Planting method of annual intercropping green manure suitable for orchard in plateau region

Abstract

The application provides a planting method of annual intercropping green manure suitable for orchards in plateau areas. The method mainly uses tartary buckwheat and light-leafed purple vetch as green manure plants, and clearly defines multiple key steps such as plot selection, pre-sowing land preparation, variety selection, seed treatment, green manure sowing, plant management and mowing and covering. The method can improve the utilization rate of nutrients in the soil, increase the content of soil organic matter, improve the soil quality, effectively inhibit the growth of weeds in the rows and on the ridges of organic apple orchards, reduce the cost of weeding, solve the high labor cost of organic apple orchards in Yunnan plateau mountainous areas caused by long-term clean tillage and weeding, and effectively alleviate the over-reliance on organic fertilizer. It is an annual intercropping mode for comprehensively improving the ecological and economic benefits of orchards.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The present application relates to the field of green manure planting, in particular: a kind of planting method suitable for orchard annual intercropping green manure in plateau region. BACKGROUND

[0002] Apple is considered as a leading agricultural product in the world and China. Especially in the central, northwest, northeast and east of Yunnan, by 2021, the apple planting area in Yunnan Province has expanded to about 56,000 hectares. Although China ranks first in the world in terms of apple cultivation area and yield, the apple industry still faces many challenges. Because of these problems, organic apple production has begun to attract widespread attention. Organic apples not only ensure the quality and safety of fruits, protect the health of consumers and fruit farmers, but also have a positive role in promoting the long-term sustainable development of the ecological environment and orchard. Although the global organic orchard has a history of more than a hundred years, China's organic orchard began in the 1990s, and after the 21st century, this field has developed rapidly. According to the data in 2020, China's organic apple planting area accounts for 19.2% of the world, but its proportion in the country is still 0.85%. The key problem behind this is the high labor cost, especially the cost related to weeding, as well as the high price of organic fertilizer and the production challenges brought by the special soil properties of Yunnan plateau mountainous area.

[0003] In the management of organic orchard, inter-row intercropping green manure has been proven to be an effective soil management strategy. Its main advantages are: improving soil organic matter content, enhancing soil buffering capacity; reducing dependence on organic fertilizer and farmyard manure, effectively improving soil structure, promoting the reproduction of beneficial microorganisms and earthworms, and further forming good soil aggregate structure. In addition, the planting of green manure can effectively inhibit weeds, thereby reducing the labor and cost of weeding, which is particularly critical in organic production, because chemical herbicides are banned in organic agriculture. Green manure can also stabilize soil temperature, reduce temperature fluctuations, promote the healthy growth of fruit tree roots and nutrient uptake, and reduce the risk of frost damage. In addition, green manure can help soil water infiltration through its root system, improve soil drainage capacity, and reduce water evaporation in dry season, thereby enhancing the drought resistance of orchard. The production mode of inter-row planting of green manure in organic orchard is of great significance to establish a healthy and stable orchard ecological environment, and can also effectively reduce production costs and improve economic benefits of orchard.

[0004] In the Yunnan plateau mountainous area, many organic orchards still tend to use the traditional whole orchard ploughing method to manage the soil, which leads to the decrease of soil organic matter content, resulting in low soil fertility of the orchard. This means that the yield and benefit of the orchard mainly depend on the supply of organic fertilizer. At the same time, the organic orchards that have adopted inter-row green manure still face the limitation of planting mode, mainly because the current planting strategy has not been deeply researched and popularized for different grass species and the unique geographical and climatic characteristics of the Yunnan plateau mountainous area. Therefore, it is necessary to research and popularize the green manure planting mode suitable for the organic orchards in the Yunnan plateau mountainous area. SUMMARY

[0005] The purpose of the present application is to provide a planting method of annual intercropping green manure suitable for orchards in plateau areas.

[0006] In order to achieve the purpose of the present application, the present application provides a planting method of annual intercropping green manure suitable for orchards in plateau areas, which adopts an annual intercropping mode to interplant buckwheat and light leaf mallow in the row of the orchard in the plateau area by rotary ploughing, so as to realize the green manure cover and return to field.

[0007] Specifically, the mode is to sow light leaf mallow in autumn, mow and cover and return to field before the next spring, sow buckwheat, mow and cover and return to field before the next autumn, so as to realize the annual green cover of the orchard.

[0008] Further, before planting buckwheat and light leaf mallow, the soil in the row of the orchard is rotary ploughed to be loose, the rotary ploughing depth is 20-30 cm, and then the soil is appropriately leveled and the sundries in the soil are removed.

[0009] Further, before sowing, the shriveled seeds, immature light seeds, and broken, moldy or germinated seeds are removed; the light leaf mallow and buckwheat seeds of the current year and high maturity and full seeds are selected and exposed to the sun for 2-3 days; on the day before sowing, the seeds are soaked in warm water of 40-50℃ for 20 minutes, which helps to promote seedling emergence.

[0010] Further, the light leaf mallow is sown in late July to early August, the first mowing is performed when the grass layer height reaches 40-50 cm and before flowering, and the second mowing is performed in the next March, after which the green manure is covered around the tree disc and the drip line of the fruit tree, with a thickness of 20-30 cm. In order to prevent possible rodent damage in autumn and winter and early spring, it is necessary to ensure that there is at least a 10 cm gap between the covering and the tree trunk.

[0011] Further, in the middle and late April of the next year, sow the tartary buckwheat, before sowing, use the rotary cultivator to crush and turn over the remnant of the leafy sedge, the rotary cultivation depth is 20-30 cm, use the strip sowing or sowing method to sow the tartary buckwheat, the sowing depth is 2-3 cm, after sowing, cover the soil 1-2 cm and compact, so as to keep the soil moisture; when more than 70% of the tartary buckwheat grain turns from green to light brown, cut, after cutting, cover the green manure around the tree disc and the drip line of the fruit tree, the covering thickness is 20-30 cm, and ensure that there is at least a gap of 10 cm between the covering and the tree trunk.

[0012] Further, for the leafy sedge: when the leafy sedge is 40-50 cm high and has not yet flowered, cut for the first time, leaving a stubble of 8-10 cm; in March of the next year, cut again when the leafy sedge has flowered by 90%.

[0013] Further, the sowing amount of the leafy sedge and the tartary buckwheat is as follows:

[0014] Leafy sedge sowing: about 4 kg per mu;

[0015] Tartary buckwheat sowing: about 3.5 kg per mu.

[0016] Further, the distance from the edge of the rotary cultivation to the drip line of the fruit tree is as follows:

[0017] A. For young or dwarfing and densely planted orchards, 10-20 cm;

[0018] B. For mature orchards, the distance is at least 20 cm or more.

[0019] Preferably, the plateau region is the Yunnan plateau region.

[0020] Preferably, the orchard is an organic apple orchard.

[0021] Preferably, the leafy sedge is leafy purple sedge.

[0022] In one specific embodiment of the present application, the present application provides a cultivation method of annual intercropping green manure suitable for organic apple orchards in the Yunnan plateau region, comprising the following steps:

[0023] (1) Plot selection: select a flat plot with small slope, loose soil and good air permeability; avoid selecting a plot with steep terrain, low-lying water accumulation or compacted soil;

[0024] (2) Pre-sowing land preparation: use a rotary cultivator or other equipment to rotary cultivate and loosen the soil between the rows of the orchard, the rotary cultivation depth is preferably 20-30 cm, then properly level and remove debris from the soil;

[0025] (3) Variety selection: Choose the varieties of light-leafed purple-flowered vetch that match the climate conditions in Yunnan Province, including light-leafed vetch 74-2, 75-13, and 79-13; choose the medium-height buckwheat varieties that are resistant to lodging, have a height of no more than 120 cm, and are suitable for the local climate, including Zhaoku No. 1 and Yunku No. 2;

[0026] (4) Seed treatment: Before sowing, first remove the shriveled seeds, immature light-colored seeds, and damaged, moldy, or germinated seeds; select the seeds of light-leafed purple-flowered vetch and buckwheat that are from the current year, have high maturity, and have full grains, and expose them to sunlight for 2-3 days; on the day before sowing, soak the seeds in warm water at 40-50°C for 20 minutes, which helps promote seed germination;

[0027] (5) Autumn sowing of light-leafed purple-flowered vetch: Sow in late July to early August, and before sowing, use a rotary cultivator to pulverize and bury the residues of the previous crop to a depth of 20-30 cm, and sow to a depth of 1-2 cm;

[0028] (6) Management of light-leafed purple-flowered vetch: Check the seedling situation within 7-10 days after sowing, and supplement the seeds according to the lack of seedlings; 10-15 days after germination, carry out intertillage and weeding according to the growth of weeds until the vetch completely covers the ground; during the management period, do not apply any fertilizer;

[0029] (7) Mowing of light-leafed purple-flowered vetch: Mow for the first time when the grass layer is 40-50 cm high and before flowering; mow for the second time in March of the following year, and evenly cover the green manure around the tree pits and the drip line of the fruit trees to a thickness of 20-30 cm after mowing; to prevent mouse damage in autumn and winter and early spring, ensure that there is a gap of at least 10 cm between the covering and the tree trunk to avoid mice nesting under the covering and causing damage to the tree trunk;

[0030] (8) Spring sowing of buckwheat: Sow in mid-to-late April, and before sowing, use a rotary cultivator to pulverize and bury the residues of light-leafed purple-flowered vetch to a depth of 20-30 cm, and use strip sowing or scattering methods to sow to a depth of 2-3 cm, cover the soil 1-2 cm after sowing, and compact it to maintain the soil moisture;

[0031] (9) Management of buckwheat: Check the seedling situation within 7-10 days after sowing, and supplement the seeds according to the lack of seedlings; appropriately irrigate during the seedling period according to the soil moisture; do not apply any fertilizer during the management period;

[0032] (10) Mowing of buckwheat: Mow when more than 70% of the buckwheat grains turn from green to light brown; evenly cover the green manure around the tree pits and the drip line of the fruit trees to a thickness of 20-30 cm after mowing; to prevent the lower part of the tree trunk from being buried by the green manure, which provides shade for diseases, pests, and mouse damage, ensure that there is a gap of at least 10 cm between the covering and the tree trunk.

[0033] The present application selects light leaf purple clover as autumn sowing green manure, and tartary buckwheat as spring sowing green manure to realize the annual green coverage in the row of apple trees. Firstly, the two kinds of green manure crops have no symbiotic diseases and pests with apple trees during their entire growth period, which provides the basic conditions for the implementation of annual green coverage in the row of apple orchard. Secondly, the green manure selected by the present application is based on their respective growth characteristics. Light leaf purple clover likes cool and humid, and is suitable for planting in mountainous areas. It is also tolerant to barren, drought, shade, cold and has good overwintering property. Light leaf purple clover not only has good coverage effect, large biomass and rich nutrients, but also can be cut multiple times. As a leguminous nectar plant, it can enhance the diversity of the organic orchard ecosystem and form a relatively stable ecosystem, thereby reducing the risk of disease and pest occurrence in the organic orchard. Relatively speaking, tartary buckwheat is a warm crop, and its seeds can germinate rapidly within 4-5 days at a suitable temperature of 16-20℃. The optimum temperature for flowering is 24-26℃. Tartary buckwheat has the characteristics of short emergence time, fast seedling growth, large biomass, moderate growth period, drought tolerance, poor soil tolerance and dense planting, and can achieve excellent row grass control effect. The climate characteristics of Yunnan plateau region in spring are highly consistent with the requirements of tartary buckwheat for climate and temperature during its growth period.

[0034] By the above technical scheme, the present application has at least the following advantages and beneficial effects:

[0035] (I) Improvement of soil nutrients and structure: The use of light leaf purple clover and tartary buckwheat as green manure can effectively improve the utilization rate of soil nutrients, increase the content of soil organic matter, and strengthen its buffering performance. At the same time, the increased input of soil organic matter can reduce the external input of organic fertilizer and farmyard manure, reduce production cost, and is beneficial to the reproduction of beneficial microorganisms such as earthworms, further promoting the formation of soil aggregate structure.

[0036] (II) Inhibition of weed growth: In organic orchards, the use of chemical herbicides is prohibited. The annual coverage of inter-row green manure can effectively inhibit the growth of weeds, and the coverage after cutting on the tree disc of apple trees can further inhibit the growth of weeds on the ridge, and can also reduce the water evaporation of apple trees, playing a role in heat preservation and soil conservation. This method not only reduces the labor cost of inter-row weeding, but also effectively reduces the damage to the water and fertilizer integrated fertilization pipeline caused by misoperation when using backpack weeding machine to weed on the ridge.

[0037] (III) Regulation of soil temperature and moisture: The planting and coverage of green manure can stabilize soil temperature, reduce day and night temperature difference, and be beneficial to the growth of fruit tree root system and nutrient absorption. In addition, the green manure vegetation can promote water infiltration through its root channel, improve the drainage capacity of soil, and reduce water evaporation during drought period, thereby enhancing the drought resistance of the orchard.

[0038] (Four) other functional characteristics of green manure: after the seed of tartary buckwheat, not only its plant nutrients, but also can attract birds to peck, reduce the frequency of birds pecking apples in the orchard, which provides an additional ecological protection measures for organic orchard. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0039] The present application aims at optimizing and innovating the existing green manure planting technology of organic apple orchard in Yunnan plateau mountainous area, aiming to provide a kind of annual intercropping mode integrating ecological and economic benefits for organic orchard. The mode sows light leaf purple mangel in autumn and sows tartary buckwheat in spring, improves the annual green manure crop returning amount, improves the organic matter content in the soil, and reduces the organic fertilizer input. At the same time, it realizes the annual green cover of the orchard, thereby effectively controlling the growth of weeds in the organic orchard, solving the problem of high labor cost of long-term weeding in the existing organic apple orchard in Yunnan plateau mountainous area.

[0040] The present application adopts the following technical scheme:

[0041] The present application provides a kind of annual intercropping green manure cultivation method of organic apple orchard in Yunnan plateau area, comprising the following steps:

[0042] 1. Plot selection: select a flat plot with small slope, loose soil and good air permeability, and avoid selecting a steep, low-lying and compacted plot.

[0043] 2. Land preparation before sowing: use mechanical equipment such as rotary cultivator to loosen the soil between the rows of the orchard. For the orchard in the juvenile stage or using dwarfing and dense planting technology, the total root amount is less, the distribution is shallow, and the root system is mainly composed of fibrous roots, and the absorption capacity of the root system is relatively weak. Therefore, the distance from the edge of the rotary cultivation zone to the drip line of the fruit tree should be controlled within 10-20 cm. With the transition of the fruit tree from the juvenile stage to the mature stage, the root system gradually expands, and the total root amount increases, so the distance from the rotary cultivation zone to the drip line of the fruit tree should be adjusted in time, increased to 20 cm or more, to avoid the competition for water and fertilizer between the green manure between the rows and the fruit trees. The depth of rotary cultivation is controlled within 20-30 cm. After rotary cultivation, the land is properly leveled, and large stones, branches and other sundries in the soil are manually removed.

[0044] 3. Variety selection: light leaf mangel is selected according to the climate conditions in the province, for example: light leaf mangel 74-2, 75-13, 79-13. Considering that the suitable planting area of apple in Yunnan Province is high-altitude mountainous area, the altitude is between 1900-2300m, and the wind is relatively large. The medium and short stem tartary buckwheat varieties with strong resistance to lodging and plant height not exceeding 120cm are selected to reduce the lodging phenomenon during the grain filling period, for example: Zhaoku No.1, Yunqiao No.2.

[0045] 4. Seed treatment: Before sowing, first remove the shriveled seeds, immature light-colored seeds, and broken, moldy or germinated seeds. Select the current year and high maturity, full seed light leaf purple millet and buckwheat seeds, and expose them to the sun for 2-3 days. The day before sowing, soak the seeds in warm water at 40-50°C for 20 minutes to help improve seed germination.

[0046] 5. Autumn sowing of light leaf purple millet: Sow in late July to early August, use a rotary cultivator to pulverize and turn over the residue of the previous crop before sowing, sow after rainfall, sowing method is scattering, sowing depth control in 1-2 cm, cover 1-2 cm after sowing, the appropriate sowing amount per mu is about 4 kg.

[0047] 6. Light leaf purple millet management: Yunnan plateau is still in the rainy season from July to August, after sowing, if it rains a lot or the soil moisture content is high, the soil is easy to become hard, it needs to be loosened to facilitate seedling emergence; 7-10 days after sowing, check and supplement seeds according to seedling conditions to avoid blocky seedling deficiency. The seedling stage of the millet grows slowly and is easily damaged by weeds. After 10-15 days of emergence, the first intertillage weeding is carried out, and then according to the growth of weeds, once again intertillage weeding is carried out until the millet covers the ground. The millet is drought-tolerant and afraid of flooding. If it rains a lot, a drainage ditch should be dug outside the fruit tree drip line, the ditch depth should be lower than the main distribution layer of the fruit tree root system. During the management period, no fertilizer is applied.

[0048] 7. Autumn sowing of green manure mowing: When the natural height of the grass layer reaches 40-50 cm and has not yet flowered, the first mowing is carried out, leaving a stubble height of about 8-10 cm. At this time, the millet is in the present budding stage and has strong regenerative ability. The first mowing should be completed before the onset of frost in early November to ensure that its regenerative and overwintering properties are not affected. After mowing, the green manure is evenly covered in the tree pit and around the fruit tree drip line, with a coverage thickness of 20-30 cm. In the following March, when 90% of the millet has flowered and begun to form pods, it can be mowed again. At this time, the millet is in the full flowering stage and the biomass reaches the maximum. After mowing, the green manure is again evenly covered in the tree pit and around the fruit tree drip line, with the same coverage thickness of 20-30 cm, which can effectively inhibit the growth of weeds on the apple tree ridge. To prevent mouse damage in autumn and early spring, it is necessary to ensure that there is at least a 10 cm gap between the mulch and the tree trunk to avoid mice nesting under the mulch and causing damage to the tree trunk.

[0049] 8. Spring sowing tartary buckwheat: In mid-to-late April, use a rotary cultivator to pulverize and turn under the residues of light-leafed purple clover before sowing, with a rotary cultivation depth of 20-30 cm. Sow after rainfall, using strip sowing or broadcast sowing, with a strip sowing row spacing of 25-30 cm and a sowing depth of 2-3 cm. Cover the soil with 1-2 cm of soil after sowing and compact it to maintain soil moisture. The sowing amount per mu is about 3 kg for strip sowing and about 3.5 kg for broadcast sowing.

[0050] 9. Tartary buckwheat management: After 7-10 days of sowing, check the seedling situation and supplement sowing in a timely manner if there is a lack of seedlings to avoid blockwise seedling deficiency. Appropriately irrigate during the tartary buckwheat seedling stage to keep the soil moist and ensure normal growth of the crop. Normally irrigate according to the actual water requirement of the apple trees during other periods. No separate fertilization or cultivation is required during the tartary buckwheat seedling stage to cutting and returning to the field. For plots with excessive weeds, especially perennial and root-stored weeds, the sowing density of tartary buckwheat can be appropriately increased, but the planting density should not exceed 80,000 plants per mu. No fertilizer is applied during the management period.

[0051] 10. Spring sowing green manure cutting: When more than 70% of the tartary buckwheat seeds turn from green to light brown, the tartary buckwheat is in the late filling stage and the biomass reaches the maximum, and cutting can be performed. After cutting, evenly cover the green manure around the tree pit and the fruit tree drip line with a thickness of 20-30 cm. To prevent the lower part of the tree trunk from being buried by the green manure and providing shade conditions for pests and diseases, it is necessary to ensure that there is at least a 10 cm gap between the covering and the tree trunk.

[0052] The following examples are used to illustrate the present application, but are not intended to limit the scope of the present application. If not specifically indicated, the technical means used in the examples are conventional means known to those skilled in the art, and the raw materials used are commercially available goods.

[0053] Example 1 Cultivation method of annual intercropping green manure suitable for organic apple orchards in Yunnan plateau region

[0054] The work site of this example is: Heshilanmao Apple Orchard in Shilin Yi Autonomous County, Yunnan Province, which has obtained organic certification. The specific steps are as follows:

[0055] (1) Plot selection: On July 10, 2022, a plot investigation was conducted at the Lanmao Apple Orchard. Considering factors such as terrain, soil quality, and others, we selected a plot with a small slope, loose soil, and good air permeability. On this plot, the apple variety planted is "Qinbui", using dwarf and dense planting techniques, with M26 as the rootstock and a free spindle shape. The trees were 5 years old at the start of the trial, with a row spacing of 5 meters and a plant spacing of 1.2 meters, and the tree vigor was similar.

[0056] (2) Preparing the soil: On August 8, 2022, use a rotary cultivator and other mechanical equipment to loosen the soil between the rows of the orchard, ensuring that the rotary cultivation depth is within the range of 20-30 cm. Also, make sure that the rotary cultivation area is at least 20 cm away from the drip line of the trees. After rotary cultivation, properly level the land and manually remove large stones, branches, and other debris from the soil.

[0057] (3) Variety selection: Choose a medium-height tartary buckwheat variety from the local area of Guanyishan Town, which is characterized by strong resistance to lodging and a plant height of no more than 120 cm. Choose the excellent variety "Guangye Cao 79-13" developed by the Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences.

[0058] (4) Seed treatment: To ensure the quality and growth effect of the seeds, before sowing, preliminarily select seeds that are shriveled, immature, light in color, damaged, moldy, or have already germinated. Choose seeds of Guangye Cao and tartary buckwheat that are mature and have plump grains, and expose them to sunlight for 2-3 days. On the day before sowing, soak the seeds in warm water at a temperature of 40-50°C for 20 minutes, which helps to improve the germination rate of the seeds.

[0059] (5) Sowing Guangye Cao in the fall: On August 17, 2022, after the base receives rainfall and the soil moisture content is suitable, sow the seeds by broadcasting, with a sowing depth of 1-2 cm and a covering depth of 1-2 cm. The sowing amount per mu is about 4 kg.

[0060] (6) Management of Guangye Cao: On August 20, 2022, the base is in the middle of the rainy season. The weather is sunny during the day, but it rains at night, which causes the soil to easily become compacted. To promote the successful emergence of the Cao seedlings, use a hoe to manually loosen the topsoil. On August 26, carefully check the seedling conditions and supplement the seeds in areas with insufficient seedlings. The amount of supplemental seeds is within 10% of the total sowing amount. On August 31, carry out the first intertillage and weeding, manually removing some tall grass and other harmful weeds. On September 15, carry out the second intertillage and weeding. Guangye Cao has formed stolon stems, which can effectively cover the ground. No fertilizer is applied during the entire management period.

[0061] The maximum fresh weight yield of Guangye Cao after two cuttings is 765 kg / mu, the average fresh grass yield is 752 kg / mu, the average dry grass yield is 113 kg / mu, the nutrient content of the dry grass is N 5.63%, P2O5 0.51%, and K2O 3.86%, and 113 kg of dry Guangye Cao grass can provide N 6.36 kg, P2O5 0.6 kg, and K2O 4.35 kg.

[0062] (7) Autumn sowing green manure mowing: On November 13, 2022, when the natural height of the grass layer reaches 40-50 cm and has not yet flowered, the first mowing is carried out, leaving the stubble height within 8-10 cm. At this time, the light leaf purple clover is in the present budding stage, with abundant biomass and strong regenerative ability. After mowing, the green manure is evenly covered in the tree pit and around the fruit tree drip line, with a coverage thickness of 20-30 cm. On March 22, 2023, when about 90% of the clover enters the flowering and begins to form pods stage, mowing again, at this time the clover is in the full bloom stage, the biomass reaches the maximum, similarly, after mowing, the fresh grass obtained is evenly covered in the tree pit and around the fruit tree drip line, with a coverage thickness of 20-30 cm, which can effectively inhibit the growth of weeds on the apple tree ridge. To prevent possible rodent damage in autumn and winter and early spring, it is necessary to ensure that there is at least a 10 cm gap between the mulch and the tree trunk, so as to avoid rodents nesting under the mulch and causing damage to the tree trunk.

[0063] (8) Spring sowing bitter buckwheat: Due to the influence of drought in Shilin area, the spring sowing time of green manure is delayed to May 10, 2023. Before sowing, use a rotary cultivator to pulverize and turn over the light leaf purple clover stubble, ensuring the rotary tillage depth is between 20-30 cm. Sow after rainfall, sow by scattering, sow at a depth of 2-3 cm, and cover the soil after sowing, with a thickness of about 1-2 cm, then compact to maintain soil moisture, with a sowing amount of about 3.5 kg per mu.

[0064] (9) Bitter buckwheat management: On May 20, 2023, check the seedling situation. Due to less rainfall and lack of irrigation conditions in the entire Shilin area, the seedlings are not uniform. On May 26, targeted reseeding is carried out for the areas with missing seedlings, with a reseeding amount of about 30% of the original sowing amount. During the entire management period, no fertilizer is applied.

[0065] (10) Spring green manure mowing: Due to drought, the filling period of tartary buckwheat was delayed. On August 18, 2023, when more than 70% of the grains turned from green to light brown, tartary buckwheat was in the late filling stage, and the biomass reached the maximum. After mowing, the green manure was evenly covered in the tree pit and around the fruit tree drip line, with a thickness of 20-30 cm. To prevent the lower part of the tree trunk from being buried by green manure, thus providing shade conditions for pests and diseases, it is necessary to ensure that there is at least a 10 cm gap between the covering and the tree trunk. This time, the maximum fresh weight yield of tartary buckwheat was 1067 kg / acre, the average fresh grass yield was 1045 kg / acre, and the average dry grass yield was 295 kg / acre. The nutrient content of the dry grass was N 2.17%, P2O50.32%, and K2O 2.30%. The 295 kg of tartary buckwheat dry grass could provide N 7 kg, P2O50.93 kg, and K2O 6.9 kg. In summary, the annual intercropping mode of apple intercropping with light leaf purple mung bean (autumn sowing) - tartary buckwheat (spring sowing) can return about 13.36 kg / acre of nitrogen nutrients, 1.53 kg / acre of phosphorus nutrients, and 11.25 kg / acre of potassium nutrients to the field per year.

[0066] Test Example

[0067] Most of the organic apple orchards in the Yunnan plateau mountainous area currently face problems such as low soil organic matter, high cost of organic fertilizer input, and insufficient soil nutrient supply. In addition, the continued application of traditional clean tillage management further exacerbates the reduction of soil organic matter and nutrient loss. Green manure intercropping, as an effective soil management measure, not only increases soil nutrients but also reduces the use of organic fertilizers and the cost of manual weeding. Given the unique natural conditions and rich biodiversity of the Yunnan plateau mountainous area, there are many types of weeds and strong growth competition, such as Bidens pilosa, Imperata cylindra, Digitaria sanguinalis, etc. This test selected nine green manure crops, including tartary buckwheat, arrow-shaped pea, light leaf mung bean, soybean, green mowing rye, Chinese milk vetch, motherwort, two-month orchid, and centipede grass, for adaptability screening. Through trial planting, it was found that the coverage of tartary buckwheat, arrow-shaped pea, light leaf mung bean, and soybean all exceeded 50%, and they showed stronger competitiveness compared to natural grass and harmful weeds. Therefore, this test selected these four green manure crops for intercropping with apples, with the specific scheme as follows:

[0068] 1. Apple intercropping with light leaf mung bean (autumn sowing) - tartary buckwheat (spring sowing), i.e., embodiment 1;

[0069] 2. Apple intercropping with arrow-shaped pea (autumn sowing) - tartary buckwheat (spring sowing);

[0070] 3. Apple intercropping with tartary buckwheat (autumn sowing) - tartary buckwheat (spring sowing);

[0071] 4. Apple intercropping with soybean (autumn sowing) - soybean (spring sowing);

[0072] 5. Row natural grass and clean tillage management are used as control groups.

[0073] Among them, natural grass treatment: row reservation of natural growth of excellent wild weeds, while artificial removal of harmful weeds, clean tillage management: row without any cover, artificial complete removal of orchard weeds. Each intercropping treatment is artificially sown, among them, tartary buckwheat, light leaf mung bean, arrow-shaped pea are all sown, tartary buckwheat sowing amount is 3.5kg per mu, light leaf mung bean 4kg, arrow-shaped pea 5kg, sowing depth 1-2cm; Soybean is hole sowing, row spacing is 30cm, plant spacing is 25cm, 3-4 seeds are sown in each hole, sowing depth is 5cm. The autumn green manure is sown on August 17, 2022, and light leaf mung bean and arrow-shaped pea, soybean are artificially weeded once after emergence, and harmful weeds are removed to establish seedling period dominance. On November 13, 2022, before wintering, the autumn green manure and natural grass are cut and covered in the tree pit, among them, light leaf mung bean and arrow-shaped pea are stubble 8-10cm or so to ensure their regenerative ability. The light leaf mung bean and arrow-shaped pea are cut for the second time on March 22 of the next year, and are covered in the tree pit. The spring green manure is sown on May 10, 2023, and the spring green manure and natural grass are cut on August 18, and are covered in the tree pit. During the test period, no irrigation and fertilization measures are taken for each treatment. The plants after cutting of intercropping and grass treatment are evenly covered around the drip line of the fruit tree, more than 10cm away from the tree trunk, with a covering thickness of 20-30cm.

[0074] Example 1 is tested with other intercropping modes and control modes, and the results are shown in Tables 1-4.

[0075] The soil fertility index data of the annual intercropping light leaf mung bean and tartary buckwheat and other mode fruit tree tree pit 0-20cm are shown in Table 1, and the apple yield and quality index data are shown in Table 2.

[0076] Table 1 Soil fertility index

[0077]

[0078] Note: T1: before green manure is applied; T2: apple flowering period; T3: apple mature period.

[0079] Table 2 Apple yield and quality index

[0080]

[0081] In this test example, the annual intercropping of light-leafed purple clover and bitter buckwheat had a significant positive impact on soil fertility and apple quality compared to other patterns. First, in terms of soil fertility, the intercropping treatment significantly increased the content of organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium in the surface soil of the tree pit during the apple flowering period (T2 period), indicating that the green manure mulching could effectively improve soil fertility. With the enlargement and maturation of apple fruits, the demand for nutrients increased significantly, resulting in a large amount of nutrients being consumed. This explains why some soil fertility indicators decreased during the maturation period (T3 period). Even during the apple maturation period (T3 period), compared with the clean tillage treatment, the green manure mulching significantly reduced the consumption of soil available nutrients in the 0-20 cm soil layer. This shows that green manure mulching has a positive effect on replenishing nutrients consumed during apple growth.

[0082] In terms of apple yield and quality, the annual intercropping of light-leafed purple clover and bitter buckwheat showed significant growth in 2023 compared to 2022. The yield increased from 564.58 kg / acre to 621.24 kg / acre, far exceeding the slight increase in clean tillage orchards during the same period. In addition, the quality indicators of intercropped apples such as soluble solids, soluble sugars and titratable acid were improved, showing the positive effect of intercropping on improving apple quality. This implementation case shows that the intercropping mode of light-leafed purple clover and bitter buckwheat not only significantly improves the yield of the orchard, but also improves the overall quality of apples, providing strong evidence for the practical value of the invention in improving agricultural production efficiency and fruit quality.

[0083] The planting cost data of Example 1 and other intercropping modes and controls are shown in Table 3.

[0084] Table 3 Cost accounting table

[0085]

[0086] The planting costs of each intercropping mode were calculated, including:

[0087] 1. Seed cost: According to the local market pricing, the unit price of seeds is as follows: bitter buckwheat 8 yuan / kg, light-leafed clover 14 yuan / kg, arrow-shaped pea 24 yuan / kg, soybean 8 yuan / kg. According to the sowing amount of each crop (bitter buckwheat 3.5 kg per mu, light-leafed clover 4 kg, arrow-shaped pea 5 kg, soybean 4 kg per hole), the seed cost of each treatment was calculated.

[0088] 2. Pre-sowing land preparation cost: the pre-sowing land preparation is carried out by using a rotary cultivator, and the daily operation cost of the machine includes depreciation, fuel cost and labor cost. The depreciation: the purchase cost of the rotary cultivator of 50000 yuan is allocated to the 10-year service life, about 13.7 yuan / day; the fuel cost: the rotary cultivator can cultivate 40 mu of orchard per day, considering only the rotary cultivation between rows, the actual cultivated area is 20 mu, and 3 liters of fuel are needed for each mu of rotary cultivation, and the fuel cost is calculated at the price of 7.6 yuan / liter, 20 mu are cultivated per day, so the daily fuel cost is 456 yuan; the labor cost: the daily wage of a skilled operator of the rotary cultivator is 150 yuan. Therefore, the daily cost of rotary cultivation is 456+150+13.7=619.7 yuan, and the average cost of each mu of orchard is about 619.7 / 40=15.49 yuan.

[0089] 3. Sowing, weeding and mowing cost: manual sowing is 120 yuan / day, 20 yuan / mu per day, and manual weeding cost is 120 yuan / mu per day. The purchase price of the mowing machine is 2000 yuan, and the expected service life is 5 years, and the daily depreciation is 1.10 yuan. A worker can handle 2 mu of land per day, mowing for 5 hours and returning to the field for 3 hours, fuel cost 60.8 yuan, labor cost 120 yuan, total cost 181.9 yuan, and the average cost per mu is 90.95 yuan.

[0090] The economic benefits of annual intercropping with light leaf meadow and bitter buckwheat and other modes are shown in Table 4.

[0091] Table 4 Economic benefit analysis table

[0092]

[0093] The annual intercropping of light leaf meadow and bitter buckwheat with traditional clean cultivation of orchard has obvious income increasing benefit, and with the increase of the intercropping year of green manure crops, the covering effect of green manure crops and the competition between them and weeds can effectively inhibit the germination and growth of weeds, gradually reduce the number of weed seed bank in the soil, and control the growth and spread of vicious weeds from the source. In addition, with the increase of the planting year of green manure, through self-collection of seeds or use of existing seed resources in the soil, the planting cost can be reduced, and long-term green manure can provide sustained nutrient supply for the soil, which has potential positive influence on improving apple yield and improving fruit quality, so that the economic benefit of green manure intercropping is further manifested.

[0094] Although the present application has been described in detail in the foregoing description with general description and specific embodiments, some modifications or improvements can be made on the basis of the present application, which is obvious to those skilled in the art. Therefore, these modifications or improvements made on the basis of not deviating from the spirit of the present application, all belong to the scope of protection claimed by the present application.

Claims

1. A planting method of year-round intercropping green manure suitable for orchards in plateau areas, characterized in that, Adopting annual intercropping mode, the Fritillaria meleagris and the light leaf vetch are planted in the row of the orchard in the plateau area by rotary tillage, so as to realize the green manure covering and returning to field; Specifically, the mode is that the light leaf vetch is sown in autumn, and the Fritillaria meleagris is sown before the next spring, so as to realize the annual green coverage of the orchard. The light leaf vetch is sown in late July to early August, the first cutting is performed when the grass layer height reaches 40-50 cm and the light leaf vetch does not bloom, and the second cutting is performed in the next March, after the cutting, the green manure is covered around the tree disc and the drip line of the fruit tree, the covering thickness is 20-30 cm, and at least 10 cm gap is ensured between the covering and the tree trunk. The Fritillaria meleagris is sown in the middle and late April of the next year, before sowing, the light leaf vetch stubble is crushed and crushed by the rotary tiller, the rotary tillage depth is 20-30 cm, the Fritillaria meleagris is sown by strip sowing or scattering method, the sowing depth is 2-3 cm, after sowing, the soil is covered by 1-2 cm and compacted, so as to maintain the soil moisture; when more than 70% of the Fritillaria meleagris grain turns from green to light brown, cutting is performed, after cutting, the green manure is covered around the tree disc and the drip line of the fruit tree, the covering thickness is 20-30 cm, and at least 10 cm gap is ensured between the covering and the tree trunk. For the light leaf vetch: the first cutting is performed when the light leaf vetch is 40-50 cm high and does not bloom, and the stubble is 8-10 cm; in the next March, the light leaf vetch is cut again when the light leaf vetch blooms to 90%.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein, Before planting the Fritillaria meleagris and the light leaf vetch, the soil in the row of the orchard is rotary tilled and loosened, the rotary tillage depth is 20-30 cm, and then the soil is properly leveled and the sundries in the soil are removed.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein, Before sowing, the seeds of the light leaf vetch and the Fritillaria meleagris are selected, the seeds of the light leaf vetch and the Fritillaria meleagris are exposed to the sun for 2-3 days, and the seeds are soaked in 40-50℃ warm water for 20 minutes on the day before sowing, which is helpful to promote the seedling emergence.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein, The sowing amount of the light leaf vetch and the Fritillaria meleagris is as follows: The light leaf vetch is scattered: 4 kg per mu; The Fritillaria meleagris is scattered: 3.5 kg per mu.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein, The distance from the edge of the rotary tillage to the drip line of the fruit tree is as follows: A, for the young period or dwarfing and dense planting orchard, 10-20 cm; B, for the mature period orchard, the distance is at least 20 cm or more.

6. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that, The plateau area is the Yunnan plateau area; The orchard is an organic apple orchard; The light leaf vetch is light leaf vetch.

7. A cultivation method for annual intercropping green manure suitable for organic apple orchards in Yunnan plateau region, characterized in that, The method comprises the following steps: (1) plot selection: select a flat plot with small slope, loose soil and good air permeability; (2) land preparation before sowing: the soil in the row of the orchard is rotary tilled and loosened by using the rotary tiller, the rotary tillage depth is 20-30 cm, and then the soil is properly leveled and the sundries in the soil are removed; (3) variety selection: the light leaf vetch is selected from the varieties matched with the climate conditions in Yunnan Province, including light leaf vetch 74-2, 75-13 and 79-13; the Fritillaria meleagris is selected from the medium and short stem Fritillaria meleagris varieties with lodging resistance and a plant height of not more than 120 cm and suitable for local climate, including Zhaoku No.1 and Yunqiao No.2; (4) Seed treatment: Before sowing, first remove the flat seed, immature light purple mung bean and bitter buckwheat seeds, and broken, moldy or germinated seeds; Select the current year and high maturity, full seed light purple mung bean and bitter buckwheat seeds, and expose them to the sun for 2-3 days; The day before sowing, soak the seeds in warm water at 40-50°C for 20 minutes, which helps promote seed germination; (5) Autumn sowing of light purple mung bean: Sow in late July to early August, and use a rotary cultivator to pulverize and turn over the stubble of the previous crop before sowing, with a rotary cultivation depth of 20-30 cm and a sowing depth of 1-2 cm; (6) Light purple mung bean management: Check the seedling condition within 7-10 days after sowing, and supplement seeds according to the lack of seedlings, and cultivate and weed according to the growth of weeds 10-15 days after germination, until the mung bean completely covers the ground, and no fertilizer is applied during the management period; (7) Light purple mung bean mowing: The first mowing is done when the grass layer height reaches 40-50 cm and before flowering; The second mowing is done in March of the following year, and after mowing, the green manure is evenly covered around the tree pit and fruit tree drip line with a thickness of 20-30 cm, and at least a gap of 10 cm between the mulch and the tree trunk is maintained; (8) Spring sowing of bitter buckwheat: In mid-to-late April, use a rotary cultivator to pulverize and turn over the light purple mung bean stubble before sowing, with a rotary cultivation depth of 20-30 cm, and use strip planting or scattering methods, with a sowing depth of 2-3 cm, and cover the soil 1-2 cm after sowing and compact it to maintain soil moisture; (9) Bitter buckwheat management: Check the seedling condition within 7-10 days after sowing, and supplement seeds in a timely manner if there are seedlings, and appropriately irrigate during the seedling period according to the soil moisture, and no fertilizer is applied during the management period; (10) Bitter buckwheat mowing: Mow when more than 70% of the bitter buckwheat grains turn from green to light brown, and after mowing, evenly cover the green manure around the tree pit and fruit tree drip line with a thickness of 20-30 cm, and ensure that there is at least a gap of 10 cm between the mulch and the tree trunk.

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