Regulation of fruit set in pepper by dynamic adjustment of led lighting spectrum

Abstract

The present invention provides a system (1000) for cultivating pepper plants (10), wherein the system (1000) includes a light generating device (100) and a control system (300), wherein the light generating device (100) is configured to provide device light (101) to the pepper plants (10), wherein the device light (101) includes one or more of red light and far-red light, wherein the red light includes one or more wavelengths in the range of 600-700 nm, and wherein the far-red light includes one or more wavelengths in the range of 700-800 nm, wherein the system (1000) has an operable mode, wherein the control system (300) is configured to acquire an input signal, wherein the input signal is related to plant load-related parameters of the pepper plants (10), wherein the plant load-related parameters are selected from those including plant load. The system (300) is configured to determine plant load based on an input signal, and wherein one or more of the following are applicable: (i) the system (300) is configured to compare the plant load with a lower plant load threshold, and if the plant load is lower than the lower plant load threshold, to select a target R:FR ratio of red light to far-red light from a range of >15; and (ii) the system (300) is configured to compare the plant load with a higher plant load threshold, and if the plant load is higher than the higher plant load threshold, to select a target R:FR ratio from a range of <15; the system (300) is configured to expose the pepper plant (10) to the target R:FR ratio by controlling the light generating device (100).

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to a system for cultivating plants. Furthermore, this invention relates to a horticultural system including such a system. However, this invention also relates to a method for cultivating plants. Background Technology

[0002] Plant growth lighting devices and systems are known in the art. For example, US9854749 describes a system for plant growth, comprising: a first LED device configured to emit light of a first color, wherein the first LED device is configured to emit light having a controlled beam half-angle of less than or equal to 60°; and a second LED device configured to emit light of a second color, wherein the second LED device is configured to emit light with a controlled beam half-angle of less than or equal to 60°; and wherein the system is configured to produce an emission spectrum having a first emission peak below 500 nm and a second emission peak above 600 nm. The first emission peak is located in the range of 425-475 nm, and the second emission peak is located in the range of 635-685 nm. Furthermore, the system is configured to have a third emission peak in the range of 500-600 nm. The photon flux of the emission spectrum comprises between 5% and 10% green light.

[0003] US2021 / 0112727 A1 discloses a method for controlling bolting using high levels of far-infrared light. The disclosed method includes providing the plant with a first horticultural light during a control mode, wherein at least 15% of the photons of the first horticultural light have wavelengths selected from the 700-800 nm range, wherein at least 45% of the photons of the first horticultural light have wavelengths selected from the 640-700 nm range, and wherein up to 10% of the photons of the first horticultural light have wavelengths selected from the 400-500 nm range. Summary of the Invention

[0004] Plants use photosynthesis to convert light, CO2, and H2O into carbohydrates (sugars). These sugars are then used to fuel metabolic processes. Excess sugars are used for biomass formation, which includes stem elongation, increased leaf area, flowering, and fruit formation. The photoreceptor responsible for photosynthesis is chlorophyll. Besides photosynthesis, photoperiodism, phototropism, and photomorphogenesis are also representative processes related to the interaction between radiation and plants.

[0005] Photoperiod refers to the ability of a plant to sense and measure the period of radiation (e.g., to induce flowering).

[0006] Phototropism refers to the growth movement of plants toward and away from radiation, and

[0007] • Photomorphogenesis refers to the morphological changes in response to the mass and quantity of radiation.

[0008] The two important absorption peaks of chlorophyll a and b are located in the red and blue regions, respectively, especially from 625-675 nm and from 425-475 nm. In addition, other local peaks are present in the near-UV region (300-400 nm) and the far-red region (700-800 nm). The main photosynthetic activity appears to occur in the wavelength range of 400-700 nm. The radiation in this range is called photosynthetically active radiation (PAR).

[0009] In the context of horticultural lighting, near-UV is defined as one or more wavelengths selected from the 300-400 nm spectral range, blue is defined as one or more wavelengths selected from the 400-500 nm spectral range, white is defined as wavelengths selected from the 400-700 nm spectral range (these selected wavelengths together can constitute white light, such as a combination of blue, green, and red wavelengths), green is defined as one or more wavelengths selected from the 500-600 nm spectral range, red is defined as one or more wavelengths selected from the 600-700 nm spectral range, deep red is defined as one or more wavelengths selected from the 640-700 nm spectral range, and far red is defined as one or more wavelengths selected from the 700-800 nm spectral range. Therefore, deep red is a sub-selection of red.

[0010] Other photosensitive processes in plants include phytochromes. The activity of phytochromes directs various responses, such as leaf expansion, neighbor sensing, shade avoidance, stem elongation, seed germination, and flowering induction. The phytochrome photosystem comprises two forms of phytochromes, Pr and Pfr, which have their sensitivity peaks in the red at 660 nm and the far-red at 730 nm, respectively.

[0011] In horticulture, photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) is measured as the number of photons per second per unit area (in μmol / sec / m²). 2 The unit is 6 * 10; one mole corresponds to 6 * 10 23 (Photons). In practice, when applying, for example, top illumination or a combination of top and middle illumination, especially for tomatoes, the red PPFD used can typically be 200 μmol / sec / m. 2The blue:red ratio is typically 1:7 (wherein red and blue are specifically selected from 625-675 nm and 400-475 nm, respectively). Specifically, the photosynthetic photon flux density can include approximately 10% blue and approximately 90% red. PPFD can be determined by a photodiode (e.g., in combination with a filter), or by a spectrometer, or directly measured using a photomultiplier (optionally also in combination with a filter). The region in PPFD refers to a localized light-receiving (plant) area within a space where one or more light sources are arranged. In the case of a multilayer system, it can be defined as the region included in the relevant layers of the multilayer configuration; then, the PPFD can be estimated individually relative to each layer (see further below). In one embodiment, this region can be a value manually fed to the control unit, or in another embodiment, it can be evaluated by the control unit (e.g., using a sensor).

[0012] Plant growth may depend not only on the amount of light, but also on the spectral composition, duration, and timing of light on the plant. The combination of these parameters is known as the "light recipe" for growing plants (in this article, the terms plant and crop are used interchangeably).

[0013] LEDs can play a variety of roles in garden lighting, such as:

[0014] 1. Supplemental lighting: Lighting that supplements natural sunlight is used to increase yields (e.g., for tomatoes) or to expand crop yields during periods when crop prices may be high, such as in autumn, winter, and spring.

[0015] 2. Photoperiodic Illumination: The daily duration of light is important for many plants. The ratio of light to dark periods in a 24-hour cycle affects the flowering response of many plants. Controlling this ratio with supplemental lighting allows for the regulation of flowering time.

[0016] 3. Sunless cultivation in plant farms.

[0017] 4. Organization and cultivation.

[0018] To provide supplemental lighting in greenhouses during autumn, winter, and spring (or year-round in multi-layered growing), high-power gas discharge lamps are typically used. These must be mounted relatively high above the plants to ensure sufficiently uniform light distribution. Currently, in greenhouses, various types of high-power lamps (e.g., high-power HID) ranging from 600W to 1000W are used to provide supplemental light for plants. One drawback is that the amount of light reaching the lower parts of the plant from above can be quite limited, depending on the crop type. Meanwhile, the lower parts of the plant typically require the most supplemental light. The same dilemma persists when using solid-state lighting mounted above the plants. However, LED lighting (especially solid-state lighting) offers several advantages over discharge-based lighting.

[0019] In situations where plants do not receive enough light from natural sunlight, such as in northern regions or in so-called “plant cultivation” or “vertical cultivation” where conditions are entirely dependent on artificial and well-controlled processes, it appears necessary to provide light for plant growth (leaves and fruits), ripening, and pre-harvest regulation.

[0020] Light is not the only enabling factor for growth, as atmospheric conditions (humidity levels, CO2 / O2 levels, etc.), water, nutrients, and spore elements also play a significant role. Temperature (and the temperature profile / cycle during day / night) is also a critical factor for successful plant growth. In the field of horticulture within controlled environments (such as greenhouses and plant farms), soilless or hydroponic horticulture seems to be necessary, which is now commonly used for high-profit / high-value cultivation. This approach is also based on the non-natural growth of plants and may require artificial optimization or generate profit from such optimization.

[0021] Space available for food production is dwindling. Innovations in production methods are needed to deliver higher yields from a smaller footprint, while becoming more sustainable (with minimal energy and water usage). Producing food in enclosed environments such as plant farms is one way to meet these needs. In plant farms (also known as plant factories, vertical farms, or urban farms), food is grown in multiple layers, making better use of available space compared to outdoor or greenhouse growth. This means that sunlight cannot reach all plants, and almost all light must come from artificial lighting. In plant farms, optimal light treatment must always be provided to the plants. Simultaneously, the light emitted by LED modules must be used as efficiently as possible to reduce energy consumption and generate profitable business. Yields per unit area are significantly higher in plant farms than in open fields. Water use is minimized. Plant diseases and pests can be more easily prevented.

[0022] Horticulture uses relatively a lot of light and therefore energy. Increasing yields while using fewer photons is key to the future of horticulture.

[0023] The term "horticulture" refers to the (intensive) cultivation of plants for human use, and its activities are very diverse, including edible plants (fruits, vegetables, mushrooms, culinary herbs) and non-edible crops (flowers, trees and shrubs, lawn grasses, hops, grapes, medicinal herbs). Horticulture is a branch of agriculture that involves the art, science, technology, and commerce of cultivating plants. It can include the cultivation of medicinal plants, fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, herbs, buds, mushrooms, algae, flowers, seaweed, and non-food crops (such as grasses and ornamental trees and plants). Here, the term "plant" is used to refer essentially to any species selected from medicinal plants, vegetables, herbs, buds, mushrooms, nut-bearing plants, seed-bearing plants, flowering plants, fruit-bearing plants, non-edible crops (such as grasses and ornamental trees), etc. In this document, the term "plant" is used for essentially all stages. The term "plant part" can refer to roots, stems, leaves, fruits (if any), etc. Even more specifically, the term "plant" is used to refer essentially to any species selected from medicinal plants, vegetables, herbs, buds, nut-bearing plants, seed-bearing plants, flowering plants, fruit-bearing plants, and non-edible crops.

[0024] The term "crop" is used in this text to refer to horticultural plants that are growing or have been growing. Similar plants cultivated on a large scale for food, clothing, etc., can be called crops. A crop is a non-animal species or variety cultivated for harvest as, for example, food, livestock feed, fuel, or for any other economic purpose. The term "crop" can also refer to a variety of crops. Horticultural crops can specifically refer to food crops (tomatoes, peppers, cucumbers, and lettuce), as well as plants that (potentially) produce such crops, such as tomato plants, pepper plants, cucumber plants, etc. Horticulture in this text can generally refer to both crop and non-crop plants.

[0025] In particular, the present invention relates to pepper plants, especially sweet pepper plants, which may include their stems, flowers, fruits, leaves and stems.

[0026] Bell peppers are an important greenhouse crop. This crop can benefit from supplemental lighting for year-round production. A major problem in bell pepper cultivation appears to be the flushing pattern of weekly new fruit set, which makes achieving a constant yield very difficult. This results in large periodic fluctuations in weekly yield (the number of harvestable fruits), typically lasting 4–5 weeks. The origin of this flushing pattern is as follows: (a) new flowers typically produce at a constant rate (primarily determined by greenhouse temperature); (b) flowers quickly develop into small fruits (called fruit set); this takes about a week; (c) plant load gradually increases (plant load is the number of fruits hanging on the plant); (d) assimilates produced by photosynthesis are allocated to the fruits, enabling them to grow. After 6–7 weeks, they are ready for harvest; (e) high plant load results in less assimilates available for flowers and new fruit set, resulting in a significant proportion of flowers and new fruit set aborting; (f) plant load gradually decreases; (g) due to the reduced plant load, more assimilates become available for flowers and new fruit set, leading to fewer abortions; (h) plant load will gradually increase again; (i) and so on. Therefore, a major problem in bell pepper cultivation is the flushing pattern of the number of new fruits set each week. Periods of good fruit set alternate with periods of poor fruit set (caused by flower abortion and new fruit set). This flushing pattern can lead to a similar pattern in yield, albeit with a temporal shift. Yield fluctuations can be quite significant. Growers attempt to reduce the magnitude of yield fluctuations by strategically pruning flowers and new fruit set. However, this is troublesome in practice.

[0027] Therefore, one aspect of the present invention is to provide an alternative system that preferably further eliminates at least partially one or more of the aforementioned disadvantages. The object of the present invention may be to overcome or improve upon at least one disadvantage of the prior art, or to provide a useful alternative.

[0028] According to a first aspect, the present invention provides a system for cultivating pepper plants (especially sweet pepper plants). The system may include a light generating device and a control system. In embodiments, the light generating device may be configured to provide (supplementary) device light to the pepper plants. Specifically, the (supplementary) device light may include one or more of red light and far-red light. Red light (R) may include one or more wavelengths in the range of 600-700 nm. Far-red light (FR) may include one or more wavelengths in the range of 700-800 nm. In particular, the system in the embodiments has an operable mode including a sensing phase, a planning phase, and an execution phase.

[0029] In one embodiment, the system may include a sensor system. In another embodiment, the sensor system may be configured (during the sensing phase) to determine plant load-related parameters of the pepper plant and provide input signals to the control system. Specifically, the plant load-related parameters may be selected from the group consisting of plant load, flowering rate, flower abortion rate, (net) fruit set rate, and fruit abortion rate. Furthermore, in another embodiment, the control system may be configured (during the planning phase) to determine the target R:FR ratio (range) of red light to far-red light (in μmol / m²). 2 The exposure time is measured in days, particularly based on the input signal and plant load threshold. However, in embodiments, the control system can be configured (during the execution phase) to expose the pepper plants to a target R:FR ratio by controlling the light-generating device. Specifically, in embodiments, the plant load threshold, particularly a lower plant load threshold, or particularly a higher plant load threshold, can be determined by a target yield based on the kilograms (and / or the number of fruits) and / or the timing of the pepper plants. Therefore, one or more plant load thresholds can be selected based on the target yield, where the target yield includes one or more of the desired number of fruits, desired fruit mass, and desired fruit ripening time. In embodiments, the target yield may include the desired number of fruits and desired fruit mass, or related values ​​such as the desired fruit mass per fruit.

[0030] Typically, in an embodiment, the higher plant load threshold can be higher than the lower plant load threshold; however, in an embodiment, the higher plant load threshold and the lower plant load threshold can also be the same.

[0031] In one embodiment, the target yield may be associated with a single chili pepper plant. In another embodiment, the target yield may be associated with multiple chili pepper plants. In yet another embodiment, the target yield may involve a group of plants, such as a group of plants in the same greenhouse section (see below).

[0032] Therefore, in particular, the present invention provides a system for cultivating pepper plants in embodiments, wherein the system includes a light generating device and a control system, wherein the light generating device is configured to provide device light to the pepper plants, wherein the device light includes one or more of red light and far-red light, wherein the red light includes one or more wavelengths in the range of 600-700 nm, and wherein the far-red light includes one or more wavelengths in the range of 700-800 nm, wherein the system has an operable mode in which: the control system (300) is configured to acquire an input signal, wherein the input signal is related to plant load-related parameters of the pepper plants, wherein the plant load-related parameters are selected from plant load, flowering rate, flower abortion rate, fruit set rate, and A group for fruit abortion rate; the control system is configured to determine plant load based on an input signal, and wherein one or more of the following are applicable: (i) the control system is configured to compare the plant load with a lower plant load threshold, and if the plant load is lower than the lower plant load threshold, select a target R:FR ratio of red light to far-red light that is higher than a threshold ratio T; and (ii) the control system is configured to compare the plant load with a higher plant load threshold, and if the plant load is higher than the higher plant load threshold, select a target R:FR ratio that is higher than a threshold ratio T, particularly wherein the threshold ratio T is selected from the range of 10-25; the control system is configured to expose pepper plants to the target R:FR ratio by controlling the light-generating device.

[0033] Using this system, plant load can be more constant over time, and therefore, yield can be more constant over time. For example, the number and / or total weight of fruits may become more constant over time. Furthermore, fruit quality can also become more constant over time. In addition, plant cultivation may be easier using this system because cultivation parameters are likely to be more constant. Therefore, supplemental lighting can promote more constant plant load and more constant fruit quality, and thus further simplify pepper cultivation.

[0034] As described above, the present invention provides a system for cultivating pepper plants. Specifically, the pepper plant can be selected from the genus *Capsicum*. More specifically, the pepper plant can be selected from the group consisting of annual peppers, berry peppers, Chinese peppers, shrub-like peppers, and hairy peppers. In particular, the pepper plant can be a species of Mexican pepper (*Capsicum annuum*). Note that the pepper plant is not part of this system, but the system can help cultivate pepper plants.

[0035] The term "plant" can also refer to a seed or seedling. Therefore, the term "plant" can generally refer to any stage from seed to (mature) plant. The term "plant" can also refer to many different types of plants.

[0036] Specifically, the system may include a light generating device and a control system. In one embodiment, the system may further include a sensor system. In another embodiment, the system (especially the control system) may further include a user interface.

[0037] The light-generating device can be configured to provide (supplementary) light to pepper plants. Therefore, the system can be applied to situations where pepper plants receive only artificial light. In such embodiments, red and / or far-red light can be provided solely by the system's light-generating device. In alternative embodiments, the system is an add-on to an existing system and can be configured to provide supplemental light to the artificial light of the existing system. The system can also be applied to situations where pepper plants receive artificial light for at least a portion of the day and at least a portion of the year. During relatively dark periods, such as night, dusk, dawn, cloudy days, or a portion of the year where less light is likely to be received (e.g., winter), the system can provide supplemental light. This light can supplement the sunlight received by the pepper plants while they are receiving sunlight and / or during periods of substantially no sunlight (e.g., during night, or during dusk, dawn, cloudy days, etc.).

[0038] A light generating device can be specifically configured to generate device light. Specifically, a light generating device may include a light source. A light source can be specifically configured to generate light source light. In embodiments, the device light may consist substantially of device light. In other embodiments, the device light may consist substantially of converted light source light. In still other embodiments, the device light may include (unconverted) light source light and converted light source light. The light source light can be converted into light source light using a luminescent material and / or converted into upconverted light using an upconverter. The term "light generating device" can also refer to multiple light generating devices that can provide device light having substantially the same spectral power distribution. In specific embodiments, the term "light generating device" can also refer to multiple light generating devices that can provide device light with different spectral power distributions.

[0039] The term "light source" can, in principle, refer to any light source known in the art. It can be a conventional (tungsten) bulb, a low-pressure mercury lamp, a high-pressure mercury lamp, a fluorescent lamp, or an LED (light-emitting diode). In specific embodiments, the light source includes solid-state LED light sources (such as LEDs or laser diodes (or "diode lasers")). The term "light source" can also refer to multiple light sources, such as 2-2000 (solid-state) LED light sources. Therefore, the term LED can also refer to multiple LEDs. Furthermore, the term "light source" in embodiments can also refer to so-called chip-on-board (COB) light sources. The term "COB" specifically refers to LED chips in the form of semiconductor chips that are neither packaged nor connected, but are directly mounted onto a substrate such as a PCB. Therefore, multiple light-emitting semiconductor light sources can be configured on the same substrate. In embodiments, a COB is a multi-LED chip configured together as a single lighting module.

[0040] A light source can have a light-escape surface. Referring to conventional light sources such as light bulbs or fluorescent lamps, this can be the outer surface of a glass or quartz housing. For LEDs, it can be, for example, the LED die, or, when resin is applied to the LED die, the outer surface of the resin. In principle, it can also be the end of an optical fiber. The term "escape surface" specifically refers to a portion of the light source where light actually leaves or escapes from the source. The light source is configured to provide a beam of light. This beam of light (and therefore) escapes from the light-escape surface of the light source.

[0041] Similarly, a light generating device may include a light escaping surface, such as an end window. Likewise, a light generating system may include a light escaping surface, such as an end window.

[0042] The term "light source" can refer to semiconductor light-emitting devices, such as light-emitting diodes (LEDs), resonant cavity light-emitting diodes (RCLEDs), vertical cavity laser diodes (VCSELs), edge-emitting lasers, etc. The term "light source" can also refer to organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), such as passive matrix light-emitting diodes (PMOLEDs) or active matrix light-emitting diodes (AMOLEDs). In specific embodiments, the light source includes solid-state light sources (such as LEDs or laser diodes). In one embodiment, the light source includes an LED (light-emitting diode). The term "light source" or "solid-state light source" can also refer to superluminescent diodes (SLEDs). The term LED can also refer to multiple LEDs. The term "light source" can also refer to multiple (substantially identical (or different)) light sources, such as 2-2000 solid-state light sources. In embodiments, the light source can include one or more micro-optical elements (microlens arrays) downstream of a single solid-state light source (such as an LED) or downstream of multiple solid-state light sources (i.e., shared by multiple LEDs). In embodiments, the light source can include LEDs with on-chip optics. In embodiments, the light source includes pixelated individual LEDs (with or without optics) (providing on-chip beam control in embodiments).

[0043] In embodiments, the light source can be configured to provide primary radiation, which is used in ways such as: a blue light source, such as a blue LED; or a green light source, such as a green LED; and a red light source, such as a red LED. Such an LED, which may not include a luminescent material (“phosphor”), can be referred to as a direct-color LED. However, in other embodiments, the light source can be configured to provide primary radiation, and a portion of the primary radiation is converted into secondary radiation. The secondary radiation can be based on the conversion of the luminescent material. The secondary radiation can therefore also be indicated as luminescent material radiation. In embodiments, the luminescent material can be included in the light source, for example, an LED having a layer of luminescent material or a dome including the luminescent material. Such an LED can be referred to as a phosphor-converted LED or a PC LED (phosphor-converted LED). In other embodiments, the luminescent material can be positioned at a distance from the light source (“far”), for example, an LED having a layer of luminescent material that is not in physical contact with the LED die. Thus, in specific embodiments, the light source can be a light source that emits light at least in the wavelength range of 380-470 nm during operation. However, other wavelengths are also possible. This light can be partially converted into other light by the luminescent material. In embodiments, the light-generating device can include the luminescent material. In one embodiment, the light generating device may include a PC LED. In other embodiments, the light generating device may include a direct LED (i.e., without a phosphor). In one embodiment, the light generating device may include a laser device, such as a laser diode. In another embodiment, the light generating device may include a superluminescent diode. Therefore, in a specific embodiment, the light source may be selected from the group consisting of laser diodes and superluminescent diodes. In other embodiments, the light source may include an LED.

[0044] The light source can be specifically configured to generate light with an optical axis (O) (beam shape) and spectral power distribution. In embodiments, the light source can include one or more bands having bandwidths known to the laser.

[0045] The term "light source" can (therefore) refer to a light-generating element, such as, for example, a solid-state light source, or, for example, a package of a light-generating element (such as a solid-state light source), as well as one or more light-emitting material containing elements and (other) optical devices, such as lenses and collimators. A light-converting element ("converter element" or "converter") can include a light-emitting material containing element. For example, a solid-state light source like a blue LED is a light source. A combination of a solid-state light source (as a light-generating element) and a light-converting element optically coupled to the solid-state light source (such as a blue LED and a light-converting element) can also be a light source (but can also be referred to as a light-generating device). Thus, a white LED is a light source (but can also be referred to, for example, as a (white) light-generating device).

[0046] The term "light source" in this article may also refer to light sources including solid-state light sources, such as LEDs, laser diodes, or superluminescent diodes.

[0047] In embodiments, the term "light source" can also (and therefore) refer to a light source based on light conversion, such as a light source combined with a light-emitting conversion material. Thus, the term "light source" can also refer to a combination of an LED and a light-emitting material configured to convert at least a portion of the LED's radiation, or a combination of a (diode) laser and a light-emitting material configured to convert at least a portion of the (diode) laser's radiation. In embodiments, the term "light source" can also refer to a combination of a light source (such as an LED) and a filter that can alter the spectral power distribution of the light generated by the light source. Specifically, the term "light generating device" can be used to refer to a light source as well as additional (optical components), such as filters and / or beam shaping elements.

[0048] In embodiments, the phrase "different light sources" or "multiple different light sources" and similar phrases may refer to multiple solid-state light sources selected from at least two different boxes. Similarly, the phrase "identical light sources" or "multiple identical light sources" and similar phrases may refer to multiple solid-state light sources selected from the same box in embodiments.

[0049] The terms “solid-state light source” or “solid-state material light source” and similar terms may specifically refer to semiconductor light sources, such as light-emitting diodes (LEDs), diode lasers, or superluminescent diodes.

[0050] Specifically, the spectral power distribution of the device light can be controllable. Therefore, a control system (also described below) can be applied to control the spectral power distribution. In a specific embodiment, the system includes at least two types of light generating devices. A first type of light generating device can be configured to provide device light comprising more red light than far-red light, for example, essentially no far-red light. A second type of light generating device can be configured to provide device light comprising more far-red light than red light, for example, essentially no red light. Specifically, the control system can be configured to control the first type of light generating device and the second type of light generating device separately. The term "type of light generating device" and similar terms can refer to one or more light generating devices of this type. In a specific embodiment, the light generating device(s) includes a solid-state light source, particularly an LED.

[0051] Therefore, the (supplementary) device light may include one or more of red and far-red light. Specifically, red light may include one or more wavelengths in the 600-700 nm range. Furthermore, far-red light, in particular, may include one or more wavelengths in the 700-800 nm range. Red light may have a spectral power distribution in the 600-800 nm wavelength range, wherein at least 70% of the spectral power is in the 600-700 nm range, more particularly at least 80%, such as at least 90%. Alternatively or additionally, far-red light may include one or more wavelengths in the 700-800 nm range. Far-red light may have a spectral power distribution in the 600-800 nm wavelength range, wherein at least 70% of the spectral power is in the 700-800 nm range, more particularly at least 80%, such as at least 90%.

[0052] The phrase “red light may include one or more wavelengths in the 600-700 nm range” and similar phrases indicate that red light can consist of one or more narrow emission bands and (ii) one or more wide emission bands. Therefore, in one extreme case, red light can be provided by a laser that provides essentially monochromatic light in the red wavelength range, and in another extreme case, intensity can be present at virtually all wavelengths due to the use of one or more wide emission bands and / or multiple narrow emission bands. Similarly, the phrase “far-red light may include one or more wavelengths in the 700-800 nm range” and similar phrases indicate that far-red light can consist of one or more narrow emission bands and (ii) one or more wide emission bands. Therefore, in one extreme case, far-red light can be provided by a laser that provides essentially monochromatic light in the far-red wavelength range, and in another extreme case, intensity can be present at virtually all wavelengths due to the use of one or more wide emission bands and / or multiple narrow emission bands.

[0053] The system has an operational mode which can particularly include (a) obtaining (or determining) parameters related to the plant load of a pepper plant and providing an input signal to a control system, (b) determining a target R:FR ratio (range) of red light to far-red light based on the input signal and a plant load threshold, and (c) exposing the pepper plant to the target R:FR ratio by controlling a light generation device. Thus, the system can have an operational mode which can particularly include a sensing phase (or “acquisition phase”), a planning phase, and an execution phase, where: (a) (in the sensing phase) the control system can (be configured to) obtain an input signal, where the input signal relates to (or includes) parameters related to the plant load of the pepper plant, particularly where a sensor system can be configured to determine parameters related to the plant load of the pepper plant and provide an input signal to the control system, or particularly where a user interface is configured to receive user input and provide an input signal to the control system, (b) (in the planning phase) the control system can be configured to determine a target R:FR ratio (range) of red light to far-red light (in units of μmol / m 2 / day) based on the input signal and a plant load threshold, and (c) (in the execution phase) the control system can be configured to expose the pepper plant to the target R:FR ratio by controlling a light generation device.

[0054] In particular, in a further embodiment, if the plant load is below a lower plant load threshold, the target R:FR ratio (range) can particularly be selected to be higher than a threshold ratio T, and if the plant load is above a higher plant load threshold, the target R:FR ratio (range) can particularly be selected to be lower than the threshold ratio T. In an embodiment, the threshold ratio T can be selected from the range of 1 - 50, such as the range of 5 - 40, particularly the range of 10 - 25, such as the range of 12 - 18, particularly the range of 13 - 17. In a further embodiment, if the plant load is below a lower plant load threshold, the target R:FR ratio (range) can particularly be selected to be > 1*T, especially ≥ 1.05*T, such as ≥ 1.1*T, especially ≥ 1.2*T. In a further embodiment, if the plant load is above a higher plant load threshold, the target R:FR ratio (range) can particularly be selected to be < T, especially ≤ 0.95*T, such as ≤ 0.9*T, especially ≤ 0.8*T.

[0055] In principle, any target R:FR ratio can be selected as the device light with no red light or far-red light. Therefore, in embodiments, the target R:FR ratio can be selected from the range of 0-∞, such as the range of 0.1-100, especially the range of 0.5-60, such as the range of 5-30. Thus, in embodiments, the target R:FR ratio can be selected as (substantially) 0 or (substantially) ∞, that is, in embodiments, device light with (substantially) no red light (and substantially only far-red light) or far-red light (and substantially only red light) can be provided, respectively.

[0056] Therefore, the R:FR ratio can also change over time during the cultivation of plants, and can exhibit essentially periodic fluctuations (such as a cycle of about 4-5 weeks).

[0057] In another embodiment, the threshold ratio T may be (approximately) 14, or (approximately) 15, or (approximately) 16.

[0058] Specifically, plant load-related parameters can be selected from the group including plant load, flowering rate, flower abortion rate, (net) fruit set rate, and fruit abortion rate. Specifically, plant load can be defined as the number of fruits on a plant. Furthermore, flowering rate can be defined as the number of new flowers per plant and per week. Furthermore, flower abortion rate can be defined as the number of flowers that will abort per plant and per week. Furthermore, fruit set rate can be defined as the number of new fruits set per plant and per week. Furthermore, fruit abortion rate can be defined as the number of fruits that will abort per plant and per week. Furthermore, net fruit set rate can be defined as the number of new fruits set per plant per week, which remain on the plant until harvest. Furthermore, yield can be defined as the number of harvestable fruits per plant per week. In embodiments, two or more plant load-related parameters can be selected. This can increase the reliability of the system and / or method.

[0059] In an embodiment, the control system can be configured to determine the time derivative of the plant load based on the input signal. In such an embodiment, one or more of the following can be applied in particular: (i) the control system can be (configured to) compare the time derivative of the plant load with a plant load time derivative threshold, and (configured to) select a target R:FR ratio < threshold ratio T if the time derivative of the plant load is higher than the plant load time derivative threshold; and (ii) the control system can be (configured to) compare the time derivative of the plant load with a plant load time derivative threshold, and (configured to) select a target R:FR ratio > threshold ratio T if the time derivative of the plant load is lower than the plant load time derivative threshold. Specifically, in an embodiment, the threshold ratio T can be selected from a range of 10-25, such as from a range of 13-17. In particular, by determining the R:FR ratio or the target phytochrome stability state based on the derivative (see below), the control system can more conveniently operate in a counter-cyclical manner.

[0060] In one aspect, the invention also provides a system for cultivating pepper plants, wherein the system includes a light-generating device and a control system, wherein the light-generating device is configured to provide device light to the pepper plants, wherein the device light includes one or more of red light and far-red light, wherein the red light includes one or more wavelengths in the range of 600-700 nm, and wherein the far-red light includes one or more wavelengths in the range of 700-800 nm; wherein the system has an operable mode in which: (a) the control system is configured to acquire (or determine) an input signal, wherein the input signal is related to plant load-related parameters of the pepper plants, wherein the plant load-related parameters are selected from the group consisting of plant load, flowering rate, flower abortion rate, fruit set rate, and fruit abortion rate; (b) the control system is The system is configured to determine a target phytochrome stable state based on an input signal and a plant load threshold, particularly wherein one or more of the following are applicable: (i) the control system is configured to compare the plant load with a lower plant load threshold, and if the plant load is lower than the lower plant load threshold, select a target phytochrome stable state from a range of >0.87 (such as ≥0.88); and (ii) the control system is configured to compare the plant load with a higher plant load threshold, and if the plant load is higher than the higher plant load threshold, select a target phytochrome stable state from a range of <0.87 (such as ≤0.86); and (c) (in the execution phase) the control system may be configured to bring the pepper plant to the target phytochrome stable state by controlling the light-generating device.However, in one aspect, the present invention also provides a system for cultivating pepper plants, wherein the system includes a light generating device, a sensor system, and a control system, wherein the light generating device is configured to provide (supplementary) device light to the pepper plants, wherein the (supplementary) device light includes one or more of red light and far-red light, wherein the red light includes one or more wavelengths in the range of 600-700 nm, and wherein the far-red light includes one or more wavelengths in the range of 700-800 nm, wherein the system has an operable mode in which: (a) (in a sensing phase) the sensor system is configured to acquire (or determine) plant load-related parameters of the pepper plants and provide an input signal to the control system, wherein the plant load-related parameters are selected from the group including plant load, flowering rate, flower abortion rate, (net) fruit set rate, and fruit abortion rate. (b) (In the planning phase) the control system may be configured to determine the target phytochrome stability state based on the input signal and the plant load threshold, particularly wherein one or more of the following are applicable: (i) the control system is configured to compare the plant load with a lower plant load threshold, and if the plant load is lower than the lower plant load threshold, select the target phytochrome stability state from a range of >0.87 (such as ≥0.88); and (ii) the control system is configured to compare the plant load with a higher plant load threshold, and if the plant load is higher than the higher plant load threshold, select the target phytochrome stability state from a range of <0.87 (such as ≤0.86); and (c) (In the execution phase) the control system may be configured to bring the pepper plant to the target phytochrome stability state by controlling the light-generating device.

[0061] The formula for the stable state of phytochrome is as follows:

[0062]

[0063] Here, N(λ) is the photon flux density (unit: mol / m²). 2 / s), which depends on the wavelength (λ). Furthermore, σ r and σ fr They are P r and P fr The photochemical cross section of the photosensitive pigment is measured in square meters per mole. These are also wavelength-dependent. Sager et al. gave σ r and σ frWavelength dependence: JCSager, WOSmith, JLEdwards, KLCyr (1988), Photosynthetic efficiency and phytochrome photoequilibria determination using spectral data, Transactions of the ASAE, 31(6), 1882-1889.

[0064] In an embodiment, (during the planning phase) the control system can be configured to determine plant load based on input signals. Furthermore, one or more of the following can be applied: (i) the control system can be configured to compare the plant load with a lower plant load threshold, and if the plant load is lower than the lower plant load threshold, select a target R:FR ratio > threshold ratio T; and (ii) the control system can be configured to compare the plant load with a higher plant load threshold, and if the plant load is higher than the higher plant load threshold, select a target R:FR ratio < threshold ratio T, particularly where T is selected from the range of 10-25, such as from the range of 10-20. Specifically, in an embodiment, one or more of the following applies: (a) the control system can be configured to select a target R:FR ratio > 20 if the plant load is lower than the lower plant load threshold; and (b) the control system can be configured to select a target R:FR ratio < 10 if the plant load is higher than the higher plant load threshold.

[0065] In one embodiment, the plant load can be a predicted plant load, and in other embodiments, the plant load can be the current plant load. Therefore, control can be based, for example, on feedback principles and / or feedforward principles.

[0066] In this embodiment, the system may include a sensor system. The sensor system may be configured to determine plant load-related parameters of the pepper plant and provide input signals, particularly relevant sensor input signals, to the control system.

[0067] Sensor systems may include fixed sensors, such as those arranged in horticultural systems like greenhouses or plant factories (or climate units), either above or between plants. Alternatively or additionally, sensor systems may include movable sensor devices configured to determine parameters related to plant load. Movable sensor devices may include unmanned aerial vehicles, driving robots, sensors that can move along tracks, sensors with one or two degrees of freedom of movement (such as rotatable sensors), etc.

[0068] Specifically, the sensor system may include a camera. The sensor system can be based on a camera combined with computer vision software, for example, to detect and count one or more of flowers, fruits, and optional other plant parameters such as the number of leaves, leaf size, leaf color, etc. In this way, for each plant or selection of plants, for example, the number of fruits on that plant (plant load) can be determined.

[0069] As described above, in this embodiment, the system may include a sensor system. In such an embodiment, in an operational mode, particularly during the sensing phase, the sensor system may be configured to determine plant load-related parameters of the pepper plant and provide relevant sensor input signals to the control system. Therefore, the input signals may include relevant sensor input signals. In another embodiment, the control system may be configured to determine the plant load based on the relevant sensor input signals.

[0070] In embodiments, specifically, plant load can be provided as (user) input. In particular, in embodiments, the system (especially the control system) can include a user interface. In such embodiments, in an operational mode, particularly during the sensing phase, the user interface can be configured to receive user input regarding plant load-related parameters of the pepper plants and provide relevant user input signals (to the control system). Therefore, the input signals can include user input signals. In another embodiment, in an operational mode, particularly during the planning phase, the control system can (be configured) determine the plant load based on the relevant user input signals.

[0071] In a specific embodiment, the grower can directly provide the plant load quantity. This quantity can be obtained by periodically calculating the number of fruits on selected plants in the greenhouse and averaging the results. This information, or information derived therefrom, can be provided to the system via a user interface.

[0072] Alternatively, growers number each new flower (the first flower on the plant is numbered 1, the second 2, and so on, for example, using stickers or other labels) or each new fruit. Each week, growers record the number of new peppers that last appeared on the plant, as well as the number of peppers harvested last. Based on this record, the plant load can then be determined relatively easily. Typically, these quantities are manually entered into an app on a tablet, after which the data is sent to a data platform and converted into plant load data using algorithms.

[0073] As described above, in this embodiment, the device light can be provided daily. Furthermore, in this embodiment, the device light can be provided only during certain periods of the daytime. However, in this embodiment, the device light can be provided only during specific periods of the year. In a particular embodiment, the control system can be configured to control the light-generating device to subject the pepper plants to at least 5 mol / m² of light. 2 / day (total) light exposure. Therefore, when the light dose due to sunlight exposure is below the indicated minimum, the device can provide supplemental device light to achieve the desired (daily) exposure. However, when the light dose due to sunlight exposure is equal to or higher than the indicated minimum, the device can still provide supplemental device light according to the principles defined herein. However, in the latter case, the effect of the R:FR ratio in the (supplemental) device light may be less noticeable.

[0074] In another aspect, the invention also provides a gardening system comprising a system as defined herein. Specifically, in embodiments, the gardening system may include a gardening space for housing pepper plants, and the system may be configured to provide equipment light to the gardening space.

[0075] Horticultural spaces can be provided, in particular, by horticultural arrangements. Specifically, the term "horticultural arrangement" refers to a plant factory or climate unit in which plants are grown under controlled conditions and in which the plants receive virtually no sunlight. Furthermore, such a plant factory can be climatized, for example, in the case of a climate unit. Therefore, in embodiments, horticultural arrangements include such plant factories or climate units. In this document, the term plant factory is considered to encompass embodiments of climate units.

[0076] However, the present invention is not limited to horticultural arrangements in which plants receive essentially only artificial light. Therefore, horticultural spaces can also be provided by greenhouses (or glasshouses) or other arrangements that allow sunlight to enter. Thus, a horticultural arrangement can also be an arrangement with walls and / or roofs made primarily of transparent materials (e.g., glass), configured to cultivate plants, such as pepper plants. Therefore, in a specific embodiment, the horticultural space can be configured to receive natural sunlight, and the artificial light can include supplemental artificial light.

[0077] Therefore, in this embodiment, the horticultural system may include one or more of a greenhouse and a vertical farm.

[0078] As described above, in embodiments, the system can be configured to provide supplemental device light during periods of low natural illumination, particularly during the latter half of the day, such as the last 8 hours of the day, especially in the afternoon (later) or evening. During periods of low natural illumination, the photon flux density of natural sunlight may be ≤500 μmol / m² in the 400-700 nm region. 2 / s. Specifically, as mentioned above, the R:FR ratio of the device light can affect the state of plant phytochromes, which can naturally switch between different states as a factor of the light they are exposed to. Therefore, by setting the phytochrome state through exposure to (supplementary) device light later in the day, the phytochrome state can remain stable for a (relatively) longer period of time, since exposure to light that resets (or reverses) the phytochrome state during the night may be (relatively) low.

[0079] In another aspect, the present invention also provides a method for cultivating pepper plants. In embodiments, the method may include a sensing phase, a planning phase, and an execution phase. In embodiments, the method may include (i) acquiring an input signal relating to plant load-related parameters of the pepper plant, particularly by determining the plant load-related parameters of the pepper plant and providing the input signal; and (ii) determining a target R:FR ratio (range) of red light to far-red light (in μmol / m²) based on the input signal and a plant load threshold. 2 The system, measured in days, specifically determines plant load based on input signals and performs one or more of the following: (a) comparing plant load to a lower plant load threshold, and if the plant load is below the lower plant load threshold, selecting a target R:FR ratio of red light to far-red light above a threshold ratio T; and (b) comparing plant load to a higher plant load threshold, and if the plant load is above the higher plant load threshold, selecting a target R:FR ratio below a threshold ratio T, specifically where the threshold ratio T is selected from the range of 10-25, such as 13-17; and (iii) exposing the pepper plants to the target R:FR ratio by providing device light. In particular, plant load-related parameters may be selected from the group including plant load, flowering rate, flower abortion rate, (net) fruit set rate, and fruit abortion rate. Furthermore, red light may include one or more wavelengths in the range of 600-700 nm, and far-red light may include one or more wavelengths in the range of 700-800 nm. Specifically, the present invention provides a method for cultivating pepper plants in an embodiment, comprising: (a sensing phase, which includes) determining plant load-related parameters of the pepper plant and providing an input signal, wherein the plant load-related parameters may be selected from the group including plant load, flowering rate, flower abortion rate, (net) fruit set rate, and fruit abortion rate; (a planning phase, which includes) determining a target R:FR ratio (range) of red light to far-red light (in μmol / m²) based on the input signal and a plant load threshold. 2 / day), wherein red light may include one or more wavelengths in the range of 600-700nm, and wherein far-red light may include one or more wavelengths in the range of 700-800nm; and (execution phase, which includes) exposing pepper plants to the target R:FR ratio by providing device light.

[0080] In particular, in another aspect, the present invention provides a method for cultivating pepper plants, comprising: (a sensing phase, which includes) determining plant load-related parameters of the pepper plant and providing an input signal, wherein the plant load-related parameters may be selected from the group including plant load, flowering rate, flower abortion rate, (net) fruit set rate and fruit abortion rate; (a planning phase, which includes) determining a target phytochrome stability state based on the input signal and a plant load threshold; and (an execution phase, which includes) bringing the pepper plant to the target phytochrome stability state by providing device light.

[0081] The embodiments described for this system can also be applied to this method. However, some specific embodiments are also described in more detail with respect to this method.

[0082] As can be deduced from the above, in embodiments, the method (especially the planning phase) may include determining the plant load based on the input signal, and performing one or more of the following: (i) comparing the plant load to a lower plant load threshold, and if the plant load is lower than the lower plant load threshold, selecting a target R:FR ratio greater than the threshold ratio T (from a range greater than the threshold ratio T); and (ii) comparing the plant load to a higher plant load threshold, and if the plant load is higher than the higher plant load threshold, selecting a target R:FR ratio less than the threshold ratio T (from a range less than the threshold ratio T). Specifically, in embodiments, the method may include one or more of the following: (a) if the plant load is lower than the lower plant load threshold, selecting a target R:FR ratio greater than 15, such as ≥20 (from a range greater than 15); and (b) if the plant load is higher than the higher plant load threshold, selecting a target R:FR ratio less than 15, such as ≤10 (from a range less than 15). In embodiments, the plant load may be a predicted plant load, or the plant load may be the current plant load. Furthermore, as described above, in embodiments, the method may (further) include exposing the pepper plant to (at least partially) natural sunlight. However, in embodiments, the method may include providing (supplementary) device light during periods of low natural light, particularly during the latter half of the day, such as the last 8 hours of the day, especially in the afternoon (later) or evening. For example, during periods of low natural light, the photon flux density of natural sunlight may be ≤500 μmol / m² in the 400-700 nm region. 2 / s. Specifically, the target R:FR ratio can be the daily target R:FR ratio, particularly for (supplementary) device light, or particularly for total light (which includes both natural light and device light). Furthermore, in embodiments, the method may include using a system defined herein or a horticultural system defined herein.

[0083] The term "control" and similar terms specifically refer at least to determining the behavior or monitoring the operation of an element. Therefore, "control" and similar terms herein can refer, for example, to applying behavior to an element (determining the behavior or monitoring the operation of the element), such as, for example, measuring, displaying, actuating, turning on, moving, changing temperature, etc. In addition, the term "control" and similar terms can additionally include monitoring. Therefore, the term "control" and similar terms can include applying behavior to an element, as well as applying behavior to an element and monitoring the element. Control of the element can be accomplished using a control system, which can also be indicated as a "controller." Therefore, the control system and the element can be functionally coupled, at least temporarily or permanently. The element can include a control system. In embodiments, the control system and the element may not be physically coupled. Control can be accomplished via wired and / or wireless control. The term "control system" can also refer to multiple different control systems, particularly those functionally coupled, and one of these control systems may be a master control system, and one or more other control systems may be subordinate control systems. The control system may include or may be functionally coupled to a user interface.

[0084] The control system can also be configured to receive and execute commands from a remote control. In embodiments, the control system can be controlled via an app on a device such as a portable device (e.g., a smartphone, iPhone, tablet, etc.). Therefore, the device is not necessarily coupled to the lighting system, but can be (temporarily) functionally coupled to it. Thus, in embodiments, the control system can (also) be configured to be controlled by an app on a remote device. In such embodiments, the control system of the lighting system can be a subordinate control system or control in a subordinate mode. For example, the lighting system can be identified by a code, specifically a unique code for the corresponding lighting system. The control system of the lighting system can be configured to be controlled by an external control system that accesses the lighting system based on knowledge of the (unique) code (through user interface input or input using optical sensors, such as a QR code reader). The lighting system can also include components for communicating with other systems or devices, such as those based on Bluetooth, Thread, Wi-Fi, LiFi, ZigBee, BLE, or WiMAX, or other wireless technologies.

[0085] The system, apparatus, or device can perform actions in a “mode,” “operating mode,” “mode of operation,” or “operable mode.” The term “operable mode” can also indicate “control mode.” Similarly, in a method, an action, stage, or step can be performed in a “mode,” “operating mode,” “mode of operation,” or “operable mode.” This does not preclude the system, apparatus, or device from being adapted to provide another control mode, or multiple other control modes. Likewise, this does not preclude the possibility of performing one or more other modes before and / or after performing this mode.

[0086] However, in embodiments, a control system may be available that is adapted to provide at least a control mode. If other modes are available, the selection of such modes can be performed specifically via a user interface, although other options (such as performing modes based on sensor signals or (time) schemes) may also be possible. In embodiments, an operating mode may also refer to a system, device, or apparatus that can only operate in a single operating mode (i.e., "on," without further tunability).

[0087] Therefore, in this embodiment, the control system may be controlled based on one or more of the following: input signals from the user interface, sensor signals (from sensors), and timers. The term "timer" may refer to a clock and / or a predetermined timing scheme.

[0088] In another aspect, the present invention also provides a lamp or illuminator comprising a light generating system as defined herein. The illuminator may further include a housing, optical elements, blinds, etc. The lamp or illuminator may further include a housing enclosing the light generating system. The lamp or illuminator may include a light window or housing opening in the housing through which system light can escape from the housing. The light generating device may include a housing or carrier configured to house or support one or more elements of the light generating system. For example, in an embodiment, the light generating device may include a housing or carrier configured to house or support one or more light generating devices.

[0089] In this paper, the term "visible light" specifically refers to light with wavelengths selected from the range of 380-780 nm. Attached Figure Description

[0090] Embodiments of the invention will now be described by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying schematic drawings, in which corresponding reference numerals indicate corresponding parts, and in the drawings:

[0091] Figure 1 Schematic illustrations of embodiments of the system and the horticultural system; and

[0092] Figure 2Some aspects of the invention are illustrated schematically. The schematic drawings are not necessarily to scale. Detailed Implementation

[0093] Figure 1 An embodiment of a system 1000 for cultivating pepper plant 10 is schematically depicted. Note that pepper plant 10 is not part of system 1000. System 1000 can be used to cultivate pepper plant 10. Pepper plant 10 can be selected from the genus Capsicum, and in particular, pepper plant 10 can be a species of Mexican pepper. Reference numeral 15 refers to bell pepper (fruit). System 1000 may include a light generating device 100 and a control system 300. Light generating device 100 can be configured to provide (supplementary) device light 101 to pepper plant 10. Light generating device 100 can be, in particular, a solid-state based light generating device, such as a light generating device 100 comprising one or more LEDs. (Supplementary) device light 101 may include one or more of red light and far-red light. Red light may include one or more wavelengths in the range of 600-700 nm, and far-red light may include one or more wavelengths in the range of 700-800 nm. System 1000 has an operational mode comprising: (a) (in the sensing phase) acquiring an input signal, wherein the input signal relates to (or includes) plant load-related parameters of the pepper plant 10; and (b) (in the planning phase) the control system 300 being configured to determine a target R:FR ratio (range) of red light to far-red light (in μmol / m²) based on the input signal and a plant load threshold. 2 (in units of / day), specifically wherein the control system 300 is configured to determine plant load based on input signals, and wherein one or more of the following are applicable: (i) the control system 300 is configured to compare the plant load with a lower plant load threshold, and if the plant load is lower than the lower plant load threshold, to select a target R:FR ratio of red light to far-red light from a range >threshold ratio T; and (ii) the control system 300 is configured to compare the plant load with a higher plant load threshold, and if the plant load is higher than the higher plant load threshold, to select a target R:FR ratio from a range <threshold ratio T, specifically wherein the threshold ratio T is selected from a range of 10-25, such as a range selected from 13-17; and (c) (in the execution phase) the control system 300 may be configured to expose the pepper plant 10 to the target R:FR ratio by controlling the light generating device 100. Plant load-related parameters may be selected from the group including plant load, flowering rate, flower abortion rate, (net) fruit set rate, and fruit abortion rate.

[0094] Specifically, in an embodiment, system 1000 may include sensor system 200. In such an embodiment, in an operational mode, particularly during the sensing phase, sensor system 200 may be configured to determine plant load-related parameters of the pepper plant 10 and provide input signals to control system 300. Specifically, in such an embodiment, in an operational mode (a) (during the sensing phase) sensor system 200 may be configured to determine plant load-related parameters of the pepper plant 10 and provide relevant sensor input signals to control system 300; and (b) (during the planning phase) control system 300 may be configured to determine plant load based on the relevant sensor input signals.

[0095] In another embodiment, system 1000 (especially control system 301) may include a user interface. In such an embodiment, in an operational mode: (a) (in the sensing phase) user interface 301 is configured to receive user input regarding plant load-related parameters of the pepper plant 10 and provide relevant user input signals to control system 300; and (b) (in the planning phase) control system 300 is configured to determine plant load based on the relevant user input signals.

[0096] System 1000 may include one or more sensor systems 200 and user interface 301.

[0097] Alternatively, (during the planning phase) the control system 300 can be configured to determine the target phytochrome stability state based on the input signal and the plant load threshold, and (during the execution phase) the control system 300 can be configured to bring the pepper plant 10 to the target phytochrome stability state by controlling the light generating device 100.

[0098] In an embodiment, (during the planning phase) the control system 300 can be configured to determine plant load based on input signals. Specifically, one or more of the following are applicable: (i) the control system 300 can be configured to compare the plant load with a lower plant load threshold, and if the plant load is likely to be lower than the lower plant load threshold, select a target R:FR ratio > threshold ratio T; and (ii) the control system 300 can be configured to compare the plant load with a higher plant load threshold, and if the plant load is likely to be higher than the higher plant load threshold, select a target R:FR ratio < threshold ratio T. Specifically, one or more of the following are applicable: (a) if the plant load is likely to be lower than the lower plant load threshold, the control system 300 can be configured to select a target R:FR ratio > 15, such as ≥ 20; and (b) if the plant load is likely to be higher than the higher plant load threshold, the control system 300 can be configured to select a target R:FR ratio < 15, such as ≤ 10. Furthermore, the plant load can be a predicted plant load, or the plant load can be the current plant load.

[0099] In one embodiment, the sensor system 200 may include a movable sensor device 210 configured to determine plant load-related parameters.

[0100] The control system 300 can be specifically configured to control the light-generating device 100 so that the pepper plant 10 is subjected to at least 6 mol / m 2 / d, such as at least 10 mol / m 2 / d, especially at least 14mol / m 2 / d (total) light exposure.

[0101] In an embodiment, the target R:FR ratio (range) can be the (total) daily target R:FR ratio (range), which includes natural daylight 1 and (supplementary) device light 101. In such an embodiment, if the plant load is below a lower plant load threshold, the target R:FR ratio (range) can be particularly selected as >1.2, such as ≥1.3, especially ≥1.4, and if the plant load is above a higher plant load threshold, the target R:FR ratio (range) can be particularly selected as <1.2, such as ≤1.1, especially ≤1.0.

[0102] Therefore, in embodiments where a target R:FR ratio is obtained, the device light may have a spectral power distribution corresponding to the target R:FR ratio. In other embodiments, the target R:FR ratio may be a daily target R:FR ratio, and integrating the device light over a day can provide the target R:FR ratio.

[0103] In particular, in a further embodiment, if the plant load is below a lower plant load threshold, the target R:FR ratio (range) can in particular be selected to be higher than the daily threshold ratio Td, and if the plant load is above a higher plant load threshold, it can in particular be selected to be lower than the daily threshold ratio Td. In an embodiment, the daily threshold ratio Td can be selected from the range of 0.8 - 2.0, such as the range of 1.0 - 1.8, particularly the range of 1.1 - 1.6, such as the range of 1.3 - 1.5. In a further embodiment, if the plant load is below a lower plant load threshold, the target R:FR ratio (range) can in particular be selected to be >Td, particularly ≥1.05*Td, such as ≥1.1*Td, particularly ≥1.2*Td. In a further embodiment, if the plant load is above a higher plant load threshold, the target R:FR ratio (range) can in particular be selected to be <Td, especially ≤0.95*Td, such as ≤0.9*Td, especially ≤0.8*Td.

[0104] In a further embodiment, the device light 101 can include a spectrum according to (or "matching") the target R:FR ratio. In a further embodiment, the R:FR ratio (range) can be the daily target R:FR ratio (range) for supplementing the device light 101, i.e., the device light can be provided such that the integral of the (supplemental) device light 101 over a day is according to the R:FR ratio.

[0105] Figure 1 An embodiment of a horticultural system 400 including the system 1000 is also schematically depicted. The horticultural system 400 can include a horticultural space 410 for accommodating pepper plants 10. The system 1000 can be configured to provide the device light 101 to the horticultural space 410. The horticultural space 410 can be configured to receive natural daylight 1, and the device light 101 can include supplementary device light. The horticultural system can include one or more of a greenhouse and a vertical farm.

[0106] In a specific embodiment, the system 1000 can be configured to provide supplementary device light during low natural lighting periods. For example, during low natural lighting periods, the photon flux density of the natural daylight 1 in the 400 - 700 nm region may be ≤500 μmol / m 2 / s.

[0107] As described above, the present invention also provides a method for cultivating pepper plants 10, the method comprising: (a) (a sensing phase, which includes) acquiring an input signal, wherein the input signal relates to (or includes) plant load-related parameters of the pepper plant 10. In embodiments, the method (particularly the sensing phase) may include determining plant load-related parameters of the pepper plant 10 and providing (related) input signals, and (b) (a planning phase, which includes) determining a target R:FR ratio (range) of red light to far-red light (in μmol / m²) based on the input signal and a plant load threshold. 2 (a) (in days), and (c) (execution phase, which includes) exposing the pepper plant 10 to the target R:FR ratio by providing device light 101. As described above, the present invention can also provide a method for cultivating pepper plant 10, wherein the method may include: (a) (sensing phase, which includes) determining plant load-related parameters of pepper plant 10 and providing an input signal, (b) (planning phase, which includes) determining a target phytochrome stabilization state based on the input signal and a plant load threshold, and (c) (execution phase, which includes) bringing the pepper plant 10 to the target phytochrome stabilization state by providing device light 101.

[0108] In embodiments, the method proposed herein may include the following: (a) specifying a desired abortion rate or a desired plant load. Alternatively, these desired quantities are obtained from a model; (b) periodically measuring the abortion rate or plant load; (c) based on these desired quantities and the measurements of these quantities, adjusting the R:FR ratio in the daily integral of all light provided to the plant in device light 101 or by adjusting the light in the R channel and / or FR channel of device light 101: (i) increasing the R:FR ratio when the abortion rate is above a first threshold or the plant load is below a first threshold; (ii) decreasing the R:FR ratio when the abortion rate is below a second threshold or the plant load is above a second threshold. The threshold may depend on the daily light integral. Alternatively: (i) decreasing the R:FR ratio when the plant load increases; (ii) increasing the R:FR ratio when the plant load decreases.

[0109] Furthermore, the system can be based on the proposed method, including a feedback loop. Specifically, red light can be applied primarily during periods of low sunlight levels (such as before or at the start of the day, at or after the end of the day, or during cloud cover). Additionally, in embodiments, preferred red wavelengths can be in the range of 620-670 nm, such as 660 nm, and more particularly in the range of 620-640 nm, such as approximately 630 nm. Preferred far-red wavelengths can be in the range of 720-740 nm.

[0110] In the embodiments, the so-called photosensitive pigment stable state (PSS) value may also be used instead of the R:FR ratio (a high R:FR ratio means a high PSS, and vice versa).

[0111] In addition, net fruit set rate can be used instead of fruit abortion rate (net fruit set rate decreases when fruit abortion rate increases, and vice versa), etc., see above. Net fruit set rate can be defined as fruit set rate minus fruit abortion rate.

[0112] refer to Figure 2 Curve L2 represents the change in plant load over time. Specifically, Figure 2 The diagram schematically illustrates how a cyclical pattern of net fruit set (referred to as the flushing pattern) will lead to a cyclical pattern of plant load and yield. However, a (more or less) constant plant load is desired, resulting in a constant yield, as represented by curve L1. This will occur when the net fruit set is constant, which in turn means that the abortion rate is constant. Note that flowering rate and fruit set rate can be temperature-dependent. In particular, higher temperatures can lead to higher flowering rate and / or higher fruit set rate. Therefore, in embodiments, particularly during the planning phase, the control system can (be configured) at least in part to determine the target R:FR ratio (range) based on the (expected) ambient temperature of the pepper plant, such as based on the input signal, plant load threshold, and (expected) ambient temperature.

[0113] Therefore, in practice, plant load exhibits periodic fluctuations over time. A constant plant load is desired, preferably exceeding the average of the actual fluctuating plant load. Thus, abortion rate can be measured periodically. For example, this can be done by labeling newly set fruits and then checking whether they are still present on the plant. Plant load can be measured by counting the number of fruits hanging on the plant. Measuring plant load may be easier than measuring abortion rate. Based on this measured abortion rate or plant load, the ratio of R to FR in the (daily integral) of the (supplementary) light supplied to the plant can be adjusted, as represented by curve L3. This may result in a flatter yield, see the more desirable curve L1. Time τ is indicated on the x-axis, and the order of magnitude M (e.g., yield) is indicated on the y-axis.

[0114] For example, when the plant load is above a first threshold, the R:FR ratio can be decreased. When the plant load is below a second threshold (the second threshold is lower than or equal to the first threshold), the R:FR ratio can be increased. This behavior... Figure 2 The text is presented in a diagram.

[0115] It may be desirable to provide more supplemental light on cloudy days compared to sunny days to ensure a good balance for crops and sufficient assimilate production for plant and fruit growth. This means that, typically in practice, the R:FR ratio in the daily integral of all light provided to plants may differ between cloudy and sunny days (because the spectrum of supplemental light may often differ from that of daylight). Therefore, in embodiments, the aforementioned threshold may depend on the daily integral of daylight.

[0116] In an embodiment, a feedback loop can be used to adjust the R:FR ratio in the daily integral of light supplied to the plant to reduce fluctuations in abortion rate or plant load. For example, as a first step, the system is initialized to reflect the grower's crop growth strategy (e.g., planting bell peppers at a certain plant density, desired net fruit set, or desired abortion rate, or desired plant load, desired temperature, etc.). Next, in repeated loops, the abortion rate can be measured. Alternatively, the plant load is measured (see also the above option). A decision may then be made. Examples of such decisions are: decision A, where the abortion rate is above a first (abortion) threshold or the plant load is below a first (load) threshold; or decision B, where the abortion rate is below a second (abortion) threshold or the plant load is above a second (load) threshold. An action may then be taken. Examples of such actions are: action A, where if decision A is true, the R:FR ratio is increased; or action B, where if decision B is true, the R:FR ratio is decreased. The feedback loop can be based on well-known PID control principles or on a machine learning model applying reinforcement learning.

[0117] This invention can also be achieved by dividing the horticultural space into two or more sections. By controlling different temporal behaviors through light, the average yield can be made even more constant. For example, the crop cultivation area can be divided into n sections. A generally (more)constant yield can also be obtained in principle as follows: divide the crop cultivation area into n (equal) sections. Using the methods discussed in the above embodiments, gradually shift the phase of the periodic yield pattern of each section, such that the yield patterns are out of phase by 360° / n. In particular, n is 2 or greater.

[0118] Typically, the environment within a horticultural space (such as a greenhouse) can vary depending on its location within the space. For example, the temperature throughout the greenhouse may be uneven. As a result, the abortion rate or plant load may also be inconsistent across the entire greenhouse. Furthermore, the fluctuations in abortion rate and plant load can be heterogeneous depending on the location within the greenhouse. Therefore, in addition to the reasons mentioned above, it may be beneficial to divide the greenhouse into two or more sections and control the light in each section independently.

[0119] The term "a plurality of" refers to two or more. Those skilled in the art will understand the terms "substantially" or "substantially" and similar terms used herein. The term "substantially" or "substantially" may also include embodiments having connotations such as "completely," "entirely," "all," etc. Therefore, the adjective "substantially" or "substantially" may also be removed in embodiments. Where applicable, the term "substantially" or "substantially" may also refer to 90% or higher, such as 95% or higher, particularly 99% or higher, even more particularly 99.5% or higher, including 100%. The term "comprising" also includes embodiments in which the term "comprising" means "consisting of."

[0120] The term “and / or” specifically refers to one or more items mentioned before and after “and / or”. For example, the phrase “item 1 and / or item 2” and similar phrases can refer to one or more of item 1 and item 2. The term “comprising” in one embodiment can mean “consisting of”, but in another embodiment it can also mean “containing at least the defined kinds and optional one or more other kinds”.

[0121] Furthermore, the terms first, second, third, etc., used in the specification and claims are used to distinguish between similar elements and are not necessarily used to describe a sequential or chronological order. It should be understood that such terms are interchangeable where appropriate, and the embodiments of the invention described herein can operate in orders other than those described or shown herein.

[0122] During operation, the equipment, apparatus, or system may be described herein—among others. As will be apparent to those skilled in the art, the invention is not limited to the method of operation, or the equipment, apparatus, or system in operation.

[0123] It should be noted that the above embodiments are illustrative and not limiting of the invention, and those skilled in the art will be able to devise many alternative embodiments without departing from the scope of the appended claims.

[0124] In the claims, any reference numerals placed between parentheses shall not be construed as limiting the claims.

[0125] The use of the verb "comprising" and its variations does not exclude the presence of elements or steps other than those stated in the claims. Unless the context explicitly requires it, throughout the specification and claims, the words "comprising," "including," etc., should be interpreted as encompassing, not exclusive or exhaustive; that is, in the sense of "including but not limited to."

[0126] The article "one" or "a" preceding an element does not preclude the existence of multiple such elements.

[0127] This invention can be implemented by means of hardware comprising several different elements and by means of a suitably programmed computer. In device, apparatus, or system claims listing several components, several of these components may be embodied by the same hardware item. The mere fact that certain measures are referenced in mutually different dependent claims does not indicate that a combination of these measures cannot be used advantageously. In yet another aspect, the invention (therefore) provides a software product that, when run on a computer, enables the implementation of one or more embodiments of the methods described herein.

[0128] The present invention also provides a control system that can control a device, apparatus, or system, or perform the methods or processes described herein. Furthermore, the present invention provides a computer program product that, when functionally coupled to or executed on a computer included in a device, apparatus, or system, controls one or more controllable elements of such device, apparatus, or system.

[0129] The present invention is further applicable to devices, apparatuses, or systems that include one or more characterizing features described in the specification and / or shown in the accompanying drawings. The present invention further relates to methods or processes that include one or more characterizing features described in the specification and / or shown in the accompanying drawings.

[0130] The various aspects discussed in this patent can be combined to provide additional advantages. Furthermore, those skilled in the art will understand that embodiments can be combined, and more than two embodiments can be combined. Additionally, some features can form the basis of one or more divisional applications.

Claims

1. A system (1000) for cultivating pepper plants (10), wherein the system (1000) includes a light generating device (100) and a control system (300), wherein the light generating device (100) is configured to provide device light (101) to the pepper plants (10), wherein the device light (101) includes one or more of red light and far-red light, wherein the red light includes one or more wavelengths in the range of 600-700 nm, and wherein the far-red light includes one or more wavelengths in the range of 700-800 nm; wherein the system (1000) has an operable mode, wherein: - The control system (300) is configured to acquire an input signal, wherein the input signal is related to a plant load-related parameter of the pepper plant (10), wherein the plant load is the number of fruits hanging on the plant, and wherein the plant load-related parameter is selected from the group including plant load, flowering rate, flower abortion rate, fruit set rate and fruit abortion rate; - The control system (300) is configured to determine plant load based on an input signal, and wherein one or more of the following are applicable: (i) the control system (300) is configured to compare the plant load with a lower plant load threshold, and if the plant load is lower than the lower plant load threshold, to select a target R:FR ratio of red light to far-red light that is higher than a threshold ratio T; and (ii) the control system (300) is configured to compare the plant load with a higher plant load threshold, and if the plant load is higher than the higher plant load threshold, to select a target R:FR ratio that is lower than a threshold ratio T, wherein the threshold ratio T is selected from the range of 10-25; The control system (300) is configured to control the light-generating device (100) to expose the pepper plant (10) to a target R:FR ratio.

2. The system (1000) according to claim 1, wherein the system (1000) includes a sensor system (200), wherein in an operable mode: - The sensor system (200) is configured to determine plant load-related parameters of the pepper plant (10) and provide relevant sensor input signals to the control system (300); The control system (300) is configured to determine plant load based on relevant sensor input signals.

3. The system (1000) according to claim 1, wherein the control system (300) includes a user interface (301), and wherein in an operable mode: - The user interface (301) is configured to receive user input on plant load-related parameters of the pepper plant (10) and to provide relevant user input signals to the control system (300); The control system (300) is configured to determine plant load based on relevant user input signals.

4. The system (1000) of claim 1, wherein the control system (300) is configured to determine the time derivative of the plant load based on the input signal, and wherein one or more of the following are applicable: (i) the control system (300) is configured to compare the time derivative of the plant load with a plant load time derivative threshold, and if the time derivative of the plant load is higher than the plant load time derivative threshold, select a target R:FR ratio higher than the threshold ratio T; and (ii) the control system (300) is configured to compare the time derivative of the plant load with a plant load time derivative threshold, and if the time derivative of the plant load is lower than the plant load time derivative threshold, select a target R:FR lower than the threshold ratio T, and wherein the threshold ratio is selected from the range of 13-17.

5. The system (1000) of claim 1, wherein the plant load is a predicted plant load, and wherein one or more of the lower plant load threshold and the higher plant load threshold are selected based on a target yield, wherein the target yield includes one or more of fruit quantity, fruit quality and fruit ripening time.

6. The system (1000) according to claim 1, wherein the plant load is the current plant load.

7. The system (1000) of claim 2, wherein the sensor system (200) includes a movable sensor device (210) configured to determine the plant load-related parameters.

8. The system (1000) according to claim 1, wherein the chili pepper plant is selected from the Capsicum genus.

9. The system (1000) according to claim 1, wherein the control system (300) is configured to control the light-generating device (100) to subject the pepper plant (10) to at least 5 mol / m 2 / d light exposure, and wherein the target R:FR ratio is the daily target R:FR ratio of the device light (101).

10. A horticultural system (400) comprising a system (1000) according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the horticultural system (400) includes a horticultural space (410) for accommodating pepper plants (10), and wherein the system (1000) is configured to provide device light (101) to the horticultural space (410).

11. The gardening system (400) of claim 10, wherein the gardening space (410) is configured to receive natural sunlight (1), and wherein the equipment light (101) includes supplemental equipment light.

12. The horticultural system (4000) according to claim 11, wherein the system (1000) is configured to provide supplemental equipment light during a period of low natural light in the latter half of the day, wherein during said period of low natural light, the photon flux density of natural daylight (1) is ≤500 μmol / m² in the 400-700 nm region. 2 / s.

13. A method for cultivating a chili pepper plant (10), wherein the method comprises: - Acquire an input signal, wherein the input signal is related to a plant load-related parameter of a chili plant (10), wherein the plant load is the number of fruits hanging on the plant, and wherein the plant load-related parameter is selected from a group including plant load, flowering rate, flower abortion rate, fruit set rate and fruit abortion rate; - Determine plant load based on input signal, and perform one or more of the following: (i) compare plant load with a lower plant load threshold, and if plant load is lower than the lower plant load threshold, select a target R:FR ratio of red light to far-red light that is higher than the threshold ratio T; and (ii) compare plant load with a higher plant load threshold, and if plant load is higher than the higher plant load threshold, select a target R:FR ratio that is lower than the threshold ratio T, wherein red light includes one or more wavelengths in the range of 600-700 nm, and far-red light includes one or more wavelengths in the range of 700-800 nm, wherein the threshold ratio is selected from the range of 10-25; -The pepper plants (10) are exposed to the target R:FR ratio by providing device light (101).

14. The method of claim 13, wherein the threshold ratio is selected from the range of 10-20, and wherein the method comprises one or more of the following: (a) selecting a target R:FR ratio > 20 if the plant load is below a lower plant load threshold; and (b) selecting a target R:FR ratio < 10 if the plant load is above a higher plant load threshold.

15. The method according to any one of claims 13-14, wherein the plant load is a predicted plant load, or wherein the plant load is a current plant load; wherein the method further comprises exposing the pepper plant (10) to natural sunlight (1), and wherein the method comprises providing device light (101) during periods of low natural illumination, wherein during periods of low natural illumination, the photon flux density of the natural sunlight (1) is ≤500 μmol / m² in the 400-700 nm region. 2 / s, and wherein the target R:FR ratio is a daily target R:FR ratio; and wherein the method comprises using a system (1000) according to any one of the preceding claims 1-9 or a horticultural system (400) according to any one of the preceding claims 10-12.

Images