Method and apparatus for enabling frequency layers for positioning

Abstract

A wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) and a method for the WTRU. The method includes receiving, from a network, configuration information indicating: a plurality of frequency layers for positioning reference signals; and at least one activated frequency layer among the plurality of frequency layers. The frequency layers can be associated with one or more carriers for data transmission, wherein a carrier is co-located with: a frequency layer for positioning associated with the carrier; and a bandwidth part (BWP) within the carrier for data transmission. The WTRU can receive, from the network, activation / deactivation information indicating activation / deactivation of any of a secondary cell (SCell) and a BWP. The WTRU can transmit information indicating a set of frequency layers for positioning, wherein the set of frequency layers is enabled according to any of: an accuracy requirement, a latency, a measured RSRP of one frequency layer, and a measured CSI-RS corresponding to a BWP as a threshold.

Description

[0001] This divisional application claims priority to a divisional application with the application date of October 14, 2022, application number 202280076940.1, and the title of “Methods and apparatuses for enabling frequency layers for positioning”.

[0002] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0003] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 257,330, filed October 19, 2021; U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 308.118, filed February 9, 2022; U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 334,826, filed April 26, 2022; and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 395,951, filed August 8, 2022, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. TECHNICAL FIELD

[0004] The present disclosure relates to methods and apparatuses for wireless transmit and / or receive units (WTRUs) in a wireless communication system. BACKGROUND

[0005] The present disclosure relates to determining a position of a wireless transmit receive unit (WTRU) and, for example, by using a positioning reference signal (PRS) with or introducing a frequency layer concept. For PRS configuration, a frequency layer can be the highest or first level of configuration and a transmission / reception point (TRP) can be a lower or second level of configuration of a resource set. In the case of a regular wireless network, a regular WTRU is configured to operate with up to four frequency layers. However, such a regular WTRU can only handle one frequency during measurements performed for determining a position of the WTRU, while different positioning methods can use on respective frequency layers. SUMMARY

[0006] According to embodiments, a WTRU can be configured with multiple frequency layers. One or more (or each) frequency layer can be associated with one or more carriers, cells, and / or bandwidth parts used for data transmission. The WTRU can be triggered to enable one or more frequency layers for positioning. The trigger to enable frequency layers for positioning can include various combinations of detected triggers.

[0007] Examples of triggers to enable a frequency layer for positioning can include a configured secondary cell (SCell) activation / deactivation status associated with the frequency layer. An example trigger to enable a frequency layer for positioning can include a given bandwidth part associated with the activated frequency layer. In embodiments, a trigger to enable a frequency layer for positioning can include one or more requirements for the frequency layer to satisfy for a positioning service. In embodiments, a trigger can include a quality of a positioning reference signal (PRS) when the quality is above a set threshold, for example. A WTRU can utilize a combination of triggers to enable a given frequency layer for positioning.

[0008] According to embodiments, a WTRU can be configured to receive configuration information from a network indicating a plurality of frequency layers for positioning measurements. At least one frequency layer can be associated with a first cell or a first configured bandwidth part (BWP), and at least one second frequency layer is associated with a second BWP or a second cell. The WTRU can activate the second cell, where the second BWP is active in the second cell. The WTRU can further perform first measurements associated with one or more positioning PRS transmissions in the first frequency layer associated with the first cell or the first BWP. The WTRU can perform second measurements associated with one or more PRS transmissions in the second frequency layer associated with the second cell or the second BWP based on the first measurements associated with the PRS transmissions in the first frequency layer being below a threshold. The WTRU can further transmit a measurement report including at least one of the first measurements or the second measurements and an indication of the frequency layer associated with the measurements.

[0009] According to embodiments, a WTRU can be configured to utilize a plurality of measurement gaps (MGs). Each measurement gap can be associated with a set of one or more frequency layers. An MG duration or length can depend on one or more of (e.g., be associated with) a total bandwidth of the enabled frequency layers, a numerology of the enabled frequency layers, and / or a number of the enabled frequency layers. According to embodiments, a WTRU can request an MG from a preconfigured MG based on a set of frequency layers that are enabled. A duration of the MG requested by the WTRU can depend on one or more of a total bandwidth of the enabled frequency layers, a numerology of the enabled frequency layers, and / or a number of the enabled frequency layers.

[0010] According to embodiments, a WTRU can be configured to request one or more MGs associated with a set of aggregated frequency layers. The WTRU can be configured to activate and / or deactivate frequency layer aggregation. According to embodiments, in cases where the WTRU is configured to request MGs associated with aggregated frequency layers, the WTRU can activate or deactivate frequency layer aggregation based on various conditions. According to embodiments, in cases where the WTRU can activate or deactivate frequency layer aggregation, the activation or deactivation can be based on acquisition of a channel in unlicensed spectrum.

[0011] According to embodiments, a WTRU can determine parameters for hop-based measurements based on priority levels of PRS and channel conditions such as Doppler shift. For example, the WTRU receives PRS configuration from the network and receives configuration related to priority ordering window (e.g., priority levels of PRS). An association rule between measurement parameters (e.g., number of repetitions) and channel conditions can be further provided from a location management function (LMF) along with Doppler shift information of the channel. If the priority level of PRS is high, the WTRU can determine a measurement mode and whether to enable hop-based measurements. Upon enabling hop-based measurements, the WTRU determines hop parameters based on Doppler shift information and the association rule (e.g., number of repetitions in the measurement based on Doppler shift). If the priority level of PRS is low, hop-based measurements are disabled and the WTRU measures on a default bandwidth. Thereafter, the WTRU receives PRS and measures (e.g., RSRP, RSTD) according to the hop measurement mode.

[0012] In embodiments, a WTRU can be configured to maintain measuring / monitoring PRS within a deactivated frequency layer until a timer expires. The WTRU can select a positioning method calculation for each frequency layer based on a frequency band of the activated frequency layer, a bandwidth of the activated frequency layer, and / or an expected time of the deactivated frequency layer. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0013] A more detailed understanding can be had from the following detailed description, given by way of example in conjunction with the accompanying drawings wherein:

[0014] FIG. 1A is a system diagram illustrating an example communications system in accordance with some embodiments in which one or more disclosed embodiments can be implemented;

[0015] FIG. 1B is a diagram illustrating a WTRU in accordance with an embodiment; FIG. 1ASystem diagram of an exemplary radio access network (RAN) and an exemplary core network (CN) for use within the communication system shown;

[0016] FIG. 1C is a diagram illustrating a frequency layer configuration according to an embodiment; FIG. 1A System diagram of an exemplary radio access network (RAN) and an exemplary core network (CN) for use within the communication system shown;

[0017] FIG. 1D is a diagram illustrating a frequency layer configuration according to an embodiment; FIG. 1A System diagram of an exemplary radio access network (RAN) and an exemplary core network (CN) for use within the communication system shown;

[0018] FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating a resource configuration including frequency layers;

[0019] FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating an association between CCs, BWPs, and frequency layers according to an embodiment;

[0020] FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating use of multiple frequency layers according to an embodiment; and

[0021] FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating various MG parameters associated with a frequency layer from a network (e.g., LMF, gNB, etc.).

[0022] FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating a frequency hopping pattern and thus parameters.

[0023] FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating hopping during a measurement on a PRS.

[0024] FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating hopping during a measurement on a PRS and repetition per hop, where mK= 2.

[0025] FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating a quiet pattern “10” of PRS hopping.

[0026] FIG. 10 is a diagram illustrating a quiet pattern “1110” of PRS hopping.

[0027] FIG. 11 is an example of a procedure for WTRU enabling a frequency layer for positioning. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0028] In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the implementations and / or examples disclosed herein. However, it will be understood that such implementations and examples can be practiced without the

[0029] FIG. 1A is a diagram illustrating an example communications system 100 in which one or more disclosed implementations can be implemented. The communications system 100 can be a multiple access system that provides content, such as voice, data, video, messaging, broadcast, etc., to multiple wireless users. The communications system 100 can enable multiple wireless users to access such content through the sharing of system resources, including wireless bandwidth. For example, the communications systems 100 can employ one or more channel access methods, such as code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), single-carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), zero-tail unique-word DFT-Spread OFDM (ZT UW DTS-s OFDM), unique word OFDM (UW-OFDM), resource block-filtered OFDM, filter bank multicarrier (FBMC), and the like.

[0030] As FIG. 1AAs shown, the communication system 100 can include wireless transmit / receive units (WTRUs) 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, a RAN 104 / 113, a CN 106 / 115, a public switched telephone network (PSTN) 108, the Internet 110, and other networks 112, though it will be appreciated that the disclosed embodiments contemplate any number of WTRUs, base stations, networks, and / or network elements. Each of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d can be any type of device configured to operate and / or communicate in a wireless environment. By way of example, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d (any of which can be referred to as a "station" and / or a "STA") can be configured to transmit and / or receive wireless signals, and can include a user equipment (UE), a mobile station, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit, a subscription-based unit, a pager, a cellular telephone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a smartphone, a laptop, a netbook, a personal computer, a wireless sensor, a hotspot or Mi-Fi device, an Internet of Things (loT) device, a watch or other wearable, a head-mounted display (HMD), a vehicle, a drone, a medical device and applications (e.g., remote surgery), an industrial device and applications (e.g., a robot or other wireless devices operating in an industrial and / or an automated processing chain environment), a consumer electronics, a device operating on a commercial and / or industrial wireless network, and the like. Any of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d can be interchangeably referred to as a UE.

[0031] The communication system 100 can also include a base station 114a and / or a base station 114b. Each of the base stations 114a, 114b can be any type of device configured to wirelessly interface with at least one of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to facilitate access to one or more communication networks, such as the CN 106 / 115, the Internet 110, and / or the other networks 112. By way of example, the base stations 114a, 114b can be a base transceiver station (BTS), a Node-B, an eNode B (eNB), a Home Node B, a Home eNode B, a next generation NodeB (gNB), a NR NodeB, a site controller, an access point (AP), a wireless router, and the like. While the base stations 114a, 114b are each depicted as a single element, it will be appreciated that the base stations 114a, 114b can include any number of interconnected base stations and / or network elements.

[0032] The base stations 114a can be part of the RAN 104 / 113, which can also include other base stations and / or network elements (not shown), such as a base station controller (BSC), a radio network controller (RNC), relay nodes, etc. The base stations 114a and / or the base stations 114b can be configured to transmit and / or receive wireless signals on one or more carrier frequencies (which can be referred to as a cell (not shown)). These frequencies can be in the licensed spectrum, the unlicensed spectrum, or a combination of the licensed and unlicensed spectrums. A cell can provide wireless service to a particular geographic area that can be relatively fixed or can change over time. The cell can further be divided into cell sectors. For example, a cell associated with a base station 114a can be divided into three sectors. Thus, in one embodiment, the base station 114a can include three transceivers, one for each sector of the cell. In one embodiment, base station 114a can employ Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) techniques and can utilize multiple transceivers for each sector of the cell. For example, beamforming can be used to transmit and / or receive signals in desired spatial directions.

[0033] The base stations 114a, 114b can communicate with one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d over the air interface 116, which can be any suitable wireless communication link (e.g., radio frequency (RF), microwave, centimeter wave, micrometer wave, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), visible light, etc.). The air interface 116 can be established using any suitable radio access technology (RAT).

[0034] More specifically, as noted above, the communications system 100 can be a multiple access system and can employ one or more channel access schemes, such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA, and the like. For example, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c in the RAN 104 / 113 can implement a radio technology such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), which can establish the air interface 115 / 116 / 117 using wideband CDMA (WCDMA). WCDMA can include communication protocols such as High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) and / or Evolved HSPA (HSPA+). HSPA can include High-Speed Downlink (DL) Packet Access (HSDPA) and / or High-Speed Uplink (UL) Packet Access (HSUPA).

[0035] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can implement a radio technology such as Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA), which can establish the air interface 116 using Long Term Evolution (LTE) and / or LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) and / or LTE-A Pro.

[0036] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can implement a radio technology such as NR Radio Access, which can establish the air interface 116 using New Radio (NR).

[0037] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can implement multiple radio access technologies. For example, the base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can implement LTE wireless access and NR wireless access together, for instance using dual connectivity (DC) principles. Thus, the air interface utilized by WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can be characterized by multiple types of radio access technologies and / or transmissions sent to / from multiple types of base stations (e.g., an eNB and a gNB).

[0038] In other embodiments, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.11 (i.e., Wireless Fidelity (WiFi), IEEE 802.16 (i.e., Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)), CDMA2000, CDMA2000 IX, CDMA2000 EV-DO, Interim Standard 2000 (IS-2000), Interim Standard 95 (IS-95), Interim Standard 856 (IS-856), Global System for Mobile communications (GSM), Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), GSM EDGE (GERAN), and the like.

[0039] FIG. 1AThe base station 114b in the embodiment can be, for example, a wireless router, Home Node B, Home eNode B, or access point, and can utilize any suitable RAT for facilitating wireless connectivity access by the WTRUs 102c, 102d within a local area. In one embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d can implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.11 to establish a wireless local area network (WLAN). In an embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d can implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.15 to establish a wireless personal area network (WPAN). In yet another embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d can utilize a cellular-based RAT (e.g., WCDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR, etc.) to establish a picocell or femtocell. As shown in FIG. 1A, the base station 114b can have a direct connection to the Internet 110. Thus, the base station 114b can not be required to access the Internet 110 via the CN 106 / 115. FIG. 1A

[0040] The RAN 104 / 113 can be in communication with the CN 106 / 115, which can be any type of network configured to provide voice, data, applications, and / or voice over internet protocol (VoIP) services to one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d. The data can have varying quality of service (QoS) requirements, such as differing throughput requirements, latency requirements, error tolerance requirements, reliability requirements, data throughput requirements, mobility requirements, and the like. The CN 106 / 115 can provide call control, billing services, mobile location-based services, pre-paid calling, Internet connectivity, video distribution, etc., and / or perform high-level security functions, such as user authentication. Although not shown in FIG. 1A Although not shown in FIG. 1A, it will be appreciated that the RAN 104 / 113 and / or the CN 106 / 115 can be in direct or indirect communication with other RANs that employ the same RAT as the RAN 104 / 113 or a different RAT. For example, in addition to being connected to the RAN 104 / 113, which can employ a NR radio technology, the CN 106 / 115 can also be in communication with another RAN (not shown) employing a GSM, UMTS, CDMA2000, WiMAX, E-UTRA, or WiFi radio technology.

[0041] ​The CN 106 / 115 can also serve as a gateway for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to access the PSTN 108, the Internet 110, and / or the other networks 112. The PSTN 108 can include circuit-switched telephone networks that provide infrastructure for the provision of voice telephony. The Internet 110 can include a global system of interconnected computer networks and devices that use common communication protocols, such as the transmission control protocol (TCP), user datagram protocol (UDP) and / or the internet protocol (IP) in the TCP / IP internet protocol suite. The networks 112 can include wired or wireless communications networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. For example, the networks 112 can include another CN that employs a RAT

[0042] Some or all of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d in the communications system 100 can include multi-mode capabilities, e.g., the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d can include multiple transceivers for communicating with different wireless networks over different wireless links. For example, the WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d can include a transceiver FIG. 1A The WTRU 102c shown in Figure 1A can be configured to communicate with the base station 114a using a cellular-based radio technology and can be configured to communicate with the base station 114b using an IEEE 802 radio technology.

[0043] FIG. 1B is a system diagram illustrating an example WTRU 102. As shown in FIG. 1B The WTRU 102 can include a processor 118, a transceiver 120, a transmit / receive element 122, a speaker / microphone 124, a keypad 126, a display / touchpad 128, non-removable memory 130, removable memory 132, a power source 134, a global positioning system (GPS) chipset 136, and / or other peripherals 138, among others. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 can include any sub-combination of the foregoing elements while remaining consistent with an embodiment.

[0044] The processor 118 can be a general purpose processor, a special purpose processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in association with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGAs) circuits, any other type of integrated circuit (IC), a state machine, and the like. The processor 118 can perform signal coding, data processing, power control, input / output processing, and / or any other functionality that enables the WTRU 102 to operate in a wireless environment. The processor 118 can be coupled to the transceiver 120, which can be coupled to the transmit / receive element 122. While FIG. 1B The processor 118 and the transceiver 120 are depicted as separate components, but it will be understood that the processor 118 and the transceiver 120 can be integrated together in an electronic package or chip.

[0045] The transmit / receive element 122 can be configured to transmit signals to, or receive signals from, a base station (e.g., the base station 114a) over the air interface 116. For example, in one embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 can be an antenna configured to transmit and / or receive RF signals. In an embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 can be an emitter / detector configured to transmit and / or receive IR, UV, or visible light signals, for example. In yet another embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 can be configured to transmit and / or receive both RF and light signals. It will be appreciated that the transmit / receive element 122 can be configured to transmit and / or receive any combination of wireless signals.

[0046] Although the transmit / receive element 122 is depicted in the WTRU 102 FIG. 1B In one embodiment, the WTRU 102 can include two or more transmit / receive elements 122 (e.g., multiple antennas) to facilitate MIMO technology. In this embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 can be configured to transmit and / or receive wireless signals, respectively, using multiple antennas.

[0047] The transceiver 120 can be configured to modulate information to be transmitted by the transmit / receive element 122 and to demodulate information received by the transmit / receive element 122. As indicated above, the WTRU 102 can be a multi-mode device. Thus, the transceiver 120 can include multiple transceivers for enabling the WTRU 102 to communicate via multiple RATs, such as NR and IEEE 802.11, for example.

[0048] The processor 118 of the WTRU 102 can be coupled to, and can receive user input data from, the speaker / microphone 124, the keypad 126, and / or the display / touchpad 128 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) display unit or organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display unit). The processor 118 can also output user data to the speaker / microphone 124, the keypad 126, and / or the display / touchpad 128. In addition, the processor 118 can access information from, and store data in, any type of suitable memory, such as the non-removable memory 130 and / or the removable memory 132. The non-removable memory 130 can include random-access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), a hard disk, or any other type of memory storage device. The removable memory 132 can include a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, a memory stick, a secure digital (SD) memory card, and the like. In other embodiments, the processor 118 can access information from, and store data in, memory that is not physically located on the WTRU 102, such as on a server or a home computer (not shown).

[0049] The processor 118 can receive power from the power source 134 and can be configured to distribute and / or control the power to the other components in the WTRU 102. The power source 134 can be any suitable device for powering the WTRU 102. For example, the power source 134 can include one or more dry cell batteries (e.g., nickel-cadmium (NiCd), nickel-zinc (NiZn), nickel metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li-ion), etc.), solar cells, fuel cells, and the like.

[0050] The processor 118 can further be coupled to, and can receive data from, the GPS chipset 136. The GPS chipset 136 can be configured to provide location information (e.g., longitude and latitude) regarding the current location of the WTRU 102. In addition to, or in lieu of, the information from the GPS chipset 136, the WTRU 102 can receive location information over the air interface 116 from a base station (e.g., base stations 114a, 114b) and / or determine its location based on the timing of the signals being received from two or more nearby base stations. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 can acquire location information by way of any suitable location-determination method while remaining consistent with an embodiment.

[0051] The processor 118 can further be coupled to, and can receive data from, the GPS chipset 136. The GPS chipset 136 can be configured to provide location information (e.g., longitude and latitude) regarding the current location of the WTRU 102. In addition to, or in lieu of, the information from the GPS chipset 136, the WTRU 102 can receive location information over the air interface 116 from a base station (e.g., base stations 114a, 114b) and / or determine its location based on the timing of the signals being received from two or more nearby base stations. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 can acquire location information by way of any suitable location-determination method while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The peripheral device 138 can include one or more sensors, which can be one or more of a gyroscope, an accelerometer, a hall effect sensor, a magnetometer, a compass sensor, a proximity sensor, a temperature sensor, a time sensor; a geolocation sensor; an altimeter, a light sensor, a touch sensor, a magnetometer, a barometer, a gesture sensor, a biometric sensor, and / or a humidity sensor.

[0052] The WTRU 102 can include a full duplex radio for which transmission and reception of some or all of the signals between the WTRU 102 and a network node is concurrent and / or simultaneous. The full duplex radio can include an interference management unit 139 to reduce and or substantially eliminate self-interference and / or cross- interference due to concurrent transmission and reception. In one embodiment, the WTRU 102 can include a half duplex radio for which transmission and reception of some or all of the signals between the WTRU 102 and a network node are time divided. For example, the WTRU 102 can transmit during the portion of the time and can receive during the other portion of the time.

[0053] FIG. 1C is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 104 and the CN 106 according to an embodiment. As

[0054] The RAN 104 can include eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c, though it will be appreciated that the RAN 104 can include any number of eNode-Bs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c can each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. In one embodiment, the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c can implement MIMO technology. Thus, the eNode-B 160a, for example, can use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to, and / or receive wireless signals from, the WTRU 102a.

[0055] Each of the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c can be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and can be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in the UL and / or DL, and the like. As shown, the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c can communicate with one another over an X2 interface. FIG. 1C

[0056] FIG. 1C The CN 106 can include a mobility management entity (MME) 162, a serving gateway (SGW) 164, and a packet data network (PDN) gateway (or PGW) 166. While each of the foregoing elements are depicted as part of the CN 106, it will be appreciated that any of these elements can be owned and / or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[0057] MME 162 can be connected to each of the eNode-Bs 162a, 162b, 162c in the RAN 104 via an SI interface and can serve as a control node. For example, the MME 162 can be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, bearer activations / deactivations, selecting a particular serving gateway during an initial attach of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and the like. MME 162 can provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 104 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as GSM and / or WCDMA.

[0058] The SGW 164 can be connected to each of the eNode Bs 160a, 160b, 160c in the RAN 104 via the S1 interface. The SGW 164 can generally route and forward user data packets to / from the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. The SGW 164 can perform other functions, such as anchoring user planes during inter-eNode B handovers, triggering paging when DL data is available for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, managing and storing contexts of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and the like.

[0059] The SGW 164 can be connected to the PGW 166, which can provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices.

[0060] ​CN 106 can facilitate communications with other networks. For example, the CN 106 can provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to circuit-switched networks, such as the PSTN 108, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and traditional landline communications devices. For example, the CN 106 can include, or can communicate with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between the CN 106 and the PSTN 108. In addition, the CN 106 can provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to the other networks 112, which can include other wired and / or wireless networks that are owned and / or operated by other service providers.

[0061] Although WTRUs are described in FIGS. 1A-1D representative embodiments as wireless terminals, it is contemplated that in certain representative embodiments such terminals can (e.g., temporarily or permanently) use a wired communication interface to the communication network.

[0062] In representative embodiments, the other networks 112 can be a WLAN.

[0063] A WLAN in Infrastructure Basic Service Set (BSS) mode can have an access point (AP) for the BSS and one or more stations (STAs) associated with the AP. The AP can have an access or an interface to a Distribution System (DS) or another type of wired / wireless network that carries traffic in to and / or out of the BSS. Traffic to STAs that is carried by the DS can be transmitted from the AP. Traffic from STAs that is carried by the DS can be transmitted to the AP. The AP can transmit traffic to the DS and can receive traffic from the DS. The AP can also transmit and receive traffic directly to and from STAs. The AP can coordinate scheduling of wireless distribution of traffic. The AP can also function as a base station of the WLAN.

[0064] When using an 802.11 ac infrastructure mode of operation or similar mode of operation, an AP can transmit beacons on a fixed channel, such as a primary channel. The primary channel can be a fixed width (e.g., 20 MHz wide bandwidth) or a width that is dynamically set via signaling. The primary channel can be the operating channel of the BSS and can be used by STAs to establish a connection with the AP. In certain representative embodiments, carrier sense multiple access / collision avoidance (CSMA / CA) can be implemented, for example, in 802.11 systems. For CSMA / CA, a STA (e.g., each STA), including the AP, can listen to the primary channel. If the primary channel is sensed / detected as busy by a particular STA, the particular STA can back off. Only one STA can transmit in a given BSS at any given time.

[0065] High Throughput (HT) STAs can use 40 MHz wide channels for communication, for example, via a combination of the primary 20 MHz channel with an adjacent or nonadjacent 20 MHz channel to form a 40 MHz wide channel.

[0066] Very High Throughput (VHT) STAs can support 20 MHz, 40 MHz, 80 MHz, and / or 160 MHz wide channels. 40 MHz and / or 80 MHz channels can be formed by combining contiguous 20 MHz channels. A 160 MHz channel can be formed by combining 8 contiguous 20 MHz channels, or by combining two noncontiguous 80 MHz channels, which can be referred to as an 80+80 configuration. For the 80+80 configuration, after channel encoding, the data can be parsed by a segment parser that can divide the data into two streams. Each stream can be independently subjected to inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) processing and time domain processing. The streams can be mapped to the two 80 MHz channels, and the data can be transmitted by a transmitting STA. At the receiver of the receiving STA, the above-described operations for the 80+80 configuration can be reversed, and the combined data can be sent to the medium access control (MAC).

[0067] 802.11af and 802.11ah support sub-1 GHz modes of operation. Channel operating bandwidth and carriers are reduced in 802.11af and 802.11ah relative to those used in 802.11η and 802.1 lac. 802.11af supports 5 MHz, 10 MHz, and 20 MHz bandwidths in the television white space (TVWS) spectrum, and 802.11ah supports 1 MHz, 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, and 16 MHz bandwidths using non-TVWS spectrum. According to representative embodiments, 802.11ah can support meter type control / machine type communications, such as MTC devices in a macro coverage area. MTC devices can have certain capabilities, e.g., limited capabilities, including support for (e.g., only support for) certain bandwidths and / or limited bandwidth. MTC devices can include a battery with a battery life above a threshold (e.g., to maintain a very long battery life).

[0068] WLAN systems that can support multiple channels and channel bandwidths such as 802.11η, 802.1 lac, 802.11af, and 802.11ah include a channel that can be designated as a primary channel. The primary channel can have a bandwidth equal to the largest common operating bandwidth supported by all STAs in a BSS. The bandwidth of the primary channel can be set and / or limited by a STA from all STAs operating in the BSS that supports the smallest bandwidth mode of operation. In the example of 802.11ah, for a STA (e.g., a MTC type device) that supports (e.g., only supports) a 1 MHz mode, the primary channel can be 1 MHz wide, even if other STAs in the AP and BSS support 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, 16 MHz, and / or other channel bandwidth modes of operation. Carrier sense and / or network allocation vector (NAV) settings can depend on the status of the primary channel. If the primary channel is busy, e.g., due to a STA (supporting only a 1 MHz mode of operation) transmitting to the AP, the entire available frequency band can be considered busy, even if most of the frequency band remains idle and can be available.

[0069] In the United States, the available frequency band for 802.11ah use is 902 MHz to 928 MHz. In Korea, the available frequency band is 917.5 MHz to 923.5 MHz. In Japan, the available frequency band is 916.5 MHz to 927.5 MHz. The total bandwidth available for 802.11ah use is 6 MHz to 26 MHz, depending on the country code.

[0070] FIG. 1Dis a system diagram illustrating the RAN 113 and the CN 115 according to one embodiment. As noted above, the RAN 113 can employ NR radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. The RAN 113 can also be in communication with the CN 115.

[0071] The RAN 113 can include gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c, although it will be appreciated that the RAN 113 can include any number of gNBs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c can each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. In one embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c can implement MIMO technology. For example, gNBs 180a, 180b can utilize beamforming to transmit signals to and / or receive signals from the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c. Thus, the gNB 180a, for example, can use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to, and / or receive wireless signals from, the WTRU 102a. In an embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c can implement carrier aggregation technology. For example, the gNB 180a can transmit multiple component carriers (CCs) to the WTRU 102a (not shown). Some of these CCs can be on unlicensed spectrum, while the remaining CCs can be on licensed spectrum. In an embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c can implement Coordinated Multi-Point (CoMP) technology. For example, WTRU 102a can receive coordinated transmissions from gNBs 180a and gNB 180b (and / or gNB 180c).

[0072] The WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can use transmission associated with scalable numerology to communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c. For example, OFDM symbol spacing and / or OFDM subcarrier spacing can vary from different transmissions, different cells, and / or different portions of the wireless transmission spectrum. The WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can use subframe or transmission time interval (TTI) of various or scalable lengths (e.g., containing different quantities of OFDM symbols and / or lasting varying lengths of absolute time) to communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c.

[0073] The gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c can be configured to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c in a standalone configuration and / or a non-standalone configuration. In the standalone configuration, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can communicate with one or more of gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c without also accessing other RANs, such as eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c, for example. In the standalone configuration, one or more of WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can utilize one or more of gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c as a mobility anchor point. In the standalone configuration, one or more of WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can use signals received from gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c to access an unlicensed band. In the non-standalone configuration, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can communicate / make

[0074] Each of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c can be associated with a specific cell (not shown) and can be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in the UL and / or DL, support of network slicing, dual connectivity, interworking between NR and E-UTRA, routing of user plane data towards User Plane Function (UPF) 184a, 184b, routing of control plane information towards Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) 182a, 182b and the like. As shown, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c can communicate with one another over an Xn interface. FIG. 1D As shown, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c can be in communication with the AN 180a, 180b, 180c over an Xn interface.

[0075] FIG. 1DThe illustrated CN 115 can include at least one AMF 182a, 182b, at least one UPF 184a, 184b, at least one Session Management Function (SMF) 183a, 183b, and possibly a Data Network (DN) 185a, 185b. While each of the foregoing elements are depicted as part of the CN 115, it will be appreciated that any of these elements can be owned and / or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[0076] The AMF 182a, 182b can be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 113 via an N2 interface and can serve as a control node. For example, the AMF 182a, 182b can be responsible for authenticating WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, supporting for network slicing (e.g., handling of different PDU sessions with different requirements), selecting a particular SMF 183a, 183b, managing the registration area, termination of non-access stratum (NAS) signaling, mobility management, and the like. Network slicing can be used by the AMF 182a, 182b in order to customize CN support for WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c based on the type of service or feature being accessed by a WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c. For example, different network slices can be established for different use cases such as services relying on ultra-reliable low latency (URLLC) access, services relying on enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) access, services for machine type communication (MTC) access, and / or the like. The AMF 162 can provide control plane functionality for switching between the RAN 113 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, and / or non-3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) access technologies such as WiFi.

[0077] The SMF 183a, 183b can be connected to AMF 182a, 182b in the CN 115 via an N11 interface. The SMF 183a, 183b can also be connected to UPF 184a, 184b in the CN 115 via an N4 interface. The SMF 183a, 183b can select and control the UPF 184a, 184b and configure the routing of traffic through the UPF 184a, 184b. The SMF 183a, 183b can perform other functions, such as managing and allocating IP address, managing PDU sessions, controlling policy enforcement and QoS, providing downlink data notifications, and the like. A PDU session type can be IP-based, non-IP based, Ethernet-based, and the like.

[0078] The UPF 184a, 184b can be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 113 via an N3 interface, which can provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet- switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices. The UPF 184, 184b can perform other functions, such as routing and forwarding packets, enforcing user plane policies, supporting multi-homed PDU sessions, handling user plane QoS, buffering of downlink packets, providing mobility anchoring, and the like.

[0079] The CN 115 can facilitate communications with other networks. For example, the CN 115 can include, or can communicate with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between the CN 115 and the PSTN 108. In addition, the CN 115 can provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to the other networks 112, which can include other wired and / or wireless networks that are owned and / or operated by other service providers. In one embodiment, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can be connected to a local DN 185a, 185b through the UPF 184a, 184b via an N3 interface between the UPF 184a, 184b and the UPF 184a, 184b and an N6 interface between the UPF 184a, 184b and the local data network (DN) 185a, 185b.

[0080] In view of FIGS. 1A-1D And FIGS. 1A-1D One or more of the functions described herein with reference to one or more of the following can be performed by one or more emulation devices (not shown): WTRUs 102a-d, base stations 114a-b, eNode-Bs 160a-c, MME 162, SGW 164, PGW 166, gNBs 180a-c, AMF 182a-b, UPF 184a-b, SMF 183a-b, DN 185a-b, and / or any other device described herein. An emulation device can be one or more devices configured to emulate one or more of the functions described herein. For example, emulation devices can be used to test other devices and / or to simulate a network and / or WTRU functionality.

[0081] The one or more emulation devices can perform the one or more, including all, functions while not implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. For example, an emulation device can be utilized in a testing lab and / or a non-deployed (e.g., testing) wired and / or wireless communication network to implement testing of one or more components. The one or more emulation devices can be test equipment. Direct RF coupling and / or wireless communications, via RF circuitry (e.g., which can include one or more antennas), can be used by the emulation device to transmit and / or receive data.

[0082] The one or more emulation devices can perform the one or more, including all, functions while not implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. For example, an emulation device can be utilized in a testing lab and / or a non-deployed (e.g., testing) wired and / or wireless communication network to implement testing of one or more components. The one or more emulation devices can be test equipment. Direct RF coupling and / or wireless communications, via RF circuitry (e.g., which can include one or more antennas), can be used by the emulation device to transmit and / or receive data.

[0083] A frequency layer can be considered a concept and / or aspect of wireless and / or radio frequency (RF) communications for positioning reference signals (PRS). A frequency layer can consist of (e.g., can be defined by, reference, configured, indicated, characterized, parameterized by, and / or can include, have, any of a bandwidth, a center frequency, and a (e.g., corresponding) numerology, etc.). For example, a WTRU can be configured with a frequency layer that consists of (e.g., is defined / references) a bandwidth, a center frequency, and a corresponding numerology. A frequency layer can be considered (e.g., can include) a wireless network / communication resource, e.g., configured and / or allocated, e.g., with respect to wireless communications between wireless devices.

[0084] FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating a resource configuration including a frequency layer. In FIG. 2 In a conventional wireless (e.g., 3GPP specified) positioning system, a conventional WTRU configured with up to 4 frequency layers only handles one frequency (e.g., for positioning) during measurement. Further, in such a case, different frequency layers can be used by the conventional WTRU for different positioning methods. For example, positioning using a reference signal time difference (RSTD) method can be based on a first frequency layer, while positioning using a round trip time (RTT) method can be based on a second frequency layer.

[0085] Downlink (DL) positioning methods can be (e.g., refer to) any positioning method that uses DL reference signals such as PRS. In such DL positioning methods, the WTRU receives multiple reference signals from one or more transmission points (TPs) and performs DL measurements such as any of RSTD, reference signal received power (RSRP), etc. An example of a DL positioning method is DL angle of departure (DL-AoD) or DL time difference of arrival (DL-TDOA) positioning. Uplink (UL) positioning methods can be (e.g., refer to) any positioning method that uses UL reference signals such as sounding reference signals (SRS) for positioning. In such UL positioning methods, the WTRU transmits SRS to multiple reception points (RP) and the RPs measure UL relative time of arrival (UL-RTOA) and / or RSRP. An example of a UL positioning method is UL time difference of arrival (UL-TDOA) or UL angle of arrival (UL-AoA) positioning.

[0086] Combined DL and UL positioning methods can be (e.g., refer to) any positioning method that uses both UL and DL reference signals for positioning. For example, in the case of combined DL and UL positioning methods, the method uses Rx-Tx time difference (e.g., based on UL and DL signaling), which can refer to (e.g., can include determining) the difference between the time of arrival of a reference signal (e.g., PRS) transmitted by a TRP (e.g., gNB) and the transmission time of a reference signal (e.g., SRS) transmitted by a WTRU. In the case of combined DL and UL positioning methods, the WTRU transmits SRS to multiple TRPs (e.g., gNBs) that measure the Rx-Tx time difference, and the TRPs measure the RSRP of the received SRS. In this case, the WTRU measures the Rx-Tx time difference of PRS transmitted from multiple TRPs, and the WTRU measures the RSRP of the received PRS. Further, in this case, the round-trip time is calculated using the receiver-transmitter (RX-TX) difference and (e.g., possible) RSRP measured at the WTRU and the TRPs. One example of a DL and UL positioning method is multi-round-trip time (RTT) positioning.

[0087] Conventional positioning systems / methods, such as the DL, UL, and combined DL and UL positioning methods discussed above, have drawbacks in terms of meeting requirements to provide, for example, high accuracy positioning for potential / future use cases of wireless networks. For example, use cases such as factory deployments and vehicle communications require positioning services to have high accuracy. The accuracy of estimated positions depends on the bandwidth used for PRS, as the estimation error decreases when the bandwidth used for PRS increases. In cases where the bandwidth configuration available for positioning is limited, the achievable accuracy will be limited. Although in conventional positioning systems / methods, a WTRU can be configured with up to 4 frequency layers (i.e., one frequency per cell), the frequency layers cannot be dynamically switched due to the conventional (e.g., 3GPP LTE Positioning Protocol (LPP)) configuration of the WTRU. Moreover, the conventional use of frequency layers does not allow them to be aggregated, preventing wideband positioning. In view of the above-described drawbacks of conventional positioning methods, there is a need (e.g., for a WTRU, TRP, eNB, etc.) to flexibly combine and / or switch frequency layers, for example, depending on measurement conditions.

[0088] According to embodiments, a positioning method used by a wireless network can include and / or use accuracy requirements, such as, for example, and accuracy requirements associated with positioning measurements performed by a WTRU. According to embodiments, an accuracy requirement can include (e.g., consist of, have, use, be associated with, indicate, etc.) any of: a horizontal accuracy of a position, a vertical accuracy of a position, and both a horizontal accuracy and a vertical accuracy of a position. According to embodiments, a PRS configuration, for example, for a WTRU, can include accuracy requirements. That is, according to embodiments, a WTRU can be configured with an association between accuracy requirements for positioning and bandwidth sizes of positioning reference signals (PRS). For example, there can be cases where a horizontal accuracy of 2 meters can be associated with a PRS bandwidth of greater than 100 MHz. According to embodiments, any number (e.g., multiple) of accuracy requirements can be associated with respective (e.g., different) bandwidth sizes. According to embodiments, a WTRU can be semi-statically configured with such associations, for example, by / from a gNB or a location management function (LMF).

[0089] According to embodiments, the association between accuracy requirements and bandwidth size can be static, that is, the association can be fixed (e.g., defined, specified, interpreted, etc.) in the specification, for example, as an alternative to semi-static configuration. According to embodiments, a WTRU can be configured with an association between (e.g., required) latency for positioning and bandwidth size of PRS. For example, a latency of 40 ms can be associated with a PRS bandwidth greater than 200 MHz. According to embodiments, multiple (e.g., any number of) latency requirements can be associated with any number of (e.g., different) bandwidth sizes. According to embodiments, either of a gNB or an LMF can semi-statically configure a WTRU with such an association. According to embodiments, (e.g., as an alternative to semi-static configuration), the association between latency and bandwidth size can be fixed (e.g., in the specification). According to embodiments, as discussed below, a WTRU can be configured with an association (e.g., information indicating the association, a formula for the association, etc.) between bandwidth size and either of accuracy requirements or latency requirements for a positioning service.

[0090] According to embodiments, a WTRU can support multiple (e.g., enabled) frequency layers. According to embodiments, a WTRU can be configured to support multiple (e.g., enabled) frequency layers. According to embodiments, a WTRU can determine whether the WTRU can support multiple (e.g., enabled) frequency layers for positioning, for example, based on (e.g., according to the WTRU) a capability to support carrier aggregation for data transmission. For example, according to embodiments, in a case that a WTRU determines that it can support multiple (e.g., enabled) frequency layers, the WTRU can (e.g., then) report a capability to support multiple (e.g., enabled) frequency layers for positioning to an LMF. According to embodiments, an LMF can be a non-limiting example of a node and / or entity (e.g., a network node or entity) that can be used to support positioning. According to embodiments, the disclosure herein is not limited to use of an LMF, and any other suitable and / or similar node or entity can be used in place of an LMF and still be consistent with the present disclosure.

[0091] According to embodiments, a WTRU can be configured to report, for example, to an LMF, a set of configured secondary cells (SCells) and / or CCs (e.g., configured by a gNB) for data transmission. For example, according to embodiments, a WTRU can be configured to report configured SCells / CCs to an LMF using LPP signaling. In addition, a WTRU can report to an LMF any of a cell ID, an absolute radio frequency channel number (ARFCN), and a bandwidth for each of the configured SCells / CCs for data transmission.

[0092] According to embodiments, a WTRU can be configured to report active SCells / CCs to an LMF, e.g., upon receiving an indication, such as, for example, an activation or deactivation indication, from a gNB. For example, in the case that a WTRU receives a MAC control element (MAC-CE) to deactivate one or more SCells / CCs, the WTRU reports a set of active SCells / CCs to an LMF using an LPP protocol. According to embodiments, in the case that a WTRU receives a MAC-CE to activate one or more SCells / CCs, the WTRU reports a set of active SCells / CCs to an LMF using an LPP protocol. According to embodiments, a WTRU can be configured to report a set of configured bandwidth parts (BWPs) within a CC to an LMF. For example, according to embodiments, a WTRU can report any of a BWP ID and a bandwidth of a configured BWP to an LMF, and the WTRU can indicate the CC for each BWP when reporting the set.

[0093] According to embodiments, a WTRU can be configured, e.g., by a network (e.g., an LMF, a gNB, etc.), with multiple frequency layers for positioning reference signals. According to embodiments, a WTRU can be configured (e.g., initially configured, preliminarily configured, preconfigured, etc.) to enable (e.g., activate) one or more frequency layers. According to embodiments, a WTRU can be configured to associate a frequency layer with one or more of any of a SCell, a CC, and a BWP for data transmission. According to embodiments, a WTRU can be configured, e.g., (e.g., explicitly) by an LMF and / or a gNB, to associate a frequency layer with one or more SCells, CCs, and / or BWPs. For example, according to embodiments, a WTRU can receive, e.g., from an LMF, (e.g., information such as configuration information that indicates) a mapping of a frequency layer to one or more cell IDs. According to embodiments, a WTRU can receive, e.g., from a gNB, (e.g., information that indicates) a mapping of a frequency layer and a BWP to a cell.

[0094] According to embodiments, a WTRU can autonomously associate a frequency layer with any of a SCell, a CC, and a BWP. According to embodiments, a WTRU can be configured to autonomously associate a frequency layer with any of a SCell, a CC, and a BWP, for example, in a case where the SCell, the CC, and the BWP are co-located in the frequency domain. For example, according to embodiments, a WTRU can associate a frequency layer with any of a SCell, a CC, and a BWP in a case where the SCell, the CC, and the BWP are below the same frequency band. According to embodiments, a WTRU can associate a frequency layer with any of a SCell, a CC, and a BWP, for example, in a case where a frequency offset between a center frequency of the frequency layer and a center frequency of the SCell, the CC, and the BWP exceeds (e.g., is below or above) a (e.g., configured) threshold. According to embodiments, a WTRU can associate a frequency layer with any of a SCell, a CC, and a BWP, for example, in a case where a bandwidth of the frequency layer is within a bandwidth of any of the SCell, the CC, and the BWP. According to embodiments, a WTRU can associate a frequency layer with any of a SCell, a CC, and a BWP, for example, in a case where the WTRU is capable of simultaneously supporting any of the SCell, the CC, and the BWP and the frequency layer. According to embodiments, such capability can be defined and / or specified.

[0095] FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating an association between a CC, a BWP, and a frequency layer according to embodiments. According to embodiments, a WTRU can associate any of a single SCell, a single CC, and a single BWP with any number of frequency layers. That is, according to embodiments, a WTRU can be configured to associate (e.g., configured with information for association) any of a single SCell, a single CC, and a single BWP with multiple frequency layers. For example, according to embodiments, there can be a case where a wideband BWP can be associated with multiple frequency layers, and a narrowband BWP can be associated with a single frequency layer (e.g., different from any of the multiple frequency layers or the same as one of the multiple frequency layers). Referring to FIG. 3 , a first CC (CC1) for data transmission can be associated with 8 frequency layers (including FL1 to FL8) for positioning (e.g., for positioning signaling). According to embodiments, referring to FIG. 3 , a first BWP (BWP1) can be associated with 4 frequency layers FL1 to FL4. According to embodiments, a WTRU can be configured to associate a single frequency layer with any of multiple SCells, multiple CCs, and multiple BWPs.

[0096] According to embodiments, a PRS configuration (e.g., bandwidth of PRS, number of OFDM symbols, repetition factor, comb factor, etc.) can be associated with multiple frequency layers. A WTRU can receive from a network (e.g., LMF, gNB) a list of PRS configurations that associate one or more (or each) PRS configuration with multiple frequency layers. For example, according to the list, the WTRU can determine that PRS configuration A is associated with frequency layer numbers 1 and 2, while PRS configuration B is associated with frequency layer numbers 3 and 4. When the WTRU receives an indication that multiple frequency layers are configured, the WTRU can determine the PRS configuration according to the list. In this example, “frequency layer” can be used interchangeably with SCell, CC, or BWP.

[0097] According to embodiments, a base station (e.g., gNB) can transmit any of an activation command and a deactivation command associated with any of an SCell, a CC, and a BWP. That is, according to embodiments, a WTRU can receive (e.g., from a gNB) an activation command and / or a deactivation command for one or more of a configured SCell, CC, and / or BWP. According to embodiments, in the case that any of an SCell, a CC, and a BWP corresponding to a frequency layer is activated, then the WTRU can enable the frequency layer for positioning. For example, according to embodiments, with reference to FIG. 3 In the case that CC1 is activated, the WTRU can enable any of frequency layers FL1-FL8 for positioning. According to embodiments, with reference to FIG. 3 In the case that BWP5 is activated, the WTRU can enable the FL8 frequency layer for positioning. According to embodiments, for example, in the case that a corresponding SCell, CC, and / or BWP is deactivated, the WTRU can disable the frequency layer for positioning.

[0098] According to embodiments, a WTRU can determine which frequency layer to enable, for example, according to a subcarrier spacing of any of an active SCell, an active CC, and an active BWP. For example, the WTRU can enable a frequency layer whose subcarrier spacing is equal to a subcarrier spacing of at least one of an active SCell, an active CC, and an active BWP. According to embodiments, a WTRU can use an accuracy requirement to determine any number of frequency layers to enable from any of an active SCell, an active CC, and an active BWP. For example, according to embodiments, a WTRU can use a configured association between an accuracy (e.g., accuracy requirement) and a bandwidth size to determine a (e.g., required) bandwidth for PRS.

[0099] According to embodiments, a WTRU can receive (e.g., from a network (e.g., gNB, LMF), information indicating) an association between an accuracy and a bandwidth size. According to embodiments, based on a set of active SCells, active CCs, and / or active BWPs, a WTRU can use the association between any of the SCells, CCs, BWPs and a frequency layer to determine, for example, a set of frequency layers available for activation. According to embodiments, the WTRU can (e.g., then) enable a frequency layer having a bandwidth (e.g., associated with the bandwidth) greater than or equal to a (e.g., determined, required, etc.) bandwidth used (e.g., required, needed, etc.) to satisfy an accuracy requirement. According to embodiments (e.g., as an alternative), the WTRU can enable multiple frequency layers and can aggregate the frequency layers (e.g., operation, use, etc. of the frequency layers), for example, to satisfy the accuracy requirement.

[0100] According to embodiments, a WTRU can determine (e.g., from among, from belonging to, etc.) a frequency layer to enable from any of active SCells, active CCs, and active BWPs, for example, based on (e.g., according to) a required latency. That is, according to embodiments, a WTRU can use a configured association between a required latency and a bandwidth size, for example, to determine a (e.g., required, minimum, needed, etc.) bandwidth for PRS. According to embodiments, based on a set of any of active SCells, active CCs, and active BWPs, a WTRU can determine a set of frequency layers available for activation, for example, by using (e.g., based on, according to, etc.) an association between any of the SCells, CCs, and BWPs and a frequency layer. According to embodiments, the WTRU can (e.g., then) enable a frequency layer having a bandwidth greater than or equal to a required bandwidth determined to satisfy a latency requirement. According to embodiments (e.g., as an alternative to enabling one frequency layer), the WTRU can enable multiple frequency layers and can aggregate the frequency layers to satisfy the latency requirement.

[0101] According to embodiments, the WTRU can determine whether the measured RSRP of one or more PRS within a frequency layer is below a threshold. In the case that the measured RSRP of one or more PRS within a frequency layer is below a threshold, according to embodiments, the WTRU can determine a frequency layer to be enabled from (e.g., among) any of an active SCell, an active CC, and an active BWP. For example, according to embodiments, the WTRU can be configured with a first enabled frequency layer to measure PRS. According to embodiments, the WTRU can determine that the (e.g., measured) RSRP of at least one PRS within the enabled frequency layer is below (e.g., a configured) threshold. According to embodiments, the WTRU can determine that the (e.g., measured) RSRP of N PRS within the enabled frequency layer is below (e.g., a configured) threshold, where N is a configured number of PRS.

[0102] According to embodiments, in the case that the measured RSRP of PRS is below a configured threshold, the WTRU selects one (e.g., another, second, different, etc.) frequency layer, for example to enable the so selected frequency layer from among the frequency layers associated with any of an active SCell, an active CC, and an active BWP. According to embodiments, the WTRU can select to enable a frequency layer associated with (e.g., having) a larger bandwidth. According to embodiments (e.g., as an alternative), the WTRU can activate all frequency layers associated with all active SCells, active CCs, and active BWPs. According to embodiments, the WTRU can enable and / or disable any frequency layer. For example, the WTRU can disable a first frequency layer that has been enabled after enabling a second frequency layer.

[0103] According to embodiments, a WTRU can perform measurements associated with channel state information reference signals (CSI-RS) corresponding to any of SCells, CCs, and BWPs. According to embodiments, in a case where the measured CSI-RS corresponding to the SCell / CC / BWP is below a threshold, the WTRU can determine (e.g., select) a frequency layer to be activated from among any of the active SCells, active CCs, and active BWPs. According to embodiments, there can be a case where the WTRU is configured with a first activated frequency layer (e.g., information indicating the first activated frequency layer, configured to use the first activated frequency layer, etc.) to measure PRS, where the first activated frequency layer is associated with an active SCell, CC, and / or BWP for data transmission. According to embodiments, in such a case, the WTRU can determine that the CSI-RS measured on the SCell (e.g., and / or any of CCs and BWPs) associated with the first activated frequency layer is below a configured threshold. Further, in such a case, the WTRU can select (e.g., determine) to activate a second frequency layer, which is a frequency layer associated with the remaining active SCells (e.g., CCs, BWPs). According to embodiments, in such a case, the WTRU can deactivate the first activated frequency layer after activating the second frequency layer.

[0104] According to embodiments, a WTRU can be configured with multiple PRS configurations, where each PRS resource can be associated with a SCell, CC, BWP, or frequency layer. If PRS resources associated with multiple SCells, CCs, BWPs, or frequency layers have similar error characteristics (e.g., phase error, timing error), the WTRU can receive an indication from the network to activate the multiple SCells, CCs, BWPs, or frequency layers. For example, if PRS resources belong to a same timing error group, the WTRU can determine that the PRS resources share similar timing errors. Thus, if PRS resources belong to an error group (e.g., timing error group, phase error group), the WTRU can determine that multiple SCells, CCs, BWPs, or frequency layers are activated simultaneously.

[0105] According to embodiments, a WTRU can receive information (e.g., command, instruction, configuration, etc.) indicating (e.g., instructing, commanding, configuring, etc.) the WTRU to select a frequency layer according to RSRP measured for CSI-RS and / or PRS. For example, according to embodiments, a WTRU can receive an indication for selecting a frequency layer based on RSRP measured on CSI-RS and / or PRS from a network (e.g., gNB, LMF) via any of downlink control element (DCI), MAC control element (MAC-CE), radio resource control (RRC), and LPP messaging / signaling. According to embodiments, a WTRU can receive (e.g., can be configured with information indicating) different thresholds for selecting a frequency layer based on CSI-RS RSRP and / or PRS RSRP. According to embodiments, a WTRU can be configured to use two RSRP thresholds. That is, in a case where both CSI-RS RSRP and PRS RSRP are above their respective thresholds, a WTRU can determine to use a frequency layer. According to embodiments, a WTRU can be configured to receive an indication from a network (e.g., LMF and / or gNB) to enable one or more frequency layers. According to embodiments, a WTRU can receive an LPP message enabling one or more frequency layers.

[0106] According to embodiments, a WTRU can receive a DCI (e.g., and / or any of a MAC-CE message and a RRC message) enabling one or more frequency layers. For example, according to embodiments, an LMF can send an indication to a gNB about a frequency layer (e.g., information indicating a frequency layer, configuring a frequency layer, commanding a frequency layer, etc.) that a WTRU is to enable (e.g., indicated, commanded, configured). In this case, according to embodiments, the gNB can relay the information to the WTRU using lower layer signaling such as DCI or MAC-CE signaling, and the WTRU can activate a SCell, CC, BWP corresponding to the enabled frequency layer. For example, according to embodiments, there can be a case where a WTRU is configured with a frequency layer x associated with a BWP y. In this case, according to embodiments, in addition to receiving an indication (e.g., information indicating a frequency layer enablement) of enablement of the frequency layer x from the LMF, the WTRU can switch to the BWP y for data transmission.

[0107] According to embodiments, there can be a case where a WTRU is configured with a frequency layer x associated with a SCell y. In this case, the WTRU can receive an enabling indication for the frequency layer x from the LMF and the WTRU can enable the SCell y for data transmission. According to embodiments, the WTRU can enable the frequency layer according to the positioning method performed / used by the WTRU. According to embodiments, the WTRU can be configured with restrictions associated with (e.g., certain) positioning methods. For example, the WTRU can be configured with positioning method dependent restrictions on the combination of frequency layers. That is, according to embodiments, for an angle of departure (AoD) positioning method, the WTRU can enable frequency layers with different numerologies and for a time difference of arrival (TDOA) positioning method, the WTRU can not (e.g., cannot, is not allowed, etc.) aggregate frequency layers with different numerologies.

[0108] According to embodiments, there can be a case where a WTRU is configured with TDOA, where the WTRU can not aggregate SCells, CCs, BWPs, or frequency layers where the PRS resources associated with the SCells, CCs, BWPs, or frequency layers do not belong to the same error group (e.g., timing error group, phase error group).

[0109] According to embodiments, the WTRU can receive from the network (e.g., LMF, gNB) a number N of SCells, CCs, BWPs, or frequency layers to activate. The WTRU can receive criteria based on which the WTRU determines the SCells, CCs, BWPs, or frequency layers to activate. The WTRU can determine to activate SCells, CCs, BWPs, or frequency layers, where the number of activated SCells, CCs, BWPs, or frequency layers can be less than N. According to embodiments, if the number of SCells, CCs, BWPs, or frequency layers that can be activated is less than N, the WTRU can determine to not activate any SCells, CCs, BWPs, or frequency layers.

[0110] According to embodiments, the WTRU can determine to deactivate the aggregation of SCells, CCs, BWPs, or frequency layers if one or more conditions are not met. For example, the WTRU can deactivate the aggregation of SCells, CCs, BWPs, or frequency layers if the number of aggregated SCells, CCs, BWPs, or frequency layers is not the same across the configured PRS resources, PRS resource sets, or TRPs from which PRS are transmitted. Once the WTRU determines to deactivate the aggregation of frequency layers, the WTRU can determine to use a default SCell, CC, BWP, or frequency layer used prior to the enabling of the aggregation of SCells, CCs, BWPs, or frequency layers.

[0111] According to embodiments, a WTRU can enable a frequency layer based on a channel access procedure result (listen before talk result). The WTRU can be configured with one or more frequency layers with frequency resources belonging to unlicensed spectrum. According to embodiments, the WTRU can first attempt to access a channel in which a frequency layer is configured, and upon successfully acquiring the channel, the WTRU enables the frequency layer. According to embodiments, the WTRU can receive an indication from a gNB indicating that a channel is acquired by the gNB. The WTRU can then enable a frequency layer with frequency resources within the acquired channel indicated from the gNB. The WTRU can also receive a DCI (WTRU-specific or group common DCI) indicating which frequency resources are acquired by the gNB and channel occupancy time. The WTRU can only enable the frequency layer belonging to unlicensed spectrum during the duration of acquiring the channel (i.e., channel occupancy time). Upon releasing the channel (by the gNB or the WTRU), the WTRU can disable the corresponding frequency layer.

[0112] According to embodiments, a WTRU can be configured to report a set of enabled frequency layers, e.g., to a network (e.g., LMF and / or gNB). According to embodiments, the WTRU can report a set of selected (with enabled) frequency layers prior to reporting measurement results. According to embodiments (e.g., as an alternative), the WTRU can report a set of enabled frequency layers along with measurement results of PRS. According to embodiments, there can be a case where a WTRU reports a preferred frequency layer to a network, e.g., without (e.g., by itself) enabling the frequency layer. In this case, the WTRU (e.g., then) waits for a network (e.g., LMF and / or gNB) configuration of the frequency layer to enable one or more frequency layers. According to embodiments, the WTRU can use a trigger for enabling a frequency layer to select a set of frequency layers, e.g., to report to a network.

[0113] According to embodiments, a WTRU can not report a set of enabled SCells, CCs, BWPs, or frequency layers to the network (e.g., LMF, gNB). The WTRU can receive an indication from the network to enable aggregation of SCells, CCs, BWPs, or frequency layers. Further, the WTRU can receive an association from the network of SCells, CCs, BWPs, or frequency layers and PRS configurations. Each SCell, CC, BWP, or frequency layer can be associated with an ID. For example, each BWP can be associated with a PRS configuration (e.g., bandwidth, comb pattern, repetition factor, number of symbols of PRS), and the WTRU can determine the PRS configuration associated with an activated BWP, where the BWP is activated based on at least one of the aforementioned conditions. The network can determine which SCells, CCs, BWPs, or frequency layers to activate based on measurement reports from the WTRU. A PRS configuration can be associated with multiple SCells, CCs, BWPs, or frequency layers. Each combination of SCells, CCs, BWPs, or frequency layers can be associated with an ID (e.g., a set of SCells, CCs, BWPs, or frequency layers can be associated with an ID), and the ID can be associated with a PRS configuration. The WTRU can determine the PRS configuration according to the ID of the set of activated SCells, CCs, BWPs, or frequency layers.

[0114] According to embodiments, a WTRU can report (e.g., transmit information indicating) an identifier (ID) of any of a preferred BWP and a preferred SCell, and the WTRU can determine which of the BWP and / or SCell is preferred. According to embodiments, the WTRU (e.g., then after reporting a preferred SCell and / or BWP) can be configured with a frequency layer that is (e.g., more) suitable relative to the WTRU reported preferred BWP and / or SCell. For example, according to embodiments, a WTRU can be configured with both a narrowband BWP and a wideband BWP, and each BWP can be associated with a different number of frequency layers. According to embodiments, the WTRU can select a wideband BWP that can be used (e.g., can help enable) a wideband frequency layer.

[0115] According to embodiments, in the case of enabling a frequency layer (e.g., in the case of an enabled frequency layer), the WTRU can start monitoring the bandwidth of the (e.g., enabled) frequency layer, for example, to measure a received PRS and / or transmit an SRS for positioning. According to embodiments, in the case of deactivating a frequency layer (e.g., in the case of a frequency layer being deactivated), the WTRU can stop monitoring the bandwidth of the frequency layer and / or transmitting on the bandwidth of the frequency layer.

[0116] In an embodiment, a WTRU can keep measuring PRS in a frequency layer after the frequency layer has been deactivated. The WTRU can be configured with a timer for determining the time each frequency layer can measure PRS in case the frequency layer is deactivated. In an embodiment, upon deactivation of a frequency layer, the WTRU can trigger the timer and keep monitoring / measuring PRS. When the timer expires, the WTRU can stop measuring / monitoring PRS in the deactivated frequency layer. In an embodiment, if the corresponding frequency layer is activated again, the WTRU can reset the timer and keep monitoring PRS. For example, the WTRU can be configured with an association between BWPs and frequency layers (e.g., BWP1 is associated with FL1). The WTRU can be instructed by the gNB to activate BWP1 and enable frequency layer 1, FL1. After using BWP1, the gNB can switch the active BWP to a different BWP. The WTRU can start the timer and keep measuring / monitoring PRS within FL1 even after switching the BWP. If before the timer expires, the gNB indicates to the WTRU to switch back to BWP1 as the active BWP, the WTRU can stop and reset the timer to keep monitoring PRS within FL1. If the timer expires and the WTRU still does not use BWP1 as the active BWP, the WTRU can stop monitoring PRS within FL1.

[0117] According to embodiments, a WTRU can be configured (e.g., preconfigured) with more than one measurement gap (MG), each MG having a respective and / or different duration. According to embodiments, a WTRU can be configured to determine a MG, e.g., based on an enabled set of frequency layers and active SCell, active CC, and / or active BWP. According to embodiments, a WTRU can: (1) request (e.g., send an information request) a (e.g., determined) MG from a gNB, and / or (2) autonomously use a determined MG. According to embodiments, a WTRU can determine (e.g., request) a MG according to any of subcarrier spacing and frequency location. For example, according to embodiments, a WTRU can determine (e.g., request) a MG based on a subcarrier spacing of any of an active SCell, active CC, and active BWP and a subcarrier spacing of an enabled frequency layer. For example, according to embodiments, in case an active SCell, CC, and / or BWP has the same numerology as an enabled frequency layer, the WTRU can select the smallest MG duration.

[0118] According to embodiments, the WTRU can determine (e.g., be required to determine) the MG based on the frequency location of the enabled frequency layer (e.g., relative to the frequency location of any of the active SCell, active CC, and / or active BWP). For example, in the case that the active SCell, active CC, and / or active BWP are in the same frequency band as the enabled frequency layer, the WTRU can select the minimum MG duration. According to embodiments, the WTRU can temporarily switch to another frequency layer, e.g., to perform measurements, and can (e.g., then) switch back to the active BWP. According to embodiments, the WTRU’s need for MG can depend on whether the wider frequency band includes the active BWP.

[0119] According to embodiments, in the case of any of the DL positioning methods and the combined DL and UL positioning methods, the PRS can be transmitted from a neighboring cell (e.g., a non-serving cell). In this case, the WTRU can receive information (e.g., cell ID) related to the neighboring cell from the network (e.g., LMF, gNB). According to embodiments and as referred to herein, the “neighboring cell ID” can refer to a cell ID that is configured for the WTRU for positioning purposes. According to embodiments, the WTRU can receive from the network an indication (e.g., information indicating the association between them) to associate the SCell ID with the neighboring cell ID for positioning. For example, according to embodiments, in the case that the SCell ID and the neighboring cell ID are the same, the WTRU can determine to associate their IDs.

[0120] According to embodiments (e.g., as an alternative), the WTRU can receive from the network a table indicating the association between the SCell ID and the neighboring cell ID (e.g., can receive information indicating the mapping). According to embodiments, such association can be a default configuration. According to embodiments, the WTRU can determine to associate the neighboring cell ID with the SCell ID, e.g., in the case that the WTRU receives an indication from the network to use an additional frequency layer and / or is activated. According to embodiments, the WTRU can determine to associate a frequency layer with any of the CCs or BWPs of the associated SCell ID based on any of the following parameters: ARFCN (absolute radio frequency channel number), bandwidth, center frequency, SCS, numerology used for data communication, and / or PRS.

[0121] According to embodiments, a WTRU can receive an indication (e.g., information indicating activation) from a network to use multiple frequency layers, for example. According to embodiments, the WTRU can stop using the multiple frequency layers in case of (e.g., in case of satisfying, occurring, etc.) at least one of the following conditions: an accuracy requirement has been reached, a timer expires, a RSRP of a PRS associated with an additional frequency layer is below a threshold, and an explicit indication from the network. According to embodiments, there can be a case where an accuracy requirement has been reached. According to embodiments, in case the WTRU determines that an accuracy requirement has been reached, the WTRU can send an indication to the network to terminate the use of the additional frequency layer, for example, because the accuracy requirement has been met.

[0122] According to embodiments, there can be a case where a timer expires. For example, a WTRU can be configured with a duration during which the WTRU is expected to use an additional frequency layer. In this case, according to embodiments, the WTRU can start a timer in case the WTRU starts using the additional frequency layer. When the timer expires, the WTRU can terminate the use of the additional frequency layer. According to embodiments, there can be a case where a RSRP of a PRS associated with an additional frequency layer is below a threshold. According to embodiments, in this case, the WTRU can be configured with a threshold from the network. According to embodiments, there can be a further case where: (1) a RSRP of a PRS transmitted on an additional frequency layer is below a threshold, or (2) a number of PRS with RSRP above a threshold is below a preconfigured number of frequency layers. In this further case, the WTRU can determine to terminate the use of the additional frequency layer for positioning, for example, because the WTRU can not be able to make information measurements from the additional frequency layer.

[0123] According to embodiments, there can be a case where an explicit indication from the network. That is, according to embodiments, a WTRU can receive a deactivation command from a network (e.g., LMF, gNB) via any of DCI, MAC-CE, RRC, and LPP messaging / signaling. According to embodiments, in case the WTRU determines to terminate the use of an additional frequency layer, the WTRU can send an indication to the network (e.g., gNB, LMF) via any of RRC, UCI, MAC-CE, and LPP messaging to inform the network that the use of the additional frequency layer has been terminated, for example.

[0124] According to embodiments, a WTRU can be configured with a default number of frequency layers and / or a default number of frequency layer IDs on which the WTRU can (e.g., be expected to) receive PRS. According to embodiments, in the event that use of additional frequency layers is terminated and / or in the event that the WTRU does not find (e.g., determine, select, etc.) additional frequency layers for positioning, the WTRU can determine to use a frequency layer with a fallback frequency layer ID. According to embodiments, a WTRU can receive a configuration (e.g., information indicating the configuration) for a default number of frequency layers from a network. According to embodiments, a WTRU can determine to pick (e.g., select) a configured number of frequency layers from a set of frequency layers configured for the WTRU.

[0125] According to embodiments, a PRS configuration parameter can comprise any of the following: repetition factor; resource time gap; number of symbols; muting pattern; resource power; RE offset; symbol offset; PRS resource ID; PRS resource set ID; PRS ID; TRP ID (e.g., from which PRS is transmitted); bandwidth; and cell ID (e.g., from which PRS is transmitted).

[0126] FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating use of multiple frequency layers (FLs) according to embodiments. According to embodiments, a WTRU can be configured with any number (e.g., multiple) of frequency layers. According to embodiments, a frequency layer (that is, each of the multiple frequency layers) can be associated with one or more carriers and / or BWPs for data transmission. According to embodiments, there can be a set (e.g., configured) of frequency layers enabled by a network (such as an LMF). According to embodiments, a WTRU can receive an SCell activation command for one or more SCells. After measuring PRS transmitted within / via the enabled frequency layers, according to embodiments, a WTRU can determine whether the measured PRS (such as RSRP) is above or below a (e.g., configured) threshold for a service requirement. Referring to FIG. 4 In the event that the measured RSRP is below a (e.g., configured) threshold, the WTRU can enable an additional frequency layer according to a set of any of the active SCells and active BWPs. The WTRU measures PRS on the newly enabled FL. In this case, the WTRU can (e.g., then) return (e.g., send, transmit, etc.) a measurement report to the LMF, for example, via / using the enabled frequency layer. Referring again to FIG. 4 In the event that the measured RSRP is above or greater than a (e.g., configured) threshold, the WTRU can return (e.g., send, transmit, etc.) a measurement report to the LMF, for example, via / using the enabled frequency layer.

[0127] According to embodiments, a WTRU can receive a frequency hopping (FH) pattern for DL RS (e.g., PRS), for example, before configuring multiple layers. According to embodiments, a WTRU can receive PRS in configured frequency and time resources (e.g., in configured hops), which can change according to a pattern (e.g., in a predetermined pattern), for example, such that the WTRU can measure on PRS (e.g., on enabled FLs). According to embodiments, there can be a case where a WTRU determines that the RSRP corresponding to a hop is higher than a (e.g., preconfigured) threshold. In this case, according to embodiments, the network can activate the frequency layer corresponding to the hop in case the WTRU receives an indication to use multiple frequency layers.

[0128] According to embodiments, a WTRU can determine that an increase in the number of frequency layers is needed. According to embodiments, a WTRU can request the network to increase the number of frequency layers (e.g., can transmit an on-demand frequency layer request to the network). According to embodiments, a WTRU can request the network to increase the number of frequency layers under any of the following conditions: (1) the RSRP of the currently configured frequency layers is lower than a threshold, and (2) the variance and / or standard deviation of the measurement results (e.g., RSPR, RSTD) is higher than a threshold.

[0129] According to embodiments, an on-demand frequency layer request (e.g., transmitted by a WTRU) can include the following parameters: (1) the number of any of the required frequency layers, CCs, and BWPs, and (2) the ID of any of the frequency layers, SCells, cells, BWPs, CCs, etc. According to embodiments, a WTRU can be configured (e.g., beforehand) by the network with a set of the number of required frequency layers, CCs, BWPs, etc., for example, in case of the number of any of the required frequency layers, CCs, and BWPs. According to embodiments, a WTRU can be configured (e.g., beforehand) by the network with a set of IDs for any of the frequency layers, SCells, cells, BWPs, and CCs, from which the WTRU can make a request, for example, in case of an on-demand request including an ID. According to embodiments, in case the network accepts an on-demand frequency layer request, a WTRU can receive a set of any of the frequency layers, CCs, BWPs, SCells, and cells on which the WTRU can receive PRS.

[0130] According to embodiments, in case the WTRU receives PRS in configured frequency layers, the WTRU can report (e.g., transmit information indicating) any of RSRP, Reference Signal Time Difference (RSTD), and Angle of Arrival (AoA) in the measurement report. According to embodiments, the WTRU can indicate the number of frequency layers used in the measurement. According to embodiments, for RSTD, the WTRU can measure the time difference between the time of arrival of two PRS (e.g., a reference PRS and a measurement PRS). According to embodiments, in case the WTRU reports multiple RSTDs, the WTRU can use the same reference PRS for the RSTDs. According to embodiments, the WTRU can determine to use a different number of frequency layers for each RSTD according to any of the following conditions: (1) additional frequency layers cannot be found (e.g., because the aforementioned conditions cannot be met); and (2) the WTRU receives an explicit indication from the network to use a different number of frequency layers for the indicated pair of reference PRS and measurement PRS.

[0131] According to embodiments, in case a different number of frequency layers is used for each RSTD, the WTRU can indicate the number of frequency layers used for each RSTD. According to embodiments, the WTRU can receive information indicating the method for calculating, for example, the RSRP to be used by the WTRU. That is, according to embodiments, the information indicating the method for calculating the RSRP can include any of the following information: (1) RSRP of PRS averaged within each frequency layer; (2) RSRP of PRS averaged across all frequency layers; and (3) RSRP of PRS averaged across (e.g., per CC, per BWP, for a configured number of resource blocks) configured frequency units.

[0132] According to embodiments, in case the WTRU is configured with multiple frequency layers, the WTRU can be configured with PRS resources including frequency resources on the multiple frequency layers. According to embodiments, in this case, in case the multiple frequency layers are enabled, the WTRU can start monitoring the PRS resources spanning the multiple frequency layers. According to embodiments, the WTRU can be configured with separate PRS resources for separate frequency layers. According to embodiments, in case the multiple frequency layers are enabled, the WTRU can aggregate the PRS resources within the enabled frequency layers and report the measurement results corresponding to the aggregated PRS resources. According to embodiments, the WTRU can report to the LMF the PRS RSRP measured averaged over different frequency layers.

[0133] In embodiments, the WTRU can measure each PRS resource separately on different enabled frequency layers without aggregation. In embodiments, the WTRU can be configured to use the same positioning calculation method for all frequency layers (e.g., use AoA for all frequency layers or use TDOA for all frequency layers). The WTRU can then report the measurement results for each frequency layer to the LMF. In embodiments, the WTRU can be configured to use different positioning calculation methods for different frequency layers. For example, the WTRU can use AoA for a first frequency layer, TDOA for a second frequency layer, and RTT for a third frequency layer. The WTRU can be instructed by the network (e.g., LMF) which positioning method to use. In embodiments, the WTRU can autonomously determine the positioning calculation method for each frequency layer.

[0134] In embodiments, the positioning calculation method for an enabled frequency layer can be based on the frequency band of the enabled frequency layer. Certain frequency bands can be associated with some frequency bands. For example, for higher frequency bands, the WTRU can use an AoA method for PRS measurements. The method can include the bandwidth of the enabled frequency layer, either separately or together. For example, for larger bandwidths, TDOA can be used. The characteristics of a group of enabled frequency layers can also be included. For example, if a group of enabled frequency layers are adjacent in frequency, the WTRU can use the same positioning calculation method for adjacent frequency layers. In embodiments, the expected time for a de-activated frequency layer can also be applied in the positioning calculation method. The WTRU can determine the time when a frequency will be deactivated based on the BWP switching timer. For example, a BWP switch of an enabled frequency layer occurs. The switched BWP is a temporary switch and the WTRU knows based on the BWP timer that the WTRU has to switch back to the default BWP. Based on the BWP timer, the WTRU can determine the expected time for a de-activated frequency layer. Based on the expected time for a de-activated frequency layer, the WTRU can select which positioning method to use. For example, if the expected time for a de-activated frequency layer is greater than the next PRS resource needed for measurements, the WTRU can select RTT.

[0135] In embodiments, the WTRU can report the measurement results for each frequency layer to the network along with the positioning method for positioning calculation. The WTRU can group the frequency layers with the same positioning calculation method in the same reporting message. The WTRU can receive an indication from the network (e.g., LMF) with the positioning calculation method for each frequency layer. This indication can be sent during the configuration of the frequency layers. The WTRU can further receive an update on which positioning calculation method to use for the frequency layers. For more dynamic indication, the gNB can update the positioning calculation method by sending a MAC CE or DCI to the WTRU.

[0136] In embodiments, a WTRU can be configured to measure PRS only within newly enabled frequency layers. Alternatively, a WTRU can be configured to measure PRS of all enabled frequency layers.

[0137] According to embodiments, a priority can be associated with a frequency layer. According to embodiments, a WTRU can be configured with a priority associated with a frequency layer. According to embodiments, a WTRU can prioritize frequency layers for PRS measurement. For example, according to embodiments, a WTRU can monitor (e.g., be capable of monitoring) a maximum number of frequency layers. In the event that the number of enabled frequency layers reaches a maximum, according to embodiments, a WTRU can (e.g., start) prioritizing between enabled frequency layers. According to embodiments, a WTRU can prioritize between frequency layers according to (e.g., at the time of) when a frequency layer is enabled. For example, according to embodiments, a WTRU can prioritize a (e.g., newly) enabled frequency layer over an initially enabled frequency layer. According to embodiments, a WTRU can prioritize between frequency layers according to a frequency layer ID. For example, a frequency layer with a lower ID can be considered a high priority frequency layer. According to embodiments, a frequency layer with a larger ID can be considered a high priority frequency layer. According to embodiments, a WTRU can prioritize between frequency layers based on previously measured (e.g., generated during a previous measurement) measurement results. For example, according to embodiments, a WTRU can prioritize a frequency layer with a higher RSRP over a frequency layer with a lower RSRP.

[0138] According to embodiments, a WTRU can be (e.g., pre-) configured with any number of (e.g., multiple) MGs for measuring PRS and / or transmitting SRS positioning (SRSp) on a set of enabled frequency layers. According to embodiments, a WTRU can request an LMF to activate a set of frequency layers for positioning, e.g., based on any of: an accuracy requirement, a latency, a measured RSRP where a frequency layer is below a threshold, and a measured CSI-RS corresponding to a BWP is below a threshold. According to embodiments, there can be cases where a request for multiple frequency layers is granted (e.g., by the network). According to embodiments, in such cases, a WTRU can determine the MGs required for PRS measurements and / or SRSp transmission according to any of: (1) the total bandwidth of the enabled frequency layers; (2) the subcarrier spacing of the enabled frequency layers; (3) the subcarrier spacing of the measured frequency layers; (4) the number of enabled frequency layers; (5) the number of frequency layers that the WTRU should measure; and (6) the frequency location of the active CCs used for data transmission relative to a set of enabled frequency layers. According to embodiments, a WTRU can request a selected MG to a gNB, and the WTRU can wait for a gNB confirmation before applying the selected MG to PRS measurements. According to embodiments, a WTRU can apply a selected MG to PRS measurements without a gNB confirmation.

[0139] According to embodiments, a WTRU can receive from a network (e.g., LMF, gNB) a list of MG parameters (e.g., as shown in FIG. 5 MG length, MG periodicity) associated with a frequency layer. In FIG. 5 the example shown, a WTRU receives data, control channels, and / or control signals outside of measurement gaps. During the interval indicated by “measurement gap length,” a WTRU does not receive data, control channels, and / or control signals. For example, MG configuration A can be associated with frequency layer 1 and frequency layer 2, while MG configuration B can be associated with frequency layer 1. If a WTRU is configured by a network with frequency layers 1 and 2, the WTRU can determine that the WTRU should request MG configuration A to the network. Each entry in the list can be associated with an ID, such that a WTRU can request an MG to a network by sending the corresponding ID. In this example, “frequency layer” can be used interchangeably with SCell, CC, or BWP. A WTRU can use RRC, MAC-CE, UCI, or LPP messages to request an MG.

[0140] According to embodiments, once the WTRU or network determines to deactivate multiple frequency layers (e.g., deactivating aggregation of frequency layers), the WTRU can determine that the initial MG (e.g., MG used by the WTRU prior to aggregation of frequency layers being activated, requested by RRC) becomes active. According to embodiments, once the WTRU or network determines to deactivate multiple frequency layers, the WTRU can determine to request a new MG configuration by RRC, MAC-CE, UCI, or LPP message.

[0141] According to embodiments, a WTRU can perform a first method, for example, including any of the operations discussed below. According to embodiments, a WTRU can be configured with multiple frequency layers, where each frequency layer can be associated with one or more carriers and / or bandwidth parts for data transmission. According to embodiments, a WTRU can be triggered to activate one or more frequency layers for positioning, for example, based on any of the following: SCell activation / deactivation status, active bandwidth part and requirement of positioning service, and measurement quality of PRS. According to embodiments, a WTRU can be configured with multiple frequency layers for positioning reference signals and at least one activated frequency layer. According to embodiments, a frequency layer can be associated with any of the following: (1) one or more carriers for data transmission, where such carriers can be co-located with the frequency layer for positioning associated therewith; and (2) a BWP within a carrier for data transmission, where a wideband BWP can be associated with multiple frequency layers and a narrowband BWP can be associated with a single frequency layer.

[0142] According to embodiments, a WTRU can receive dynamic SCell activation / deactivation and / or BWP activation indication from the network. According to embodiments, a WTRU can determine from the active SCell and / or BWP, for example, based on conditions (e.g., accuracy requirement, latency, measured RSRP with one frequency layer below a threshold, measured CSI-RS corresponding to a BWP below a threshold), a frequency layer to be activated. According to embodiments, a WTRU can report an indication to the LMF and / or gNB regarding a set of activated frequency layers for positioning. According to embodiments, a WTRU can receive PRS in the activated frequency layers and can transmit corresponding measurements in the activated carriers and / or BWPs to the LMF.

[0143] According to embodiments, a WTRU can perform a second method, for example including any of the operations discussed below. According to embodiments, a WTRU can be configured with multiple MGs, each MG associated with a set of enabled frequency layers. According to embodiments, a MG duration can depend on (for example, be associated with) any of a total bandwidth of the enabled frequency layers, a numerology of the enabled frequency layers, and a number of the enabled frequency layers. According to embodiments, a WTRU can request a MG from a preconfigured MG based on a set of enabled frequency layers.

[0144] According to embodiments, a WTRU can be preconfigured with multiple MGs to measure PRS and / or transmit SRSp on a set of enabled frequency layers. According to embodiments, a WTRU can request an LMF to activate a set of frequency layers for positioning based on a condition (for example, an accuracy requirement, a latency, a measured RSRP with one frequency layer being below a threshold, a measured CSI-RS corresponding to a BWP being below a threshold, etc.). According to embodiments, upon granting the request for multiple frequency layers, a WTRU can determine a MG required for PRS measurement and / or SRSp transmission based on any of: (1) a total bandwidth of the enabled frequency layers; (2) a subcarrier spacing of the enabled frequency layers; (3) a number of the enabled frequency layers; and (4) a frequency location of an active CC for data relative to the set of enabled frequency layers. According to embodiments, a WTRU can request a selected MG from a gNB. According to embodiments, a WTRU can receive a PRS configuration for a given number of frequency layers.

[0145] According to embodiments, a WTRU can be preconfigured to request a MG associated with aggregated frequency layers. According to embodiments, where a WTRU is preconfigured to request a MG associated with aggregated frequency layers, a WTRU can activate or deactivate frequency layer aggregation based on various conditions. According to embodiments, where a WTRU can activate or deactivate frequency layer aggregation, the activation or deactivation can be based on acquisition of a channel in unlicensed spectrum.

[0146] In one example, a reduced capability WTRU can not be able to support a bandwidth or frequency range of a normal WTRU. For example, a reduced capability WTRU (for example, a RedCap WTRU) can be able to support a bandwidth of 10 MHz, while a normal WTRU can support 100 MHz.

[0147] A RedCap WTRU can indicate its capability via capability signaling. A RedCap WTRU can be configured with PRS configuration for normal WTRU (e.g., WTRU supporting 100MHz bandwidth). However, in addition, a RedCap WTRU can be configured with a bandwidth range (e.g., subset or sub-bandwidth) within the normal bandwidth, and the bandwidth range can correspond to the bandwidth supported by the RedCap WTRU. For example, if a RedCap WTRU can support bandwidth equivalent to 2 resource blocks (RBs), while a normal WTRU can be configured with RB 1 to RB 10, the RedCap WTRU can be indicated by the network to use RB 1 to RB 2. The range of sub-bandwidth can consist of the start and end RB index number or the start bandwidth index number and length of the sub-bandwidth. The sub-bandwidth can not be contiguous. The sub-bandwidth can be indicated by RB index number, resource element index number, or CC / band index number.

[0148] In one example, a RedCap WTRU can be configured with PRS on the bandwidth for normal WTRU (e.g., 100MHz). The WTRU can be configured with a sub-bandwidth on which the WTRU measures PRS (e.g., RSRP, RSTD).

[0149] A WTRU can be configured with a bandwidth dedicated for RedCap WTRU. The WTRU can receive configuration related to the bandwidth in a broadcast (e.g., posSIB) or WTRU dedicated message (e.g., RRC, LPP message, DCI, MAC-CE).

[0150] A WTRU can be configured with frequency hopping (FH) pattern of PRS. If the WTRU indicates its reduced capability to the network, the WTRU can receive configuration related to FH. The WTRU can receive the configuration from the network (e.g., LMF, gNB). The configuration related to the hopping pattern can include the bandwidth or frequency range of PRS per hop, the duration of the hop, the number of hops, and the location of the hop in the frequency domain and / or time domain. The WTRU can follow the hopping pattern to measure PRS. The bandwidth of the hop can be less than or equal to the sub-bandwidth that the WTRU can support.

[0151] FIG. 6 An example of FH pattern of PRS and its parameters is shown in FIG. 13. In this example, a 2-hop pattern is shown. The WTRU can receive PRS in each hop. Each hop can be associated with a hop index number (e.g., hop 1 or hop 2 in the 2-hop pattern). The WTRU can receive configuration for the duration in time domain and / or frequency domain. FIG. 6The example shown, where the time and frequency duration of each hop is denoted by "hop duration" and "hop bandwidth", respectively. Each hop can not overlap in time and / or frequency domain, and the hops can cover contiguous or non-contiguous bandwidth. Each hop can be configured contiguously (e.g., consecutively) or non-contiguously (e.g., non-consecutively).

[0152] The WTRU can receive a configuration related to the duration of the FH in time and / or frequency domain. In an example, the WTRU can receive a configuration related to the duration of the FH in time and / or frequency domain from the network. FIG. 6 Examples of the duration of the FH in time and frequency domain are shown in the example by "FH duration" and "FH bandwidth". The FH duration or hop duration can be indicated by a start / end time (e.g., indicated by a number of symbols, slots, frames, or subframes) or a start time and a duration (e.g., indicated by a number of symbols, slots, frames, or subframes). The hop duration can be indicated by a number of symbols, slots, frames, or subframes. The bandwidth related to the hop bandwidth or FH bandwidth can be expressed in a number of resource elements, RBs, CCs, and / or frequency bands.

[0153] Each hop can be configured with a number of repetitions. For example, a TRP can transmit a hop of PRS K times. FIG. 6 The example shown corresponds to the case when K = 1. The WTRU can receive the number of repetitions K for each hop from the network.

[0154] The WTRU can receive the aforementioned configuration in a broadcast message (e.g., posSIB), LPP message, RRC, MAC-CE, or DCI. The WTRU can receive an indication from the network in a broadcast message to transmit PRS following a FH pattern. Based on the indication, the WTRU can receive an RRC, MAC-CE, or DCI message from the network with details on the PRS hopping pattern configuration. The frequency hopping can be activated or deactivated by the network through a MAC-CE. The WTRU can send a request to the network to activate and / or deactivate FH.

[0155] In an example, the WTRU can make measurements on PRS based on the hopping pattern. FIG. 7An example of a hop during a 2-hop measurement on PRS is shown in FIG. 6. In this example, the WTRU receives a configuration for PRS with a bandwidth spanning from resource element (RE) 1 to RE N. The WTRU also receives a configuration for measurement hop (mHop) where the first hop and the second hop can span from RE 1 to RE M and from RE M+1 to RE N, respectively. In this example, it is assumed that the “hop bandwidth” or bandwidth associated with the measurement performed during the first hop (e.g., mHop 1) is M and the “hop bandwidth” or bandwidth associated with the measurement performed during the second hop (e.g., mHop 2) is N-M. Thus, during mHop 1, the WTRU is expected to measure the bandwidth corresponding to mHop 1 and return the measurement results (e.g., RSRP, WTRU Rx-Tx, RSTD) to the network. Similarly, during mHop 2, the WTRU is expected to measure the bandwidth corresponding to mHop 2 and return the measurement results to the network. The WTRU can determine to combine the measurement results corresponding to the measurement hops and report the combined measurement results to the network if indicated by the network. An example of the combination of the measurement results can be to take the average.

[0156] The WTRU can determine to measure the hops in consecutive occasions mK. FIG. 8 An example where mK = 2 is shown in FIG. 6. The WTRU can receive a configuration for mK from the network. In this example, the WTRU can perform measurements on PRS and process the measurements corresponding to mHop 1 spanning from RB 1 to RB M. When mK = 2, the WTRU can repeat the measurements and processing for the next occasion. Subsequently, the WTRU can perform measurements on PRS and process the measurements corresponding to mHop 2 spanning from RB M+1 to RB N.

[0157] In one example, the WTRU can determine the hop bandwidth based on its capability to support bandwidth. For example, the WTRU can determine to set the hop bandwidth equal to the sub-bandwidth that the WTRU can support. The WTRU can determine the mHop pattern based on the configured pattern. The WTRU can include the hop pattern in the measurement report.

[0158] In one example, a WTRU can determine parameters related to a hopping-based measurement based on a PRS configuration. The WTRU can receive an association rule between the PRS configuration and the hopping-based measurement parameters. In embodiments, potential examples of the association rule can include an association between a bandwidth of the PRS and a hopping bandwidth for the hopping-based measurement, an association between a PRS repetition factor and a measurement repetition (e.g., mK) for the hopping-based measurement, an association between a bandwidth of the PRS and a number of hops for the hopping-based measurement, and an association between a bandwidth of the PRS and a hopping pattern for the hopping-based measurement.

[0159] A WTRU can determine a hopping bandwidth based on a bandwidth of a PRS. If the bandwidth of the PRS is not an integer multiple of the hopping bandwidth, the WTRU can indicate a start and / or end position in the frequency domain for each hopping bandwidth. In one alternative, the WTRU can indicate a duration of the hopping bandwidth in the frequency domain to the network and return measurement results for the remaining resources in the frequency domain. As an example, if N and L are the bandwidth of the PRS and the hopping bandwidth, respectively, the WTRU can also report measurement results corresponding to the remaining bandwidth N-LT, where T can be an integer.

[0160] A WTRU can determine parameters (e.g., repetition number) for a hopping-based measurement in a measurement based on a measurement condition (e.g., RSRP) and / or channel conditions (e.g., number of multipaths, Doppler). As an example, a WTRU can be configured with candidates for a repetition factor mK for a measurement. If the average RSRP across all hops is below a preconfigured threshold, the WTRU can determine to set mK with the maximum number. The WTRU can receive an association rule between a range of RSRP and mK from the network. The WTRU can determine mK based on Doppler information (e.g., Doppler spread / frequency shift). For example, the WTRU can receive an association rule between a range of Doppler frequency shift and mK from the network. The WTRU can determine a hopping pattern and a number of hops based on the Doppler frequency shift according to the mapping rule. The WTRU can receive an association rule between a range of Doppler frequency shift and the number of hops from the network.

[0161] In another example, a WTRU can be configured with a frequency hopping configuration (e.g., frequency hopping BW, frequency hopping duration, hopping bandwidth, hopping duration) for SRSp transmission. For example, the frequency hopping bandwidth can correspond to the SRSp bandwidth configured for the WTRU. The WTRU can determine the frequency hopping configuration based on the number of hops or the bandwidth allocated for SRSp. The WTRU can use a preconfigured association rule that associates the hopping parameters with the bandwidth of SRSp.

[0162] A WTRU can receive a muting pattern configuration. The WTRU can be configured with a muting pattern on a hopping pattern for PRS transmission. The muting pattern can indicate which hop is muted by the network. Based on the muting pattern, the WTRU can determine reception of PRS. The muting pattern can be represented with a bitmap, where each bit in the bitmap can correspond to a hop in the FH pattern. FIG. 9 An example of a muting pattern for PRS frequency hopping is shown in FIG. 12. The WTRU receives a muting pattern “10” for a FH pattern with 2 hops. The WTRU can receive PRS corresponding to “hop 1”. The WTRU can not receive PRS during the second hop 2. FIG. 10 In another example shown, the WTRU can receive a muting pattern “1110” indicating that the WTRU can receive PRS in both the first and second hop 1, first hop 2 cases, but not during the 2nd hop 2 in the pattern.

[0163] The WTRU can include multipath measurement results in the report based on capability. Examples of multipath measurement results are RSRP of each path, relative RSRP of each path compared to a reference path / PRS, time difference of arrival of each path, relative time difference of arrival of each path to a reference path / PRS.

[0164] The WTRU can receive a configuration for measurement gaps corresponding to FH for PRS from the network. The WTRU can send a request to the network for measurement gaps for receiving PRS according to a FH pattern. In another example, the WTRU can receive a configuration related to a prioritization window associated with a FH pattern. The WTRU can receive a priority level for PRS compared to other downlink reference signals or channels. In another example, the WTRU can determine to enable hop-based measurement and measurement processing based on whether a measurement gap or a prioritization window can be configured for PRS. If a measurement gap is configured for PRS, the WTRU can determine to enable hop-based measurement. If a prioritization window is configured for PRS, the WTRU can determine to disable hop-based measurement.

[0165] The WTRU can determine to enable or disable hop-based measurement and measurement processing based on a priority level associated with a prioritization window. For example, if a “low” priority level is configured for PRS within a prioritization window, the WTRU can determine to disable hop-based measurement. If the priority level for PRS within the prioritization window is configured as “high”, the WTRU can determine to enable hop-based measurement and measurement processing.

[0166] If the WTRU determines to disable the hop-based measurement, the WTRU can determine to measure on the configured bandwidth without performing the hop-based pattern measurement. The bandwidth for measurement can be a sub-bandwidth configured by the network. The WTRU can determine the bandwidth for measurement based on a default configuration configured / broadcast by the network. The WTRU can also determine the bandwidth for measurement based on the PRS configuration. For example, the WTRU can determine to measure a sub-bandwidth closest to the center or edge of the PRS bandwidth. A default bandwidth or sub-bandwidth can be specified.

[0167] According to embodiments, the WTRU sends its capability information (e.g., reduced bandwidth support) to the network. The WTRU receives a PRS configuration from the network. The WTRU further receives a configuration related to prioritized windows (e.g., priority level of PRS). The WTRU receives an association rule between measurement parameters (e.g., number of repetitions) and channel conditions from an LMF within the network. The WTRU can further receive Doppler shift information of the channel from a gNB within the network. The WTRU then determines a measurement pattern. If the priority level of the PRS is high, the WTRU determines to enable hop-based measurement. If the hop-based measurement is enabled, the WTRU determines hop parameters based on the Doppler shift information and the association rule (e.g., the WTRU determines the number of repetitions in the measurement based on the Doppler shift). If the priority level of the PRS is low, the WTRU determines to disable hop-based measurement. If the hop-based measurement is disabled, the WTRU measures on a default bandwidth. The WTRU receives the PRS and measures (e.g., RSRP, RSTD) according to the mHop pattern. The WTRU sends a measurement report (e.g., RSRP) to the network.

[0168] In embodiments, a WTRU can be configured with a frequency hopping pattern for SRS for positioning. The WTRU can receive a hopping pattern across time (e.g., symbol, slot) and frequency (e.g., frequency layer, BWP, sub-band of BWP, frequency band, sub-band). For example, the WTRU can be configured with a pattern similar to the pattern shown. FIG. 6 The WTRU can receive the configuration in RRC and / or LPP messages from the network (e.g., gNB, LMF). The frequency hopping pattern can be configured per frequency layer, PRS resource set, or PRS resource. In embodiments, the WTRU can be configured with more than one frequency hopping pattern. The WTRU can determine the frequency hopping pattern based on a measurement condition (e.g., RSRP) of the time resource and / or frequency resource for SRSp transmission. For example, the WTRU can determine to transmit SRSp for a selected frequency hopping pattern if the measurement corresponding to the resource for the hopping pattern is above a preconfigured threshold.

[0169] In embodiments, a WTRU can be configured with UL data transmission using more than one BWP, frequency band sub-BWP, and / or sub-band. The WTRU can determine that the resources used for data transmission are the same as the resources used for SRSp transmission (e.g., for positioning). In embodiments, the WTRU can receive a configuration for more than one frequency layer for positioning. The WTRU can determine to associate a frequency layer with each frequency band / sub-band / BWP / sub-BWP used for data transmission if one or more conditions are met. In embodiments, the WTRU can receive an indication from the network for associating a frequency layer to a frequency band / sub-band / BWP / sub-BWP used for data transmission. In embodiments, the RSRP corresponding to the configured resources for SRSp can be lower than a preconfigured threshold.

[0170] In embodiments, a WTRU can determine to use more than one frequency band / sub-band / BWP / sub-BWP based on a configuration. For example, the WTRU can receive a configuration to use N frequency bands / sub-bands / BWPs / sub-BWPs or up to N frequency bands / sub-bands / BWPs / sub-BWPs. In embodiments, based on the required QoS (e.g., RSRP), the WTRU can determine how many frequency bands / sub-bands / BWPs / sub-BWPs are needed for SRSp transmission. Further, the WTRU can send SRSp across the frequency bands / sub-bands / BWPs / sub-BWPs during a time duration or follow a configured hopping pattern. The WTRU can also receive a table associating a hopping pattern with a number of frequency bands / sub-bands / BWPs / sub-BWPs, such that different frequency hopping patterns can be applied for SRSp transmission on different numbers of frequency bands / sub-bands / BWPs / sub-BWPs

[0171] In embodiments, a WTRU can be configured with multiple frequency layers for positioning, where each frequency layer is associated with a bandwidth part (BWP). As FIG. 11{FL1, FL2} is associated with BWP1 of the PCell and {FL3, FL4, FL5} is associated with BWP2 of the PCell. {FL6, FL7} is associated with BWP1 of the SCell and {FL8, FL9} is associated with BWP2 of the SCell. Initially, FL1 and FL2 can be enabled and BWP1 of the PCell can be the active BWP. Based on the required data throughput, the gNB activates the SCell for the WTRU and indicates to the WTRU to use BWP1 of the SCell as the active BWP. For example, the WTRU can receive a MAC CE from the gNB, thereby activating the SCell. In embodiments, the WTRU can enable additional frequency layers based on the activated cells and the active BWP. The enabling can occur during the measurement of PRS using the enabled frequency layers (i.e., FL1 and FL2) if the WTRU determines that the measured PRS is below a configured threshold. In the example shown, the WTRU enables FL6 and FL7 associated with BWP1 of the SCell. The WTRU then measures the newly enabled frequency layers and returns a measurement report to the LMF along with an indication of the frequency layers used during the measurement. FIG. 11 In the example shown, the WTRU enables FL6 and FL7 associated with BWP1 of the SCell. The WTRU then measures the newly enabled frequency layers and returns a measurement report to the LMF along with an indication of the frequency layers used during the measurement.

[0172] For the purposes of the above description, “PRS” and “SRS” or “SRS for positioning” are used interchangeably. Moreover, although features and elements are described above in particular combinations, one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that each feature or element can be used alone or in any combination with the other features and elements. In addition, the methods described herein can be implemented in a computer program, software, or firmware incorporated in a computer- readable medium for execution by a computer or processor. Examples of non-transitory computer-readable storage media include a hard disk, a ROM, a RAM, a register, cache memory, semiconductor memory devices, magnetic media such as an internal hard disk and a removable disk, magneto-optical media, and computer-readable storage media such as a CD-ROM and a digital versatile disc (DVD). A processor in association with software can be used to implement a radio frequency transceiver for use in a WTRU 102, WTRU, terminal, base station, RNC, or any host computer. The processor of the software can be for implementing features or elements as described above.

[0173] In the above-described embodiments, processing platforms, computing systems, controllers, and other devices containing processors are noted. These devices can contain at least one central processing unit ("CPU") and memory. In accordance with the practices of persons skilled in the art of computer programming, reference to acts and symbolic representations of operations or instructions can be performed by the various CPUs and memories. Such acts and operations or instructions can be referred to as being "executed," "computer executed" or "CPU executed."

[0174] Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the acts and symbolically represented operations or instructions include the manipulation of electrical signals by the CPU. The electrical system representations, data bits, can result in the most

[0175] Data bits can also be maintained on computer-readable media including magnetic disks, optical disks, and any other volatile (e.g., random access memory ("RAM")) or non-volatile (e.g., read-only memory ("ROM")) mass storage system readable by the CPU. The computer-readable medium can include cooperating or interconnected computer-readable media, which exist exclusively on the processing system, or be distributed among computer- readable media located in other elements in or coupled to the processing system that can be local or remote to the processing system. It will be appreciated that representative embodiments are not limited to the above- described ones, and that other platforms and memories can support the described methodologies.

[0176] In an illustrative embodiment, any of the operations, processes, etc. described herein can be implemented as computer-readable instructions stored on a computer-readable medium. The computer-readable instructions can be executed by a processor of a mobile unit, network element, and / or any other computing device.

[0177] There is little difference between the hardware and software implementations of various aspects of the system. The use of hardware or software typically (but not always, as the choice between hardware and software can become important in certain contexts) represents a design choice that weighs cost against efficiency. Various media (e.g., hardware, software, and / or firmware) may exist to implement the processes and / or systems and / or other technologies described herein, and the preferred media may vary depending on the context of deployment. For example, if the implementer determines that speed and accuracy are most important, the implementer may choose a media that is primarily hardware and / or firmware. If flexibility is most important, the implementer may choose a primarily software implementation. Alternatively, the implementer may choose some combination of hardware, software, and / or firmware.

[0178] The above detailed description has illustrated various embodiments of the apparatus and / or process using block diagrams, flowcharts, and / or examples. Where such block diagrams, flowcharts, and / or examples contain one or more functions and / or operations, those skilled in the art will understand that each function and / or operation within such block diagrams, flowcharts, or examples can be implemented individually and / or collectively by a wide range of hardware, software, firmware, or virtually any combination thereof. Suitable processors include (by way of example) general-purpose processors, special-purpose processors, conventional processors, digital signal processors (DSPs), multiple microprocessors, one or more microprocessors associated with a DSP core, controllers, microcontrollers, application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), application-specific standard products (ASSPs), field-programmable gate array (FPGA) circuits, any other type of integrated circuit (IC) and / or state machine.

[0179] Although features and elements have been provided above in specific combinations, those skilled in the art will understand that each feature or element may be used alone or in any combination with other features and elements. This disclosure is not limited to the specific embodiments described in this patent application, which are intended as examples of various aspects. Many modifications and variations are possible without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, as will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Unless expressly stated otherwise, no element, action, or description used in this specification should be construed as essential or necessary to the invention. Based on the foregoing description, functionally equivalent methods and apparatus within the scope of this disclosure, other than those listed herein, will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Such modifications and variations are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims. This disclosure is limited only to the terms of the appended claims and the full scope of equivalents of such claimed claims. It should be understood that this disclosure is not limited to any particular method or system.

[0180] It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting. As used herein, when referred to herein, the term "station" and its abbreviation "STA," the term "user equipment" and its abbreviation "UE," can mean: (i) a wireless transmit and / or receive unit (WTRU), such as described below; (ii) any one of several implementations of a WTRU, such as described below; (iii) a device having wireless functionality and / or having wired functionality (e.g., tetherable) configured with some or all of the structure and functionality of a WTRU, in particular, as described below; (iii) a device having wireless functionality and / or having wired functionality configured with less than all of the structure and functionality of a WTRU, as described below; or (iv) the like. See below for more detail. FIGS. 1A-1D Details of exemplary WTRUs that can represent any of the WTRUs described herein are provided.

[0181] In certain representative embodiments, portions of the subject matter described herein can be implemented via Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), digital signal processors (DSPs), and / or other integrated formats. However, those skilled in the art will recognize the functionality of the disclosed embodiments is not limited to integrated circuits and can be carried out using one or more computers operated with one or more programmed processors (e.g., one or more programmed processors operating one or more computer systems), one or more programmed processors (e.g., one or more programmed microprocessors operating one or more microprocessor systems), firmware, or virtually any combination thereof, as per the teachings of the present disclosure. In addition, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the mechanism of the subject matter described herein can be distributed as a program product in a variety of forms, and that exemplary embodiments of the subject matter described herein apply irrespective of the particular type of signal bearing media used to actually carry out this distribution. Examples of a signal bearing media include but are not limited to the following: a recordable type medium such as a floppy disk, a hard disk drive, a CD, a DVD, a digital tape, a computer memory, etc.; and a transmission type medium such as a digital and / or an analog communication medium (e.g., a fiber optic cable, a waveguide, a wired communications link, a wireless communication link, etc.).

[0182] The subject matter described herein is sometimes illustrated using different components contained within, or in connection with, different other components. It will be appreciated that such depicted architectures are merely examples, and that in fact many other architectures can be implemented which achieve the same functionality. In a conceptual sense, any arrangement of components to achieve the same functionality is effectively "associated" such that the desired functionality is achieved. Hence, any two components herein combined to achieve a particular functionality can be seen as "associated with" each other such that the desired functionality is achieved, irrespective of architectures or intermediate components. Likewise, any two components so associated can also be viewed as being "operably connected", or "operably coupled", to each other to achieve the desired functionality, and any two components capable of being so associated can also be viewed as being "operably couplable", to each other to achieve the desired functionality. Specific examples of operably couplable include but are not limited to physically mateable and / or physically interacting components and / or wirelessly interactable and / or wirelessly interacting components and / or logically interacting and / or logically interactable components.

[0183] With respect to essentially any plural and / or singular terms used herein, a skilled artisan can convert from plural to singular and / or from singular to plural as appropriate according to context and / or application. Various singular / plural permutations are explicitly set forth herein for the sake of clarity.

[0184] It will be understood by those within the art that, in general, terms used herein, and especially in the appended claims (e.g., as set forth in the claims’ body and / or preamble) are intended to be interpreted as “open ended” unless otherwise indicated. Thus, for example, a phrase referring to “at least an item” is intended to mean that a given item is an item and also that there is at least one of the item in the present application. This interpretation is applicable similarly where the term “comprises” is used in the claims. Similarly, a phrase referring to “at least one of a first and second item” is intended to refer to at least one of the first item or the second item. Further, where a phrase is used herein that has been used to interpret a similar phrase in the claims, such interpretation should apply equally to the claims. For example, where the phrase “at least one of a first and second item” is used in the description, such phrase should also be interpreted to apply to the claims. Similarly, where a meaning given to a phrase in the claims is contrary to the meaning of the phrase used in the description, the phrase in the claims should control. It will be understood by those within the art that, in general, terms used herein, and especially in the appended claims (e.g., as set forth in the claims’ body and / or preamble) are intended to be interpreted as “open ended” unless otherwise indicated. Thus, for example, a phrase referring to “at least an item” is intended to mean that a given item is an item and also that there is at least one of the item in the present application. This interpretation is applicable similarly where the term “comprises” is used in the claims. Similarly, a phrase referring to “at least one of a first and second item” is intended to refer to at least one of the first item or the second item. Further, where a phrase is used herein that has been used to interpret a similar phrase in the claims, such interpretation should apply equally to the claims. For example, where the phrase “at least one of a first and second item” is used in the description, such phrase should also be interpreted to apply to the claims. Similarly, where a meaning given to a phrase in the claims is contrary to the meaning of the phrase used in the description, the phrase in the claims should control. It will be understood by those within the art that, in general, terms used herein, and especially in the appended claims (e.g., as set forth in the claims’ body and / or preamble) are intended to be interpreted as “open ended” unless otherwise indicated. Thus, for example, a phrase referring to “at least an item” is intended to mean that a given item is an item and also that there is at least one of the item in the present application. This interpretation is applicable similarly where the term “comprises” is used in the claims. Similarly, a phrase referring to “at least one of a first and second item” is intended to refer to at least one of the first item or the second item. Further, where a phrase is used herein that has been used to interpret a similar phrase in the claims, such interpretation should apply equally to the claims. For example, where the phrase “at least one of a first and second item” is used in the description, such phrase should also be interpreted to apply to the claims. Similarly, where a meaning given to a phrase in the claims is contrary to the meaning of the phrase used in the description, the phrase in the claims should control.For example, the phrase "A or B" will be understood to include the possibilities of "A" or "B" or "A and B." Additionally, as used herein, the term "any one of...," followed by a listing of several items and / or categories of items, is intended to include "any one of the individual items" listed and / or the item name of any combination of the items and / or categories of items. Further, as used herein, the terms "set" or "group" are intended to include any number of items, including zero. Further, as used herein, the term "number" is intended to include any number, including zero.

[0185] Further, where a feature or aspect of the disclosure is described in terms of Markush groups, those skilled in the art will recognize that the disclosure is also thereby described in terms of any individual member or subgroup of members of the Markush group.

[0186] As those skilled in the art will appreciate that all ranges disclosed herein are also intended to encompass any and all possible sub-ranges and combinations of sub-ranges thereof, for any and all purposes such as providing written description for claim purposes. Any listed range can be easily recognized as sufficiently describing and enabling the same range being broken down into at least two equal halves, thirds, quarters, fifths, tenths, etc. As a non-limiting example, each range discussed herein can be easily broken down into a lower third, middle third and upper third, etc. As will also be understood by those skilled in the art, all language such as "up to," "at most," "at least," and the like, include the number zero and are stated such that it will be understood that a range of "up to" for example, means that the range can be less than or equal to the number. Finally, as will be understood by those skilled in the art, ranges include each and every number and amount falling within the range, including the endpoints. Accordingly, a group having 1 to 3 members, for example, means a group having 1, 2, or 3 members, and so forth.

[0187] Further, unless otherwise stated, the claims are not to be interpreted as being limited to the order or sequence of acts described. Further, any use of the term "set" or "group" is intended to include any number of items, including zero. Or device plus function claim format, and no claim in the application is intended to be interpreted under 35 U.S.C. § 112, sixth paragraph, unless the exact words "means for" or "step for" are followed by a participle.

[0188] While the application has been illustrated and described in detail in the drawings and foregoing description, the same is to be considered as illustrative and not restrictive in character, since the application includes all modifications

[0189] Throughout the disclosure, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that certain representative embodiments can be used in alternative forms or in combination with other representative embodiments.

[0190] While features and elements are described above in particular combinations, one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that each feature or element can be used alone or in combination with others dependent upon the circumstances. The methods described herein can be implemented in software, hardware, or a combination thereof, and may be implemented in computer programs running on computer systems or processors that are designed for the computation. Non-transitory computer readable storage medium examples, include but are not limited to, random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), programmable read only memory (PROM), erasable programmable read only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM), flash memory, compact disc read only memory (CD-ROM), digital versatile disc (DVD), magnetic disks, and tapes. Processors associated with software may

[0191] Further, in the embodiments described above, processing platforms, computing systems, controllers, and other devices containing processors are noted. These devices can contain at least one central processing unit ("CPU") and memory. In accordance with the practices of persons skilled in the art of computer programming, reference to acts and symbolic representations of operations or instructions can be expressed as utilizing various CPU and memory that are in operative communication, rather than as acts limited to manipulation of electrical signals. Such acts or symbolic representations can be referred to as being "executed" or "computer executed" or "CPU executed."

[0192] Those skilled in the art will appreciate that references to acts and symbolic representations of operations or instructions can include the manipulation of electrical signals by the CPU. Such signal manipulation can include the manipulation of data bits by the CPU to perform the acts described above. The CPU communicates with an associated memory by transmitting or receiving electrical signals, which include the data bits. Thus, the data bits can be processed by the CPU within a memory system to transform the CPU in accordance with the desired transformation.

[0193] Data bits can also be maintained on a computer readable medium including any volatile (e.g., random access memory ("RAM")) or non-volatile (e.g., read-only memory ("ROM")) mass storage system readable by the CPU. The computer readable medium can include a cooperative action between computer readable medium and a processing system. The computer readable medium can include a single medium or multiple media (e.g., a centralized or distributed database, and / or associated caches and servers) configured to cooperate with the processing system. The computer readable medium can be external to the processing system, or in communication with the processing system through a network, for example, the Internet, WAN, LAN, GSM network, etc. The computer readable medium can also include a single medium or multiple media (e.g., a centralized or distributed database, and / or associated caches and servers) configured to cooperate with the processing system. The computer readable medium can be external to the processing system, or in communication with the processing system through a network, for example, the Internet, WAN, LAN, GSM network, etc. The representative embodiments are not limited to the above memory or to other platforms and memories that can support the described methods.

[0194] No element, act, or instruction used in the description of the present application should be construed as critical or essential unless explicitly described as such. Also, as used herein, the article "a" is intended to include one or more items. Where only one item is intended, the term "one" or similar language is used. Further, as used herein, the term "or" is intended to mean "any of" unless explicitly stated otherwise. Moreover, as used herein, the term "set" is intended to include any number of items, including zero. Additionally, as used herein, the term "number" is intended to include any number, including zero.

[0195] Further, unless specified otherwise, the claims are not to be construed as being limited by the order or sequence of acts described in any claim. Additionally, the term "means" is intended to invoke 35 U.S.C. § 112, paragraph 6, with respect to any claim in which "means" is used. and no claim is intended to be invoked as such.

[0196] Suitable processors include, by way of example and without limitation, general

[0197] The software-associated processor can be used to implement the radio frequency transceiver in a Transmitter-Receiver Unit (WTRU), User Equipment (UE), terminal, base station, Mobility Management Entity (MME), or Evolved Packet Core (EPC), or any host. The WTRU can be used in conjunction with modules and can be implemented in hardware and / or software including: Software-defined Radio (SDR) and other components such as cameras, video camera modules, videophones, speakerphones, vibration devices, speakers, microphones, television transceivers, hands-free headsets, keypads, etc. Modules, FM radio units, Near Field Communication (NFC) modules, Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) units, Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED) units, Digital Music Players, Media Players, Video Game Players, Internet Browsers, and / or any Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) or Ultra-Wideband (UWB) modules.

[0198] Although the invention has been described in relation to a communication system, it is conceivable that the system can be implemented in software on a microprocessor / general-purpose computer (not shown). In some embodiments, one or more functions of the various components can be implemented in software that controls the general-purpose computer.

[0199] Furthermore, while the invention has been shown and described herein with reference to specific embodiments, it is not intended to be limited to the details shown. Rather, various modifications may be made to the details within the scope and domain of equivalents of the claims without departing from the invention.

Claims

1. A wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) comprising a processor configured to: receive configuration information from a network, the configuration information indicating a plurality of frequency layers (FLs), wherein each FL is associated with a respective set of one or more positioning reference signal (PRS) resources, wherein the configuration information indicates a respective bandwidth and a respective frequency location information for each of the plurality of FLs; receive at least a first PRS associated with a first set of one or more PRS resources corresponding to a first FL of the plurality of FLs and a second PRS associated with a second set of one or more PRS resources corresponding to a second FL of the plurality of FLs; determine that a repetition factor and a comb factor are common to the first set of one or more PRS resources corresponding to the first FL and the second set of one or more PRS resources corresponding to the second FL; determine a plurality of measurement report values based at least on the first PRS associated with the first set of one or more PRS resources corresponding to the first FL of the plurality of FLs and the second PRS associated with the second set of one or more PRS resources corresponding to the second FL of the plurality of FLs, wherein the plurality of measurement report values correspond to at least a first measurement report value indicating an aggregate reference signal received power measurement associated with at least the first FL and the second FL and a second measurement report value indicating an aggregate reference signal time delay measurement associated with at least the first FL and the second FL; and transmit a measurement report comprising the first measurement report value and the second measurement report value and an indication of at least the first FL and the second FL.

2. The WTRU of claim 1, wherein the processor is configured to determine that the first measurement report value is below a configured threshold and transmit a request in the measurement report to receive additional PRS associated with an additional set of one or more PRS resources corresponding to an additional FL of the plurality of FLs.

3. The WTRU of claim 2, wherein the processor is configured to receive second configuration information from a network, the second configuration information indicating a plurality of FLs for positioning measurements of a third PRS associated with a third set of one or more PRS resources corresponding to a third FL of the plurality of FLs.

4. The WTRU of claim 1, wherein the processor is configured to activate at least the first FL and the second FL in accordance with the measurement report. an indication of a number of FLs associated with the first measurement report value and the second measurement report value.

6. The WTRU of claim 1, wherein the processor is configured to determine that at least one symbol is common to the first set of one or more PRS resources corresponding to the first FL and the second set of one or more PRS resources corresponding to the second FL. ​ ​ 5. The WTRU of claim 1, wherein the measurement report further comprises: ​ ​ 7. The WTRU of claim 6 wherein the at least one symbol is an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbol.

8. A method performed by a wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU), the method comprising: receiving configuration information from a network, the configuration information indicating a plurality of frequency layers (FLs), wherein each FL is associated with a respective set of one or more positioning reference signal (PRS) resources, wherein the configuration information indicates a respective bandwidth and a respective frequency location information for each of the plurality of FLs; receiving at least a first PRS associated with a first set of one or more PRS resources corresponding to a first FL of the plurality of FLs and a second PRS associated with a second set of one or more PRS resources corresponding to a second FL of the plurality of FLs; determining that a repetition factor and a comb factor are common to the first set of one or more PRS resources corresponding to the first FL and the second set of one or more PRS resources corresponding to the second FL; determining a plurality of measurement report values based at least on the first PRS associated with the first set of one or more PRS resources corresponding to the first FL of the plurality of FLs and the second PRS associated with the second set of one or more PRS resources corresponding to the second FL of the plurality of FLs, wherein the plurality of measurement report values correspond to at least a first measurement report value indicating an aggregate reference signal received power measurement associated with at least the first FL and the second FL and a second measurement report value indicating an aggregate reference signal time delay measurement associated with at least the first FL and the second FL, and transmitting a measurement report including the first measurement report value and the second measurement report value and an indication of at least the first FL and the second FL.

9. The method of claim 8, further comprising: determining that the first measurement report value is below a configured threshold and transmitting a request in the measurement report for receiving additional PRS associated with an additional set of one or more PRS resources corresponding to an additional FL of the plurality of FLs.

10. The method of claim 9, further comprising: receiving second configuration information from a network, the second configuration information indicating a plurality of FLs for positioning measurements of a third PRS associated with a third set of one or more PRS resources corresponding to a third FL of the plurality of FLs.

11. The method of claim 8, further comprising: activating the first FL and the second FL in accordance with the measurement report.

12. The method of claim 8, wherein the measurement report further comprises: an indication of a number of FLs associated with the first measurement report value and the second measurement report value.

13. The method of claim 8, further comprising: determining that at least one symbol is common to the first set of one or more PRS resources corresponding to the first FL and the second set of one or more PRS resources corresponding to the second FL.

14. The method of claim 13 wherein the at least one symbol is an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbol.

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