Preparation method of ganoderma lucidum solid-state fermented wheat peel biological feed and feed prepared by preparation method

Abstract

The preparation method of the lucid ganoderma solid-state fermented wheat peel biological feed is characterized by comprising the following steps: selecting wheat grains, and peeling to obtain a wheat peel component; adding water into the wheat peel prepared in the step (1), uniformly mixing, and sterilizing at 121 DEG C for 20 minutes to obtain a wheat peel solid-state fermentation culture medium; activating strains, inoculating the activated ganoderma lucidum strains into the wheat peel solid-state fermentation culture medium prepared in the step (2), and culturing at the temperature of 26 DEG C to obtain a fermentation substrate; and drying the fermentation substrate prepared in the step (3), crushing, and sieving with a 60-mesh sieve to obtain the ganoderma lucidum solid-state fermentation wheat peel biological feed. The feed at least has the beneficial effects that the feed is more easily absorbed and utilized by animals. The antibacterial, antiviral and antioxidant effects of the biological feed are improved, and the purpose of high-value utilization is achieved. The bacterial pollution risk can be furthest reduced, and the method is suitable for industrial production. The synergistic effect with active ingredients in the wheat peel can be realized, so that the biological activity of the biological feed is improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention relates to the technical field of fermented feed, and in particular to a method for preparing a ganoderma lucidum solid-state fermented wheat peel biological feed and the feed prepared therefrom. Background Art

[0002] Bran is an important feed raw material, and the annual output of bran in my country is as high as 90 million tons. In recent years, the endosperm layer has been used to develop suitable whole grain products for consumers because it is enriched with most of the bioactive ingredients with nutritional and health functions in whole wheat foods. Wheat pericarp accounts for 30% and 3%-4% of bran and wheat grains, respectively, and contains more ferulic acid dehydrogenated polymers and highly cross-linked polysaccharides. Ferulic acid is a safe and environmentally friendly natural antibacterial agent with broad-spectrum antibacterial properties. It can effectively inhibit a variety of pathogenic bacteria and can be excreted from the body in a conjugated form through metabolism without polluting the environment. It is an ideal substitute for antibiotics. Polysaccharides can promote the growth of intestinal probiotics. After entering the animal intestine, they can be fermented by intestinal microorganisms to produce short-chain fatty acids, thereby lowering the intestinal pH and inhibiting the growth of intestinal pathogens. They also play an important role in anti-oxidation, anti-tumor and immunomodulation. However, due to the high degree of polymerization and complex structure of the wood fiber structure of wheat pericarp, and the binding of phenolic substances such as ferulic acid, animals cannot digest and absorb them, resulting in a waste of resources.

[0003] Wheat peel can be used as an excellent substrate for microbial solid-state fermentation because of its carbon source and loose structural characteristics. Solid-state fermentation refers to a fermentation process containing a solid substrate in the absence or almost no free water. This technology has a history of thousands of years in my country. For example, in the production of foods such as liquor, soy sauce and Shanxi vinegar, it has the advantages of low cost, mild conditions, no equipment restrictions, high production capacity per unit volume, and low wastewater discharge. Due to the low water content in the fermentation medium, fungi and yeast are the most commonly used microorganisms, and filamentous fungi have attracted widespread attention due to their strong ability to degrade lignocellulose and can use agricultural waste for growth and reproduction. During the fermentation process, wheat peel can not only provide the nutrients needed for fungal growth, but also change its own composition under the action of enzymes secreted by the fungi to release bioactive substances, making the entire fermentation process "bidirectional".

[0004] Ganoderma lucidum is a precious traditional Chinese medicinal material that has been used in my country and other Asian countries for thousands of years to promote health, prolong life and prevent diseases. Ganoderma lucidum fruiting body is made of highly twisted mycelium, so the nutritional value and effective components of mycelium are highly similar to those of fruiting body. During the fermentation process, Ganoderma lucidum mycelium not only does not produce any toxic and harmful substances, but its metabolites have physiological activities such as enhancing immunity, antibacterial and antiviral. In addition, as a white rot fungus, Ganoderma lucidum has a complex lignin degradation enzyme system such as cellulase, laccase, xylanase and ferulic acid esterase, etc. These enzymes are either bound to the cell wall or secreted outside the cell, which can promote the degradation of lignocellulose and the release of phenolic substances in the fermentation matrix, and provide the required nutrients for bacterial growth and synthesis of secondary metabolites. With the continuous optimization and in-depth research of fermentation technology, the application prospects of Ganoderma lucidum in the fermented feed industry will be broader.

[0005] In summary, due to the high crude fiber content of wheat peel itself, ferulic acid mostly exists in a bound form, resulting in low digestibility, poor palatability, and inadequate absorption and utilization of nutrients. Summary of the invention

[0006] Based on the deficiencies in the prior art, the purpose of the present invention is to provide a method for preparing a Ganoderma lucidum solid-state fermented wheat peel biological feed with low production cost, simple and easy-to-obtain production process equipment, a product rich in antibacterial and antiviral ingredients, and a high bioavailability of nutrients, and a feed prepared therefrom, so as to alleviate the contradiction between supply and demand of animal feed and realize the high-value utilization of bran resources.

[0007] In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides a biological feed of wheat peel fermented by Ganoderma lucidum solid state, and the preparation method of the biological feed of wheat peel fermented by Ganoderma lucidum solid state comprises the following steps: (1) selecting wheat grains, peeling them, and obtaining wheat pericarp components; (2) adding water to the wheat pericarp obtained in step (1) and mixing the mixture evenly, and sterilizing the mixture at 121° C. for 20 minutes to obtain a wheat pericarp solid fermentation medium; (3) activating the strains, inoculating the activated Ganoderma lucidum strains into the wheat peel solid fermentation medium prepared in step (2), and culturing at 26° C. to obtain a fermentation matrix; (4) The fermentation substrate prepared in step (3) is dried, crushed, and passed through a 60-mesh sieve to obtain a Ganoderma lucidum solid-state fermented wheat peel biological feed.

[0008] As a further description of the above technical solution, the wheat pericarp in step (1) is the bran component obtained by peeling wheat grains to 4% by a peeling machine.

[0009] As a further description of the above technical solution, the wheat peel solid fermentation medium in step (2) uses only uncrushed wheat peel and has a natural pH.

[0010] Preferably, in step (2), the mass ratio of wheat peel to water is 1:2.5.

[0011] As a further description of the above technical solution, the activated strain in step (3) is to inoculate the Ganoderma lucidum into a PDA solid plate culture medium, culture it at 26°C for 7 days, and put it into use after being activated for more than 3 generations.

[0012] As a further description of the above technical solution, the inoculation of the Ganoderma lucidum strains in step (3) is achieved as follows: select activated Ganoderma lucidum strains with good growth status, punch holes at the edge of the hyphae to obtain a mushroom block with an inner diameter of 15 mm, pick up the mushroom block with an inoculation needle, and evenly inoculate the hyphae downward on the wheat peel culture medium.

[0013] Preferably, the solid-state fermentation time in step (3) is 6 days.

[0014] As a further description of the above technical solution, the drying temperature in step (4) is 60° C. and the drying time is 24 h.

[0015] The invention comprises feed prepared by the method for preparing biological feed of wheat peel by solid-state fermentation of ganoderma lucidum.

[0016] It is very common to feed bran to livestock as feed, but since the wheat peel itself has a high crude fiber content, ferulic acid mostly exists in a bound form, resulting in low digestibility, poor palatability, and insufficient absorption and utilization of nutrients. To address these problems, the white rot fungus - Ganoderma lucidum can be used for solid-state fermentation, which not only solves the problem of shortage of high-quality feed resources, but also improves the utilization value of the wheat peel itself.

[0017] Solid-state fermentation of wheat peel with Ganoderma lucidum is a feasible, safe and efficient method to obtain low-cost, high-nutrition biological feed.

[0018] The beneficial effects of the present invention include at least: (1) The polysaccharide and soluble solid content of the wheat peel biological feed fermented by solid-state fermentation of Ganoderma lucidum of the present invention is increased, which helps to promote animal production, improve meat quality, regulate animal intestinal flora and relieve animal stress. During the solid-state fermentation process, Ganoderma lucidum will secrete cellulase, xylanase, lignin degrading enzyme and ferulic acid esterase. Compared with the initial stage of fermentation, the enzyme activity increases by about 7-90 times. These enzymes can hydrolyze ether bonds, ester bonds or glycosidic bonds, degrade the fermentation substrate into small molecules, and release biologically active components at the same time, making them easier to be absorbed and utilized by animals.

[0019] (2) The lignocellulose content of the wheat peel biological feed obtained by solid-state fermentation of Ganoderma lucidum of the present invention is reduced, the oil holding capacity is increased by 35.12%, and the content of phenolic substances, mainly ferulic acid, is increased by 116.57%. While reducing the rough taste of wheat peel and improving the palatability of the product, the antibacterial, antiviral and antioxidant effects of the biological feed are enhanced, achieving the purpose of high-value utilization.

[0020] (3) The raw materials and preparation method of the present invention are simple, and since the water content of the fermentation substrate is low, the risk of bacterial contamination can be minimized, and the product is suitable for industrial production.

[0021] (4) The fruiting body of Ganoderma lucidum is made up of highly twisted mycelium, and the chemical composition and effective components of the mycelium are highly similar to those of the fruiting body. Therefore, solid-state fermentation of wheat peel with Ganoderma lucidum can not only retain the biologically active components and unique flavor of edible fungi, but also synergize with the active components in wheat peel to improve the biological activity of biological feed. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0022] Figure 1 The growth status of mycelium of Ganoderma lucidum during solid-state fermentation in the embodiment of the present invention; Figure 2 The figure shows the changes in the enzyme activity of Ganoderma lucidum during the solid-state fermentation process in the examples of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0023] In order to better understand the present invention, the present invention is further described and illustrated below in conjunction with examples, but the embodiments of the present invention are not limited thereto. Example

[0024] A method for preparing wheat peels fermented by solid-state fermentation of Ganoderma lucidum, the preparation steps are as follows: (1) Wheat kernels are peeled to about 4% using a peeling machine, and the bran component, i.e., wheat pericarp, is collected.

[0025] (2) Wheat peel and water are uniformly mixed in a mass ratio of 1:2.5, with a natural pH value and without other auxiliary materials or additives, and sterilized at 121° C. for 20 minutes to obtain a wheat peel solid fermentation medium.

[0026] (3) The Ganoderma lucidum slant strain was activated and inoculated into PDA solid plate culture medium (short for Potato Dextrose Agar (Medium)), cultured at 26°C for 7 days, and put into use after being activated for more than 3 generations.

[0027] (4) Select activated Ganoderma lucidum strains with good growth status, punch holes at the edge of the hyphae to obtain mushroom blocks with an inner diameter of 15 mm, pick up the mushroom blocks with an inoculation needle, and evenly inoculate the hyphae downward on the wheat peel culture medium. Inoculate 3 mushroom blocks for every 70 g of fermentation matrix. Culture at 26°C for 6 days to obtain the fermentation matrix.

[0028] (5) The fermentation matrix was dried at 60°C for 24 h, crushed after drying, and passed through a 60-mesh sieve to obtain the Ganoderma lucidum solid-state fermentation wheat peel biological feed. The physical and chemical properties were tested and the feed was packaged in a sealed bag.

[0029] Test Example 1 The growth of Ganoderma lucidum during solid-state fermentation in Example 1 was tested, including biomass and cellulose, hemicellulose, laccase and feruloyl esterase activities. Figure 1 and Figure 2 shown.

[0030] During the fermentation process, the morphology of Ganoderma lucidum changes as follows: Figure 1 As shown in the figure. From the 2nd to the 6th day, the mycelium grew rapidly. On the 6th day, the mycelium had completely penetrated the interior of the wheat peel medium, but the mycelium was weak and the amount of mycelium was small. From the 6th to the 8th day, the number of mycelium increased further, gradually became thicker, and the mycelium was white and dense. On the 8th to 12th day, the surface and interior of the wheat peel medium were completely covered and penetrated by mycelium. As the fermentation continued, the mycelium entered the aging period, yellow droplets appeared on the surface of the fermentation medium and it dried up, and the amount of mycelium inside decreased.

[0031] Xylanase is the most important AX-degrading enzyme, which can randomly attack the β-1,4-xylosidic bonds inside the xylan backbone, degrading the macromolecular xylan into oligoxylose, xylose and a small amount of xylose. Figure 2A It can be seen that the xylanase activity increases first and then decreases with the progress of fermentation, and the enzyme activity reaches a maximum of 10.920 U / g at 6 days. Cellulose is the second main component of wheat pericarp, and is a homogeneous polymer formed by linear connection of glucose units through β-1,4 glycosidic bonds. During the fermentation process, Ganoderma lucidum produces three types of cellulases to jointly promote the hydrolysis of cellulose. Among them, endoglucanase cleaves the internal glycosidic bonds in the polymer chain, exoglucanase cleaves the crystalline end of cellulose into cellobiose, and β-glucosidase hydrolyzes smaller cellobiose into monosaccharides, and its activity is closely related to the release of phenolic substances in the fermentation matrix. The activity of cellulase and exoglucanase increases first and then decreases, reaching the maximum at 6 days, which are 1.710 U / g and 2.780 U / g, respectively, but the enzyme activity varies in a small range. The activity of endoglucanase increases rapidly in the first 6 days of fermentation, slows down from 6 to 12 days, and decreases after 12 days. The activity of β-glucosidase increased rapidly from the 4th day, and then leveled off after the 10th day with a downward trend. The highest point of β-glucosidase activity was later than that of exoglucanase, probably because β-glucosidase used cellulose disulfide, the hydrolysis product of exoglucanase, as its substrate. Laccase is a type of polyphenol oxidase that can oxidize polyphenols and also plays an important role in the degradation of lignocellulose. Figure 2 B saw that the laccase activity was high throughout the fermentation process, and generally showed an upward and then downward trend, reaching a maximum of 1751.745 U / g at 10 days. The lignocellulosic matrix is ​​usually composed of esterified hydroxycinnamic acid cross-linked cellulose, lignin and other cell wall polymers. The synergistic effect of ferulic acid esterase and xylanase can promote the complete degradation of hemicellulose polymers and release cross-linked hydroxycinnamic acid from the side chains, especially ferulic acid. Figure 2 C shows that the activity of ferulic acid esterase increased rapidly from 2 days to 8 days, decreased rapidly from 10 days to 12 days, and then gradually tended to be flat. This may be due to the high activities of cellulase and xylanase in the first 8 days, which led to the degradation of lignocellulose matrix, increased the contact between ferulic acid esterase and ester bonds, induced the increase of ferulic acid esterase activity, and reduced enzyme activity after the substrate decreased.

[0032] Test Example 2 The nutritional components of the Ganoderma lucidum solid-state fermented wheat peel biological feed prepared in Example 1 were detected, and untreated wheat peel was used for comparison, and its physical and chemical properties were measured at the same time, and the results are shown in Table 1. The polysaccharide content of the wheat peel before and after fermentation was 5.38 g / 100 g DW and 12.14 g / 100 g DW, respectively, the soluble solid content was 5.98% and 15.17%, respectively, the oil holding capacity was 2.22 g / g and 2.49 g / g, respectively, and the free phenolic substance content was 77.83 mg / 100 g DW and 168.56 g / 100 g DW, respectively.

[0033] Table 1 Comparison of basic nutritional components of wheat peel and biological feed The starch and fat content in the biological feed of wheat peel fermented by Ganoderma lucidum in solid state decreased, while the protein and ash content increased. This is because Ganoderma lucidum decomposes starch and fat during the fermentation process to provide energy for its growth and metabolic activities, and Ganoderma lucidum is rich in polysaccharides, proteins and various trace elements, which leads to an increase in the protein and ash content in the biological feed. In addition, the soluble solid content of the biological feed increased after fermentation, and the oil holding capacity was enhanced. This may be because the lignin degrading enzymes secreted by Ganoderma lucidum destroyed the cell wall structure of the wheat peel, breaking the long chains of cellulose and hemicellulose, and releasing nutrients that can be used by animals.

[0034] Studies have shown that plant polysaccharides play an important role in prebiotics, antioxidants, antiviral activity and immune regulation. Figure 1 It can be seen that the polysaccharide content of bio-feed increased by 125.65% after fermentation. Ferulic acid is the main phenolic substance in wheat peel, which has a broad-spectrum antibacterial property and can effectively inhibit a variety of pathogenic bacteria. Compared with wheat peel, the free total phenol content in bio-feed increased by 116.57%.

[0035] In summary, the biological feed of the present invention has simple ingredients, is rich in antibacterial and antiviral ingredients, has high bioavailability of nutrients, and has a simple preparation method, low raw material price, and is easy for industrial production, thus having good practical value and promotion space.

[0036] The above embodiment is only one of the specific implementation methods selected by the present invention, so the application of the present invention is not limited to the above examples. The usual changes and substitutions made by those skilled in the art within the scope of this technical solution should fall within the protection scope of the claims attached to the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for preparing a biological feed of wheat peel fermented by solid-state fermentation of Ganoderma lucidum, characterized in that: The following steps are involved: (1) selecting wheat grains, peeling them, and obtaining wheat pericarp components; (2) adding water to the wheat pericarp obtained in step (1) and mixing the mixture evenly, and sterilizing the mixture at 121° C. for 20 minutes to obtain a wheat pericarp solid fermentation medium; (3) activating the strains, inoculating the activated Ganoderma lucidum strains into the wheat peel solid fermentation medium prepared in step (2), and culturing at 26° C. to obtain a fermentation matrix; (4) The fermentation substrate prepared in step (3) is dried, crushed, and passed through a 60-mesh sieve to obtain a Ganoderma lucidum solid-state fermented wheat peel biological feed.

2. The method for preparing the biological feed of wheat peel fermented by solid state fermentation of Ganoderma lucidum according to claim 1, characterized in that: The wheat peel in step (1) is the bran component obtained by peeling wheat grains to 4% by a peeling machine.

3. The method for preparing the biological feed of wheat peel fermented by solid state fermentation of Ganoderma lucidum according to claim 1, characterized in that: The wheat peel solid fermentation medium in step (2) uses only un-crushed wheat peel and has a natural pH.

4. The method for preparing the Ganoderma lucidum solid-state fermented wheat peel biological feed according to claim 3, characterized in that: The mass ratio of wheat peel to water in step (2) is 1:2.

5.

5. The method for preparing the biological feed of wheat peel fermented by solid state fermentation of Ganoderma lucidum according to claim 1, characterized in that: The activated strain in step (3) is obtained by inoculating the Ganoderma lucidum into a PDA solid plate culture medium, culturing it at 26° C. for 7 days, and putting it into use after being activated for more than 3 generations.

6. The method for preparing the biological feed of wheat peel fermented by solid-state fermentation of Ganoderma lucidum according to claim 1 or 5, characterized in that: The inoculation of the Ganoderma lucidum strains in step (3) is achieved as follows: selecting activated Ganoderma lucidum strains in good growth condition, punching holes at the edge of the hyphae to obtain a bacterial block with an inner diameter of 15 mm, picking up the bacterial block with an inoculation needle, and evenly inoculating the hyphae downward on the wheat peel culture medium.

7. The method for preparing the biological feed of wheat peel fermented by solid state fermentation of Ganoderma lucidum according to claim 6, characterized in that: The solid-state fermentation time in step (3) is 6 days.

8. The method for preparing the biological feed of wheat peel fermented by solid state fermentation of Ganoderma lucidum according to claim 1, characterized in that: The drying temperature in step (4) is 60°C and the drying time is 24 h.

9. A Ganoderma lucidum solid-state fermented wheat peel biological feed, characterized in that: The biological feed is prepared by the method for preparing the biological feed of wheat peel fermented by solid state of Ganoderma lucidum as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 8.

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