Horizontal sliding installation structure of glass rib type frameless curtain wall and construction method

Abstract

The invention relates to the technical field of curtain wall installation, and provides a horizontal sliding installation structure of a glass rib type frameless curtain wall and a construction method. The mounting structure comprises a first steel truss and a second steel truss which are arranged in parallel at an interval. Two first sliding assemblies are arranged, each first sliding assembly comprises a first sliding rail and a first pulley, and the first sliding rails are arranged on the side edge of the first steel truss; and the two second sliding assemblies comprise second sliding rails and second pulleys, and the second sliding rails are arranged on the side edges of the second steel truss and are parallel to the first sliding rails. The two first glass lifting appliances are correspondingly connected with the first pulley, and the two second glass lifting appliances are correspondingly connected with the second pulley. The device saves time and labor and reduces the hoisting risk of the hoisting machine. A construction method is provided based on the structure, a traditional hoisting machine installation mode is replaced, and the construction quality is improved. And an efficient and safe solution is provided for curtain wall installation, curtain wall installation technology progress is promoted, and high practical value and wide application prospects are achieved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention relates to the technical field of curtain wall installation, and in particular to a horizontal sliding installation structure and a construction method of a glass rib type frameless curtain wall. Background Art

[0002] The frameless glass curtain wall with glass ribs is a very modern way of building exterior wall decoration. It is mainly composed of large glass panels and glass ribs that play a key supporting role. The glass panels abandon the traditional metal frame and are tightly connected and fixed by structural adhesives. The glass ribs are placed vertically or horizontally behind the panels to enhance the support and stability of the curtain wall. This kind of curtain wall is widely used in large commercial buildings, exhibition halls, airport terminals and other places with extremely high requirements for appearance and pursuit of transparency and modernity. It can minimize visual obstruction, perfectly integrate indoor and outdoor spaces, and provide good lighting and a wide field of vision. Its simple and elegant appearance is not only decorative, but also can enhance the overall beauty and quality of the building, highlight the unique charm and artistic value of modern architecture, and add a beautiful landscape to the city.

[0003] In the prior art, the installation of glass-ribbed frameless curtain walls is relatively cumbersome. Before installation, the pre-installation position must be determined first, and then the steel truss structure must be installed at the top and bottom of the position. Next, the frameless curtain wall is usually hoisted to the pre-installation position with the help of a hoist, and then connected to the steel truss structure through a glass hoist to achieve installation positioning. Finally, glass sealant is used for sealing. During this installation process, on the one hand, the use of the hoist brings high cost problems and also increases the risk factor; on the other hand, for super high-rise buildings, the mechanical height of the hoist often cannot meet actual needs.

[0004] With the continuous development of the construction industry, the demand for efficient, safe and economical curtain wall installation methods is growing. If these problems are not solved, it will seriously hinder the progress of the construction industry and fail to meet people's pursuit of high-quality buildings. At the same time, the continuous emergence of super-high-rise buildings has highlighted the urgency of solving the height limitation problem of hoisting machines to ensure the smooth installation of curtain walls. Summary of the invention

[0005] The object of the present invention is to provide a horizontal sliding installation structure and a construction method for a glass rib type frameless curtain wall, aiming to solve the technical problems in the above-mentioned background technology.

[0006] The technical solution of the present invention is achieved in this way: In a first aspect, the technical solution of the present application provides a horizontal sliding installation structure of a glass rib frameless curtain wall, comprising: The steel truss assembly comprises a first steel truss and a second steel truss arranged in parallel and at intervals; A first sliding assembly includes a first sliding rail and a first pulley that slide with each other, wherein the first sliding rail is arranged on a side of the first steel truss facing the second steel truss; Wherein, the number of the above-mentioned first sliding components is two, and the first sliding rails of the two above-mentioned first sliding components are arranged in parallel and at intervals; A second sliding assembly comprises a second sliding rail and a second pulley which are slidably matched with each other, wherein the second sliding rail is arranged on the side of the second steel truss facing the first steel truss, and the second sliding rail is parallel to any of the first sliding rails; Wherein, the number of the above-mentioned second sliding components is two, and the second sliding rails of the two above-mentioned second sliding components are arranged in parallel and at intervals; There are two first glass hangers, which are connected to the two first pulleys one by one respectively; and There are two second glass hangers, which are respectively connected to the two second pulleys in a one-to-one correspondence.

[0007] A further technical solution is that the first glass hanger comprises a first connecting member and a first clamp, the first clamp is used to clamp the glass rib or curtain wall, one end of the first connecting member is connected to the first pulley, and the other end is connected to the first clamp.

[0008] A further technical solution is that the first connecting member is detachably arranged on the first pulley.

[0009] A further technical solution is that the first connecting member is detachably provided with an intermediate member via a bolt group, and one end of the intermediate member away from the first connecting member is rotatably connected to the first pulley.

[0010] A further technical solution is that the middle pieces of the two first glass hangers are commonly connected with a third connecting piece.

[0011] A further technical solution is that the second glass hanger includes a second connecting member and a second clamp, the second clamp is used to clamp the glass rib or curtain wall, one end of the second connecting member is connected to the second pulley, and the other end is connected to the second clamp.

[0012] A further technical solution is that the second connecting member of one of the second glass hangers is provided with a fourth connecting member, the second slide rail of the other second glass hanger is slidably provided with a third pulley, and the third pulley and the fourth connecting member are rotatably matched.

[0013] A further technical solution is that a rubber pad is provided in any of the above-mentioned second clamps to support the glass ribs or curtain walls.

[0014] A further technical solution is that the number of first pulleys on any of the above-mentioned first slide rails is two, and both first pulleys are connected to a first glass hanger; Wherein, the number of second pulleys on any of the above-mentioned second slide rails is two, and the two second pulleys are both connected to the second glass hanger.

[0015] In a second aspect, an embodiment of the present application provides a construction method of a glass rib frameless curtain wall, comprising the following steps: Determine a pre-installation position of the glass rib frameless curtain wall, horizontally arrange a first steel truss and a second steel truss on the upper side and the lower side of the pre-installation position, and make the first steel truss and the second steel truss parallel to each other; Two parallel and spaced first slide rails are installed on the lower side of the first steel truss, and a first pulley is slidably installed on any of the first slide rails; Install two parallel and spaced second slide rails on the upper side of the second steel truss, install a second pulley on any of the second slide rails, and ensure that any of the second slide rails is parallel to any of the first slide rails; The two first pulleys are respectively connected to a first glass hanger, and the two second pulleys are respectively connected to a second glass hanger; A glass rib frameless curtain wall is installed between the first steel truss and the second steel truss, so that the two first glass hangers respectively clamp the glass ribs and panels at the top of the glass rib frameless curtain wall, and the two second glass hangers respectively clamp the glass ribs and panels at the bottom of the glass rib frameless curtain wall; The glass rib frameless curtain wall is pushed to move to a pre-installation position on the first slide rail and the second slide rail, the first pulley and the second pulley are welded and positioned, and a glass sealant is used for sealing.

[0016] Compared with the prior art, the technical solution of the present invention has at least the following advantages or beneficial effects: In the first aspect, the present application provides a horizontal sliding installation structure of a glass rib frameless curtain wall. In actual use, firstly, the first steel truss and the second steel truss are accurately positioned on the upper and lower sides of the pre-installation position of the glass rib frameless curtain wall, and it is imperative to ensure that the first steel truss and the second steel truss are installed horizontally. Then, the glass rib frameless curtain wall is placed between the first steel truss and the second steel truss, so that the two first glass hangers are firmly clamped on the glass ribs and panels at the top of the glass rib frameless curtain wall, and the two second glass hangers also clamp the glass ribs and panels at the bottom of the glass rib frameless curtain wall. Then, the glass rib frameless curtain wall is pushed so that it moves smoothly on the first slide rail and the second slide rail to the pre-installation position. When the glass rib frameless curtain wall reaches the predetermined position, the first pulley and the second pulley are welded and positioned to ensure its stability. Finally, a glass sealant is used for sealing to ensure the sealing of the curtain wall. Compared with the traditional hoisting machine method, the installation of the glass rib frameless curtain wall through the above-mentioned horizontal sliding installation structure not only saves time and effort, but also greatly reduces the risk of hoisting by the hoisting machine. At the same time, the installation structure overcomes the limitation of the hoisting machine on super high-rise hoisting, has high practicality, and provides a more efficient and safe solution for the installation of glass rib frameless curtain walls.

[0017] On the second aspect, the present application provides a construction method for a glass-ribbed frameless curtain wall. The method can realize the sliding installation of the glass-ribbed frameless curtain wall, has the significant advantage of easily adjusting the installation position of the glass-ribbed frameless curtain wall, and the construction quality is also improved. This construction method replaces the traditional hoisting machine installation method. On the one hand, it not only saves time and effort, but also greatly reduces the hoisting risk of the hoisting machine; on the other hand, the installation structure successfully overcomes the limitation of the hoisting machine on super-high-rise hoisting, and has extremely high practicality. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0018] In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention, the drawings required for use in the embodiments are briefly introduced below. It should be understood that the following drawings only show certain embodiments of the present invention and therefore should not be regarded as limiting the scope. For ordinary technicians in this field, other related drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative work.

[0019] Figure 1 A cross-sectional view of a horizontal sliding installation structure of a glass-ribbed frameless curtain wall according to an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 2 It is a front view of a horizontal sliding installation structure of a glass rib type frameless curtain wall according to an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 3 for Figure 1 A partial enlarged view of middle A; Figure 4 for Figure 1 A partial enlarged view of B.

[0020] Icon: 1-first steel truss, 2-first glass hanger, 201-first connecting piece, 202-first clamp, 3-second glass hanger, 301-second connecting piece, 302-second clamp, 4-second steel truss, 5-middle piece, 6-first pulley, 7-first slide rail, 8-third connecting piece, 9-second slide rail, 10-second pulley, 11-rubber pad, 12-fourth connecting piece, 13-third pulley. DETAILED DESCRIPTION Example

[0021] Please refer to Figure 1- Figure 4 The embodiment of the present application provides a horizontal sliding installation structure of a glass rib frameless curtain wall. The structure mainly includes a steel truss assembly, a first sliding assembly, a second sliding assembly, a first glass hanger 2 and a second glass hanger 3. The steel truss assembly consists of a first steel truss 1 and a second steel truss 4 arranged in parallel and at intervals. During actual installation, the first steel truss 1 and the second steel truss 4 are both installed in a horizontal manner and are firmly positioned on the steel beams of the building structure by welding. This installation method ensures the stability of the steel truss and provides a solid foundation for subsequent curtain wall installation. The first sliding assembly includes a first slide rail 7 and a first pulley 6 that slide with each other. The first pulley 6 can roll smoothly on the first slide rail 7, and the first slide rail 7 is arranged on the side of the first steel truss 1 facing the second steel truss 4. There are two first sliding assemblies, and the first slide rails 7 of the two first sliding assemblies are arranged in parallel and at intervals. Such a design can ensure the stability and symmetry during the sliding process of the curtain wall. The second sliding assembly includes a second slide rail 9 and a second pulley 10 that slide with each other. The second pulley 10 can roll on the second slide rail 9, which is arranged on the side of the second steel truss 4 facing the first steel truss 1, and the second slide rail 9 is parallel to any first slide rail 7. The number of the second sliding components is also two, and the second slide rails 9 of the two second sliding components are parallel and spaced apart. The number of the first glass hangers 2 is two, which are respectively connected to the two first pulleys 6 in a one-to-one correspondence. The number of the second glass hangers 3 is also two, which are respectively connected to the two second pulleys 10 in a one-to-one correspondence. Through these hangers, the glass rib frameless curtain wall can be firmly clamped so that it can be horizontally slid and installed between the steel trusses. This installation structure not only improves the installation efficiency, but also ensures the accuracy and stability of the installation.

[0022] The embodiment of the present application provides a horizontal sliding installation structure of a glass rib frameless curtain wall. In actual use, firstly, the first steel truss 1 and the second steel truss 4 are accurately positioned on the upper and lower sides of the pre-installation position of the glass rib frameless curtain wall, and it is necessary to ensure that the first steel truss 1 and the second steel truss 4 are installed horizontally. Then, the glass rib frameless curtain wall is placed between the first steel truss 1 and the second steel truss 4, so that the two first glass hangers 2 are firmly clamped on the glass ribs and panels at the top of the glass rib frameless curtain wall, and the two second glass hangers 3 also clamp the glass ribs and panels at the bottom of the glass rib frameless curtain wall. Then, the glass rib frameless curtain wall is pushed so that it moves smoothly on the first slide rail 7 and the second slide rail 9 to the pre-installation position. When the glass rib frameless curtain wall reaches the predetermined position, the first pulley 6 and the second pulley 10 are welded and positioned to ensure its stability. Finally, a glass sealant is used for sealing to ensure the sealing of the curtain wall. Compared with the traditional hoisting machine method, the installation of the glass rib frameless curtain wall through the above-mentioned horizontal sliding installation structure not only saves time and effort, but also greatly reduces the risk of hoisting by the hoisting machine. At the same time, the installation structure overcomes the limitation of the hoisting machine on super high-rise hoisting, has high practicality, and provides a more efficient and safe solution for the installation of glass rib frameless curtain walls.

[0023] Specifically, the first slide rail 7 and the second slide rail 9 are both channel steels, and the first pulley 6 or the second pulley 10 is rollingly arranged in the above-mentioned channel steels.

[0024] In some embodiments of the present invention, the first glass hanger 2 includes a first connector 201 and a first clamp 202 . The first clamp 202 is used to clamp the glass rib or curtain wall. One end of the first connector 201 is connected to the first pulley 6 , and the other end is connected to the first clamp 202 .

[0025] In the above embodiment, the first connecting member 201 serves to connect the first pulley 6 and the first clamp 202. After the first clamp 202 clamps the curtain wall or glass rib, it is connected to the first pulley 6 as a whole, thereby achieving positioning. The first clamp 202 includes a U-shaped member, whose notch is used to clamp the curtain wall or glass rib, and is locked and positioned by a bolt group. Furthermore, a rubber gasket is provided inside the U-shaped member, which can protect the curtain wall or glass rib and avoid damage during the clamping process.

[0026] In some embodiments of the present invention, the first connecting member 201 is detachably disposed on the first pulley 6 .

[0027] In the above embodiment, the detachable setting of the first connecting member 201 is very practical, as it enables the first glass clamp to be disassembled and assembled, facilitates the replacement or maintenance of the first glass clamp, and ensures the stable operation and long-term use of the device.

[0028] In some embodiments of the present invention, the first connecting member 201 is detachably provided with an intermediate member 5 via a bolt group, and one end of the intermediate member 5 away from the first connecting member 201 is rotatably connected to the first pulley 6 .

[0029] In the above embodiment, the design of the bolt group can realize the quick disassembly or connection of the middle member 5 and the first connecting member 201, which is practical. The first connecting member 201 and the middle member 5 are connected by two sets of bolt groups to improve the stability of the connection between the first connecting member 201 and the middle member 5.

[0030] In some embodiments of the present invention, the middle pieces 5 of the two first glass hangers 2 are commonly connected with a third connecting piece 8 .

[0031] In the above embodiment, the design of the third connecting member 8 plays an important role. It connects the two first glass hangers 2 into one body, further improving the structural stability of the present application. Specifically, one end of the third connecting member 8 is fixedly connected to one of the middle members 5, and the other end is detachably connected to the other middle member 5 through a bolt group, which is convenient for installation and disassembly.

[0032] In some embodiments of the present invention, the second glass hanger 3 includes a second connector 301 and a second clamp 302 . The second clamp 302 is used to clamp the glass rib or curtain wall. One end of the second connector 301 is connected to the second pulley 10 , and the other end is connected to the second clamp 302 .

[0033] In the above embodiment, the second connector 301, the second clamp 302 and the second pulley 10 are connected to facilitate the installation and positioning of the glass rib frameless curtain wall. The second clamp 302 is a U-shaped structure, and its notch is used to clamp the curtain wall or glass rib, and is locked and positioned by a bolt group. Furthermore, a rubber gasket is provided inside the notch of the second clamp 302, which can protect the curtain wall or glass rib and avoid damage during the clamping process.

[0034] In some embodiments of the present invention, the second connecting member 301 of one of the second glass hangers 3 is provided with a fourth connecting member 12, the second slide rail 9 of the other second glass hanger 3 is slidably provided with a third pulley 13, and the third pulley 13 and the fourth connecting member 12 are rotatably matched.

[0035] In the above embodiment, the design of the fourth connecting member 12 and the third pulley 13 is very practical. They are used to further support the glass rib frameless curtain wall, improve the stability of the bottom support of the curtain wall, and ensure the firmness and reliability of the curtain wall after installation.

[0036] In some embodiments of the present invention, a rubber pad 11 is disposed in any of the second fixtures 302 for supporting the glass rib or curtain wall.

[0037] In the above embodiment, the design of the rubber pad 11 is of great significance. It can protect the curtain wall or glass rib and prevent damage during the clamping process. In addition, filling the gap between the second clamp 302 and the curtain wall with glue to seal can improve the stability of the connection between the second clamp 302 and the curtain wall and enhance the reliability of the overall structure.

[0038] In some embodiments of the present invention, the number of the first pulleys 6 on any of the first slide rails 7 is two, and both first pulleys 6 are connected to the first glass hanger 2; There are two second pulleys 10 on any of the second slide rails 9 , and both second pulleys 10 are connected to the second glass hanger 3 .

[0039] In the above embodiment, the two first pulleys 6 on the same first slide rail 7 play an important role. They can realize bidirectional clamping of the top of the glass rib frameless curtain wall, thereby further improving the stability of the clamping of the top of the glass rib frameless curtain wall. Similarly, the two second pulleys 10 on the same second slide rail 9 can also perform bidirectional clamping of the bottom of the glass rib frameless curtain wall, greatly improving the stability of the clamping of the bottom of the curtain wall, and ensuring that the curtain wall is more firm and reliable during the installation process. Example

[0040] The present application provides a method for constructing a glass rib frameless curtain wall, comprising the following steps: Determine a pre-installation position of the glass rib frameless curtain wall, horizontally arrange a first steel truss 1 and a second steel truss 4 on the upper side and the lower side of the pre-installation position, and make the first steel truss 1 and the second steel truss 4 parallel to each other; Two parallel and spaced first slide rails 7 are installed on the lower side of the first steel truss 1, and a first pulley 6 is slidably installed on any of the first slide rails 7; Two parallel and spaced second slide rails 9 are installed on the upper side of the second steel truss 4, a second pulley 10 is installed on any of the second slide rails 9, and it is ensured that any of the second slide rails 9 is parallel to any of the first slide rails 7; The first glass hanger 2 is connected to the two first pulleys 6 respectively, and the second glass hanger 3 is connected to the two second pulleys 10 respectively; A glass rib frameless curtain wall is installed between the first steel truss 1 and the second steel truss 4, so that the two first glass hangers 2 respectively clamp the glass ribs and panels at the top of the glass rib frameless curtain wall, and the two second glass hangers 3 respectively clamp the glass ribs and panels at the bottom of the glass rib frameless curtain wall; The glass rib frameless curtain wall is pushed to move to the pre-installation position on the first slide rail 7 and the second slide rail 9, the first pulley 6 and the second pulley 10 are welded and positioned, and a glass sealant is used for sealing.

[0041] This method can realize the sliding installation of glass rib frameless curtain wall, has the significant advantage of easy adjustment of the installation position of glass rib frameless curtain wall, and the construction quality is also improved. This construction method replaces the traditional installation method of hoisting machine. On the one hand, it not only saves time and labor, but also greatly reduces the hoisting risk of the hoisting machine; on the other hand, this installation structure successfully overcomes the limitation of the hoisting machine on super high-rise hoisting, and has extremely high practicality.

[0042] The above are only preferred embodiments of the present invention and are not intended to limit the present invention. For those skilled in the art, the present invention may have various modifications and variations. Any modification, equivalent replacement, improvement, etc. made within the spirit and principle of the present invention shall be included in the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A horizontal sliding installation structure of a glass rib frameless curtain wall, characterized in that: include: A steel truss assembly comprises a first steel truss (1) and a second steel truss (4) which are arranged in parallel and at intervals; A first sliding assembly comprises a first sliding rail (7) and a first pulley (6) which are slidably matched with each other, wherein the first sliding rail (7) is arranged on a side of the first steel truss (1) facing the second steel truss (4); There are two first sliding assemblies, and the first slide rails (7) of the two first sliding assemblies are arranged in parallel and at intervals; A second sliding assembly comprises a second sliding rail (9) and a second pulley (10) which are slidably matched with each other, wherein the second sliding rail (9) is arranged on the side of the second steel truss (4) facing the first steel truss (1), and the second sliding rail (9) is parallel to any of the first sliding rails (7); Wherein, the number of the second sliding components is two, and the second slide rails (9) of the two second sliding components are arranged in parallel and at intervals; Two first glass hangers (2) are connected to the two first pulleys (6) in a one-to-one correspondence; and There are two second glass hangers (3), which are respectively connected to the two second pulleys (10) in a one-to-one correspondence.

2. The horizontal sliding installation structure of a glass rib frameless curtain wall according to claim 1 is characterized in that: The first glass hanger (2) comprises a first connecting member (201) and a first clamp (202), wherein the first clamp (202) is used to clamp a glass rib or a curtain wall, and one end of the first connecting member (201) is connected to the first pulley (6), and the other end is connected to the first clamp (202).

3. The horizontal sliding installation structure of a glass rib frameless curtain wall according to claim 2 is characterized in that: The first connecting member (201) is detachably arranged on the first pulley (6).

4. The horizontal sliding installation structure of a glass rib frameless curtain wall according to claim 3 is characterized in that: The first connecting member (201) is detachably provided with an intermediate member (5) via a bolt group, and one end of the intermediate member (5) away from the first connecting member (201) is rotatably connected to the first pulley (6).

5. The horizontal sliding installation structure of the glass rib frameless curtain wall according to claim 4 is characterized in that: The middle pieces (5) of the two first glass hangers (2) are commonly connected to a third connecting piece (8).

6. A horizontal sliding installation structure of a glass rib frameless curtain wall according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that: The second glass hanger (3) comprises a second connecting member (301) and a second clamp (302), wherein the second clamp (302) is used to clamp a glass rib or a curtain wall, and one end of the second connecting member (301) is connected to the second pulley (10), and the other end is connected to the second clamp (302).

7. The horizontal sliding installation structure of the glass rib frameless curtain wall according to claim 6 is characterized in that: The second connecting piece (301) of one of the second glass hangers (3) is provided with a fourth connecting piece (12), and the second slide rail (9) of the other second glass hanger is slidably provided with a third pulley (13), and the third pulley (13) and the fourth connecting piece (12) are rotationally matched.

8. The horizontal sliding installation structure of a glass rib frameless curtain wall according to claim 7 is characterized in that: Any of the second clamps (302) is provided with a rubber pad (11) for supporting the glass rib or curtain wall.

9. The horizontal sliding installation structure of a glass rib frameless curtain wall according to claim 1, characterized in that: The number of the first pulleys (6) on any one of the first slide rails (7) is two, and both first pulleys (6) are connected to a first glass hanger (2); There are two second pulleys (10) on any one of the second slide rails (9), and both second pulleys (10) are connected to a second glass hanger (3).

10. A construction method for a glass rib frameless curtain wall, characterized in that: The following steps are involved: Determining a pre-installation position of the glass-ribbed frameless curtain wall, horizontally arranging a first steel truss (1) and a second steel truss (4) above and below the pre-installation position, and making the first steel truss (1) and the second steel truss (4) parallel to each other; Two parallel and spaced first slide rails (7) are installed on the lower side of the first steel truss (1), and a first pulley (6) is slidably installed on any of the first slide rails (7); Two parallel and spaced second slide rails (9) are installed on the upper side of the second steel truss (4), a second pulley (10) is installed on any of the second slide rails (9), and it is ensured that any of the second slide rails (9) is parallel to any of the first slide rails (7); A first glass hanger (2) is connected to each of the two first pulleys (6), and a second glass hanger (3) is connected to each of the two second pulleys (10); A glass rib frameless curtain wall is installed between the first steel truss (1) and the second steel truss (4), so that the two first glass hangers (2) respectively clamp the glass ribs and panels at the top of the glass rib frameless curtain wall, and the two second glass hangers (3) respectively clamp the glass ribs and panels at the bottom of the glass rib frameless curtain wall; The glass rib frameless curtain wall is pushed to move to a pre-installation position on the first slide rail (7) and the second slide rail (9), the first pulley (6) and the second pulley (10) are welded and positioned, and a glass sealant is used for sealing.

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