of this will be made below with reference to Figure 8 Given.

[0080] The polarization unit POL may be disposed on the light control layer LCL. The polarization unit POL may be attached to the light control layer LCL by a first adhesive layer ADL1. The first adhesive layer ADL1 may be a pressure sensitive adhesive ("PSA") film or an optically clear adhesive ("OCA"). However, the first adhesive layer ADL1 may be omitted. The polarization unit POL may reduce the reflectivity of light incident from the outside. The polarization unit POL may include at least one of a phase retarder, a polarizer, a polarization film, and a polarization filter. However, the type of the polarization unit POL is illustrative and is not limited thereto. For another example, the polarization unit POL may include a color filter.

[0081] The window WM may be disposed on the polarization unit POL. The window WM may be attached to the polarization unit POL by a second adhesive layer ADL2. The upper surface of the window WM may include a flat front surface FS and a curved surface SS bent from the front surface FS. The distal ends of the display panel DP, the input sensing unit ISL, the light control layer LCL, and the polarization unit POL may be bent along the curved surface SS of the window WM.

[0082] When viewed from the front surface FS of the display device DD, the viewing angle θ12 of the light output through the curved surface SS of the window WM may be in the range of 0 to 90 degrees. The viewing angle θ12 of the light output through the curved surface SS of the window WM may be about 45 degrees on average. Because the display panel DP for emitting light is curved with a curvature corresponding to the curvature of the curved surface SS, the viewing angle θ12 of the light output through the curved surface SS of the window WM may increase away from the front surface FS.

[0083] Figure 5A is a plan view of a display panel according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. As used herein, a “plan view” is defined as a view in a direction (third direction DR3 ) perpendicular to the front surface FS.

[0084] refer to Figure 5A , the display panel DP may include a plurality of pixels PX. The pixels PX may be disposed in the active area AA and may emit light. The pixels PX may be divided into a plurality of pixel groups PXG0, PXG1, PXG2, PXG3, and PXG4.

[0085] Among the pixel groups PXG0, PXG1, PXG2, PXG3, and PXG4, the main pixel group PXG0 may be disposed in the main active area AA0. An image displayed by the main pixel group PXG0 may be displayed through the front surface FS (reference Figure 2 ) is visible from the outside.

[0086] Among the pixel groups PXG0, PXG1, PXG2, PXG3, and PXG4, the first sub-pixel group PXG1 may be disposed in the first sub-active area AA1. An image displayed by the first sub-pixel group PXG1 may be displayed through the first side surface SS1 (reference Figure 2 ) is visible from the outside.

[0087] Among the pixel groups PXG0, PXG1, PXG2, PXG3, and PXG4, the second sub-pixel group PXG2 may be disposed in the second sub-active area AA2. An image displayed by the second sub-pixel group PXG2 may be displayed through the second side surface SS2 (reference Figure 2 ) is visible from the outside.

[0088] Among the pixel groups PXG0, PXG1, PXG2, PXG3, and PXG4, the third sub-pixel group PXG3 may be disposed in the third sub-active area AA3. An image displayed by the third sub-pixel group PXG3 may be displayed through the third side surface SS3 (reference Figure 2 ) is visible from the outside.

[0089] Among the pixel groups PXG0, PXG1, PXG2, PXG3, and PXG4, the fourth sub-pixel group PXG4 may be disposed in the fourth sub-active area AA4. An image displayed by the fourth sub-pixel group PXG4 may be displayed through the fourth side surface SS4 (reference Figure 2 ) is visible from the outside.

[0090] The pixel groups PXG0, PXG1, PXG2, PXG3, and PXG4 may display images independent of each other, or may display images related to each other. In an embodiment, for example, the images displayed on the corresponding active areas AA0, AA1, AA2, AA3, and AA4 may be presented as one image. Alternatively, an image including important information may be displayed on the main active area AA0, and an icon requiring user input or a button image for controlling the image displayed on the main active area AA0 may be displayed on the first sub-active area AA1, the second sub-active area AA2, the third sub-active area AA3, and the fourth sub-active area AA4. The pixel groups PXG0, PXG1, PXG2, PXG3, and PXG4 may be connected to one driving circuit and driven by the one driving circuit, or may be independently driven by separate independent driving circuits independent of each other, and are not limited to any one embodiment.

[0091] Figure 5B is a cross-sectional view of a display panel according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0092] refer to Figure 5B , the display panel DP may include a base layer BS, a circuit element layer DP-CL, a display element layer DP-ED and a thin film encapsulation layer TFE.

[0093] The base layer BS may include a synthetic resin film. In addition, the base layer BS may include a glass substrate, a metal substrate, or an organic / inorganic composite substrate.

[0094] At least one inorganic layer is disposed on the upper surface of the base layer BS. The circuit element layer DP-CL may be disposed on the base layer BS. The circuit element layer DP-CL may include a buffer layer BFL and a plurality of insulating layers 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60. The buffer layer BFL improves the coupling force between the base layer BS and the semiconductor pattern. The buffer layer BFL may include a silicon oxide layer and a silicon nitride layer. The silicon oxide layer and the silicon nitride layer may be alternately stacked with each other.

[0095] The display panel DP may include a plurality of insulating layers, semiconductor patterns, conductive patterns, and signal lines. The insulating layers, semiconductor layers, and conductive layers are formed by coating, deposition, and the like. Thereafter, the insulating layers, semiconductor layers, and conductive layers may be selectively patterned by photolithography and etching. The semiconductor patterns, conductive patterns, and signal lines included in the circuit element layer DP-CL and the display element layer DP-ED are formed by the above method.

[0096] The semiconductor pattern is disposed on the buffer layer BFL. The semiconductor pattern may include polycrystalline silicon. However, not limited thereto, the semiconductor pattern may include amorphous silicon or metal oxide.

[0097] Figure 5BOnly a portion of the semiconductor pattern is shown, and in a plan view, the semiconductor pattern may be additionally disposed in a plurality of emission regions LA1, LA2, and LA3 (refer to FIG. 1 ) to be described below. Figure 8 ). The semiconductor pattern may be arranged throughout a plurality of emission regions according to a specific rule. Depending on whether the semiconductor pattern is doped, the semiconductor pattern has different electrical characteristics. The semiconductor pattern may include a first region having a high doping concentration and a second region having a low doping concentration. The first region may be doped with an N-type dopant or a P-type dopant. The P-type transistor includes a first region doped with a P-type dopant.

[0098] The first region has a higher conductivity than the second region and is basically used as an electrode or a signal line. The second region basically corresponds to the channel region of the transistor. In other words, a portion of the semiconductor pattern can be the channel region of the transistor, another portion can be the source region or the drain region of the transistor, and another portion can be the conductive region.

[0099] like Figure 5B As shown in , a source region S1 , a channel region A1 , and a drain region D1 of the transistor T1 are formed of a semiconductor pattern. Figure 5B A portion of a signal transmission region SCL formed of a semiconductor pattern is shown Although not separately shown, the signal transmission region SCL may be connected to the drain region D1 of the transistor T1 in a plan view.

[0100] The first to sixth insulating layers 10 to 60 are disposed on the buffer layer BFL. The first to sixth insulating layers 10 to 60 may be inorganic layers or organic layers. The gate G1 is disposed on the first insulating layer 10. The upper electrode UE may be disposed on the second insulating layer 20. The first connection electrode CNE1 may be disposed on the third insulating layer 30. The first connection electrode CNE1 may be connected to the signal transmission region SCL through a contact hole CNT-1 penetrating the first to third insulating layers 10 to 30. The fourth insulating layer 40 and the fifth insulating layer 50 may be disposed on the third insulating layer 30. According to an embodiment, the fourth insulating layer 40 and the fifth insulating layer 50 may be organic layers.

[0101] The second connection electrode CNE2 may be disposed on the fifth insulating layer 50. The second connection electrode CNE2 may be connected to the first connection electrode CNE1 through a contact hole CNT-2 penetrating the fourth insulating layer 40 and the fifth insulating layer 50.

[0102] The display element layer DP-ED may be disposed on the circuit element layer DP-CL. According to this embodiment, the display element layer DP-ED may include a light emitting element ED, a pixel defining layer PDL, a cover layer CPL, and an anti-reflection layer (not shown).

[0103] The light emitting element ED is disposed on the sixth insulating layer 60. The light emitting element ED may overlap the emission area LA. According to the embodiment, the light emitting element ED may include a first electrode AE, a hole control layer HCL, an emission layer EML, an electron control layer ECL, and a second electrode CE.

[0104] The first electrode AE ​​is disposed on the sixth insulating layer 60. The first electrode AE ​​is connected to the second connection electrode CNE2 through a contact hole CNT-3 penetrating the sixth insulating layer 60. The pixel defining layer PDL is disposed on the sixth insulating layer 60. A pixel opening OP-P is defined in the pixel defining layer PDL. The pixel opening OP-P exposes at least a portion of the first electrode AE. Basically, the "emission area" LA can be defined as corresponding to a portion of the first electrode AE ​​exposed by the pixel opening OP-P. The non-emission area NLA is adjacent to the active areas AA0 to AA4 (reference area 10). Figure 2 ) corresponds to the area outside the emission area LA.

[0105] In an embodiment, the pixel defining layer PDL may include a light absorbing material. The pixel defining layer PDL may include a black colorant. The black colorant may include a black dye or a black pigment. The black colorant may include carbon black, a metal such as chromium, or an oxide thereof.

[0106] The hole control layer HCL is disposed on the first electrode AE. The hole control layer HCL may be commonly disposed in the emission area LA and the non-emission area NLA. The hole control layer HCL may include a hole transport layer and may further include a hole injection layer.

[0107] The emission layer EML is disposed on the hole control layer HCL. The emission layer EML may be disposed in a region corresponding to the pixel opening OP-P. That is, the emission layer EML may be disposed to correspond to the emission region LA.

[0108] The electron control layer ECL is disposed on the emission layer EML. The electron control layer ECL may include an electron transport layer and may further include an electron injection layer. The second electrode CE is disposed on the electron control layer ECL. The electron control layer ECL and the second electrode CE may be commonly disposed in the emission region LA and the non-emission region NLA.

[0109] The capping layer CPL is disposed on the second electrode CE. The capping layer CPL may be commonly disposed in the emission area LA and the non-emission area NLA.

[0110] According to an embodiment, the cover layer CPL may include an inorganic material. The cover layer CPL may be formed by a sputtering deposition process.

[0111] The cover layer CPL may protect the second electrode CE and the emission layer EML from penetration of external moisture or contaminants by covering the second electrode CE. In addition, light totally reflected at the interface between the second electrode CE and the cover layer CPL may be reduced by adjusting the refractive index and thickness of the cover layer CPL.

[0112] The thin film encapsulation layer TFE may be disposed on the display element layer DP-ED. The thin film encapsulation layer TFE may seal the display element layer DP-ED. The thin film encapsulation layer TFE may include one layer or a plurality of layers stacked on each other. The thin film encapsulation layer TFE includes at least one organic film.

[0113] According to an embodiment, the thin film encapsulation layer TFE may include a first inorganic layer IOL1, an organic layer OL, and a second inorganic layer IOL2. The first inorganic layer IOL1 may be disposed on the cover layer CPL. The organic layer OL may be disposed on the first inorganic layer IOL1. The second inorganic layer IOL2 may be disposed on the organic layer OL and may cover the organic layer OL.

[0114] The first and second inorganic layers IOL1 and IOL2 may protect the display element layer DP-ED from moisture / oxygen, and the organic layer OL may protect the display element layer DP-ED from foreign substances such as dust particles.

[0115] Figure 6 is a plan view of an input sensing unit according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0116] refer to Figure 6 , the input sensing unit ISL senses the external input TC (reference Figure 2 Specifically, the input sensing unit ISL senses the input signal through the window WM (reference Figure 2 ) of the front surface FS (reference Figure 2 ) is provided to the main active area AA0. Schematic diagram shows sensing the input provided to the main active area AA0. However, not limited thereto, the input sensing unit ISL may sense inputs in the first to fourth sub-active areas AA1 to AA4, and is not limited to any one embodiment.

[0117] The input sensing unit ISL may include a plurality of first sensing electrodes TE1 , a plurality of second sensing electrodes TE2 , a plurality of sensing lines TL1 , TL2 , and TL3 , and a plurality of sensing pads AT1 , AT2 , and AT3 .

[0118] The first and second sensing electrodes TE1 and TE2 may be disposed in the main active area AA0. The input sensing unit ISL may obtain information about the external input TC through a change in mutual capacitance between the first and second sensing electrodes TE1 and TE2.

[0119] The first sensing electrodes TE1 are arranged in the second direction DR2, and each of the first sensing electrodes TE1 extends in the first direction DR1. The first sensing electrodes TE1 may include a first sensing pattern SP1 and a first connection pattern CP1.

[0120] In this embodiment, the first sensing pattern SP1 may have a rhombus shape. However, this is illustrative, and the first sensing pattern SP1 may have various shapes and is not limited to any one embodiment.

[0121] The first connection patterns CP1 are connected to the first sensing patterns SP1. Each of the first connection patterns CP1 may be disposed between two first sensing patterns SP1, and may connect the two first sensing patterns SP1.

[0122] The second sensing electrodes TE2 are arranged in the first direction DR1, and each of the second sensing electrodes TE2 extends in the second direction DR2. The second sensing electrodes TE2 may include second sensing patterns SP2 and second connection patterns CP2.

[0123] The second sensing pattern SP2 may be spaced apart from the first sensing pattern SP1. The first sensing pattern SP1 and the second sensing pattern SP2 may be electrically insulated from each other. The first sensing pattern SP1 and the second sensing pattern SP2 may transmit / receive independent electrical signals without contacting each other.

[0124] In this embodiment, the second sensing pattern SP2 may have the same shape as the first sensing pattern SP1. In an embodiment, for example, the second sensing pattern SP2 may have a rhombus shape. However, this is illustrative, and the second sensing pattern SP2 may have various shapes and is not limited to any one embodiment.

[0125] The second connection patterns CP2 are connected to the second sensing patterns SP2. Each of the second connection patterns CP2 may be disposed between two second sensing patterns SP2, and may connect the two second sensing patterns SP2.

[0126] In this embodiment, the first sensing patterns SP1 and the second sensing patterns SP2 may include an optically transparent material. Therefore, even if the first sensing patterns SP1 and the second sensing patterns SP2 are disposed to be aligned with the pixels PX (refer to FIG. 1 ) in a plan view, Figure 5A ) overlapped, by the display panel DP (reference Figure 5A )The displayed image IM can also be easily visible to the user.

[0127] Optionally, the first sensing pattern SP1 and the second sensing pattern SP2 may each include a plurality of grid lines. The grid lines are defined in a plane view and are aligned with the pixels PX (refer to FIG. Figure 5A) of the emitting area overlapped. Therefore, it is possible to prevent the visibility of the image IM displayed by the display panel DP from being reduced due to the input sensing unit ISL.

[0128] The sensing lines TL1, TL2, and TL3 may be disposed in an area other than the main active area AA0. Specifically, the sensing lines TL1, TL2, and TL3 may connect the first sensing electrode TE1 and the second sensing electrode TE2 to the sensing pads AT1, AT2, and AT3 via the first sub-active area AA1, the second sub-active area AA2, the third sub-active area AA3, and the fourth sub-active area AA4. The sensing lines TL1, TL2, and TL3 may include a first sensing line TL1, a second sensing line TL2, and a third sensing line TL3.

[0129] The first sensing lines TL1 are connected to the first sensing electrodes TE1, respectively. In this embodiment, the first sensing lines TL1 are connected to the left ends of the first sensing electrodes TE1, respectively. The first sensing lines TL1 may be connected to the first sensing pads AT1, respectively, via the first and third sub-active areas AA1 and AA3.

[0130] The second sensing lines TL2 are respectively connected to the upper ends of the second sensing electrodes TE2. The second sensing lines TL2 respectively connect the second sensing electrodes TE2 and the second sensing pads AT2. The second sensing lines TL2 may sequentially pass through the fourth sub-active area AA4, the second sub-active area AA2, and partial areas of the third sub-active area AA3, and may be respectively connected to the second sensing pads AT2.

[0131] The third sensing lines TL3 are respectively connected to the lower ends of the second sensing electrodes TE2. The third sensing lines TL3 respectively connect the second sensing electrodes TE2 and the third sensing pads AT3. The third sensing lines TL3 may be respectively connected to the third sensing pads AT3 via the third sub-active area AA3.

[0132] According to the present disclosure, the second sensing electrode TE2 may be connected to the second sensing line TL2 and the third sensing line TL3, respectively. Therefore, for the second sensing electrode TE2 that is longer than the first sensing electrode TE1, the sensitivity according to the area may be uniformly maintained. However, this is illustrative, and in the input sensing unit ISL according to the embodiment of the present disclosure, the third sensing line TL3 may be omitted, and the present disclosure is not limited to any one embodiment.

[0133] Figure 7 is an enlarged plan view of an effective area according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Figure 7 is a plan view of the emission area LA, the non-emission area NLA, and the light control layer LCL. Figure 7 The effective area shown in the above reference Figure 5AThe sub-valid areas AA1, AA2, AA3 and AA4 described above correspond to each other. However, this is not limited to this. Figure 7 The effective area shown in the above reference Figure 5A The main active area AA0 is described and is not limited to any one embodiment.

[0134] refer to Figure 7 , pixel definition layer PDL (reference Figure 8 ) may define a plurality of pixel openings OP-P therein. The pixel opening OP-P may include a first pixel opening OP-P1, a second pixel opening OP-P2, and a third pixel opening OP-P3 having different areas in a plan view. According to an embodiment, in a plan view, an area of ​​the first pixel opening OP-P1 may be greater than an area of ​​the second pixel opening OP-P2 and smaller than an area of ​​the third pixel opening OP-P3.

[0135] The emission area LA may include a first emission area LA1, a second emission area LA2, and a third emission area LA3. The non-emission area NLA may be adjacent to the emission area LA. The first emission area LA1 may be a first electrode AE ​​exposed by the first pixel opening OP-P1 (refer to Figure 8 ) in a plan view. The first emission area LA1 may provide a first color light beam. The second emission area LA2 may be a first electrode AE ​​exposed by a second pixel opening OP-P2 (refer to Figure 8 ) in a plan view. The second emission area LA2 may provide a second color light beam. The third emission area LA3 may be the first electrode AE ​​exposed by the third pixel opening OP-P3 (reference Figure 8 ) is an area occupied in the plan view. The third emission area LA3 can provide a third color light beam.

[0136] The first emission areas LA1 and the third emission areas LA3 may be alternately arranged in a first direction DR1 in a plan view. The second emission areas LA2 may be disposed in a pixel row different from a pixel row in which the first emission areas LA1 and the third emission areas LA3 are disposed.

[0137] The second emission areas LA2 may be arranged in the first direction DR1 in the same pixel row. The first emission areas LA1 and the second emission areas LA2 may be alternately arranged in a fourth direction DR4 (which is defined as an inclined direction inclined relative to the first direction DR1 and the second direction DR2). The second emission areas LA2 and the third emission areas LA3 may be alternately arranged in the fourth direction DR4. However, the arrangement of the first emission areas LA1, the second emission areas LA2, and the third emission areas LA3 is not limited thereto.

[0138] The first color light beam to the third color light beam may be light beams having different colors. In an embodiment, for example, the first color light beam provided by the first emission area LA1 may be a red light beam, the second color light beam provided by the second emission area LA2 may be a green light beam, and the third color light beam provided by the third emission area LA3 may be a blue light beam.

[0139] However, without being limited thereto, the first to third color light beams may be selected as a combination of three color light beams that are mixed to generate white light. Alternatively, the first to third color light beams may be light beams having the same color.

[0140] The light control layer LCL may include a high refractive index pattern PT and a low refractive index layer CVL. Figure 7 , the areas occupied by the high refractive index patterns PT in the plan view are shown as the first high refractive index pattern PT1, the second high refractive index pattern PT2, and the third high refractive index pattern PT3. The high refractive index pattern PT may cover a plurality of emission areas LA in the plan view. The first high refractive index pattern PT1 may cover the first emission area LA1 in the plan view. The second high refractive index pattern PT2 may cover the second emission area LA2 in the plan view. The third high refractive index pattern PT3 may cover the third emission area LA3 in the plan view.

[0141] Figure 8 According to the embodiment of the present disclosure, Figure 7 A cross-sectional view of the display device taken along line II-II'.

[0142] refer to Figure 7 and Figure 8 , the input sensing unit ISL may be disposed on the display panel DP. According to this embodiment, the input sensing unit ISL may be directly disposed on the thin film encapsulation layer TFE.

[0143] As mentioned above Figure 5B As described, the thin film encapsulation layer TFE may include a first inorganic layer IOL1, an organic layer OL, and a second inorganic layer IOL2. The thin film encapsulation layer TFE may have a thickness of 10 micrometers (μm) to 11 μm. The thickness of the thin film encapsulation layer TFE may be measured from the middle of the first electrode AE ​​in a plan view (see Figure 8 TH2 in the figure). When the thickness of the thin film encapsulation layer TFE is less than 10 μm or greater than 11 μm, the viewing angle of the light refracted and output through the side surface PTS of the high refractive index pattern PT may deviate from about 45 degrees. Fig. 10A and Fig. 10B Given.

[0144] According to the embodiment, the input sensing unit ISL may include a first sensing insulating layer IL1, a first conductive layer CL1, a second sensing insulating layer IL2, and a second conductive layer CL2. The first sensing insulating layer IL1 may be disposed on the thin film encapsulation layer TFE. The first conductive layer CL1 may be disposed on the first sensing insulating layer IL1. The first conductive layer CL1 may overlap the non-emission area NLA. The second sensing insulating layer IL2 may be disposed on the first sensing insulating layer IL1 and may cover the first conductive layer CL1. The second conductive layer CL2 may be disposed on the second sensing insulating layer IL2 and may overlap the non-emission area NLA. The second conductive layer CL2 may be electrically connected to the first conductive layer CL1 through a contact hole CNT-A defined as passing through the second sensing insulating layer IL2.

[0145] Each of the first and second sensing insulating layers IL1 and IL2 may include at least one of an inorganic material and an organic material. Each of the first and second conductive layers CL1 and CL2 may have conductivity and may be provided as a single layer or a plurality of layers.

[0146] At least one of the first conductive layer CL1 and the second conductive layer CL2 may be arranged as a grid line in a plan view. The grid line may be spaced apart from the emission layer EML in a plan view. Therefore, even if the input sensing unit ISL is directly arranged on the display panel DP, the light generated from the light emitting element ED may be provided to the user without interference from the input sensing unit ISL. The emission layer EML may include a first emission layer EML1, a second emission layer EML2, and a third emission layer EML3, and the light emitting element ED may include a first light emitting element ED1, a second light emitting element ED2, and a third light emitting element ED3.

[0147] The light control layer LCL may be disposed on the input sensing unit ISL. According to the embodiment, the light control layer LCL may include a high refractive index pattern PT and a low refractive index layer CVL.

[0148] The high refractive index pattern PT may be disposed on the second sensing insulation layer IL2. The high refractive index pattern PT may include a first high refractive index pattern PT1, a second high refractive index pattern PT2, and a third high refractive index pattern PT3.

[0149] According to an embodiment, the high refractive index pattern PT may include a first high refractive index pattern PT1, a second high refractive index pattern PT2, and a third high refractive index pattern PT3. In a plan view, the first high refractive index pattern PT1 may overlap with the first pixel opening OP-P1, the second high refractive index pattern PT2 may overlap with the second pixel opening OP-P2, and the third high refractive index pattern PT3 may overlap with the third pixel opening OP-P3.

[0150] In a plan view, the first high refractive index pattern PT1 may overlap the entire area of ​​the first emission area LA1, the second high refractive index pattern PT2 may overlap the entire area of ​​the second emission area LA2, and the third high refractive index pattern PT3 may overlap the entire area of ​​the third emission area LA3. The first high refractive index pattern PT1 may have a shape corresponding to the first emission area LA1, and may have a larger size than the first emission area LA1. The second high refractive index pattern PT2 may have a shape corresponding to the second emission area LA2, and may have a larger size than the second emission area LA2. The third high refractive index pattern PT3 may have a shape corresponding to the third emission area LA3, and may have a larger size than the third emission area LA3.

[0151] The first, second, and third high refractive index patterns PT1, PT2, and PT3 may have an arrangement corresponding to that of the first, second, and third emission areas LA1, LA2, and LA3 (refer to Figure 7 ). However, the arrangement of the first, second, and third high refractive index patterns PT1, PT2, and PT3 is not limited thereto and may vary according to the arrangement of the first, second, and third emission areas LA1, LA2, and LA3.

[0152] The low refractive index layer CVL may cover the high refractive index pattern PT and the second conductive layer CL2. The low refractive index layer CVL may have a stepped lower surface due to the high refractive index pattern PT and the second conductive layer CL2, and the upper surface of the low refractive index layer CVL may be flat. The low refractive index layer CVL may overlap the non-emission area NLA and the emission area LA.

[0153] The high refractive index pattern PT and the low refractive index layer CVL may have different refractive indices. The high refractive index pattern PT may have a first refractive index, and the low refractive index layer CVL may have a second refractive index lower than the first refractive index. The first refractive index may be in the range of 1.5 to 1.8. The second refractive index may be in the range of 1.3 to 1.5. Specifically, for light in the wavelength range of 550nm to 660nm, the first refractive index may be in the range of 1.5 to 1.8, and the second refractive index may be in the range of 1.3 to 1.5. Since the first refractive index and the second refractive index satisfy the range, the emission efficiency of light with a viewing angle of 45 degrees can be improved. The difference between the first refractive index and the second refractive index may be 0.25 or less. When there is a large difference between the first refractive index and the second refractive index, the amount of light totally reflected at the side surface PTS of the high refractive index pattern PT may increase, and thus the light efficiency of the display device DD may be reduced.

[0154] Light generated from the light emitting element ED and traveling in the lateral direction may be refracted at the side surface PTS of the high refractive index pattern PT. In this case, by adjusting the position of the side surface PTS, the light refracted at the side surface PTS may improve the light emission efficiency in the lateral direction having a viewing angle of 45 degrees. That is, the position of the side surface PTS may be adjusted to increase the percentage of light traveling in the lateral direction having a viewing angle of 45 degrees.

[0155] The separation distance CD by which the side surface PTS of the high refractive index pattern PT is spaced from one side surface of the emission area LA closest to the side surface PTS in a plan view may be in the range of 6 μm to 9 μm. When the separation distance CD is less than 6 μm, the viewing angle of the light refracted at the side surface PTS and output to the outside may be reduced. When the separation distance CD exceeds 9 μm, the viewing angle of the light refracted at the side surface PTS and output to the outside may be increased. Therefore, in order to increase the output to Figure 3 For a percentage of light having a viewing angle of about 45 degrees on the curved surface SS of the window WM, a separation distance CD in the range of 6 μm to 9 μm may be appropriate.

[0156] As the difference in refractive index between the high refractive index pattern PT and the low refractive index layer CVL increases, the amount by which light traveling in a lateral direction is refracted at the side surface PTS of the high refractive index pattern PT may increase.

[0157] The high refractive index pattern PT may have a thickness TH1 of 2 μm to 5 μm. The thickness TH1 of the high refractive index pattern PT may refer to the maximum thickness between the upper surface and the lower surface of the high refractive index pattern PT. When the thickness TH1 of the high refractive index pattern PT is less than 2 μm, the area of ​​the side surface PTS may be reduced, and thus the amount of light output through the side surface PTS may be reduced. In this case, it is difficult to effectively increase the amount of light output from the side surface PTS. Figure 2 The light efficiency of the light outputted from the curved surface SS of the window WM is reduced. When the thickness TH1 of the high refractive index pattern PT exceeds 5 μm, it may be difficult to implement the high refractive index pattern PT in terms of process. In an embodiment, for example, a deep portion of the high refractive index pattern PT may not be sufficiently cured by exposure in a conventional photolithography process. In addition, the process accuracy may be reduced, which may lead to a reduction in process yield.

[0158] The side angle θ formed by the side surface PTS of the high refractive index pattern PT relative to the upper surface of the second sensing insulating layer IL2 may be in the range of 60 to 90 degrees. When the side angle θ is less than 60 degrees, the light refracted by the side surface PTS may be refracted to an excessively high degree. When the side angle θ exceeds 90 degrees, the light refracted by the side surface PTS may be refracted to an excessively small degree. Therefore, the side angle θ may be suitable in the range of 60 to 90 degrees so that the viewing angle of the light refracted by the side surface PTS is about 45 degrees.

[0159] Fig. 9 The present invention is shown in the embodiment of the present invention. Figure 8 An enlarged cross-sectional view of area AA.

[0160] refer to Fig. 9 , the paths of the lights LL1 and LL2 refracted through the side surface PTS of the high refractive index pattern PT can be identified. The light LL1 output from the third emission layer EML3 can be refracted at the side surface PTS of the high refractive index pattern PT (which is different from the low refractive index layer CVL in terms of refractive index). The viewing angle θ1 of the light LL1 output from the third emission layer EML3 can be greater than the viewing angle θ2 of the light LL2 refracted at the side surface PTS of the high refractive index pattern PT. This is because the refractive index of the high refractive index pattern PT is greater than the refractive index of the low refractive index layer CVL.

[0161] In the present disclosure, the separation distance CD may be in the range of 6 μm to 9 μm and may be large. Because the separation distance CD is large, the viewing angle θ1 of the light LL1 incident on the side surface PTS may be greater than the corresponding viewing angle when the separation distance CD is small. A description of this will be referred to below. Fig. 10A Given.

[0162] Fig. 10A and Fig. 10B The comparative example is shown Figure 8 An enlarged cross-sectional view of area AA.

[0163] refer to Fig. 9 and Fig. 10A , Fig. 10A The separation distance CD can be less than Fig. 9 Therefore, the viewing angle θ1 of the light LL1 incident on the side surface PTS can be less than Fig. 9 When the viewing angle of the light LL2 refracted at the side surface PTS is as follows Fig. 10A The value shown in the figure is 0 degrees. Figure 3 The light efficiency of the light L1 output from the front surface FS can be increased. When the viewing angle θ2 of the light LL2 refracted at the side surface PTS is as Fig. 9 When the value shown in has a value greater than 0 degrees (about 45 degrees), by Figure 3The light efficiency of the light L2 output from the side surface SS can be increased. That is, when the separation distance CD is reduced ( Fig. 10A ), the viewing angle of light with increased light efficiency can be reduced. When the separation distance CD increases ( Fig. 9 ), the viewing angle of light with increased light efficiency can be increased.

[0164] In the present disclosure, by setting the separation distance CD to 6 μm to 9 μm, light efficiency can be improved at a viewing angle of about 45 degrees. A description of this will be given below with reference to a graph.

[0165] refer to Fig. 10A and Fig. 10B , Fig. 10B The thickness TH2 of the thin film encapsulation layer TFE can be less than Fig. 10A Even when the thickness of the thin film encapsulation layer TFE is reduced, the viewing angle θ1 of the light LL1 incident on the side surface PTS can be the same as Fig. 9 In the present disclosure, by setting the thickness TH2 of the thin film encapsulation layer TFE to 10 μm to 11 μm, the light efficiency can be improved at a viewing angle of about 45 degrees. A description of this will be given below with reference to the graph.

[0166] Fig.11A and Fig. 11B They are cross-sectional views showing optical paths according to a comparative example and an embodiment of the present disclosure, respectively.

[0167] refer to Fig.11A , the refractive path of the light emitted from the display element layer DP-ED according to the comparative example can be identified. Here, the display element layer DP-ED may have a refractive index of about 1.8. The first inorganic layer IOL1 may have a refractive index of about 1.89. The organic layer OL may have a refractive index of about 1.5. The second inorganic layer IOL2 and the input sensing unit ISL may have a refractive index of about 1.89. The low refractive index layer CVL may have a refractive index of about 1.54. The polarization unit POL may have a refractive index of about 1.5. The window WM may have a refractive index of about 1.5. Although not shown above the window WM, the external space may have a refractive index of about 1.

[0168] Light LL3 output from the light source LS at a viewing angle θL of 33.7 degrees may be refracted at a viewing angle of 31.9 degrees at the interface between the display element layer DP-ED and the first inorganic layer IOL1. Light LL3 may be refracted at viewing angles of 41.8 degrees, 31.9 degrees, 40.5 degrees, and 41.8 degrees at the interface between the layers. Light refracted at an angle of 41.8 degrees at the interface between the low refractive index layer CVL and the polarization unit POL may travel through the window WM. However, light LL3 may be totally reflected at the interface between the outside and the window WM. That is, when the viewing angle θL at the light source LS exceeds 33.7 degrees, Fig.11A The light LL3 passing through the layer having the above refractive index can be totally reflected.

[0169] That is, when the viewing angle θL at the light source LS is in the range of 0 degrees to 33.7 degrees, light can be transmitted from the display device DD (reference Figure 1 ) is visible externally.

[0170] refer to Fig. 11B , the paths of the lights LL4, LL5, and LL6 in the display device DD including the high refractive index pattern PT and the low refractive index layer CVL according to the embodiment of the present disclosure can be identified. Fig. 11B In the embodiment, the low refractive index layer CVL may have a refractive index of about 1.5, the high refractive index pattern PT may have a refractive index of about 1.623, and the polarization unit POL may have a refractive index of about 1.5. The refractive indexes of the other layers may be the same as Fig.11A If the light LL4 output from the light source LS at a viewing angle θL of 33.7 degrees passes through the upper surface of the high refractive index pattern PT, the light LL4 may be as follows Fig.11A As in the example, total reflection occurs at the interface between window WM and the outside.

[0171] When light LL5 output from the light source LS at a viewing angle θL of 33.7 degrees is refracted at the side surface PTS of the high refractive index pattern PT, the light LL5 can travel toward the outside at a viewing angle θL of 51.6 degrees without being totally reflected at the interface between the window WM and the outside. That is, even if the light LL4 and LL5 are output from the light source LS at the same viewing angle θL of 33.7 degrees, the light LL5 can be visible from the outside when refracted by the side surface PTS of the high refractive index pattern PT.

[0172] When light LL6 output from the light source LS at a viewing angle θL of 40.8 degrees is refracted at the side surface PTS of the high refractive index pattern PT, the light LL6 can be totally reflected at the interface between the window WM and the outside. That is, it can be seen that when the viewing angle θL at the light source LS exceeds 40.8 degrees, even if the light is refracted at the side surface PTS of the high refractive index pattern PT, the light is totally reflected and cannot travel to the outside.

[0173] When the viewing angle θL is within the range of 0 to 40.8 degrees, the light LL5 and LL6 output from the light source LS can be seen from the outside. Fig.11A The range of the viewing angle θL is increased by about 7.1 degrees compared to the range of 0 degrees to 33.7 degrees in the comparative example. Therefore, light that is not visible from the outside due to total reflection can be visible from the outside and can contribute to the overall display device DD (reference Figure 1 )'s output coupling efficiency.

[0174] Fig. 12A and Fig. 12B is a graph depicting the front light efficiency and the light efficiency at a viewing angle of 45 degrees of a display device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. More specifically, Fig. 12A is a diagram showing the case where the first emission area LA1 (refer to Figure 8 ) of the first high refractive index pattern PT1 (reference Figure 8 ), a graph of the front light efficiency of the display device and the light efficiency at a viewing angle of 45 degrees.

[0175] Here, the front efficiency (or front light efficiency) may refer to the light efficiency when the display device DD is viewed from the front (refer to Figure 1 ) when the display device DD (reference Figure 1 ) brightness. When the display device DD is viewed from the front (reference Figure 1 ), this can mean that the user observes the window WM (refer to Figure 1 ) of the front surface FS (reference Figure 1 ). The 45-degree efficiency (or the light efficiency at a viewing angle of 45 degrees) may refer to the efficiency of the display device DD (reference Figure 1 ) is tilted at an angle of 45 degrees and is observed when the display device DD (reference Figure 1 ) is the ratio between the brightness and the front efficiency. That is, when the 45-degree efficiency is 50%, this may mean that when the display device DD (reference Figure 1 ) is tilted at an angle of 45 degrees and is observed, which is different from the display device DD observed from the front (reference Figure 1 ) compared to the display device DD (reference Figure 1 ) is reduced by 50%. Hereinafter, the light efficiency described in the present disclosure may refer to the brightness at a viewing angle of 0 to 90 degrees when the brightness at the front side (at a viewing angle of 0 degrees) is 100%.

[0176] Fig. 12A The graph depicts the Figure 8 The front efficiency and 45-degree efficiency were obtained by performing simulation while adjusting the thickness TH1 of the high refractive index pattern PT, the separation distance CD, and the side angle θ.

[0177] In the comparative example, the high refractive index pattern PT is not applied (see Figure 8 ). In implementation mode 1 (see Fig. 12A In ①), the thickness TH1 is 2.2 μm, the separation distance CD is 5 μm, and the side angle θ is 90 degrees. Fig. 12A In ②), the thickness TH1 is 2.2 μm, the separation distance CD is 7 μm, and the side angle θ is 90 degrees. Fig. 12A In ③), the thickness TH1 is 4 μm, the separation distance CD is 7 μm, and the side angle θ is 79 degrees. Fig. 12A In ④), the thickness TH1 is 4 μm, the separation distance CD is 8 μm, and the side angle θ is 90 degrees.

[0178] refer to Figure 8 and Fig. 12A , it can be seen that the 45-degree efficiency in embodiments 1 (①) to 4 (④) in which the high refractive index pattern PT is applied is higher than the 45-degree efficiency in the comparative example in which the high refractive index pattern PT is not applied. Referring to embodiments 1 (①) and 2 (②), it can be seen that when the separation distance CD increases from 5μm to 7μm under the same conditions, the 45-degree efficiency increases from 41.2% to 42.8%. When embodiment 3 (③) is compared with embodiment 2 (②), the thickness TH1 increases from 2.2μm to 4μm, and the side angle θ decreases from 90 degrees to 79 degrees. In this case, the 45-degree efficiency increases to 44.1%. When embodiment 4 (④) is compared with embodiment 3 (③), the separation distance CD increases from 7μm to 8μm, and the side angle θ increases from 79 degrees to 90 degrees. In this case, the 45-degree efficiency decreases to 44.0%. Reference Figure 8 and Fig. 12A , it can be seen that when the first high refractive index pattern PT1 has a thickness TH1 of 4 μm, a separation distance CD of 7 μm, and a side angle θ of 79 degrees, the 45 degree efficiency has a highest value of 44.1%.

[0179] Fig. 12B is a diagram depicting the case where a second emission area LA2 (refer to Figure 8 ) of the second high refractive index pattern PT2 (reference Figure 8 ), a graph of the front light efficiency of the display device and the light efficiency at a viewing angle of 45 degrees.

[0180] Fig. 12B The graph depicts the Figure 8 The front efficiency and 45-degree efficiency were obtained by performing simulation while adjusting the thickness TH1 of the high refractive index pattern PT, the separation distance CD, and the side angle θ.

[0181] In the comparative example, the high refractive index pattern PT is not applied (see Figure 8 ). In embodiment 1 (①), the thickness TH1 is 2.2 μm, the separation distance CD is 8.25 μm, and the side angle θ is 90 degrees. In embodiment 2 (②), the thickness TH1 is 3 μm, the separation distance CD is 8.25 μm, and the side angle θ is 90 degrees. In embodiment 3 (③), the thickness TH1 is 4 μm, the separation distance CD is 8.25 μm, and the side angle θ is 90 degrees. In embodiment 4 (④), the thickness TH1 is 4 μm, the separation distance CD is 8.25 μm, and the side angle θ is 70 degrees. In embodiment 5 (⑤), the thickness TH1 is 9.5 μm, the separation distance CD is 8.25 μm, and the side angle θ is 83 degrees.

[0182] refer to Figure 8 and Fig. 12B , it can be seen that the 45-degree efficiency in embodiments 1 (①) to 5 (⑤) in which the high refractive index pattern PT is applied is higher than the 45-degree efficiency in the comparative example in which the high refractive index pattern PT is not applied. It can be seen that, in the embodiment in which the high refractive index pattern PT is applied, embodiment 1 (①) has the lowest 45-degree efficiency of 44%, and embodiment 5 (⑤) has the highest 45-degree efficiency of 48.1%. However, as described above, when the thickness TH1 exceeds 5μm, it may be difficult to implement the high refractive index pattern PT in terms of process. Therefore, embodiment 4 (④) having the second highest 45-degree efficiency of 46.7% may be more suitable. Referring to embodiment 2 (②) and embodiment 3 (③), the high refractive index pattern PT in embodiment 2 (②) and the high refractive index pattern PT in embodiment 3 (③) have the same separation distance CD of 8.25μm and the same side angle θ of 90 degrees, and have different thicknesses TH1 of 3μm and 4μm. The 45 degree efficiency in Embodiment 2 (②) is 44.8%, and the 45 degree efficiency in Embodiment 3 (③) is 46%, which is higher than the 45 degree efficiency in Embodiment 2 (②). Therefore, it can be seen that the 45 degree efficiency increases as the thickness TH1 increases.

[0183] Table 1 below shows the Figure 8 The light efficiency according to the viewing angle is obtained by performing simulation while adjusting the thickness TH1 of the high refractive index pattern PT, the separation distance CD and the side angle θ. More specifically, the following Table 1 shows the light efficiency according to the viewing angle when the first emission area LA1 (reference Figure 8 ) of the first high refractive index pattern PT1 (reference Figure 8 ), the simulation results of the light efficiency of the display device according to the viewing angle.

[0184] In the comparative example, the first high refractive index pattern PT1 (reference Figure 8 In embodiment 1 (①), the first high refractive index pattern PT1 (reference Figure 8 ) has a thickness TH1 of 2.2 μm, a separation distance CD of 5 μm, and a side angle θ of 90 degrees. In embodiment 2 (②), the first high refractive index pattern PT1 (reference Figure 8 ) has a thickness TH1 of 2.2 μm, a separation distance CD of 7 μm, and a side angle θ of 90 degrees. In embodiment 3 (③), the first high refractive index pattern PT1 (reference Figure 8 ) has a thickness TH1 of 4 μm, a separation distance CD of 7 μm, and a side angle θ of 79 degrees. In embodiment 4 (④), the first high refractive index pattern PT1 (reference Figure 8 ) has a thickness TH1 of 4 μm, a separation distance CD of 8 μm and a side angle θ of 90 degrees.

[0185] [Table 1]

[0186]

[0187] Fig.13A and Fig. 13B is a view showing light efficiency according to viewing angles according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Fig.13A and Fig. 13B is a graph depicting the values ​​in Table 1 above. Fig. 13B 4 is a graph depicting the difference in efficiency between the case where the high refractive index pattern PT is not applied (not applied) and the case where the high refractive index pattern PT is applied (① to ④).

[0188] refer to Fig.13A and Fig. 13B , it can be seen that the light efficiency decreases with the increase of viewing angle. It can be seen that when the Figure 8 When the first high refractive index pattern PT1 (Implementation 1 (①) to Implementation 4 (④)) is applied, the light efficiency at a viewing angle of about 45 degrees is higher than the corresponding light efficiency when the first high refractive index pattern PT1 is not applied (Comparative Example). Therefore, it can be seen that the first high refractive index pattern PT1 is able to increase the light efficiency at the side surface having a viewing angle of about 45 degrees.

[0189] refer to Figure 8 , Fig.13A and Fig. 13B, Implementation 3 (③) has the highest light efficiency of 44.1% at a viewing angle of 45.5 degrees. It can be seen that when compared with the light efficiency in the comparative example, the light efficiency at a viewing angle of 45.5 degrees increases by about 3.4% from 40.7% to 44.1%. It can be seen that when Implementation 2 (②) is compared with Implementation 1 (①), the separation distance CD increases from 5 μm to 7 μm, and the light efficiency at a viewing angle of 45.5 degrees increases from 41.2% to 42.8%. At a viewing angle of 15.5 degrees, the light efficiency decreases from 96.5% to 95.2%. At a viewing angle of 30.5 degrees, the light efficiency decreases from 72.2% to 71.4%.

[0190] It can be seen that as the separation distance CD increases, the viewing angle at which the light efficiency increases increases. In the embodiments, for example, referring to Embodiment 1 (①) and Embodiment 2 (②), it can be seen that when the separation distance CD increases, the light efficiency at viewing angles of 15.5 degrees and 30.5 degrees decreases, while the light efficiency at viewing angles of 45.5 degrees and 60.5 degrees increases.

[0191] When embodiment 3 (③) is compared with embodiment 2 (②), the thickness TH1 is increased from 2.2 μm to 4 μm, and the side angle θ is reduced from 90 degrees to 79 degrees. In this case, the light efficiency at a viewing angle of 45.5 degrees is increased from 42.8% to 44.1%. When embodiment 4 (④) is compared with embodiment 3 (③), the separation distance CD is increased from 7 μm to 8 μm, and the side angle θ is increased from 79 degrees to 90 degrees. In this case, the light efficiency at a viewing angle of 45.5 degrees is slightly reduced from 44.1% to 44%. It can be seen that in embodiments 2 (②) to 4 (④), the light efficiency at viewing angles of 0.5 degrees and 15.5 degrees does not change much.

[0192] Table 2 below shows the Figure 8 The light efficiency according to the viewing angle is obtained by performing simulation while adjusting the thickness TH1 of the high refractive index pattern PT, the separation distance CD and the side angle θ. More specifically, the following Table 2 shows the light efficiency according to the viewing angle when the second emission area LA2 (reference Figure 8 ) of the second high refractive index pattern PT2 (reference Figure 8 ), the simulation results of the light efficiency of the display device according to the viewing angle.

[0193] In the comparative example, the second high refractive index pattern PT2 (reference Figure 8 In embodiment 1 (①), the second high refractive index pattern PT2 (reference Figure 8 ) has a thickness TH1 of 2.2 μm, a separation distance CD of 8.25 μm, and a side angle θ of 90 degrees. In embodiment 2 (②), the second high refractive index pattern PT2 (reference Figure 8 ) has a thickness TH1 of 3 μm, a separation distance CD of 8.25 μm, and a side angle θ of 90 degrees. In embodiment 3 (③), the second high refractive index pattern PT2 (reference Figure 8 ) has a thickness TH1 of 4 μm, a separation distance CD of 8.25 μm, and a side angle θ of 90 degrees. In embodiment 4 (④), the second high refractive index pattern PT2 (reference Figure 8 ) has a thickness TH1 of 4 μm, a separation distance CD of 8.25 μm, and a side angle θ of 70 degrees. In embodiment 5 (⑤), the second high refractive index pattern PT2 (reference Figure 8 ) has a thickness TH1 of 9.5 μm, a separation distance CD of 8.25 μm, and a side angle θ of 83 degrees.

[0194] [Table 2]

[0195]

[0196]

[0197] Fig.14A and Fig. 14B is a view showing light efficiency according to viewing angles according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Fig.14A and Fig. 14B is a graph depicting the values ​​in Table 2 above. For example, Fig.14A Implementation 1 (①), implementation 3 (③) and implementation 4 (④) in Table 2 are shown, and Fig.14A Implementation method 2 (②) and implementation method 5 (⑤) in Table 2 are omitted. Fig. 14B Graphs depicting the difference in efficiency between a case where the high refractive index pattern PT is not applied (Not Applied) and a case where the high refractive index pattern PT is applied (① to ⑤).

[0198] refer to Fig.14A and Fig. 14B , it can be seen that the light efficiency decreases with the increase of viewing angle. It can be seen that when the Figure 8 When the second high refractive index pattern PT2 is applied (Implementation 1 (①) to Implementation 5 (⑤)), the light efficiency at a viewing angle of about 45 degrees is higher than the corresponding light efficiency when the second high refractive index pattern PT2 is not applied (Comparative Example). Therefore, it can be seen that the second high refractive index pattern PT2 is able to increase the light efficiency at the side surface having a viewing angle of about 45 degrees.

[0199] refer to Figure 8 , Fig.14A and Fig. 14B, Embodiment 5 (⑤) has the highest light efficiency of 48.1% at a viewing angle of 45.5 degrees. The thickness TH1 of the second high refractive index pattern PT2 in Embodiment 5 (⑤) is 9.5 μm, which is greater than the thickness TH1 of the second high refractive index pattern PT2 in Embodiments 1 (①) to 4 (④). In this case, Fig. 14B The viewing angle corresponding to the maximum value of the graph of may be about 32 degrees, and may be smaller than the viewing angles in Implementation 1 (①) to Implementation 4 (④).

[0200] refer to Fig. 14B From the graphs of Embodiments 1 (①) to 5 (⑤), it can be seen that as the thickness TH1 of the second high refractive index pattern PT2 increases, the graph shifts in the left direction along which the viewing angle decreases. In this case, the separation distance CD can be increased so that Fig. 14B The maximum value of the curve graph corresponds to a viewing angle of about 45 degrees. When the separation distance CD increases, the viewing angle can be increased, as shown in FIG. Fig. 9 and Fig. 10A That is, when the thickness TH1 of the high refractive index pattern PT increases, the separation distance CD may increase so that Fig. 14B The maximum value of the graph corresponds to a viewing angle of about 45 degrees.

[0201] However, as mentioned above, when the thickness TH1 of the second high refractive index pattern PT2 exceeds 5 μm, it may be difficult to implement the second high refractive index pattern PT2 in terms of process. In addition to embodiment 5 (⑤), embodiment 4 (④) has the highest light efficiency of 46.7% at a viewing angle of 45.5 degrees. When compared with the light efficiency in the comparative example, the light efficiency at a viewing angle of 45.5 degrees can be increased by about 5.6% from 41.1% to 46.7%.

[0202] With reference to Embodiment 1 (①) to Embodiment 3 (③), it can be seen that only the thickness TH1 is increased to 2.2 μm, 3 μm, and 4 μm, while the separation distance CD and the side angle θ are maintained at 8.25 μm and 90 degrees, respectively. In this case, it can be seen that the light efficiency at a viewing angle of 45.5 degrees is increased to 44%, 44.8%, and 46%. In view of this, it can be seen that as the thickness TH1 of the second high refractive index pattern PT2 increases, the light efficiency at a viewing angle of 45.5 degrees (light efficiency at the side surface) increases.

[0203] When Embodiment 4 (④) is compared with Embodiment 3 (③), only the side angle θ can be reduced from 90 degrees to 70 degrees, while the thickness TH1 and the separation distance CD are maintained at 4 μm and 8.25 μm, respectively. In this case, it can be seen that the light efficiency at a viewing angle of 45.5 degrees increases from 46% to 46.7%. As described above, it can be seen that the light efficiency at a viewing angle of 45.5 degrees increases as the side angle θ decreases.

[0204] Refer to Table 1 and Figure 8 and Fig. 13B , the separation distance CD of the first high refractive index pattern PT1 when the optical efficiency is the highest at a viewing angle of 45.5 degrees is 7 μm (Implementation 3 (③)). Figure 8 and Fig. 14B The separation distance CD of the second high refractive index pattern PT2 when the light efficiency is the highest at a viewing angle of 45.5 degrees is 8.25 μm (Implementation 4 (④)). That is, the separation distance CD of the second high refractive index pattern PT2 may be greater than the separation distance CD of the first high refractive index pattern PT1.

[0205] Taking this into consideration, the separation distance CD of the first high refractive index pattern PT1 and the second high refractive index pattern PT2 may be different from each other depending on which emission areas LA1 and LA2 the high refractive index patterns PT1 and PT2 cover. In an embodiment, for example, the separation distance CD of the second high refractive index pattern PT2 covering the second emission area LA2 for emitting green light may be greater than the separation distance CD of the first high refractive index pattern PT1 covering the first emission area LA1 for emitting red light. A description of this will be made below with reference to Fig.21 Given.

[0206] Fig.15 is a graph depicting light efficiency according to side angle and refractive index difference of a display device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. More specifically, Fig.15 : is a graph depicting the front efficiency, 30 degree efficiency, and 45 degree efficiency obtained by performing simulation while changing the side angle θ and the difference in refractive index between the low refractive index layer CVL and the high refractive index pattern PT (hereinafter referred to as the refractive index difference) in a state where the thickness TH1 of the second high refractive index pattern PT2 covering the second emission area LA2 for emitting green light and the separation distance CD are maintained at 4 μm and 8.25 μm, respectively. As shown by Fig.15 As shown by the bold lines in , the simulation was performed when the side angle θ was 90 degrees, 70 degrees, and 60 degrees.

[0207] exist Fig.15 In the comparative example REF, all of them may refer to Figure 8The case where the refractive index of the high refractive index pattern PT is about 1.623, the refractive index of the low refractive index layer CVL is 1.5, and the refractive index difference is 0.123. In the following, when the refractive index difference is expressed as +0.05, this means that the refractive index difference is 0.173, which is 0.05 greater than the corresponding refractive index difference in the comparative example REF. When the refractive index difference is expressed as +0.1, this means that the refractive index difference is 0.223, which is 0.1 greater than the corresponding refractive index difference in the comparative example REF. When the refractive index difference is expressed as +0.15, this means that the refractive index difference is 0.273, which is 0.15 greater than the corresponding refractive index difference in the comparative example REF. When the refractive index difference is expressed as +0.2, this means that the refractive index difference is 0.323, which is 0.2 greater than the corresponding refractive index difference in the comparative example REF. When the refractive index difference is expressed as +0.25, this means that the refractive index difference is 0.373 which is 0.25 greater than the corresponding refractive index difference in the comparative example REF.

[0208] refer to Figure 8 and Fig.15 , when the high refractive index pattern PT is not applied (not applied), the efficiency at a viewing angle of 30 degrees is 67.4%, and the efficiency at a viewing angle of 45 degrees is 41.1%. These values ​​are the minimum values ​​of the efficiency at viewing angles of 30 degrees and 45 degrees, and it can be seen that when the high refractive index pattern PT is applied, the efficiency at viewing angles of 30 degrees and 45 degrees increases.

[0209] When the side angle θ is 90 degrees, the efficiency at a viewing angle of 30 degrees in the comparative example REF is 69.6%, and the efficiency at a viewing angle of 45 degrees in the comparative example REF is 46.0%. In the case where the refractive index difference increases by +0.05 and +0.1 when compared with the refractive index difference in the comparative example REF, the efficiency at a viewing angle of 30 degrees increases to 71.1% and 72.9%. However, in the case where the refractive index difference increases by +0.05 when compared with the refractive index difference in the comparative example REF, the efficiency at a viewing angle of 45 degrees increases to 46.1%, and in the case where the refractive index difference increases by +0.1 when compared with the refractive index difference in the comparative example REF, the efficiency at a viewing angle of 45 degrees decreases to 45.5%. In the case where the refractive index difference increases by +0.05 when compared with the refractive index difference in the comparative example REF, the efficiency at a viewing angle of 45 degrees has a highest value of 46.1%.

[0210] When the side angle θ is 70 degrees, the efficiency at a viewing angle of 30 degrees in the comparative example REF is 69.5%, and the efficiency at a viewing angle of 45 degrees in the comparative example REF is 46.8%. It can be seen that the efficiency at a viewing angle of 45 degrees increases from 46.0% to 46.8% compared to when the side angle θ is 90 degrees. It can be seen that the efficiency at a viewing angle of 30 degrees increases to 71.0%, 72.7%, 74.1%, and 74.9% when the refractive index difference increases by +0.05, +0.1, +0.15, and +0.2 when compared to the refractive index difference in the comparative example REF. It can be seen that the efficiency at a viewing angle of 45 degrees increases to 47.9%, 48.1%, and 48.2% when the refractive index difference increases by +0.05, +0.1, and +0.15 when compared to the refractive index difference in the comparative example REF. It can be seen that when the refractive index difference increases by +0.2 when compared with the refractive index difference in comparative example REF, the efficiency at a viewing angle of 45 degrees decreases to 48.1% compared with the case where the refractive index difference is +0.15 greater than the corresponding refractive index difference in comparative example REF.

[0211] When the side angle θ is 60 degrees, the efficiency at a viewing angle of 30 degrees in the comparative example REF is 70.5%, and the efficiency at a viewing angle of 45 degrees in the comparative example REF is 46.5%. It can be seen that the efficiency at a viewing angle of 45 degrees is slightly reduced to 46.5% compared to when the side angle θ is 70 degrees. It can be seen that the efficiency at a viewing angle of 30 degrees increases to 73.7%, 76.3% and 77.3% when the refractive index difference increases by +0.1, +0.2 and +0.25 when compared with the refractive index difference in the comparative example REF. It can be seen that the efficiency at a viewing angle of 45 degrees increases to 48.4% when the refractive index difference increases by +0.1 when compared with the refractive index difference in the comparative example REF, and the efficiency at a viewing angle of 45 degrees gradually decreases to 48.3% and 48.0% when the refractive index difference increases by +0.2% and +0.25% when compared with the refractive index difference in the comparative example REF.

[0212] In the case where the side angle θ is 90 degrees and the refractive index difference is increased by +0.05 compared with the refractive index difference in the comparative example REF, the efficiency at a viewing angle of 30 degrees is 71.1%, and the efficiency at a viewing angle of 45 degrees is 46.1% (Case 1). In the case where the side angle θ is 70 degrees and the refractive index difference is increased by +0.15 compared with the refractive index difference in the comparative example REF, the efficiency at a viewing angle of 30 degrees is 74.1%, and the efficiency at a viewing angle of 45 degrees is 48.2% (Case 2). In the case where the side angle θ is 60 degrees and the refractive index difference is increased by +0.2 compared with the refractive index difference in the comparative example REF, the efficiency at a viewing angle of 30 degrees is 76.3%, and the efficiency at a viewing angle of 45 degrees is 48.3% (Case 3).

[0213] Referring to Cases 1 to 3, it can be seen that by reducing the side angle θ and increasing the refractive index difference, the efficiency at viewing angles of 30 and 45 degrees is further improved. In an embodiment, for example, as in Cases 2 and 3, when the side angle θ is in the range of 60 to 70 degrees and the difference in refractive index between the high refractive index pattern PT and the low refractive index layer CVL is in the range of 0.25 to 0.35, the efficiency at viewing angles of 30 and 45 degrees can be increased.

[0214] Table 3 below shows the Figure 8 The light efficiency according to the viewing angle was obtained by performing simulation while changing the refractive index difference between the second high refractive index pattern PT2 and the low refractive index layer CVL. In all cases of Table 3, only the refractive index difference was changed while the thickness TH1, separation distance CD and side angle θ of the second high refractive index pattern PT2 were kept at 4 μm, 8.25 μm and 90 degrees, respectively.

[0215] [Table 3]

[0216]

[0217] Fig.16A and Fig. 16B is a graph depicting light efficiency according to a viewing angle of a display device when a refractive index difference varies according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Fig.16A and Fig. 16B is a graph depicting the values ​​in Table 3 above. Fig. 16B : is a graph depicting the difference in efficiency between when the second high refractive index pattern PT2 is not applied (Not Applied) and when the second high refractive index pattern PT2 is applied (REF and ① to ④).

[0218] Refer to Table 3 and Fig.16A and Fig. 16B , it can be seen that when the refractive index difference increases to 0.173 (+0.05) (Implementation 1 (①)), the efficiency at a viewing angle of about 45 degrees increases to 46.1%. However, it can be seen that when the refractive index difference exceeds 0.173 (+0.05) (Implementation 2 (②) to Implementation 4 (④)), the efficiency at a viewing angle of about 45 degrees decreases as the refractive index difference increases. This is because when the side angle θ is 90 degrees, the efficiency at a viewing angle of about 45 degrees decreases as the refractive index difference increases. Figure 8 ) The light emitted by the side angle θ cannot travel to the outside due to total reflection. Therefore, when the side angle θ is 90 degrees, a refractive index difference of 0.173 (+0.05) or less may be appropriate.

[0219] Table 4 below shows the Figure 8The light efficiency according to the viewing angle was obtained by performing simulation while changing the difference in refractive index between the second high refractive index pattern PT2 and the low refractive index layer CVL. In all cases of Table 4, only the refractive index difference was changed while the thickness TH1 of the second high refractive index pattern PT2, the separation distance CD, and the side angle θ were respectively maintained at 4 μm, 8.25 μm, and 70 degrees. When compared with the side angle θ in Table 3, the side angle θ in Table 4 was reduced from 90 degrees to 70 degrees.

[0220] [Table 4]

[0221]

[0222] Fig. 16C and Fig.16D is a graph depicting light efficiency according to a viewing angle of a display device when a refractive index difference varies according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Fig. 16C and Fig.16D is a graph depicting the values ​​in Table 4 above. Fig.16D : is a graph depicting the difference in efficiency between when the second high refractive index pattern PT2 is not applied (Not Applied) and when the second high refractive index pattern PT2 is applied (REF and ① to ④).

[0223] Refer to Table 4 and Fig. 16C and Fig.16D It can be seen that when the refractive index difference increases to 0.273 (+0.15) (Implementation 3 (③)), the efficiency at a viewing angle of about 45 degrees increases to 48.2%. However, it can be seen that when the refractive index difference exceeds 0.273 (+0.15) (Implementation 4 (④)), the efficiency at a viewing angle of about 45 degrees decreases slightly to 48.1%. In order to maximize the efficiency at a viewing angle of about 45 degrees, a refractive index difference of about 0.273 may be appropriate.

[0224] refer to Figure 8 and Fig.16D , it can be seen that as the refractive index difference increases, the vertical axis value of the graph (which corresponds to the difference in efficiency between when the high refractive index pattern PT is applied and when the high refractive index pattern PT is not applied (not applied)) increases at a viewing angle of 50 degrees or less. In addition, it can be seen that as the refractive index difference increases, the viewing angle corresponding to the peak of the graph, at which the difference in efficiency between when the high refractive index pattern PT is applied and when the high refractive index pattern PT is not applied (not applied) is the largest, decreases.

[0225] Table 5 below shows the Figure 8The light efficiency according to the viewing angle was obtained by performing simulation while changing the difference in refractive index between the second high refractive index pattern PT2 and the low refractive index layer CVL. In all cases of Table 5, only the refractive index difference was changed while the thickness TH1 of the second high refractive index pattern PT2, the separation distance CD, and the side angle θ were respectively maintained at 4 μm, 8.25 μm, and 60 degrees. When compared with the side angle θ in Table 4, the side angle θ in Table 5 was reduced from 70 degrees to 60 degrees.

[0226] [Table 5]

[0227]

[0228] Fig.16E and Fig.16F is a graph depicting light efficiency according to a viewing angle of a display device when a refractive index difference varies according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Fig.16E and Fig.16F is a graph depicting the values ​​in Table 5 above. Fig.16F is a graph depicting the difference in efficiency between when the second high refractive index pattern PT2 is not applied (Not Applied) and when the second high refractive index pattern PT2 is applied (REF and ① to ③).

[0229] Refer to Table 5 and Fig.16E and Fig.16F , it can be seen that when the refractive index difference increases to 0.223 (+0.1) (Implementation 1 (①)), the efficiency at a viewing angle of about 45 degrees increases to 48.4%. However, it can be seen that when the refractive index difference exceeds 0.223 (+0.1), as in Implementation 2 (②) and Implementation 3 (③), the efficiency at a viewing angle of about 45 degrees is slightly reduced to 48.3% and 48.0%. In order to maximize the efficiency at a viewing angle of about 45 degrees, a refractive index difference of about 0.223 may be appropriate.

[0230] refer to Figure 8 and Fig.16F , it can be seen that as the refractive index difference increases, the vertical axis value of the graph (which corresponds to the difference in efficiency between when the high refractive index pattern PT is applied and when the high refractive index pattern PT is not applied (not applied)) increases at a viewing angle of 50 degrees or less. In addition, it can be seen that as the refractive index difference increases, the viewing angle corresponding to the peak of the graph, at which the difference in efficiency between when the high refractive index pattern PT is applied and when the high refractive index pattern PT is not applied (not applied) is the largest, decreases.

[0231] refer to Figure 8 , Fig.16D and Fig.16F, it can be seen that when the difference in refractive index between the second high refractive index pattern PT2 and the low refractive index layer CVL increases, the viewing angle corresponding to the peak of the graph decreases. In this case, the separation distance CD can be increased to adjust the viewing angle corresponding to the peak of the graph to about 45 degrees. That is, the separation distance CD can be adjusted according to the refractive index difference. The separation distance CD can increase as the difference in refractive index between the second high refractive index pattern PT2 and the low refractive index layer CVL increases.

[0232] Fig.17 is a graph depicting light efficiency according to viewing angles of a display device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Fig. 16B , Fig.16D and Fig.16F The part of the graph is Fig.17 is shown on a curve graph. Fig. 16B The curves corresponding to REF and +0.05 are Fig.17 It is shown as 90° REF (curve 1) and 90° + 0.05 (curve 2). Fig.16D The curves corresponding to REF and +0.15 are Fig.17 It is shown as 70°REF (curve 3) and 70°+0.15 (curve 4). Fig.16F The curves corresponding to REF and +0.2 are Fig.17 It is shown as 60°REF (curve 5) and 60°+0.20 (curve 6).

[0233] The efficiency at a viewing angle of 45 degrees in curve 2 is higher than that in curve 1, the efficiency at a viewing angle of 45 degrees in curve 4 is higher than that in curve 3, and the efficiency at a viewing angle of 45 degrees in curve 6 is higher than that in curve 5. That is, when the side angle θ is the same, the efficiency at a viewing angle of 45 degrees can be increased by increasing the refractive index difference.

[0234] Referring to Curve 2, when the difference in efficiency between when the second high refractive index pattern PT2 is applied and when the second high refractive index pattern PT2 is not applied (not applied) is the largest, the efficiency difference is 5.1%, and in this case, the viewing angle is about 47 degrees. Referring to Curve 4, when the difference in efficiency between when the second high refractive index pattern PT2 is applied and when the second high refractive index pattern PT2 is not applied (not applied) is the largest, the efficiency difference is 8.2%, and in this case, the viewing angle is about 38 degrees. Referring to Curve 6, when the difference in efficiency between when the second high refractive index pattern PT2 is applied and when the second high refractive index pattern PT2 is not applied (not applied) is the largest, the efficiency difference is 10.3%, and in this case, the viewing angle is about 36 degrees.

[0235] When the side angle θ decreases, the maximum value of the efficiency difference increases and the viewing angle decreases. In this case, in order to adjust the viewing angle corresponding to the maximum value of the efficiency difference to 45 degrees, it is possible to adjust Figure 8 When the side angle θ decreases, the viewing angle corresponding to the maximum value of the efficiency difference can be adjusted to 45 degrees by increasing the separation distance CD. For example, in the case of curve 6, the viewing angle corresponding to the maximum value of the efficiency difference can be increased by increasing the separation distance CD.

[0236] Fig.18 According to another embodiment of the present disclosure, Figure 7 A cross-sectional view of the display device taken along line II-II'. In addition to the side angle θ, Fig.18 Configuration and reference Figure 8 The configuration described is the same, and therefore description thereon will be omitted.

[0237] refer to Fig.18 The side angle θ formed by the side surface PTS of the high refractive index pattern PT with respect to the upper surface of the second sensing insulating layer IL2 may be in the range of 60 to 90 degrees. In this case, the high refractive index pattern PT may have a trapezoidal shape with a lower side larger than an upper side in a plan view.

[0238] Since the high refractive index pattern PT has a trapezoidal cross section, a large amount of light can be refracted through the side surface PTS. That is, when the high refractive index pattern PT has a trapezoidal cross section, a larger amount of light can be refracted at the side surface PTS than when the high refractive index pattern PT has a rectangular cross section.

[0239] Fig.19 is a cross-sectional view of a display device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Figure 8 The parts described are the same as the parts described.

[0240] refer to Fig.19 , the light control layer LCL may be disposed on the input sensing unit ISL. The light control layer LCL may include a low refractive index pattern LPT and a high refractive index layer HVL. The low refractive index pattern LPT may be disposed on the second sensing insulating layer IL2. The low refractive index pattern LPT may cover the second conductive layer CL2. The low refractive index pattern LPT may overlap the non-emission area NLA. The low refractive index pattern LPT may include a first low refractive index pattern LPT1, a second low refractive index pattern LPT2, and a third low refractive index pattern LPT3. The first low refractive index pattern LPT1 may be disposed adjacent to the first emission area LA1, the second low refractive index pattern LPT2 may be disposed adjacent to the second emission area LA2, and the third low refractive index pattern LPT3 may be disposed adjacent to the third emission area LA3.

[0241] The high refractive index layer HVL may be disposed on the low refractive index pattern LPT and may cover the low refractive index pattern LPT. The high refractive index layer HVL may fill the space between the first low refractive index pattern LPT1, the second low refractive index pattern LPT2, and the third low refractive index pattern LPT3. The high refractive index layer HVL may have a flat upper surface and may overlap the emission area LA and the non-emission area NLA.

[0242] The low refractive index pattern LPT and the high refractive index layer HVL may have different refractive indices. The low refractive index pattern LPT may have a first refractive index, and the high refractive index layer HVL may have a second refractive index greater than the first refractive index. Here, the first refractive index may be in the range of 1.3 to 1.5. The second refractive index may be in the range of 1.5 to 1.8. Specifically, for light in the wavelength range of 550nm to 660nm, the first refractive index may be in the range of 1.3 to 1.5, and the second refractive index may be in the range of 1.5 to 1.8.

[0243] The separation distance CD by which the side surface PTS of the low refractive index pattern LPT is spaced from one side surface of the emission area LA closest to the side surface PTS may be in the range of 6 μm to 9 μm. When the separation distance CD is less than 6 μm, the viewing angle of the light refracted at the side surface PTS and output to the outside may be reduced. When the separation distance CD exceeds 9 μm, the viewing angle of the light refracted at the side surface PTS and output to the outside may be reduced. Therefore, in order to increase the output to Figure 3 For a curved surface SS of the window WM and light efficiency having a viewing angle of about 45 degrees, a separation distance CD in the range of 6 μm to 9 μm may be suitable.

[0244] The low refractive index pattern LPT may have a thickness of 2 μm to 5 μm. When the thickness of the low refractive index pattern LPT is less than 2 μm, the area of ​​the side surface PTS may be reduced, and thus the amount of light output through the side surface PTS may be reduced. When the thickness of the low refractive index pattern LPT exceeds 5 μm, it may be difficult to implement the low refractive index pattern LPT in terms of process. For example, a deep portion of the low refractive index pattern LPT may not be sufficiently cured by exposure in a conventional photolithography process. In addition, process accuracy may be reduced, which may result in a reduction in process yield.

[0245] The side angle θ formed by the side surface PTS of the low refractive index pattern LPT with respect to the upper surface of the second sensing insulating layer IL2 may be in the range of 90 to 120 degrees. When the side angle θ exceeds 120 degrees, the light refracted by the side surface PTS may be refracted to an excessively high degree. When the side angle θ is less than 90 degrees, the light refracted by the side surface PTS may be refracted to an excessively small degree. Therefore, the side angle θ may be suitable in the range of 90 to 120 degrees so that the viewing angle of the light refracted by the side surface PTS is about 45 degrees.

[0246] Fig. 20 According to another embodiment of the present disclosure, Figure 7 A cross-sectional view of the display device taken along line II-II'. In addition to the thickness TH1, Fig. 20 Configuration and Figure 8 , and description of the same configuration will be omitted.

[0247] refer to Fig. 20 , the high refractive index pattern PT may have a thickness TH1 of 10 μm or more. When the thickness TH1 of the high refractive index pattern PT increases, light efficiency at a viewing angle of about 45 degrees may be improved. However, when the thickness of the high refractive index pattern PT exceeds 5 μm, it may be difficult to implement the high refractive index pattern PT using a conventional photolithography process.

[0248] In order to form the high refractive index pattern PT, a high refractive index layer having a thickness of 10 μm or more and covering the second sensing insulating layer IL2 may be formed. An inorganic film as a metal such as aluminum (Al) or indium zinc oxide ("IZO") may be applied to the high refractive index layer. An inorganic pattern may be formed by etching the inorganic film into a shape corresponding to the shape of the high refractive index pattern PT. The high refractive index pattern PT may be formed by etching the high refractive index layer using the inorganic pattern as a mask. After the high refractive index pattern PT is formed, the inorganic pattern may be removed by wet etching. When the high refractive index pattern PT is formed as described above, even if the thickness TH1 is 10 μm or more, the process accuracy and process yield may not be reduced.

[0249] Fig.21 According to another embodiment of the present disclosure, Figure 7 In addition to the first separation distance CD1 to the third separation distance CD3, Fig.21 Configuration and Figure 8 The configurations are the same, and therefore the description of the same configurations will be omitted.

[0250] refer to Fig.21The first high refractive index pattern PT1 may cover the first emission area LA1 for emitting red light. The second high refractive index pattern PT2 may cover the second emission area LA2 for emitting green light. The third high refractive index pattern PT3 may cover the third emission area LA3 for emitting blue light.

[0251] The side surface PTS of the first high refractive index pattern PT1 may be spaced apart from a side surface of the first emission area LA1 closest to the side surface PTS by a first separation distance CD1 in a plan view. The side surface PTS of the second high refractive index pattern PT2 may be spaced apart from a side surface of the second emission area LA2 closest to the side surface PTS by a second separation distance CD2. The side surface PTS of the third high refractive index pattern PT3 may be spaced apart from a side surface of the third emission area LA3 closest to the side surface PTS by a third separation distance CD3. The first separation distance CD1 to the third separation distance CD3 may have different values. The first separation distance CD1 to the third separation distance CD3 may be in the range of 6 μm to 9 μm.

[0252] The second separation distance CD2 may be greater than the first separation distance CD1 in a plan view. Fig. 13B and Fig. 14B , when the efficiency is the highest at a viewing angle of 45 degrees, the first separation distance CD1 is 7 μm (reference Fig. 13B ), and the second separation distance CD2 when the efficiency is highest at a viewing angle of 45 degrees is 8.25 μm (reference Fig. 14B ). Therefore, in order to increase the efficiency at a viewing angle of 45 degrees, it may be more appropriate that the second separation distance CD2 is greater than the first separation distance CD1.

[0253] The polarizing unit POL may be directly disposed on the low refractive index layer CVL. The adhesive layer may not be disposed between the polarizing unit POL and the low refractive index layer CVL. In this case, the low refractive index layer CVL may serve as an adhesive layer. The low refractive index layer CVL may include an adhesive material having a refractive index of about 1.3 to about 1.5.

[0254] According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the display device can emit light that is not output to the outside due to total reflection in the window through the high refractive index pattern and the low refractive index layer, thereby effectively improving light efficiency.

[0255] In addition, the interface between the high refractive index pattern and the low refractive index layer may be spaced apart from the emission region by a predetermined distance, and thus the brightness of the side surface having a viewing angle of 45 degrees on average may be effectively increased.

[0256] While the present disclosure has been described with reference to the embodiments thereof, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications can be made thereto without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure as set forth in the appended claims.

Claims

1. A display device, include: A display panel comprising a plurality of emission areas and a non-emission area adjacent to the plurality of emission areas; an input sensing unit, disposed on the display panel and comprising a sensing insulating layer disposed on the display panel and a conductive layer disposed on the sensing insulating layer, wherein the conductive layer overlaps the non-emitting area; a light control layer, disposed on the input sensing unit; and a window disposed on the light control layer and comprising a front surface and a curved surface curved from the front surface, Wherein, the light control layer comprises: a high refractive index pattern disposed on the sensing insulating layer, covering each of the plurality of emission regions in a plan view, and having a first refractive index; and a low refractive index layer covering the high refractive index pattern and the conductive layer and overlapping the non-emitting area and the emitting area, wherein the low refractive index layer has a second refractive index smaller than the first refractive index, and The one side surface of the high refractive index pattern is spaced apart from one side surface of an emission region of the plurality of emission regions closest to the one side surface of the high refractive index pattern in the plan view by a separation distance in a range of 6 μm to 9 μm.

2. The display device according to claim 1, in, The display panel comprises: Base layer; a light emitting element disposed on the base layer and overlapping the emission region; and a thin film encapsulation layer disposed on the light emitting element and sealing the light emitting element, and Wherein, the thin film encapsulation layer has a thickness of 10 μm to 11 μm.

3. The display device according to claim 1, in, The high refractive index pattern has a thickness of 2 μm to 5 μm.

4. The display device according to claim 1, in, A side angle formed by a side surface of the high refractive index pattern with respect to an upper surface of the sensing insulation layer is in a range of 60 degrees to 90 degrees.

5. The display device according to claim 4, in, The side angle is in the range of 60 to 70 degrees, and a difference between the first refractive index and the second refractive index is in the range of 0.25 to 0.

35.

6. The display device according to claim 4, in, The separation distance increases as the side angle decreases.

7. The display device according to claim 1, in, The first refractive index is in the range of 1.5 to 1.

8.

8. The display device according to claim 1, in, The second refractive index is in the range of 1.3 to 1.

5.

9. The display device according to claim 1, in, The input sensing unit comprises: A first sensing insulating layer, disposed on the display panel; a first conductive layer, disposed on the first sensing insulating layer and overlapping the non-emitting region; a second sensing insulating layer, disposed on the first sensing insulating layer and covering at least a portion of the first conductive layer; and a second conductive layer disposed on the second sensing insulating layer and overlapping the non-emitting region, and Wherein, the low refractive index layer covers the second conductive layer.

10. The display device according to claim 1, in, The separation distance increases as the thickness of the high refractive index pattern increases.

11. The display device according to claim 1, in, The separation distance increases as the difference between the first refractive index and the second refractive index increases.

12. The display device according to claim 1, in, The plurality of emission regions include a first emission region for emitting red light and a second emission region for emitting green light, Wherein, the high refractive index patterns are arranged in a plurality, wherein the plurality of high refractive index patterns include a first high refractive index pattern covering the first emission region in the plan view and a second high refractive index pattern covering the second emission region in the plan view, wherein one side surface of the first high refractive index pattern is spaced apart from one side surface of the first emitting region closest to the one side surface of the first high refractive index pattern by a first separation distance in the plan view, wherein one side surface of the second high refractive index pattern is spaced apart from one side surface of the second emission region closest to the one side surface of the second high refractive index pattern by a second separation distance in the plan view, and The second separation distance is different from the first separation distance.

13. The display device according to claim 12, in, The second separation distance is greater than the first separation distance.

14. The display device according to claim 1, further comprising: include: The polarizing unit is directly disposed on the low refractive index layer.

15. The display device according to claim 1, in, The high refractive index pattern has a thickness of 10 μm or more.

16. A display device, include: A display panel comprising a plurality of emission areas and a non-emission area adjacent to the plurality of emission areas; an input sensing unit, disposed on the display panel and comprising a sensing insulating layer disposed on the display panel and a conductive layer disposed on the sensing insulating layer, wherein the conductive layer overlaps the non-emitting area; a light control layer, disposed on the input sensing unit; and a window disposed on the light control layer and comprising a front surface and a curved surface curved from the front surface, Wherein, the light control layer comprises: a low refractive index pattern, disposed on the sensing insulating layer, covering the conductive layer, overlapping the non-emitting region, and having a first refractive index; and a high refractive index layer covering the low refractive index pattern and overlapping the non-emitting area and the emitting area, wherein the high refractive index layer has a second refractive index greater than the first refractive index, and The one side surface of the low refractive index pattern is spaced apart from the one side surface of the emission region closest to the one side surface of the low refractive index pattern by a separation distance in a range of 6 μm to 9 μm in a plan view.

17. The display device according to claim 16, in, The display panel comprises: Base layer; a light emitting element disposed on the base layer and overlapping the emission region; and a thin film encapsulation layer disposed on the light emitting element and sealing the light emitting element, and Wherein, the thin film encapsulation layer has a thickness of 10 μm to 11 μm.

18. The display device according to claim 16, in, A side angle formed by a side surface of the low refractive index pattern with respect to an upper surface of the sensing insulation layer is in a range of 90 degrees to 120 degrees.

19. The display device according to claim 16, in, The first refractive index is in the range of 1.3 to 1.

5.

20. The display device according to claim 16, in, The second refractive index is in the range of 1.5 to 1.8.

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