Residual coefficient symbol prediction with adaptive cost function for intra prediction mode

Abstract

Systems, methods, and instrumentalities are disclosed for performing video coding using residual coefficient symbol prediction with an adaptive cost function for intra prediction modes. An adaptive cost function for intra prediction mode (IPM) may include a plurality of (e.g., selectable) cost functions, such as a default or standard cost function, a horizontal cost function, a vertical cost function, a diagonal right-up cost function, a diagonal right-down cost function, and / or a diagonal left-down cost function. The cost function may be selected based on one or more rules, which may be based on the IPM and a corresponding IPM index. Adaptive cost functions for IPM may include cost functions for multiple (e.g., all) directions. The cost function for multiple directions may include weighting factors associated with the IPM and corresponding IPM indices. A weighting parameter between a top boundary continuity cost and a left boundary continuity cost may be derived from the IPM index.

Description

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0002] This application claims the benefit of European Patent Application No. 22305522.9 filed on April 11, 2022, the contents of which are incorporated by reference in their entirety. Background Art

[0003] Video coding systems may be used to compress digital video signals, for example, to reduce the storage and / or transmission bandwidth required for such signals. Video coding systems may include, for example, block-based, wavelet-based, and / or object-based systems. Summary of the invention

[0004] Disclosed are systems, methods and means for performing residual coefficient sign prediction using an adaptive cost function. A video device (which may be a video encoding device and / or a video decoding device) may be configured to obtain multiple cost functions for predicting residual hypotheses. Each of the multiple cost functions may be associated with a corresponding intra-frame prediction direction.

[0005] The video device may be configured to select a cost function from the plurality of cost functions for predicting a residual hypothesis of the decoding block based on information associated with an intra-frame prediction mode associated with the decoding block. The information associated with the intra-frame prediction mode may be or may include an intra-frame prediction mode associated with the decoding block (e.g., decoder-side intra-frame mode derivation (DIMD) mode, matrix-weighted intra-frame prediction (MIP) mode, template-based intra-frame mode derivation (TIMD) mode, etc.). The information associated with the intra-frame prediction mode may be or may include an intra-frame prediction mode index associated with the decoding block.

[0006] The video device may determine an intra prediction mode associated with the coding block based on the information associated with the intra prediction mode associated with the coding block. The video device may be configured to select the cost function based on the determined intra prediction mode associated with the coding block.

[0007] The video device may determine that the information associated with the intra prediction mode indicates that a decoder-side intra mode derivation (DIMD) mode is associated with or used for the coding block. The video device may select a cost function associated with the horizontal direction and the vertical direction based on the indication that the DIMD mode is used for the coding block.

[0008] The video device may determine that the information associated with the intra prediction mode indicates that a matrix-weighted intra prediction (MIP) mode is associated with or used for the coding block. The video device may select a cost function associated with a horizontal direction and a vertical direction based on the MIP mode being used for the coding block.

[0009] The video device may determine that the information associated with the intra-frame prediction mode indicates an intra-frame prediction mode index associated with a horizontal direction. The intra-frame prediction mode index associated with the horizontal direction may, for example, be in the range of 11 to 26. The video device may select a cost function associated with the horizontal direction. The selected cost function associated with the horizontal direction may be configured to calculate a cost based on a residual hypothesis, a plurality of reconstructed neighboring pixels on the left side of the decoding block, and a plurality of predicted sample values ​​on a left edge of the decoding block.

[0010] The video device may determine that the information associated with the intra-prediction mode indicates an intra-prediction mode index associated with a vertical direction. The intra-prediction mode index associated with the vertical direction may, for example, be in the range of 43 to 58. The video device may select a cost function associated with the vertical direction. The selected cost function associated with the vertical direction may be configured to calculate a cost based on a residual hypothesis, a plurality of reconstructed neighboring pixels located above the coding block, and a plurality of predicted sample values ​​on a top edge of the coding block.

[0011] The video device may determine that the information associated with the intra-frame prediction mode indicates an intra-frame prediction mode index associated with a diagonal upper right direction. The intra-frame prediction mode index associated with the diagonal upper right direction may, for example, be in the range of 2 to 10. The video device may select a cost function associated with the diagonal upper right direction. The selected cost function associated with the diagonal upper right direction may be configured to calculate the cost based on a residual hypothesis, a plurality of reconstructed neighboring pixels located below and to the left of a pixel in the decoding block, and a plurality of predicted sample values ​​on a left edge of the decoding block.

[0012] The video device may determine that the information associated with the intra-prediction mode indicates an intra-prediction mode index associated with a diagonal lower right direction. The intra-prediction mode index associated with the diagonal lower right direction may, for example, be in the range of 27 to 42. The video device may select a cost function associated with the diagonal lower right direction. The selected cost function associated with the diagonal lower right direction may be configured to calculate the cost based on a residual hypothesis, a plurality of reconstructed neighboring pixels located above and to the left of a pixel in the coding block, and a plurality of predicted sample values ​​on a left edge and a top edge of the coding block.

[0013] The video device may determine that the information associated with the intra-frame prediction mode indicates an intra-frame prediction mode index associated with a diagonal lower left direction. The intra-frame prediction mode index associated with the diagonal lower left direction may, for example, be in the range of 59 to 66. The video device may select a cost function associated with the diagonal lower left direction. The selected cost function associated with the diagonal lower left direction may be configured to calculate the cost based on a residual hypothesis, a plurality of reconstructed neighboring pixels located above and to the right of the pixel in the decoding block, and a plurality of predicted sample values ​​on the top edge of the decoding block.

[0014] The video device may determine that the information associated with the intra-frame prediction mode includes an indication associated with a template-based intra-frame mode derivation (TIMD), a first intra-frame prediction mode index, and a second intra-frame prediction mode index. The video device may determine that the selected cost function is a cost function associated with one of the first intra-frame prediction mode index and the second intra-frame prediction mode index. The one of the first intra-frame prediction mode index and the second intra-frame prediction mode index may be associated with one of a horizontal direction, a vertical direction, a diagonal upper right direction, a diagonal lower right direction, and a diagonal lower left direction.

[0015] The video device may be configured to predict residual coefficient signs based on the selected cost function.The video device may be configured to decode the coded block based on the predicted residual coefficient signs.

[0016] Multiple residual hypotheses of intra-predicted coding blocks can be used for encoding and / or decoding. A cost function can be selected from multiple potential cost functions based on the intra-prediction mode associated with the coding block and / or the intra-prediction mode index. The residual coefficient sign can be predicted based on the multiple residual hypotheses and the selected cost function. For example, the residual hypothesis (e.g., the best residual hypothesis) can be selected using the selected cost function, and the predicted sign can be determined based on the best residual hypothesis.

[0017] The adaptive cost function for intra prediction mode (IPM) may include (eg, be selected from) a plurality of cost functions, such as a default or standard cost function, a horizontal cost function cost horiz , vertical cost function cost vert , the cost function cost in the upper right corner diag_ur , diagonal lower right cost function cost diag_dr , diagonal lower left cost function cost diag_dfEtc. A cost function may be selected based on the IPM and / or the corresponding IPM index. An adaptive cost function for an IPM may include cost functions for multiple directions. Cost functions for multiple directions may include weighting factors associated with the IPM and the corresponding IPM index. A weighting parameter between the top boundary continuity cost and the left boundary continuity cost may be derived from the IPM index.

[0018] The systems, methods, and means described herein may relate to decoders. In some examples, the systems, methods, and means described herein may relate to encoders. In some examples, the systems, methods, and means described herein may relate to signals (e.g., signals from encoders and / or received by decoders). A computer-readable medium may include instructions for causing one or more processors to perform the methods described herein. A computer program product may include instructions that, when executed by one or more processors, cause one or more processors to perform the methods described herein. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0019] Figure 1A is a system diagram illustrating an example communication system in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented.

[0020] Figure 1B is an example of a method that can be used according to an embodiment of the present invention. Figure 1A A system diagram of an example wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) for use within an illustrated communication system.

[0021] Figure 1C is an example of a method that can be used according to an embodiment of the present invention. Figure 1A System diagram of an example Radio Access Network (RAN) and an example Core Network (CN) for use within the illustrated communication system.

[0022] Figure 1D is an example of a method that can be used according to an embodiment of the present invention. Figure 1A System diagram of yet another example RAN and yet another example CN for use within the illustrated communication system.

[0023] Figure 2 An example video encoder is illustrated.

[0024] Figure 3 An example video decoder is illustrated.

[0025] Figure 4 Example systems are illustrated in which various aspects and examples may be implemented.

[0026] Figure 5 An example of linear prediction using reconstructed pixels around the current block is illustrated.

[0027] FIG. 6A to FIG. 6DAn example of directional intra prediction with reference to neighboring samples is illustrated.

[0028] Figure 7 An example of a directional intra prediction mode is illustrated.

[0029] Figure 8 Examples of generating a MIP prediction signal based on averaging, matrix-vector multiplication and linear interpolation are illustrated.

[0030] Fig. 9 An example of determining a TIMD mode is illustrated.

[0031] Fig.10 An example of a DIMD is illustrated.

[0032] FIG. 11A to FIG. 11B Examples of measuring across boundary discontinuities in both horizontal and vertical directions are illustrated.

[0033] FIG. 12A to FIG. 12C An example of measuring across a boundary discontinuity in a diagonal direction is illustrated.

[0034] Fig.13A An example implementation of an adaptive cost function is illustrated.

[0035] Fig. 13B An example of an encoding / decoding implementation of an adaptive cost function is illustrated. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0036] A more detailed understanding may be obtained from the following description given by way of example in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

[0037] Figure 1A 1 is a diagram illustrating an example communication system 100 in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented. The communication system 100 may be a multiple access system that provides content such as voice, data, video, messaging, broadcast, etc. to multiple wireless users. The communication system 100 may enable multiple wireless users to access such content through sharing of system resources (including wireless bandwidth). For example, the communication system 100 may employ one or more channel access methods such as code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), single carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), zero tail unique word DFT spread OFDM (ZT UW DTS-s OFDM), unique word OFDM (UW-OFDM), resource block filtered OFDM, filter bank multi-carrier (FBMC), etc.

[0038] like Figure 1AAs shown, the communication system 100 may include wireless transmit / receive units (WTRUs) 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, RAN 104 / 113, CN 106 / 115, public switched telephone network (PSTN) 108, Internet 110 and other networks 112, but it should be understood that the disclosed embodiments contemplate any number of WTRUs, base stations, networks, and / or network elements. Each of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may be any type of device configured to operate and / or communicate in a wireless environment. By way of example, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d (any of which may be referred to as a “station” and / or “STA”) may be configured to send and / or receive wireless signals and may include user equipment (UE), a mobile station, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit, a subscription-based unit, a pager, a cellular phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a smart phone, a laptop, a netbook, a personal computer, a wireless sensor, a hotspot or Mi-Fi device, an Internet of Things (IoT) device, a watch or other wearable device, a head-mounted display (HMD), a vehicle, a drone, medical devices and applications (e.g., remote surgery), industrial devices and applications (e.g., robots and / or other wireless devices operating in an industrial and / or automated process chain environment), a consumer electronic device, a device operating on a commercial and / or industrial wireless network, etc. Any of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d may be interchangeably referred to as a UE.

[0039] The communication system 100 may also include a base station 114a and / or a base station 114b. Each of the base stations 114a, 114b may be any type of device that is configured to wirelessly interface with at least one of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to facilitate access to one or more communication networks, such as the CN 106 / 115, the Internet 110, and / or other networks 112. By way of example, the base stations 114a, 114b may be a base transceiver station (BTS), a Node B, an eNode B, a Home Node B, a Home eNode B, a gNB, an NR Node B, a site controller, an access point (AP), a wireless router, and the like. While the base stations 114a, 114b are each depicted as a single element, it will be appreciated that the base stations 114a, 114b may include any number of interconnected base stations and / or network elements.

[0040] The base station 114a may be part of the RAN 104 / 113, which may also include other base stations and / or network elements (not shown), such as a base station controller (BSC), a radio network controller (RNC), a relay node, etc. The base station 114a and / or the base station 114b may be configured to send and / or receive wireless signals on one or more carrier frequencies (which may be referred to as cells (not shown)). These frequencies may be in a licensed spectrum, an unlicensed spectrum, or a combination of licensed and unlicensed spectrums. A cell may provide coverage of wireless services to a specific geographic area, which may be relatively fixed or may change over time. The cell may be further divided into cell sectors. For example, a cell associated with the base station 114a may be divided into three sectors. Therefore, in one embodiment, the base station 114a may include three transceivers, i.e., one transceiver for each sector of the cell. In an embodiment, the base station 114a may employ multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology and may utilize multiple transceivers for each sector of the cell. For example, beamforming may be used to send and / or receive signals in a desired spatial direction.

[0041] The base stations 114a, 114b may communicate with one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d over an air interface 116, which may be any suitable wireless communication link (e.g., radio frequency (RF), microwave, centimeter wave, micrometer wave, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), visible light, etc.). The air interface 116 may be established using any suitable radio access technology (RAT).

[0042] More specifically, as noted above, the communication system 100 may be a multiple access system and may employ one or more channel access schemes such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA, etc. For example, the base station 114a in the RAN 104 / 113 and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), which may use Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) to establish the air interface 115 / 116 / 117. WCDMA may include communication protocols such as High Speed ​​Packet Access (HSPA) and / or Evolved HSPA (HSPA+). HSPA may include High Speed ​​Downlink (DL) Packet Access (HSDPA) and / or High Speed ​​UL Packet Access (HSUPA).

[0043] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) that may establish the air interface 116 using Long Term Evolution (LTE) and / or Advanced LTE (LTE-A) and / or Advanced LTE Pro (LTE-APro).

[0044] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as NR radio access, which may establish the air interface 116 using New Radio (NR).

[0045] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement multiple radio access technologies. For example, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may together implement LTE radio access and NR radio access, for example using the dual connectivity (DC) principle. Thus, the air interface used by the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be characterized by multiple types of radio access technologies and / or transmissions transmitted to / from multiple types of base stations (e.g., eNBs and gNBs).

[0046] In other embodiments, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.11 (i.e., Wireless Fidelity (WiFi)), IEEE 802.16 (i.e., Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)), CDMA2000, CDMA2000 1X, CDMA2000 EV-DO, Interim Standard 2000 (IS-2000), Interim Standard 95 (IS-95), Interim Standard 856 (IS-856), Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), GSM EDGE (GERAN), etc.

[0047] Figure 1AThe base station 114b in the may be, for example, a wireless router, a Home NodeB, a Home eNodeB, or an access point, and may utilize any suitable RAT to facilitate wireless connectivity in a local area, such as a business location, a home, a vehicle, a campus, an industrial facility, an air corridor (e.g., for use by drones), a road, and the like. In one embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology (such as IEEE 802.11) to establish a wireless local area network (WLAN). In an embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology (such as IEEE 802.15) to establish a wireless personal area network (WPAN). In yet another embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may utilize a cellular-based RAT (e.g., WCDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR, etc.) to establish a picocell or a femtocell. As Figure 1A As shown, base station 114b may have a direct connection to Internet 110. Therefore, base station 114b may not need to access Internet 110 via CN 106 / 115.

[0048] The RAN 104 / 113 may be in communication with the CN 106 / 115, which may be any type of network configured to provide voice, data, applications, and / or Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) services to one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d. The data may have different quality of service (QoS) requirements, such as different throughput requirements, latency requirements, error tolerance requirements, reliability requirements, data throughput requirements, mobility requirements, etc. The CN 106 / 115 may provide call control, billing services, mobile location-based services, prepaid calling, Internet connectivity, video distribution, etc., and / or perform advanced security functions, such as user authentication. Although not described in detail in the text, the CN 106 / 115 may be configured to provide voice, data, applications, and / or Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) services to one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d. The data may have different quality of service (QoS) requirements, such as different throughput requirements, latency requirements, error tolerance requirements, reliability requirements, data throughput requirements, mobility requirements, etc. The CN 106 / 115 may provide call control, billing services, mobile location-based services, prepaid calling, Internet connectivity, video distribution, etc., and / or perform advanced security functions, such as user authentication. Figure 1A Although not shown in the figure, it will be appreciated that the RAN 104 / 113 and / or the CN 106 / 115 may be in direct or indirect communication with other RANs that employ the same RAT as the RAN 104 / 113 or a different RAT. For example, in addition to being connected to the RAN 104 / 113, which may utilize NR radio technology, the CN 106 / 115 may also be in communication with another RAN (not shown) that employs GSM, UMTS, CDMA2000, WiMAX, E-UTRA, or WiFi radio technology.

[0049] The CN 106 / 115 may also serve as a gateway for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to access the PSTN 108, the Internet 110, and / or other networks 112. The PSTN 108 may include a circuit-switched telephone network that provides plain old telephone service (POTS). The Internet 110 may include a global system of interconnected computer networks and devices that use common communication protocols, such as the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), the User Datagram Protocol (UDP), and / or the Internet Protocol (IP) in the TCP / IP Internet protocol suite. The networks 112 may include wired communication networks and / or wireless communication networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. For example, the networks 112 may include another CN connected to one or more RANs, which may employ the same RAT as the RAN 104 / 113 or a different RAT.

[0050] Some or all of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d in the communication system 100 may include multi-mode capabilities (e.g., the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may include multiple transceivers for communicating with different wireless networks via different wireless links). Figure 1A The illustrated WTRU 102c may be configured to communicate with the base station 114a, which may employ a cellular-based radio technology, and with the base station 114b, which may employ an IEEE 802 radio technology.

[0051] Figure 1B is a system diagram illustrating an example WTRU 102. Figure 1B As shown, the WTRU 102 may include, among other things, a processor 118, a transceiver 120, a transmit / receive element 122, a speaker / microphone 124, a keypad 126, a display / touchpad 128, non-removable memory 130, removable memory 132, a power source 134, a global positioning system (GPS) chipset 136, and / or other peripherals 138. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 may include any sub-combination of the foregoing elements while remaining consistent with an embodiment.

[0052] The processor 118 may be a general purpose processor, a special purpose processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors associated with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA) circuit, any other type of integrated circuit (IC), a state machine, etc. The processor 118 may perform signal decoding, data processing, power control, input / output processing, and / or any other functionality that enables the WTRU 102 to operate in a wireless environment. The processor 118 may be coupled to the transceiver 120, which may be coupled to the transmit / receive element 122. Although Figure 1B The processor 118 and the transceiver 120 are depicted as separate components, but it is understood that the processor 118 and the transceiver 120 may be integrated together in an electronic package or chip.

[0053] The send / receive element 122 may be configured to send a signal to a base station (e.g., base station 114a) or receive a signal from the base station by an air interface 116. For example, in one embodiment, the send / receive element 122 may be an antenna configured to send and / or receive an RF signal. In an embodiment, the send / receive element 122 may be a transmitter / detector configured to send and / or receive, for example, IR, UV or visible light signals. In another embodiment, the send / receive element 122 may be configured to send and / or receive both RF signals and optical signals. It should be understood that the send / receive element 122 may be configured to send and / or receive any combination of wireless signals.

[0054] Although the transmit / receive element 122 Figure 1B Although depicted as a single element in the figure, the WTRU 102 may include any number of transmit / receive elements 122. More specifically, the WTRU 102 may employ MIMO technology. Thus, in one embodiment, the WTRU 102 may include two or more transmit / receive elements 122 (e.g., multiple antennas) for transmitting and receiving wireless signals over the air interface 116.

[0055] The transceiver 120 may be configured to modulate signals to be transmitted by the transmit / receive element 122 and to demodulate signals received by the transmit / receive element 122. As noted above, the WTRU 102 may have multi-mode capabilities. For example, the transceiver 120 may include multiple transceivers for enabling the WTRU 102 to communicate via multiple RATs, such as NR and IEEE 802.11.

[0056] The processor 118 of the WTRU 102 may be coupled to and may receive user input data from a speaker / microphone 124, a keypad 126, and / or a display / touchpad 128 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) display unit or an organic light emitting diode (OLED) display unit). The processor 118 may also output user data to the speaker / microphone 124, the keypad 126, and / or the display / touchpad 128. In addition, the processor 118 may access information from and store data in any type of suitable memory, such as a non-removable memory 130 and / or a removable memory 132. The non-removable memory 130 may include a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), a hard disk, or any other type of memory storage device. The removable memory 132 may include a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, a memory stick, a secure digital (SD) memory card, and the like. In other embodiments, the processor 118 may access information from and store data in a memory that is not physically located on the WTRU 102, such as on a server or a home computer (not shown).

[0057] The processor 118 may receive power from the power source 134, and may be configured to distribute and / or control power to other components in the WTRU 102. The power source 134 may be any suitable device for powering the WTRU 102. For example, the power source 134 may include one or more dry cell batteries (e.g., nickel-cadmium (NiCd), nickel-zinc (NiZn), nickel-metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li-ion), etc.), solar cells, fuel cells, etc.

[0058] The processor 118 may also be coupled to the GPS chipset 136, which may be configured to provide location information (e.g., longitude and latitude) regarding the current location of the WTRU 102. In addition to or in lieu of the information from the GPS chipset 136, the WTRU 102 may receive location information from a base station (e.g., base stations 114a, 114b) over the air interface 116 and / or determine its location based on the timing of signals received from two or more nearby base stations. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 may acquire location information by any suitable location-determination method while remaining consistent with an embodiment.

[0059] The processor 118 may also be coupled to other peripherals 138, which may include one or more software modules and / or hardware modules that provide additional features, functionality, and / or wired or wireless connectivity. For example, the peripherals 138 may include an accelerometer, an electronic compass, a satellite transceiver, a digital camera (for photos and / or video), a universal serial bus (USB) port, a vibration device, a television transceiver, a hands-free headset, module, a frequency modulation (FM) radio unit, a digital music player, a media player, a video game player module, an Internet browser, a virtual reality and / or augmented reality (VR / AR) device, an activity tracker, etc. Peripheral device 138 may include one or more sensors, which may be one or more of the following: a gyroscope, an accelerometer, a Hall effect sensor, a magnetometer, an orientation sensor, a proximity sensor, a temperature sensor, a time sensor; a geolocation sensor; an altimeter, a light sensor, a touch sensor, a magnetometer, a barometer, a gesture sensor, a biometric sensor, and / or a humidity sensor.

[0060] The WTRU 102 may include a full-duplex radio for which transmission and reception of some or all signals (e.g., associated with specific subframes for UL (e.g., for transmission) and downlink (e.g., for reception)) may be concurrent and / or simultaneous. The full-duplex radio may include an interference management unit for reducing and / or substantially eliminating self-interference via signal processing performed via hardware (e.g., a choke) or via a processor (e.g., a separate processor (not shown) or via the processor 118). In an embodiment, the WRTU 102 may include a half-duplex radio for which transmission and reception of some or all signals (e.g., associated with specific subframes for UL (e.g., for transmission) or downlink (e.g., for reception)) may be concurrent and / or simultaneous.

[0061] Figure 1C 1 is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 104 and the CN 106 in accordance with an embodiment. As noted above, the RAN 104 may employ an E-UTRA radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. The RAN 104 may also be in communication with the CN 106.

[0062] The RAN 104 may include evolved Node-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c, though it will be appreciated that the RAN 104 may include any number of evolved Node-Bs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The evolved Node-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. In one embodiment, the evolved Node-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may implement MIMO technology. Thus, the evolved Node-B 160a, for example, may use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to and / or receive wireless signals from the WTRU 102a.

[0063] Each of the evolved Node Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in UL and / or DL, etc. Figure 1C As shown, the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may communicate with one another via an X2 interface.

[0064] Figure 1C The illustrated CN 106 may include a mobility management entity (MME) 162, a serving gateway (SGW) 164, and a packet data network (PDN) gateway (or PGW) 166. While each of the foregoing elements is depicted as being part of the CN 106, it should be understood that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[0065] The MME 162 may be connected to each of the evolved Node-Bs 162a, 162b, 162c in the RAN 104 via an S1 interface and may serve as a control node. For example, the MME 162 may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, bearer activation / deactivation, selecting a particular serving gateway during an initial attach of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, etc. The MME 162 may provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 104 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as GSM and / or WCDMA.

[0066] The SGW 164 may be connected to each of the evolved Node-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c in the RAN 104 via an S1 interface. The SGW 164 may generally route and forward user data packets to / from the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. The SGW 164 may perform other functions, such as anchoring the user plane during inter-evolved Node-B handovers, triggering paging when DL data is available for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, managing and storing the context of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and the like.

[0067] The SGW 164 may be connected to the PGW 166, which may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices.

[0068] The CN 106 may facilitate communications with other networks. For example, the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to circuit-switched networks, such as the PSTN 108, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and traditional land-line communications devices. For example, the CN 106 may include, or may be in communication with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) server) that acts as an interface between the CN 106 and the PSTN 108. In addition, the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to other networks 112, which may include other wired networks and / or wireless networks owned and / or operated by other service providers.

[0069] Although the WTRU Figures 1A to 1D Although described as wireless terminals, it is contemplated that in certain representative embodiments such terminals may (eg, temporarily or permanently) use a wired communications interface with a communications network.

[0070] In a representative embodiment, the other network 112 may be a WLAN.

[0071] A WLAN in infrastructure basic service set (BSS) mode may have an access point (AP) for the BSS and one or more stations (STA) associated with the AP. The AP may have access or an interface to a distribution system (DS) or another type of wired / wireless network that carries traffic to and / or carries traffic away from the BSS. Traffic originating from outside the BSS and leading to the STA may be reached by the AP and may be delivered to the STA. Traffic originating from the STA and leading to a destination outside the BSS may be transmitted to the AP to be delivered to the corresponding destination. Traffic between STAs within the BSS may be transmitted by the AP, for example, wherein the source STA may transmit traffic to the AP, and the AP may deliver traffic to the destination STA. Traffic between STAs within the BSS may be considered and / or referred to as point-to-point traffic. Point-to-point traffic may be transmitted between the source STA and the destination STA (e.g., directly between them) using a direct link establishment (DLS). In certain representative embodiments, the DLS may use 802.11e DLS or 802.11z tunnel DLS (TDLS). A WLAN using an independent BSS (IBSS) mode may not have an AP, and STAs within or using the IBSS (eg, all STAs in the STA) may communicate directly with each other. The IBSS communication mode may sometimes be referred to herein as an "ad hoc" communication mode.

[0072] When using the 802.11ac infrastructure operating mode or a similar operating mode, the AP may send beacons on a fixed channel (such as a primary channel). The primary channel may be a fixed width (e.g., a 20 MHz wide bandwidth) or a width dynamically set via signaling. The primary channel may be an operating channel of the BSS and may be used by the STA to establish a connection with the AP. In certain representative embodiments, carrier sense multiple access / collision avoidance (CSMA / CA) may be implemented, for example, in an 802.11 system. For CSMA / CA, a STA (e.g., each STA) (including the AP) may listen to the primary channel. In the case where the primary channel is listened / detected and / or determined to be busy by a specific STA, the specific STA may back off. One STA (e.g., only one station) may transmit at any given time in a given BSS.

[0073] High throughput (HT) STAs may communicate using a 40 MHz wide channel, for example, via a combination of a primary 20 MHz channel and adjacent or non-adjacent 20 MHz channels to form a 40 MHz wide channel.

[0074] Very high throughput (VHT) STA can support 20MHz, 40MHz, 80MHz and / or 160MHz wide channels. 40MHz channels and / or 80MHz channels can be formed by combining continuous 20MHz channels. 160MHz channels can be formed by combining 8 continuous 20MHz channels, or by combining two non-continuous 80MHz channels (this can be called 80+80 configuration). For 80+80 configuration, after channel coding, the data can pass through a segment parser that can divide the data into two streams. Each stream can be processed by inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) and time domain processing separately. These streams can be mapped to two 80MHz channels, and data can be sent by the transmitter STA. At the receiver of the receiver STA, the above-mentioned operation for the 80+80 configuration can be reversed, and the combined data can be transmitted to the medium access control (MAC).

[0075] 802.11af and 802.11ah support operating modes below 1GHz. Channel operating bandwidths and carriers are reduced in 802.11af and 802.11ah relative to those used in 802.11n and 802.11ac. 802.11af supports 5MHz, 10MHz, and 20MHz bandwidths in the TV White Space (TVWS) spectrum, and 802.11ah supports 1MHz, 2MHz, 4MHz, 8MHz, and 16MHz bandwidths using non-TVWS spectrum. According to a representative embodiment, 802.11ah may support instrument type control / machine type communications, such as MTC devices in macro coverage areas. MTC devices may have certain capabilities, such as limited capabilities, including support for (e.g., only support for) certain bandwidths and / or limited bandwidths. MTC devices may include batteries with battery life above a threshold (e.g., to maintain very long battery life).

[0076] WLAN systems that can support multiple channels and channel bandwidths (such as 802.11n, 802.11ac, 802.11af, and 802.11ah) include channels that can be designated as primary channels. The primary channel may have a bandwidth equal to the maximum common operating bandwidth supported by all STAs in the BSS. The bandwidth of the primary channel may be set and / or limited by a STA (which supports the minimum bandwidth operating mode) from all STAs operating in the BSS. In the example of 802.11ah, for STAs (e.g., MTC-type devices) that support (e.g., only support) a 1MHz mode, the primary channel may be 1MHz wide, even if the AP and other STAs in the BSS support 2MHz, 4MHz, 8MHz, 16MHz, and / or other channel bandwidth operating modes. Carrier sensing and / or network allocation vector (NAV) settings may depend on the state of the primary channel. If the primary channel is busy, for example, because a STA (supporting only a 1MHz operating mode) is sending to the AP, the entire available frequency band may be considered busy even if most of the frequency bands remain idle and may be available.

[0077] In the United States, the available frequency band for 802.11ah is 902MHz to 928MHz. In South Korea, the available frequency band is 917.5MHz to 923.5MHz. In Japan, the available frequency band is 916.5MHz to 927.5MHz. The total bandwidth available for 802.11ah is 6MHz to 26MHz, depending on the country code.

[0078] Figure 1D 1 is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 113 and the CN 115 in accordance with an embodiment. As noted above, the RAN 113 may employ NR radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. The RAN 113 may also be in communication with the CN 115.

[0079] The RAN 113 may include gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c, though it will be appreciated that the RAN 113 may include any number of gNBs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. In one embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement MIMO technology. For example, the gNBs 180a, 180b may utilize beamforming to send signals to and / or receive signals from the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c. Thus, the gNB 180a may, for example, use multiple antennas to send wireless signals to and / or receive wireless signals from the WTRU 102a. In an embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement carrier aggregation technology. For example, gNB 180a may transmit multiple component carriers to WTRU 102a (not shown). A subset of these component carriers may be on unlicensed spectrum, while the remaining component carriers may be on licensed spectrum. In an embodiment, gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement coordinated multi-point (CoMP) technology. For example, WTRU 102a may receive coordinated transmissions from gNB 180a and gNB 180b (and / or gNB 180c).

[0080] The WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using transmissions associated with parameter sets that may be scalable. For example, OFDM symbol spacing and / or OFDM subcarrier spacing may vary for different transmissions, different cells, and / or different portions of the wireless transmission spectrum. The WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using subframes or Transmission Time Intervals (TTIs) of varying or scalable lengths (e.g., containing varying numbers of OFDM symbols and / or varying absolute time lengths over time).

[0081] The gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may be configured to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c in a standalone configuration and / or a non-standalone configuration. In a standalone configuration, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c while not accessing other RANs (e.g., such as the eNodeBs 160a, 160b, 160c). In a standalone configuration, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may use one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c as mobility anchors. In a standalone configuration, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using signals in an unlicensed band. In a non-standalone configuration, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate / connect with the gNB 180a, 180b, 180c while also communicating / connecting with another RAN, such as the eNode-B 160a, 160b, 160c. For example, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement the DC principle to communicate with one or more gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c and one or more eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c substantially simultaneously. In a non-standalone configuration, the eNode-B 160a, 160b, 160c may act as a mobility anchor for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and the gNB 180a, 180b, 180c may provide additional coverage and / or throughput for serving the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c.

[0082] Each of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in UL and / or DL, support of network slicing, dual connectivity, interworking between NR and E-UTRA, routing of user plane data towards a user plane function (UPF) 184a, 184b, routing of control plane information towards an access and mobility management function (AMF) 182a, 182b, etc. Figure 1D As shown, gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c may communicate with each other via an Xn interface.

[0083] Figure 1DThe illustrated CN 115 may include at least one AMF 182a, 182b, at least one UPF 184a, 184b, at least one session management function (SMF) 183a, 183b, and possible data networks (DNs) 185a, 185b. Although each of the foregoing elements is depicted as part of the CN 115, it should be understood that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[0084] The AMF 182a, 182b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 113 via the N2 interface and may act as a control node. For example, the AMF 182a, 182b may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c, support of network slicing (e.g., handling of different PDU sessions with different requirements), selecting a specific SMF 183a, 183b, management of registration areas, termination of NAS signaling, mobility management, etc. The AMF 182a, 182b may use network slicing to customize CN support for the WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c based on the type of services utilized by the WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c. For example, different network slices may be established for different use cases, such as services relying on ultra-reliable low latency (URLLC) access, services relying on enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) access, services for machine type communication (MTC) access, etc. The AMF 162 may provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 113 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, and / or non-3GPP access technologies, such as WiFi.

[0085] The SMF 183a, 183b may be connected to the AMF 182a, 182b in the CN 115 via the N11 interface. The SMF 183a, 183b may also be connected to the UPF 184a, 184b in the CN 115 via the N4 interface. The SMF 183a, 183b may select and control the UPF 184a, 184b, and configure the traffic routing through the UPF 184a, 184b. The SMF 183a, 183b may perform other functions, such as managing and allocating UE IP addresses, managing PDU sessions, controlling policy enforcement and QoS, providing downlink data notification, etc. The PDU session type may be IP-based, non-IP-based, Ethernet-based, etc.

[0086] The UPF 184a, 184b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 113 via the N3 interface, which may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices. The UPF 184, 184b may perform other functions, such as routing and forwarding packets, enforcing user plane policies, supporting multi-homed PDU sessions, handling user plane QoS, buffering downlink packets, providing mobility anchoring, etc.

[0087] The CN 115 may facilitate communications with other networks. For example, the CN 115 may include or may communicate with an IP gateway (e.g., an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) server) that acts as an interface between the CN 115 and the PSTN 108. In addition, the CN 115 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to other networks 112, which may include other wired networks and / or wireless networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. In one embodiment, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be connected to local data networks (DNs) 185a, 185b via the UPF 184a, 184b via the N3 interface to the UPF 184a, 184b and the N6 interface between the UPF 184a, 184b and the DN 185a, 185b.

[0088] Given that Figures 1A to 1D as well as Figures 1A to 1D Corresponding to the description of the present invention, one or more or all of the functions described herein with reference to one or more of the following may be performed by one or more simulation devices (not shown): WTRU102a-d, base station 114a-b, evolved Node B 160a-c, MME 162, SGW 164, PGW 166, gNB 180a-c, AMF182a-b, UPF 184a-b, SMF 183a-b, DN 185a-b and / or any other device described herein. The simulation device may be one or more devices configured to emulate one or more or all of the functions described herein. For example, the simulation device may be used to test other devices and / or simulate network and / or WTRU functions.

[0089] The simulation device may be designed to implement one or more tests of other devices in a laboratory environment and / or in an operator network environment. For example, one or more simulation devices may perform one or more functions or all functions while being fully or partially implemented and / or deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network in order to test other devices within the communication network. One or more simulation devices may perform one or more functions or all functions while being temporarily implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. The simulation device may be directly coupled to another device for testing purposes and / or may use over-the-air wireless communications to perform testing.

[0090] One or more simulation devices can perform one or more (including all) functions without being implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. For example, the simulation device can be used in a test scenario in a test laboratory and / or a non-deployed (e.g., testing) wired and / or wireless communication network to implement testing of one or more components. One or more simulation devices can be test equipment. Direct RF coupling and / or wireless communication via RF circuits (e.g., which may include one or more antennas) can be used by the simulation device to send and / or receive data.

[0091] The present application describes a number of aspects, including tools, features, examples, models, methods, etc. Many of these aspects are described in a particular manner, and at least in order to illustrate individual features, are usually described in a manner that may sound restrictive. However, this is to describe clearly and does not limit the application or scope of these aspects. In fact, all different aspects can be combined and interchanged to provide further aspects. In addition, these aspects can also be combined and interchanged with the aspects described in the earlier submission.

[0092] The aspects described and contemplated in this application can be implemented in many different forms. Figure 5 13 may provide some examples, but other examples are also contemplated. Figure 5 The discussion to FIG. 13 does not limit the breadth of specific implementations. At least one of these aspects generally relates to video encoding and decoding, and at least one other aspect generally relates to sending a generated or encoded bitstream. These aspects and other aspects can be implemented as methods, apparatus, a computer-readable storage medium having stored thereon instructions for encoding or decoding video data according to any of the methods, and / or a computer-readable storage medium having stored thereon a bitstream generated according to any of the methods.

[0093] In this application, the terms "reconstruction" and "decoding" are used interchangeably, the terms "pixel" and "sample" are used interchangeably, and the terms "image", "picture" and "frame" are used interchangeably.

[0094] Various methods are described herein, and each method includes one or more steps or actions for implementing the method. Unless the correct operation method requires a specific order of steps or actions, the order and / or purpose of specific steps and / or actions can be modified or combined. In addition, in various examples, terms such as "first", "second" and the like can be used to modify elements, parts, steps, operations, etc., such as "first decoding" and "second decoding". Unless specifically required, the use of such terms does not imply the ordering of the modification operation. Therefore, in this example, the first decoding does not need to be performed before the second decoding, and can, for example, occur before, during, or in an overlapping time period of the second decoding.

[0095] like Figure 2 and Figure 3 As shown, various implementations and other aspects described in this application can be used to modify modules (e.g., decoding modules) of the video encoder 200 and the decoder 300. In addition, the subject matter disclosed herein can be applied to, for example, any type, format, or version of video decoding (whether described in a standard or described in a recommendation), whether pre-existing or developed in the future, as well as extensions of any such standards and recommendations. Unless otherwise indicated or technically excluded, the aspects described in this application can be used alone or in combination.

[0096] Various numerical values ​​are used in describing the examples of the present application, such as the number of intra prediction modes, the number of intra prediction mode indices, the number of cost functions, block size dimensions, ratios of block height to block width, prediction mode indices, wide angle intra prediction (WAIP) modes, angles, angle mode ranges, weighting values, etc. These specific values ​​and other specific values ​​are for the purpose of describing the examples, and the aspects are not limited to these specific values.

[0097] Figure 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating an example video encoder. Variations of the example encoder 200 are contemplated, but the following describes encoder 200 for clarity without describing all contemplated variations.

[0098] Before being encoded, the video sequence may undergo a pre-encoding process (201), for example, applying a color transform to an input color picture (e.g., conversion from RGB 4:4:4 to YCbCr 4:2:0), or performing a remapping of input picture components to obtain a signal distribution that is more resilient to compression (e.g., using histogram equalization of one of the color components). Metadata may be associated with the pre-processing and appended to the bitstream.

[0099] In encoder 200, a picture is encoded by encoder elements as described below. The picture to be encoded is partitioned (202) and processed in units such as coding units (CUs). Each unit is encoded, for example, using intra mode or inter mode. When a unit is encoded in intra mode, the unit performs intra prediction (260). In inter mode, motion estimation (275) and compensation (270) are performed. The encoder decides (205) which of intra mode or inter mode to use to encode the unit, and indicates the intra / inter decision by, for example, a prediction mode flag. The prediction residual is calculated, for example, by subtracting (210) the predicted block from the original image block.

[0100] The prediction residual is then transformed (225) and quantized (230). The quantized transform coefficients, along with motion vectors and other syntax elements such as picture partition information, are entropy coded (245) to output a bitstream. The encoder may skip the transform and apply quantization directly to the untransformed residual signal. The encoder may bypass both the transform and quantization, i.e., directly code the residual without applying the transform or quantization process.

[0101] The encoder decodes the coded block to provide a reference for further prediction. The quantized transform coefficients are dequantized (240) and inverse transformed (250) to decode the prediction residual. The image block is reconstructed by combining the decoded prediction residual and the prediction block (255). An in-loop filter (265) is applied to the reconstructed picture to perform, for example, deblocking / SAO (sample adaptive offset) or ALF (adaptive loop filtering) filtering to reduce coding artifacts. The filtered image is stored at a reference picture buffer (280).

[0102] Figure 3 is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of a video decoder. In the example decoder 300, a bitstream is decoded by decoder elements as described below. The video decoder 300 generally performs the same Figure 2 The decoding process is the reverse of the encoding process described in . The encoder 200 also typically performs video decoding as part of encoding the video data.

[0103] Specifically, the input to the decoder includes a video bitstream, which may be generated by the video encoder 200. The bitstream is first entropy decoded (330) to obtain transform coefficients, prediction modes, motion vectors, and / or other decoding information. Picture partition information indicates how the picture is partitioned. Thus, the decoder may partition (335) the picture according to the decoded picture partition information. The transform coefficients are dequantized (340) and inverse transformed (350) to decode the prediction residual. The image block is reconstructed by combining (355) the decoded prediction residual and the predicted block. The predicted block may be obtained (370) from intra-frame prediction (360) or motion compensated prediction (i.e., inter-frame prediction) (375). An in-loop filter (365) is applied to the reconstructed image. The filtered image is stored at a reference picture buffer (380). In some examples (eg, for a given picture), the content of reference picture buffer 380 on the decoder 300 side may be the same as the content of reference picture buffer 280 on the encoder 200 side (eg, for the same picture).

[0104] The decoded picture may also be subjected to post-decoding processing (385), such as an inverse color transform (e.g., conversion from YCbCr 4:2:0 to RGB 4:4:4) or performing an inverse remapping that is the inverse of the remapping process performed in the pre-encoding process (201). The post-decoding processing may use metadata derived in the pre-encoding process and signaled in the bitstream. In an example, the decoded image (e.g., after applying the in-loop filter (365) and / or after the post-decoding processing (385), if post-decoding processing is used) may be transmitted to a display device for presentation to a user.

[0105] Figure 4 4 is a schematic diagram showing an example of a system in which various aspects and examples described herein can be implemented. System 400 may be embodied as a device including various components described below and configured to perform one or more aspects of the aspects described in this document. Examples of such devices include, but are not limited to, various electronic devices such as personal computers, laptop computers, smart phones, tablet computers, digital multimedia set-top boxes, digital television receivers, personal video recording systems, connected home appliances, and servers. The elements of system 400 may be embodied in a single integrated circuit (IC), multiple ICs, and / or discrete components, either individually or in combination. For example, in at least one example, the processing and encoder / decoder elements of system 400 are distributed over multiple ICs and / or discrete components. In various examples, system 400 is communicatively coupled to one or more other systems or other electronic devices via, for example, a communication bus or through dedicated input ports and / or output ports. In various examples, system 400 is configured to implement one or more aspects of the aspects described in this document.

[0106] The system 400 includes at least one processor 410 configured to execute instructions loaded therein for implementing, for example, various aspects described in this document. The processor 410 may include embedded memory, input-output interfaces, and various other circuits as known in the art. The system 400 includes at least one memory 420 (e.g., a volatile memory device and / or a non-volatile memory device). The system 400 includes a storage device 440, which may include a non-volatile memory and / or a volatile memory, including but not limited to an electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), a read-only memory (ROM), a programmable read-only memory (PROM), a random access memory (RAM), a dynamic random access memory (DRAM), a static random access memory (SRAM), a flash memory, a magnetic disk drive, and / or an optical disk drive. As non-limiting examples, the storage device 440 may include an internal storage device, an attached storage device (including a removable and non-removable storage device), and / or a network-accessible storage device.

[0107] The system 400 includes an encoder / decoder module 430, which is configured to process data, for example, to provide encoded video or decoded video, and the encoder / decoder module 430 may include its own processor and memory. The encoder / decoder module 430 represents a module that may be included in a device to perform encoding and / or decoding functions. As is well known, a device may include one or both of an encoding module and a decoding module. Additionally, the encoder / decoder module 430 may be implemented as a separate element of the system 400, or may be incorporated into the processor 410 as a combination of hardware and software known to those skilled in the art.

[0108] Program code to be loaded onto the processor 410 or the encoder / decoder 430 to perform various aspects described in this document may be stored in the storage device 440 and subsequently loaded onto the memory 420 for execution by the processor 410. According to various examples, one or more of the processor 410, the memory 420, the storage device 440, and the encoder / decoder module 430 may store one or more of various items during the execution of the processes described in this document. Such stored items may include, but are not limited to, input video, decoded video or partially decoded video, bitstreams, matrices, variables, and intermediate or final results of processing equations, formulas, operations, and operation logic.

[0109] Memory inside the processor 410 and / or the encoder / decoder module 430 is used to store instructions and provide working memory for processing required during encoding or decoding. However, in other examples, memory external to the processing device (e.g., the processing device may be the processor 410 or the encoder / decoder module 430) is used for one or more of these functions. The external memory may be a memory 420 and / or a storage device 440, such as a dynamic volatile memory and / or a non-volatile flash memory. In several examples, the external non-volatile flash memory is used to store, for example, an operating system for a television. In at least one example, a fast external dynamic volatile memory (such as RAM) is used as working memory for video encoding and decoding operations.

[0110] Inputs to the elements of system 400 may be provided through various input devices as indicated in block 445. Such input devices include, but are not limited to: (i) a radio frequency (RF) section that receives an RF signal, such as that transmitted over the air by a broadcaster; (ii) a component (COMP) input terminal (or a set of COMP input terminals); (iii) a universal serial bus (USB) input terminal; and / or (iv) a high-definition multimedia interface (HDMI) input terminal. Other examples ( Figure 4 ) includes composite video.

[0111] The input device of frame 445 has the corresponding input processing element associated with known in the art.For example, the RF part can be associated with the element suitable for the following: (i) select the required frequency (also referred to as selecting signal, or limiting the signal band to a band), (ii) down-convert the selected signal, (iii) again band-limit to narrower band to select the signal band that (for example) can be called channel in some examples, (iv) demodulate the signal through down-conversion and band-limited, (v) perform error correction, and / or (vi) demultiplex to select the required data packet stream. The RF part of various examples includes one or more elements for performing these functions, such as frequency selector, signal selector, band limiter, channel selector, filter, down-converter, demodulator, error corrector and demultiplexer. The RF part can include a tuner that performs various functions in these functions, and these functions include, for example, down-converting the received signal to a lower frequency (for example, intermediate frequency or near baseband frequency) or to baseband. In a set-top box example, the RF part and its associated input processing element receive the RF signal sent by wired (for example, cable) medium, and filter to the desired frequency band by filtering, down-conversion and again to perform frequency selection.Various examples rearrange the order of above-mentioned (and other) elements, remove some elements in these elements, and / or add other elements that perform similar or different functions.Adding element can include inserting element between existing elements, such as, inserting amplifier and analog-to-digital converter.In various examples, the RF part includes antenna.

[0112] The USB and / or HDMI terminals may include corresponding interface processors for connecting the system 400 to other electronic devices across the USB and / or HDMI connections. It should be understood that various aspects of input processing (e.g., Reed-Solomon error correction) may be implemented as needed, for example, in a separate input processing IC or in the processor 410. Similarly, various aspects of USB or HDMI interface processing may be implemented as needed in a separate interface IC or in the processor 410. The demodulated, error-corrected, and demultiplexed streams are provided to various processing elements, including, for example, the processor 410 and the encoder / decoder 430, which operate in conjunction with the memory and storage elements to process the data stream as needed for presentation on the output device.

[0113] The various components of system 400 may be disposed within an integrated housing. Within the integrated housing, the various components may be interconnected and transmit data between the components using a suitable connection arrangement 425 (e.g., an internal bus known in the art, including an inter-chip (I2C) bus, wiring, and a printed circuit board).

[0114] System 400 includes a communication interface 450 that enables communication with other devices via a communication channel 460. Communication interface 450 may include, but is not limited to, a transceiver configured to send and receive data through communication channel 460. Communication interface 450 may include, but is not limited to, a modem or a network card, and communication channel 460 may be implemented, for example, within a wired and / or wireless medium.

[0115] In various examples, data is streamed or otherwise provided to the system 400 using a wireless network, such as a Wi-Fi network, e.g., IEEE 802.11 (IEEE refers to the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). The Wi-Fi signals of these examples are received via a communication channel 460 and a communication interface 450 suitable for Wi-Fi communications. The communication channel 460 of these examples is typically connected to an access point or router that provides access to external networks, including the Internet, to allow streaming applications and other cross-top communications. Other examples provide streaming data to the system 400 using a set-top box that delivers data via an HDMI connection of an input box 445. Still other examples use an RF connection of an input box 445 to provide streaming data to the system 400. As described above, various examples provide data in a non-streaming manner. Additionally, various examples use wireless networks other than Wi-Fi, such as cellular networks or network.

[0116] The system 400 may provide output signals to various output devices, including a display 475, a speaker 485, and other peripherals 495. The display 475 of various examples includes, for example, one or more of a touch screen display, an organic light emitting diode (OLED) display, a curved display, and / or a foldable display. The display 475 may be used for a television, a tablet computer, a laptop, a cellular phone (mobile phone), or other devices. The display 475 may also be integrated with other components (e.g., as in a smart phone), or may be independent (e.g., an external monitor for a laptop computer). In various examples, other peripherals 495 include one or more of an independent digital video disc (or digital versatile disc) (DVD, for both terms), a disc player, a stereo system, and / or a lighting system. Various examples use one or more peripherals 495 that provide functions based on the output of the system 400. For example, a disc player performs the function of playing the output of the system 400.

[0117] Control signals are transmitted between the system 400 and a display 475, a speaker 485, or other peripherals 495 using signaling such as AV.Link, Consumer Electronics Control (CEC), or other communication protocols that enable device-to-device control with or without user intervention. Output devices may be communicatively coupled to the system 400 via dedicated connections through respective interfaces 470, 480, and 490. Output devices may be connected to the system 400 via a communication interface 450 using a communication channel 460. The display 475 and the speaker 485 may be integrated into a single unit with other components of the system 400 in an electronic device such as, for example, a television. In various examples, the display interface 470 includes a display driver such as, for example, a timing controller (T Con) chip.

[0118] For example, if the RF portion of input 445 is part of a separate set-top box, display 475 and speaker 485 may be separate from one or more of the other components. In various examples where display 475 and speaker 485 are external components, output signals may be provided via dedicated output connections including, for example, an HDMI port, a USB port, or a COMP output.

[0119] These examples may be performed by computer software implemented by processor 410 or by hardware or by a combination of hardware and software. As a non-limiting example, these examples may be implemented by one or more integrated circuits. Memory 420 may be of any type suitable for the technical environment and may be implemented using any appropriate data storage technology, such as, as a non-limiting example, optical memory devices, magnetic memory devices, semiconductor-based memory devices, fixed memory, and removable memory. Processor 410 may be of any type suitable for the technical environment and may include, as a non-limiting example, one or more of a microprocessor, a general-purpose computer, a special-purpose computer, and a processor based on a multi-core architecture.

[0120] Various implementations involve decoding. As used in this application, "decoding" may encompass, for example, all or part of a process performed on a received coded sequence to produce a final output suitable for display. In various examples, such processes include one or more of the processes typically performed by a decoder, such as entropy decoding, inverse quantization, inverse transform, and differential decoding. In various examples, such processes also include or alternatively include processes performed by decoders of various implementations described in this application, such as to obtain multiple residual hypotheses for a coded block; based on at least one of an intra-prediction mode and an intra-prediction mode index selected to predict a coded block, a cost function is obtained from an adaptive cost function; and a residual hypothesis is selected from a plurality of residual hypotheses based on a cost function, etc.

[0121] As another example, in one example, "decoding" refers only to entropy decoding, in another example, "decoding" refers only to differential decoding, and in another example, "decoding" refers to a combination of entropy decoding and differential decoding. Whether the phrase "decoding process" is intended to refer specifically to a subset of operations or broadly to a broader decoding process will be clear based on the context of the specific description and is considered to be well understood by those skilled in the art.

[0122] Various implementations involve encoding. In a manner similar to the discussion above about "decoding", "encoding" as used in this application may cover, for example, all or part of the processes performed on an input video sequence to produce an encoded bitstream. In various examples, such processes include one or more of the processes typically performed by an encoder, such as partitioning, differential coding, transforms, quantization, and entropy coding. In various examples, such processes also include or alternatively include processes performed by encoders of various implementations described in this application, such as to obtain multiple residual hypotheses for a coded block; based on at least one of an intra-prediction mode and an intra-prediction mode index selected to predict a coded block, a cost function is obtained from an adaptive cost function; and a residual hypothesis is selected from a plurality of residual hypotheses based on a cost function, etc.

[0123] As another example, in one example, "encoding" refers only to entropy encoding, in another example, "encoding" refers only to differential encoding, and in another example, "encoding" refers to a combination of differential decoding and entropy encoding. Whether the phrase "encoding process" specifically refers to a subset of operations or broadly refers to a broader encoding process will be clear based on the context of the specific description and is believed to be well understood by those skilled in the art.

[0124] Note that the syntax elements as used herein (eg, coding syntax with respect to dimd_flag, mip_flag, timd_flag, etc.) are descriptive terms. Therefore, they do not exclude the use of other syntax element names.

[0125] If the figures are presented as flow charts, it should be understood that they also provide block diagrams of corresponding devices. Similarly, if the figures are presented as block diagrams, it should be understood that they also provide flow charts of corresponding methods / processes.

[0126] The specific implementations and aspects described herein may be implemented in, for example, a method or process, a device, a software program, a data stream, or a signal. Even if only discussed in the context of a single form of specific implementation (e.g., discussed only as a method), the specific implementation of the features discussed may also be implemented in other forms (e.g., a device or program). The device may be implemented in, for example, appropriate hardware, software, and firmware. These methods may be implemented in, for example, a processor, which generally refers to a processing device, including, for example, a computer, a microprocessor, an integrated circuit, or a programmable logic device. The processor also includes a communication device, such as, for example, a computer, a mobile phone, a portable / personal digital assistant ("PDA"), and other devices that facilitate information communication between end users.

[0127] References to "one example" or "an example" or "one implementation" or "an implementation" and other variations thereof mean that a particular feature, structure, characteristic, etc. described in connection with the example is included in at least one example. Thus, the phrases "in one example" or "in an example" or "in one implementation" or "in an implementation" and any other variations appearing in various places throughout this application are not necessarily all referring to the same example.

[0128] Additionally, the present application may involve "determining" various pieces of information. Determining information may include, for example, estimating information, calculating information, predicting information, or retrieving information from a memory. Obtaining may include receiving, retrieving, constructing, generating, and / or determining.

[0129] Furthermore, the present application may refer to "accessing" various information. Accessing information may include, for example, one or more of receiving information, retrieving information (e.g., from a memory), storing information, moving information, copying information, calculating information, determining information, predicting information, or estimating information.

[0130] Additionally, the present application may refer to "receiving" various information. Like "accessing," receiving is intended to be a broad term. Receiving information may include, for example, one or more of accessing information or retrieving information (e.g., from a memory). Furthermore, "receiving" generally involves, in one way or another, during operations such as, for example, storing information, processing information, sending information, moving information, copying information, erasing information, calculating information, determining information, predicting information, or estimating information.

[0131] It should be understood that, for example, in the case of "A / B," "A and / or B," and "at least one of A and B," the use of any of the following " / ," "and / or," and "at least one of" is intended to encompass selecting only the first listed option (A), or only the second listed option (B), or both options (A and B). As a further example, in the case of "A, B, and / or C" and "at least one of A, B, and C," such phrases are intended to encompass selecting only the first listed option (A), or only the second listed option (B), or only the third listed option (C), or only the first listed option and the second listed option (A and B), or only the first listed option and the third listed option (A and C), or only the second listed option and the third listed option (B and C), or all three options (A and B and C). This can be extended to as many items as listed, as will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in this and related arts.

[0132] Moreover, as used herein, the term "signaling" refers to (among other things) indicating something to a corresponding decoder. The encoder signal may include, for example, a MIP matrix index, dimd_flag, mip_flag, timd_flag, etc. In this way, in the example, the same parameters are used on both the encoder side and the decoder side. Thus, for example, the encoder may send (explicit signaling) specific parameters to the decoder so that the decoder can use the same specific parameters. On the contrary, if the decoder already has specific parameters and other parameters, signaling may be used without sending (implicit signaling) to simply allow the decoder to know and select specific parameters. Bit savings are achieved in various examples by avoiding sending any actual function. It should be understood that signaling can be implemented in a variety of ways. For example, in various examples, one or more syntax elements, flags, etc. are used to signal information to the corresponding decoder. Although the verb form of the term "signaling" is mentioned above, the term "signal" may also be used as a noun in this article.

[0133] It will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that a specific implementation may generate a variety of signals formatted to carry, for example, storable or transmittable information. The information may include, for example, instructions for executing a method or data generated by one of the described specific implementations. For example, a signal may be formatted to carry a bit stream of the example. Such a signal may be formatted as, for example, an electromagnetic wave (e.g., using a radio frequency portion of a spectrum) or a baseband signal. Formatting may include, for example, encoding a data stream and modulating a carrier using the encoded data stream. The information carried by the signal may be, for example, analog or digital information. As is well known, a signal may be sent over a variety of different wired or wireless links. The signal may be stored on, or accessed or received from, a processor-readable medium.

[0134] Many examples are described herein. The features of the examples may be provided individually or in any combination across various claim categories and types. In addition, the examples may include one or more of the features, devices or aspects described herein individually or in any combination across various claim categories and types. For example, the features described herein may include a bitstream or signal of information generated as described herein to be implemented. This information may allow a decoder to decode a bitstream, an encoder, a bitstream and / or a decoder according to any of the embodiments described in the embodiments. For example, the features described herein may be implemented by creating and / or sending and / or receiving and / or decoding a bitstream or a signal. For example, the features described herein may be implemented by a method, a process, a device, a medium storing instructions, a medium storing data or a signal. For example, the features described herein may be implemented by a TV, a set-top box, a mobile phone, a tablet computer or other electronic devices that perform decoding. A TV, a set-top box, a mobile phone, a tablet computer or other electronic devices may display (e.g., using a monitor, a screen or other type of display) the resulting image (e.g., an image reconstructed from the residual of a video bitstream). A TV, a set-top box, a mobile phone, a tablet computer or other electronic devices may receive a signal including an encoded image and perform decoding.

[0135] Disclosed are systems, methods, and means for predicting residual coefficient signs using an adaptive cost function. A video device may be configured to select a cost function from a plurality of cost functions for predicting a residual hypothesis of a coding block based on information associated with an intra-frame prediction mode associated with a coding block. The information associated with the intra-frame prediction mode may include at least one of an indication of one or more intra-frame prediction modes or an intra-frame prediction mode index. The video device may determine the intra-frame prediction mode associated with the coding block based on the information associated with the intra-frame prediction mode, and may select a cost function based on the determined intra-frame prediction mode. The video device may determine the intra-frame prediction mode index associated with the coding block based on the information associated with the intra-frame prediction mode, and may select a cost function index based on the determined intra-frame prediction mode index. The video device may be configured to predict residual coefficient signs based on the selected cost function, and decode the coding block based on the predicted residual coefficient signs.

[0136] Residual coefficient sign prediction with an adaptive cost function for intra-prediction modes can be implemented in the context of video compression. Residual coefficient sign prediction with an adaptive cost function for intra-prediction modes can adapt a boundary discontinuity metric to the intra-prediction mode that can be used to calculate a cost function for residual coefficient sign prediction.

[0137] For example, compression efficiency may be improved by reducing bitrate while maintaining quality, or improving quality while maintaining bitrate (eg, equivalently).

[0138] Residual coefficient symbol prediction can be implemented in a video codec. For example, a residual decoding process can be implemented in video decoding. Residual coefficient symbol prediction is a decoding tool that can be used to compress some symbols of residual coefficients using a prediction system. The predicted symbols may or may not be signaled by the EP in the bitstream. The symbol may be replaced by a "residual" indicating whether the prediction is correct. The associated CABAC context can be used to signal the residual.

[0139] Coefficient sign prediction implementations may include (e.g., where applicable) transform coefficients that may be used to compute reconstruction residuals for negative and positive sign combinations and / or select a hypothesis that minimizes a cost function. For example, two signs may be predicted. There may be four (4) possible combinations, such as (+, +), (+, -), (-, +), (-, -). A cost function may be calculated for the four combinations. The combination with the minimum cost may be selected as the sign predictor combination.

[0140] A cost function may be defined to derive (e.g., best) sign prediction hypotheses among (e.g., all) possible combinations. In some examples, the cost function may be defined as a measure of discontinuity across block boundaries. The cost function may be measured for one or more (e.g., some or all) hypotheses. The hypothesis with the smallest cost may be selected as the predictor of the coefficient sign.

[0141] Figure 5 An example of linear prediction using reconstructed pixels around the current block is illustrated. Figure 5 Each predicted pixel P at the first left column of the current block is shown 0,y For example, according to equation (1), the predicted pixel P can be used 0,y The two reconstructed pixels on the left side of the image are used to perform (e.g., simple) linear prediction to obtain the prediction residual Resi 0,y :

[0142] Resi 0,y =(2R -1,y -R -2,y -P 0,y ) (1)

[0143] The prediction residual Resi 0,y With the residual assumption r 0,y The absolute difference between the two is added to the assumed cost.

[0144] For example, according to equation (2), similar processing can be performed for the pixels in the top row of the current block:

[0145] Resi x,0 =(2R x,-1 -R x,-2 -P x,0) (2)

[0146] The (e.g., each) prediction residual Resi x,0 With the residual assumption r x,0 The absolute difference between the two is added to the assumed cost.

[0147] For example, according to equation (3), the cost function can be modeled mathematically:

[0148]

[0149] In equation (3), P may represent the prediction signal of the current block; R may represent the reconstructed neighbor; and r may represent the residual hypothesis. -2 +2R -1 -P0) can be calculated on a per-block basis (e.g., once) and the residual hypothesis can be subtracted from the term.

[0150] Intra prediction mode may be implemented in a video codec. Intra prediction may be used to remove correlation within a local region of a picture. The texture of a picture region may be similar to the texture in a local neighborhood, which may support prediction. Neighboring samples may be used for prediction (e.g., samples from the sample line above the current block and samples from the last column of the reconstructed block to the left of the current block).

[0151] Reference neighboring samples used to predict the current block may depend on a direction indicated by an intra prediction angle of a corresponding intra prediction mode. FIG. 6A to FIG. 6D An example of directional intra prediction with reference neighboring samples is illustrated. For example, reference neighboring samples from the left column may be used (e.g., for horizontal prediction); reference neighboring samples from the previous row may be used (e.g., for vertical prediction); reference neighboring samples from the upper left side may be applied (e.g., for diagonal bottom right prediction) and reference neighboring samples from the upper right side may be applied (e.g., for diagonal bottom left prediction).

[0152] Intra-mode coding may be performed with multiple (eg, 67) intra-prediction modes. Figure 7 Example directional intra prediction modes are illustrated. Figure 7 An example of capturing arbitrary edge directions present in natural video using multiple directional intra modes (e.g., 33, 65 directional intra prediction modes) is shown. Intra prediction can implement planar mode and DC mode. A denser directional intra prediction mode can be applied to one or more (e.g., all) block sizes, including, for example, luma intra prediction and / or chroma intra prediction.

[0153] Angular intra prediction modes (eg, modes 2 to 66) may be used for square CUs. Angular intra prediction modes (eg, modes 2 to 66) may correspond to angular intra prediction directions defined from 45 degrees to -135 degrees in a clockwise direction.

[0154] The wide-angle intra prediction mode may be used for non-square blocks. For non-square blocks, one or more (eg, several) angular intra prediction modes may be adaptively replaced with the wide-angle intra prediction mode. Figure 7 A dashed arrow is shown indicating a wide angle mode beyond the lower left direction mode indexed from -14 to -1. Figure 7 A wide angle pattern is shown in the upper right direction beyond the index from 67 to 80. The wide angle pattern may replace an (e.g., equal) number of angle patterns in the opposite direction, e.g., for flat blocks (W>H) and / or tall blocks (W>H). <H)。

[0155] Matrix weighted intra prediction (MIP) is an intra prediction technique. MIP can be used to predict samples of a rectangular block of width W and height H. MIP takes as input (e.g., one) row of H reconstructed neighboring boundary samples to the left of the block and (e.g., one) row of W reconstructed neighboring boundary samples above the block. Unavailable reconstructed samples can be generated by other forms of intra prediction. Figure 8 Examples of generating a MIP prediction signal based on averaging, matrix-vector multiplication and linear interpolation are illustrated.

[0156] A flag (eg, mip_flag) may be signaled (eg, for each intra-coded block) to indicate whether MIP mode is to be applied.

[0157] Template-based intra mode derivation (TIMD) based fusion may be implemented. Fusion for TIMD may be used to derive an intra mode for coding a CU. Fig. 9 An example of determining the TIMD mode is illustrated. Fig. 9 As shown, the sum of absolute transform differences (SATD) between the predicted samples and the reconstructed samples of the template can be calculated for each intra prediction mode in the most probable mode (MPM). For example, the TIMD mode can be selected as the first two intra prediction modes with the smallest SATD. The TIMD mode can be fused with weights. Weighted intra prediction can be used to decode the current CU.

[0158] The cost of two selected intra prediction modes (IPM) can be compared with a threshold. For example, if the condition costIPM 2nd <2*costIPM 1st If the condition is true, fusion may be applied. For example, if the condition is false, the first IPM (eg, only the first IPM) may be used.

[0159] A flag (eg, timd_flag) may be signaled (eg, for each intra-coded block) to indicate whether TIMD mode is to be applied.

[0160] Decoder-side intra mode derivation (DIMD) may be implemented. DIMD may be used to derive an intra mode for coding a CU. For example, if / when DIMD is applied, multiple (eg, two) intra modes may be derived from reconstructed neighboring samples. Fig.10 An example of a DIMD is shown. Fig.10 As shown, (eg, two) predictors may be combined with a planar mode predictor, where the weights are derived or selected from a histogram of gradients computed from neighboring pixels of the current block.

[0161] A flag (eg, dimd_flag) may be signaled (eg, for each intra-coded block) to indicate whether DIMD mode is to be applied.

[0162] The coding efficiency of residual coefficient sign prediction in intra blocks may be enhanced, for example, by adapting the cost function to the intra prediction mode.For example, the discontinuity metric across blocks may be adapted to the intra prediction mode.

[0163] In some examples, the cost function for residual coefficient sign prediction may use a fixed boundary discontinuity metric. The reconstructed neighbors may be from the horizontal direction and the vertical direction to the current pixel. In some examples, more different boundary discontinuity measures may be adapted to the intra prediction mode.

[0164] Some areas within a picture may have strong edge directions and may be predicted with directional intra modes. The texture of the coded block may be similar to the texture in the upper left neighboring neighborhood. Discontinuities may appear low or non-existent between the coded block and the upper left neighboring block.

[0165] The cost function used for residual coefficient sign prediction can be adapted to the intra prediction mode. The cost function process can be based on one or more of the following cost functions: horizontal cost function cost horiz ; Vertical cost function cost vert ; Cost function cost in the upper right corner diag_ur ; Cost function cost in the lower right corner diag_dr ; and / or the diagonal lower left cost function cost diag_df One or more rules for selecting a cost function may be based on an intra prediction mode and / or a corresponding intra prediction mode index (IPM). IPM may be used interchangeably to refer to intra prediction mode and intra prediction mode index. In some examples, a cost function (e.g., for multiple directions) may include weighting factors related to the intra prediction mode and the corresponding IPM.

[0166] As described herein, discontinuity measures across boundaries can be adapted to intra prediction modes. A cost function for residual coefficient sign prediction can be calculated using discontinuity measures across boundaries. Examples of possible cost functions for residual coefficient sign prediction in intra prediction blocks are provided. Examples of rules that can be used to select cost functions for different intra prediction modes are provided. Examples of encoding / decoding processes for adaptive cost functions for residual coefficient sign prediction are provided.

[0167] The cross-border discontinuity metric may be adapted to the intra-prediction mode. The cost function for residual coefficient sign prediction (e.g., as described herein) may be fixed. There may be more than one cost function for an intra-prediction block. In an example, an indication of which cost function to apply may be signaled in the video data via a syntax element. In an example, which cost function to apply may be derived based on intra-prediction information. The selection of a cost function for residual coefficient sign prediction of an intra-prediction block may be determined based on the intra-prediction mode and / or the corresponding intra-prediction mode index (IPM).

[0168] The cross-boundary discontinuity metric can be adapted to non-angular modes. In some examples (e.g., for non-angular modes such as planar (IPM is 0) and DC (IPM is 1)), the top and left neighboring reconstructed samples of the current block can be used to measure the boundary discontinuity.

[0169] FIG. 11A to FIG. 11B Examples of measuring across boundary discontinuities in both the horizontal and vertical directions are illustrated.

[0170] The cross-boundary discontinuity metric may be adapted to the horizontal direction mode. In some examples, such as the horizontal mode (e.g., IPM is 18) and other angular modes whose dominant direction belongs to the horizontal direction, (e.g., only) the left neighboring reconstructed samples and / or predicted samples at the first left column of the current block may be used to measure the boundary discontinuity, such as Fig.11A As shown. The cost function for residual coefficient sign prediction can be modeled, for example, according to equation (4):

[0171]

[0172] In some examples, the horizontal direction patterns may include multiple (eg, 16) patterns surrounding IPM 18 (eg, IPMs 11 to 26).

[0173] The cross-boundary discontinuity metric may be adapted to the vertical directional mode. In some examples, such as for the vertical mode (e.g., IPM is 50) and other angular modes whose dominant direction belongs to the vertical direction, (e.g., only) the upper neighboring reconstructed samples and / or predicted samples at the first top row of the current block may be used to measure the boundary discontinuity, such as Fig. 11BAs shown. The cost function for residual coefficient sign prediction can be modeled, for example, according to equation (5):

[0174]

[0175] In some examples, the vertical direction patterns may include a plurality (eg, 16) of patterns surrounding IPM 50 (eg, IPMs 43 to 58).

[0176] The cross-border discontinuity metric can be adapted to diagonal directional patterns. Diagonal patterns can represent angles that are multiples of 45 degrees. The neighboring samples to be used for the cost function for horizontal and vertical directional patterns can be (e.g., directly) selected from the upper neighbors or left neighbors, e.g., without any position offset for the current prediction sample. The selection of neighboring samples for the cost function for diagonal directional patterns can involve adaptation. For example, neighbors with 1 pixel and / or 2 pixel position offsets to the current prediction sample can be used to measure boundary discontinuities.

[0177] Diagonal modes may be classified into categories for selecting neighboring samples. In some examples, such as for a 45° mode (e.g., an IPM of 2), neighboring reconstructed samples from the lower left block may primarily affect prediction, which may be referred to as diagonal upper right. In some examples, such as for a -45° mode (e.g., an IPM of 34), neighboring reconstructed samples from the upper left block may primarily affect prediction, which may be referred to as diagonal lower right. In some examples, such as for a -135° mode (IPM of 66), neighboring reconstructed samples from the upper right block may primarily affect prediction, which may be referred to as diagonal lower left.

[0178] FIG. 12A to FIG. 12C An example of measuring across a boundary discontinuity in a diagonal direction is illustrated.

[0179] The cross-boundary discontinuity metric may be adapted to the diagonal upper right direction pattern. In some examples, such as for the diagonal upper right direction pattern (e.g., 45° pattern, IPM is 2) and other angle patterns whose dominant direction belongs to the diagonal upper right direction, the left neighboring reconstructed samples and prediction samples at the first left column of the current block may be used to measure the boundary discontinuity. The left neighbor may be a 1-pixel and / or 2-pixel position down to the current prediction sample, such as Fig. 12A shown.

[0180] For example, for each predicted pixel P at the first left column of the current block 0,y , with two left adjacent reconstructed samples R shifted down by 1 pixel and / or 2 pixels -1,y+1 and R -2,y+2 According to equation (6), it can be used to obtain the prediction residual Resi 0,y :

[0181] Resi0,y =(2R -1,y+1 -R -2,y+2 -P 0,y ) (6)

[0182] The diagonal upper right cost function cost for residual coefficient sign prediction diag_ur It can be modeled, for example, according to equation (7):

[0183]

[0184] In some examples, the diagonal upper right direction mode may be a plurality of (eg, 9) modes, which may start from an IPM such as IPM 2 (eg, IPMs 2 to 10).

[0185] In some examples, multiple (eg, two) left-side neighboring reconstructed pixels from the lower left may be unavailable. The unavailable neighboring reconstructed pixels may be replaced by the left-side neighboring reconstructed pixels without any position shift.

[0186] The cross-boundary discontinuity metric can be adapted to the diagonal lower right direction mode. In some examples, such as for the diagonal lower right direction mode (e.g., -45° mode, IPM is 34) and / or other angle modes whose dominant direction belongs to the diagonal lower right direction, the left adjacent reconstructed samples and the upper adjacent reconstructed samples can be used to measure the boundary discontinuity. For example, the left adjacent reconstructed samples positioned 1 pixel and / or 2 pixels upward to the current prediction sample and the upper adjacent reconstructed samples positioned 1 pixel and 2 pixel positions to the left of the current prediction sample can be used to measure the boundary discontinuity, such as, for example Fig. 12B shown.

[0187] For example, for each predicted pixel R at the first left column of the current block 0,y , with two left reconstructed pixels R shifted up by 1 pixel and 2 pixels -1,y-1 and R -2,y-2 According to equation (8), it can be used to obtain the prediction residual Resi 0,y :

[0188] Resi 0,y =(2R -1,y-1 -R -2,y-2 -P 0,y ) (8) For each pixel P in the top row of the current block x,0 A similar process can be performed, where the two upper reconstructed pixels R with 1 pixel and 2 pixel positions shifted left x-1,-1 and R x-2,-2 According to equation (9), each prediction residual Resi x,0 :

[0189] Resix,0 =(2R x-1,-1 -R x-2,-2 -P x,0 ) (9)

[0190] The cost function for residual coefficient sign prediction can be modeled, for example, according to equation (10):

[0191]

[0192] In some examples, the diagonal right-down directional pattern may include multiple (eg, 16) patterns that may surround an IPM, such as IPM 34 (eg, IPMs 27 to 42).

[0193] The cross-boundary discontinuity metric may be adapted to the diagonal lower left direction pattern. In some examples, such as for the diagonal lower left direction pattern (e.g., -135° pattern, IPM is 66) and / or other angle patterns whose dominant direction belongs to the diagonal lower left direction, the upper neighboring reconstructed samples and the neighboring reconstructed samples at the first top row of the current block may be used to measure the boundary discontinuity. The upper neighbors may be 1-pixel and 2-pixel positions shifted right to the current prediction sample, such as, for example Fig. 12C shown.

[0194] For example, for each predicted pixel P at the first top row of the current block x,0 , with two upper adjacent reconstructed pixels R shifted right by 1 pixel and 2 pixels x+1,-1 and R x+2,-2 It can be used to obtain the prediction residual Resi according to equation (11) x,0 :

[0195] Resi x,0 =(2R x+1,-1 -R x+2,-2 -P x,0 ) (11)

[0196] The cost function for residual coefficient sign prediction can be modeled, for example, according to equation (12):

[0197]

[0198] In some examples, the diagonal lower left direction pattern may be a plurality of (eg, 8) patterns that may end at an IPM such as IPM 66 (eg, IPMs 59 to 66).

[0199] In some examples, two upper neighboring reconstructed pixels from the upper right may be unavailable. The unavailable neighboring reconstructed pixels may be replaced by the upper neighboring reconstructed pixels without any position shift.

[0200] The cross-border discontinuity metric can be adapted to wide-angle intra prediction modes. In some examples, such as for wide-angle modes beyond the bottom-left direction (e.g., indices from -14 to -1), a cost function cost for diagonal top-right direction modes (such as equation (7)) can be applied. diag_ur .

[0201] In some examples, such as for wide angle modes beyond the upper right direction (e.g., indices from 67 to 80), a cost function cost for diagonal lower left direction modes (such as equation (12)) may be applied. diag_df .

[0202] The cross-boundary discontinuity metric can be applied to the TIMD mode. For example, if (for example, in the following costIPM 2nd ≥2*costIPM 1st Under the condition of (for example only) the first best IPM mode (IPM 1st ) is applied to decode the current CU, the first optimal IPM mode (IPM 1st ) determines the choice of cost function (e.g., in the TIMD mode). For example, if two TIMD modes are fused with weights, the choice of cost function may be based on two IPMs (e.g., IPM 1st and IPM 2nd ). For example, if |IPM 1st -IPM 2nd |≥TH, which may indicate that the two IPMs are far from each other, and a cost function such as equation (3) may be applied, then the two IPMs (e.g., IPM 1st and IPM 2nd ) can be compared with a predetermined threshold TH; otherwise, the cost function can be composed of the first best IPM mode (IPM 1st ) decision. In some examples, the value of the predetermined threshold TH may be two (2).

[0203] The cross-boundary discontinuity metric can be applied to MIP mode and / or DIMD mode. In some examples (e.g., for MIP mode and DIMD mode), a cost function (such as equation (3)) using the upper neighboring reconstructed samples and the left neighboring reconstructed samples of the current block can be used to measure the boundary discontinuity. The cross-boundary discontinuity metric can also be applied to other modes, such as combined inter-frame intra-frame prediction (CIIP) and geometric partitioning mode (GPM).

[0204] In some (eg, for MIP variants) examples, the cost function may be a (eg, fixed) MIP matrix index (eg, per) that is signaled in the bitstream and coded in a lookup table (LUT).

[0205] In some examples, a cost function may be implemented for one or more (eg, all) directions, such as according to equation (13):

[0206]

[0207] As shown in equation (13), w can be a weighted parameter between the top boundary continuity cost and the left boundary continuity cost derived from the IPM. In some examples, the parameter can have one or more of the following values: w=0.5 (e.g., for a planar direction or a DC direction); w=0 (e.g., for a horizontal direction); w=1 (e.g., for a vertical direction); w=0 (e.g., for a direction below 18); w=1 (e.g., for a direction above 50); and / or w=IPM / 32-18 / 32 (e.g., for a direction between 18 and 50). In some examples, the value of w can be derived from a (e.g., fixed) LUT mapping between the IPM and the value of w.

[0208] The encoding / decoding process may be implemented for an adaptive cost function. Fig.13A An example implementation for residual coefficient sign prediction using an adaptive cost function is depicted. A video decoding device, which may be, for example, a video encoding device and / or a video decoding device, may be configured to determine (1210) information associated with an intra-prediction mode for a coding block. The information associated with the intra-prediction mode may include, for example, information describing the intra-prediction mode and / or an intra-prediction mode index.

[0209] The video coding device may determine 1212 an intra-prediction mode associated with the coding block from the information. For example, the video coding device may determine from the information that a DIMD mode or a MIP mode may be associated with the coding block.

[0210] The video coding device may determine (1214) whether the cost function depends on the intra-prediction mode index for the intra-prediction mode associated with the coding block. If the cost function does not depend on the associated intra-prediction mode index for the intra-prediction mode associated with the coding block, the video coding device may determine to use the cost function associated with the intra-prediction mode to select the residual hypothesis (1216). For example, if the video coding device determines that DIMD or MIP is associated with the coding block, the video coding device may determine to use a standard cost function. For example, the cost function cost may be applied according to equation (3).

[0211] If the video decoding device determines (1214) that for the intra-frame prediction mode associated with the decoding block, the cost function depends on the intra-frame prediction mode index, the video decoding device may determine (1218) the intra-frame prediction mode index from the information associated with the decoding block. The intra-frame prediction mode index may be associated with a direction, which may include, for example, a horizontal direction, a vertical direction, a diagonal upper right direction, a diagonal lower right direction, or a diagonal lower left direction. The video decoding device may determine (1220) at least one direction based on the intra-frame prediction mode index, and may determine and use (1222) the cost function associated with the determined at least one direction to select the residual hypothesis. For example, the cost function cost may be applied according to one of equations (4), (5), (7), (10), or (12).

[0212] The video coding apparatus may predict ( 1224 ) the residual coefficient signs based on the selected cost function, and may decode the coding block based on the predicted residual coefficient signs.

[0213] Fig. 13B An example of a TU-level encoding / decoding process for an adaptive cost function is illustrated. The encoding / decoding process may be implemented during encoding / decoding of an intra-coded block. The input to the encoding / decoding process may be the current TU for predicting residual coefficient symbols.

[0214] like Fig. 13B As shown in the example operation in , an example residual hypothesis of a negative sign and / or a positive sign combination can be calculated (1301). A cost function for deriving an optimal residual hypothesis can be obtained (e.g., selected, determined, decided) based on (e.g., all) possible (e.g., proposed) candidates.

[0215] It may be determined whether the prediction mode of the current CU is intra (1302). For example, if the prediction mode of the current CU is not intra coded (eg, the determination at 1302 is false), the cost function cost may be applied (1303) according to equation (3).

[0216] If the current CU is intra-coded (e.g., the determination at 1302 is true), the intra mode of the current CU may be checked to determine whether to apply a DIMD / MIP prediction process (e.g., whether at least one of dimd_flag or mip_flag is equal to 1) (1304). For example, if at least one of dimd_flag or mip_flag is equal to 1, the cost function cost may be applied (1303) according to equation (3). For example, if both dimd_flag and mip_flag are not equal to 1, it may be determined whether dimd_flag is equal to 1 (1305).

[0217] For example, if timd_flag is equal to 1, and if (at 1306) two IPMs (IPM 1st and IPM 2nd ) are available and (e.g., substantially or significantly) differ from each other (1306), a cost function cost may be applied (1303), for example, according to equation (3). If timd_flag is equal to 1, and if (at 1306) two IPMs (IPM 1st and IPM 2nd ) is available and the difference between the two IPMs is less than a threshold, one of the two IPMs (eg, the first optimal IPM mode IPM 1st ) may be selected (1307) for comparison with a predefined range (at 1308 to 1315) to select a cost function. For example, a first IPM of two IPMs may be used for comparison with a predetermined range.

[0218] As shown in the figure, for example, Fig. 13B , if the intra-frame prediction mode selected to predict the current CU is not DIMD or MIP (e.g., determined at 1304) and TIMD is not implemented (e.g., determined at 1305), the value of the intra-frame prediction mode index IPM used for the IPM (e.g., one of 67+28 IPMs) can be compared with a predefined range (e.g., at 1308 to 1315) to select a cost function.

[0219] For example, if IPM is equal to 0 or 1 (1308), which may indicate a non-angle mode (e.g., planar mode and DC mode), a (e.g., default, conventional, standard) cost function cost (e.g., as shown in equation (3)) may be applied (1303). Otherwise, if IRM is not equal to 0 or 1 (1308), it is determined whether IPM is less than or equal to 10 (1309).

[0220] For example, if IPM is less than or equal to 10 (1309), the diagonal upper right cost function cost may be applied (1310). diag_ur (For example, as shown in equation (7)). Otherwise, if the IPM is greater than 10 (1309), it is determined whether the IPM belongs to the horizontal mode range [11, 26] (1311).

[0221] For example, if the IPM belongs to the horizontal mode range [11,26] (1311), the horizontal cost function cost can be applied (1312). horiz (For example, as shown in equation (4)). Otherwise, if the IPM does not belong to the horizontal direction mode range [11, 26] (1311), it is determined whether the IPM belongs to the diagonal lower right direction mode range [27, 42] (1313).

[0222] For example, if the IPM belongs to the diagonal lower right direction mode range [27,42] (1313), the diagonal lower right cost function cost can be applied (1314). diag_dr (For example, as shown in equation (10)). Otherwise, if the IPM does not belong to the diagonal lower right direction mode range [27, 42] (1313), it is determined whether the IPM belongs to the vertical direction mode range [43, 58] (1315).

[0223] For example, if the IPM belongs to the vertical mode range [43,58] (1315), the vertical cost function cost may be applied (1316). vert (e.g., as shown in equation (5)). Otherwise, if the IPM does not fall within the vertical mode range [43, 58] (1315), which may indicate that the IPM is greater than or equal to 59, a diagonal lower left cost function cost may be applied (1317). diag_df (For example, as shown in equation (12)).

[0224] The predicted symbols may be obtained from the (eg, optimal) residual hypothesis that minimizes the selected cost function (1318). For example, if / when the residual coefficient symbols of the current TU are predicted, the process (eg, algorithm) may proceed to the next step.

[0225] Although features and elements are described above in specific combinations, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that each feature or element may be used alone or in any combination with other features and elements. In addition, the methods described herein may be implemented in a computer program, software, or firmware incorporated in a computer-readable medium for execution by a computer or processor. Examples of computer-readable media include electronic signals (sent via a wired or wireless connection) and computer-readable storage media. Examples of computer-readable storage media include, but are not limited to, read-only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), registers, cache memory, semiconductor memory devices, magnetic media (such as built-in hard disks and removable disks), magneto-optical media, and optical media (such as CD-ROM disks and digital versatile disks (DVDs)). A processor associated with software may be used to implement a radio frequency transceiver for a WTRU, UE, terminal, base station, RNC, or any host computer.

Claims

1. A video decoding device, the video decoding device comprising: A processor, the processor being configured to: Selecting a cost function from a plurality of cost functions for predicting a residual hypothesis for the coding block based on information associated with an intra prediction mode associated with the coding block; predicting the signs of the residual coefficients based on the selected cost function; as well as The coded block is decoded based on the predicted residual coefficient signs.

2. The video decoding device according to claim 1, The information associated with the intra-prediction mode includes at least one of an indication of one or more intra-prediction modes or an intra-prediction mode index.

3. The video decoding device according to claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to: Determining an intra prediction mode associated with the coding block based on the information associated with the intra prediction mode associated with the coding block; Wherein the processor configured to select the cost function from the plurality of cost functions is configured to select the cost function based on the determined intra prediction mode associated with the coding block.

4. The video decoding device according to claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to: The plurality of cost functions for predicting the residual hypothesis are obtained, wherein each cost function of the plurality of cost functions is associated with a corresponding intra prediction direction.

5. The video decoding device according to claim 4, Wherein the processor configured to obtain the plurality of cost functions for predicting the residual hypothesis is configured to use intra-prediction values ​​to derive one or more weighting factors to generate one or more cost functions of the plurality of cost functions.

6. The video decoding device according to claim 1, wherein the information associated with the intra prediction mode comprises an indication of a decoder-side intra mode derivation (DIMD) mode for the coding block, and The processor is further configured to: Based on the indication that the DIMD mode is used for the coding block, a cost function associated with the horizontal direction and the vertical direction is selected.

7. The video decoding apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the information associated with the intra prediction mode comprises an indication that a matrix weighted intra prediction (MIP) mode is used for the coding block, and the processor is further configured to: Based on the MIP mode being used for the coding block, a cost function associated with one or more directions is selected.

8. The video decoding device according to claim 1, wherein the information associated with the intra prediction mode comprises an indication associated with a template-based intra mode derivation (TIMD), a first intra prediction mode index, and a second intra prediction mode index; and The selected cost function is a cost function associated with one of the first intra-prediction mode index and the second intra-prediction mode index.

9. The video decoding device according to claim 8, One of the first intra-frame prediction mode index and the second intra-frame prediction mode index is associated with one of a horizontal direction, a vertical direction, a diagonal upper right direction, a diagonal lower right direction, and a diagonal lower left direction.

10. The video decoding device according to claim 1, wherein the information associated with the intra prediction mode comprises an intra prediction mode index associated with a horizontal direction; and The selected cost function is a cost function associated with the horizontal direction.

11. The video decoding device according to claim 10, The intra prediction mode index associated with the horizontal direction is in the range of 11 to 26.

12. The video decoding device according to claim 10, The selected cost function associated with the horizontal direction is configured to calculate the cost based on a residual hypothesis, a plurality of reconstructed neighboring pixels on the left side of the decoding block, and a plurality of predicted sample values ​​on the left edge of the decoding block.

13. The video decoding device according to claim 1, wherein the information associated with the intra prediction mode comprises an intra prediction mode index associated with a vertical direction; and The selected cost function is a cost function associated with the vertical direction.

14. The video decoding device according to claim 13, The intra prediction mode index associated with the vertical direction is in the range of 43 to 58.

15. The video decoding device according to claim 13, The selected cost function associated with the vertical direction is configured to calculate a cost based on a residual hypothesis, a plurality of reconstructed neighboring pixels located above the decoding block, and a plurality of predicted sample values ​​on a top edge of the decoding block.

16. The video decoding device according to claim 1, wherein the information associated with the intra prediction mode comprises an intra prediction mode index associated with a diagonal upper right direction; and The selected cost function is the cost function associated with the diagonal upper right direction.

17. The video decoding device according to claim 16, The intra prediction mode index associated with the diagonal upper right direction is in the range of 2 to 10.

18. The video decoding device according to claim 16, The selected cost function associated with the diagonal upper right direction is configured to calculate the cost based on a residual hypothesis, a plurality of reconstructed neighboring pixels located below and to the left of a pixel in the decoding block, and a plurality of predicted sample values ​​on a left edge of the decoding block.

19. The video decoding device according to claim 1, wherein the information associated with the intra prediction mode comprises an intra prediction mode index associated with a diagonal lower right direction; and The selected cost function is the cost function associated with the diagonal lower right direction.

20. The video decoding device according to claim 19, Wherein the intra prediction mode index associated with the diagonal lower right direction is in the range of 27 to 42.

21. The video decoding device according to claim 19, The selected cost function associated with the diagonal lower right direction is configured to calculate the cost based on a residual hypothesis, a plurality of reconstructed neighboring pixels located above and to the left of a pixel in the decoding block, and a plurality of predicted sample values ​​on a left edge and a top edge of the decoding block.

22. The video decoding device according to claim 1, wherein the information associated with the intra prediction mode comprises an intra prediction mode index associated with a diagonal lower left direction; and The selected cost function is the cost function associated with the diagonal lower left direction.

23. The video decoding device according to claim 22, Wherein the intra prediction mode index associated with the diagonal lower left direction is in the range of 59 to 66.

24. The video decoding device according to claim 22, The selected cost function associated with the diagonal lower left direction is configured to calculate the cost based on a residual hypothesis, a plurality of reconstructed neighboring pixels located above and to the right of a pixel in the decoding block, and a plurality of predicted sample values ​​on a top edge of the decoding block.

25. A method for video decoding, the method comprising: Selecting a cost function from a plurality of cost functions for predicting a residual hypothesis for the coding block based on information associated with an intra prediction mode associated with the coding block; predicting the signs of the residual coefficients based on the selected cost function; as well as The coded block is decoded based on the predicted residual coefficient signs.

26. The method according to claim 25, The information associated with the intra-prediction mode includes at least one of an indication of one or more intra-prediction modes and an intra-prediction mode index.

27. The method of claim 25, wherein the method further comprises: Determining an intra prediction mode associated with the coding block based on the information associated with the intra prediction mode associated with the coding block; Wherein selecting the cost function from the plurality of cost functions comprises selecting the cost function based on the determined intra-prediction mode associated with the coding block.

28. The method according to claim 25, further comprising: The plurality of cost functions for predicting the residual hypothesis are obtained, wherein each cost function of the plurality of cost functions is associated with a corresponding intra prediction direction.

29. The method according to claim 25, Wherein obtaining the plurality of cost functions for predicting the residual hypothesis comprises using intra-frame prediction values ​​to derive one or more weighting factors to generate one or more cost functions in the plurality of cost functions.

30. The method according to claim 25, wherein the information associated with the intra prediction mode comprises an indication of a decoder-side intra mode derivation (DIMD) mode for the coding block, and The method further comprises: Based on the indication that the DIMD mode is used for the coding block, a cost function associated with the horizontal direction and the vertical direction is selected.

31. The method according to claim 25, wherein the information associated with the intra prediction mode comprises an indication that a matrix weighted intra prediction (MIP) mode is used for the coding block, and The method further comprises: Based on the MIP mode being used for the coding block, a cost function associated with one or more directions is selected.

32. The method according to claim 25, wherein the information associated with the intra prediction mode comprises an indication associated with a template-based intra mode derivation (TIMD), a first intra prediction mode index, and a second intra prediction mode index; and The selected cost function is a cost function associated with one of the first intra-prediction mode index and the second intra-prediction mode index.

33. The method according to claim 32, One of the first intra-frame prediction mode index and the second intra-frame prediction mode index is associated with one of a horizontal direction, a vertical direction, a diagonal upper right direction, a diagonal lower right direction, and a diagonal lower left direction.

34. The method according to claim 25, wherein the information associated with the intra prediction mode comprises an intra prediction mode index associated with a horizontal direction; and The selected cost function is a cost function associated with the horizontal direction.

35. The method according to claim 34, The intra prediction mode index associated with the horizontal direction is in the range of 11 to 26.

36. The method according to claim 34, The selected cost function associated with the horizontal direction is configured to calculate the cost based on a residual hypothesis, a plurality of reconstructed neighboring pixels on the left side of the decoding block, and a plurality of predicted sample values ​​on the left edge of the decoding block.

37. The method according to claim 25, wherein the information associated with the intra prediction mode comprises an intra prediction mode index associated with a vertical direction; and The selected cost function is a cost function associated with the vertical direction.

38. The method according to claim 37, The intra prediction mode index associated with the vertical direction is in the range of 43 to 58.

39. The method according to claim 38, The selected cost function associated with the vertical direction is configured to calculate a cost based on a residual hypothesis, a plurality of reconstructed neighboring pixels located above the decoding block, and a plurality of predicted sample values ​​on a top edge of the decoding block.

40. The method according to claim 25, wherein the information associated with the intra prediction mode comprises an intra prediction mode index associated with a diagonal upper right direction; and The selected cost function is the cost function associated with the diagonal upper right direction.

41. The method according to claim 40, The intra prediction mode index associated with the diagonal upper right direction is in the range of 2 to 10.

42. The method according to claim 40, The selected cost function associated with the diagonal upper right direction is configured to calculate the cost based on a residual hypothesis, a plurality of reconstructed neighboring pixels located below and to the left of a pixel in the decoding block, and a plurality of predicted sample values ​​on a left edge of the decoding block.

43. The method according to claim 25, wherein the information associated with the intra prediction mode comprises an intra prediction mode index associated with a diagonal lower right direction; and The selected cost function is the cost function associated with the diagonal lower right direction.

44. The method according to claim 43, Wherein the intra prediction mode index associated with the diagonal lower right direction is in the range of 27 to 42.

45. The method according to claim 43, The selected cost function associated with the diagonal lower right direction is configured to calculate the cost based on a residual hypothesis, a plurality of reconstructed neighboring pixels located above and to the left of a pixel in the decoding block, and a plurality of predicted sample values ​​on a left edge and a top edge of the decoding block.

46. ​​The method according to claim 25, wherein the information associated with the intra prediction mode comprises an intra prediction mode index associated with a diagonal lower left direction; and The selected cost function is the cost function associated with the diagonal lower left direction.

47. The method according to claim 46, Wherein the intra prediction mode index associated with the diagonal lower left direction is in the range of 59 to 66.

48. The method according to claim 46, The selected cost function associated with the diagonal lower left direction is configured to calculate the cost based on a residual hypothesis, a plurality of reconstructed neighboring pixels located above and to the right of a pixel in the decoding block, and a plurality of predicted sample values ​​on a top edge of the decoding block.

49. A video encoding device, the video encoding device comprising a processor, the processor being configured to: Selecting a cost function from a plurality of cost functions for predicting a residual hypothesis for the coding block based on information associated with an intra prediction mode associated with the coding block; predicting the signs of the residual coefficients based on the selected cost function; and The coded block is decoded based on the predicted residual coefficient signs.

50. The video encoding device according to claim 49, The information associated with the intra-prediction mode includes at least one of an indication of one or more intra-prediction modes and an intra-prediction mode index.

51. The video encoding device of claim 49, wherein the processor is further configured to: Determining an intra prediction mode associated with the coding block based on the information associated with the intra prediction mode associated with the coding block; Wherein the processor configured to select the cost function from the plurality of cost functions is configured to select the cost function based on the determined intra prediction mode associated with the coding block.

52. The video encoding device of claim 49, wherein the processor is further configured to: The plurality of cost functions for predicting the residual hypothesis are obtained, wherein each cost function of the plurality of cost functions is associated with a corresponding intra prediction direction.

53. The video encoding device according to claim 52, Wherein the processor configured to obtain the plurality of cost functions for predicting the residual hypothesis is configured to use intra-prediction values ​​to derive one or more weighting factors to generate one or more cost functions of the plurality of cost functions.

54. The video encoding device according to claim 49, wherein the information associated with the intra prediction mode comprises an indication of a decoder-side intra mode derivation (DIMD) mode for the coding block, and The processor is further configured to: Based on the indication that the DIMD mode is used for the coding block, a cost function associated with the horizontal direction and the vertical direction is selected.

55. The video encoding apparatus of claim 49, wherein the information associated with the intra prediction mode comprises an indication that a matrix weighted intra prediction (MIP) mode is used for the coding block, and the processor is further configured to: Based on the MIP mode being used for the coding block, cost functions associated with the horizontal and vertical directions are selected.

56. The video encoding device according to claim 49, wherein the information associated with the intra prediction mode comprises an indication associated with a template-based intra mode derivation (TIMD), a first intra prediction mode index, and a second intra prediction mode index; and The selected cost function is a cost function associated with one of the first intra-prediction mode index and the second intra-prediction mode index.

57. The video encoding device according to claim 56, One of the first intra-frame prediction mode index and the second intra-frame prediction mode index is associated with one of a horizontal direction, a vertical direction, a diagonal upper right direction, a diagonal lower right direction, and a diagonal lower left direction.

58. The video encoding device according to claim 49, wherein the information associated with the intra prediction mode comprises an intra prediction mode index associated with a horizontal direction; and The selected cost function is a cost function associated with the horizontal direction.

59. The video encoding device according to claim 58, The intra prediction mode index associated with the horizontal direction is in the range of 11 to 26.

60. The video encoding device according to claim 58, The selected cost function associated with the horizontal direction is configured to calculate the cost based on a residual hypothesis, a plurality of reconstructed neighboring pixels on the left side of the decoding block, and a plurality of predicted sample values ​​on the left edge of the decoding block.

61. The video encoding device according to claim 49, wherein the information associated with the intra prediction mode comprises an intra prediction mode index associated with a vertical direction; and The selected cost function is a cost function associated with the vertical direction.

62. The video encoding device according to claim 61, The intra prediction mode index associated with the vertical direction is in the range of 43 to 58.

63. The video encoding device according to claim 61, The selected cost function associated with the vertical direction is configured to calculate a cost based on a residual hypothesis, a plurality of reconstructed neighboring pixels located above the decoding block, and a plurality of predicted sample values ​​on a top edge of the decoding block.

64. The video encoding device according to claim 49, wherein the information associated with the intra prediction mode comprises an intra prediction mode index associated with a diagonal upper right direction; and The selected cost function is the cost function associated with the diagonal upper right direction.

65. The video encoding device according to claim 64, The intra prediction mode index associated with the diagonal upper right direction is in the range of 2 to 10.

66. The video encoding device according to claim 64, The selected cost function associated with the diagonal upper right direction is configured to calculate the cost based on a residual hypothesis, a plurality of reconstructed neighboring pixels located below and to the left of a pixel in the decoding block, and a plurality of predicted sample values ​​on a left edge of the decoding block.

67. The video encoding device according to claim 49, wherein the information associated with the intra prediction mode comprises an intra prediction mode index associated with a diagonal lower right direction; and The selected cost function is the cost function associated with the diagonal lower right direction.

68. The video encoding device according to claim 67, Wherein the intra prediction mode index associated with the diagonal lower right direction is in the range of 27 to 42.

69. The video encoding device according to claim 67, The selected cost function associated with the diagonal lower right direction is configured to calculate the cost based on a residual hypothesis, a plurality of reconstructed neighboring pixels located above and to the left of a pixel in the decoding block, and a plurality of predicted sample values ​​on a left edge and a top edge of the decoding block.

70. The video encoding device according to claim 49, wherein the information associated with the intra prediction mode comprises an intra prediction mode index associated with a diagonal lower left direction; and The selected cost function is the cost function associated with the diagonal lower left direction.

71. The video encoding device according to claim 70, Wherein the intra prediction mode index associated with the diagonal lower left direction is in the range of 59 to 66.

72. The video encoding device according to claim 70, The selected cost function associated with the diagonal lower left direction is configured to calculate the cost based on a residual hypothesis, a plurality of reconstructed neighboring pixels located above and to the right of a pixel in the decoding block, and a plurality of predicted sample values ​​on a top edge of the decoding block.

73. A method for video encoding, the method comprising: Selecting a cost function from a plurality of cost functions for predicting a residual hypothesis for the coding block based on information associated with an intra prediction mode associated with the coding block; predicting the signs of the residual coefficients based on the selected cost function; as well as The coded block is decoded based on the predicted residual coefficient signs.

74. The method according to claim 73, The information associated with the intra-prediction mode includes at least one of an indication of one or more intra-prediction modes and an intra-prediction mode index.

75. The method of claim 73, wherein the method further comprises: Determining an intra prediction mode associated with the coding block based on the information associated with the intra prediction mode associated with the coding block; Wherein selecting the cost function from the plurality of cost functions comprises selecting the cost function based on the determined intra-prediction mode associated with the coding block.

76. The method of claim 73, further comprising: The plurality of cost functions for predicting the residual hypothesis are obtained, wherein each cost function of the plurality of cost functions is associated with a corresponding intra prediction direction.

77. The method according to claim 73, Wherein obtaining the plurality of cost functions for predicting the residual hypothesis comprises using intra-frame prediction values ​​to derive one or more weighting factors to generate one or more cost functions in the plurality of cost functions.

78. The method according to claim 73, wherein the information associated with the intra prediction mode comprises an indication of a decoder-side intra mode derivation (DIMD) mode for the coding block, and The method further comprises: Based on the indication that the DIMD mode is used for the coding block, a cost function associated with the horizontal direction and the vertical direction is selected.

79. The method according to claim 73, wherein the information associated with the intra prediction mode comprises an indication that a matrix weighted intra prediction (MIP) mode is used for the coding block, and The method further comprises: Based on the MIP mode being used for the coding block, cost functions associated with the horizontal and vertical directions are selected.

80. The method of claim 73, wherein the information associated with the intra prediction mode comprises an indication associated with a template-based intra mode derivation (TIMD), a first intra prediction mode index, and a second intra prediction mode index; and The selected cost function is a cost function associated with one of the first intra-prediction mode index and the second intra-prediction mode index.

81. The method according to claim 80, One of the first intra-frame prediction mode index and the second intra-frame prediction mode index is associated with one of a horizontal direction, a vertical direction, a diagonal upper right direction, a diagonal lower right direction, and a diagonal lower left direction.

82. The method according to claim 73, wherein the information associated with the intra prediction mode comprises an intra prediction mode index associated with a horizontal direction; and The selected cost function is a cost function associated with the horizontal direction.

83. The method according to claim 82, The intra prediction mode index associated with the horizontal direction is in the range of 11 to 26.

84. The method according to claim 82, The selected cost function associated with the horizontal direction is configured to calculate the cost based on a residual hypothesis, a plurality of reconstructed neighboring pixels on the left side of the decoding block, and a plurality of predicted sample values ​​on the left edge of the decoding block.

85. The method according to claim 73, wherein the information associated with the intra prediction mode comprises an intra prediction mode index associated with a vertical direction; and The selected cost function is a cost function associated with the vertical direction.

86. The method according to claim 85, The intra prediction mode index associated with the vertical direction is in the range of 43 to 58.

87. The method according to claim 85, The selected cost function associated with the vertical direction is configured to calculate a cost based on a residual hypothesis, a plurality of reconstructed neighboring pixels located above the decoding block, and a plurality of predicted sample values ​​on a top edge of the decoding block.

88. The method of claim 73, wherein the information associated with the intra prediction mode comprises an intra prediction mode index associated with a diagonal upper right direction; and The selected cost function is the cost function associated with the diagonal upper right direction.

89. The method according to claim 88, The intra prediction mode index associated with the diagonal upper right direction is in the range of 2 to 10.

90. The method according to claim 88, The selected cost function associated with the diagonal upper right direction is configured to calculate the cost based on a residual hypothesis, a plurality of reconstructed neighboring pixels located below and to the left of a pixel in the decoding block, and a plurality of predicted sample values ​​on a left edge of the decoding block.

91. The method according to claim 73, wherein the information associated with the intra prediction mode comprises an intra prediction mode index associated with a diagonal lower right direction; and The selected cost function is the cost function associated with the diagonal lower right direction.

92. The method according to claim 91, Wherein the intra prediction mode index associated with the diagonal lower right direction is in the range of 27 to 42.

93. The method according to claim 91, The selected cost function associated with the diagonal lower right direction is configured to calculate the cost based on a residual hypothesis, a plurality of reconstructed neighboring pixels located above and to the left of a pixel in the decoding block, and a plurality of predicted sample values ​​on a left edge and a top edge of the decoding block.

94. The method according to claim 73, wherein the information associated with the intra prediction mode comprises an intra prediction mode index associated with a diagonal lower left direction; and The selected cost function is the cost function associated with the diagonal lower left direction.

95. The method according to claim 94, Wherein the intra prediction mode index associated with the diagonal lower left direction is in the range of 59 to 66.

96. The method according to claim 94, The selected cost function associated with the diagonal lower left direction is configured to calculate the cost based on a residual hypothesis, a plurality of reconstructed neighboring pixels located above and to the right of a pixel in the decoding block, and a plurality of predicted sample values ​​on a top edge of the decoding block.

97. A computer readable medium having stored thereon instructions that cause one or more processors to perform the method of any one of claims 25 to 48 or 73 to 96.

98. A signal comprising data generated by the method of any one of claims 25 to 48 or 73 to 96.

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