Low-distortion large-target industrial lens and optical system thereof

Abstract

The application relates to the field of optical imaging technology and discloses a low-distortion large-target industrial lens and an optical system thereof. The optical system comprises, arranged in sequence from an object side to an image side, a first lens group S1 with positive focal power, an aperture A0, a second lens group S2 with positive focal power and a third lens group S3 with positive focal power; the first lens group S1, the second lens group S2 and the third lens group S3 are respectively composed of a plurality of spherical lenses, and the optical axes of all the spherical lenses are coincident with a predetermined optical axis. The optical system provided by the application has a highest resolution of 185 lp / mm, can match a 2.74-micron pixel chip, and has a maximum optical distortion of less than 0.07% in a full field of view, and simultaneously has the advantages of low-distortion performance and high resolution.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The present application relates to the field of optical imaging technology, and in particular to a low-distortion large-target industrial lens and an optical system thereof. BACKGROUND

[0002] With the popularization of intelligent manufacturing, the market demand for industrial lenses as the core components of machine vision is growing. As the "eyes" of the vision system, industrial lenses bear the key task of image capture and transmission, and their performance directly affects the final accuracy and stability of the vision system.

[0003] With the development of chip technology, the market for 1.2-inch camera chips has shown a steady growth trend in recent years. 1.2-inch cameras are widely used in part detection, size measurement, position recognition, product assembly, quality detection and other applications. In order to meet the new trend demand, the research and development of 1.2-inch industrial lenses is imminent. In order to achieve accurate detection of micro-defects and changes and improve the accuracy and reliability of detection, the resolution of the industrial lens needs to reach 25 million, and the corresponding optical distortion needs to be as small as possible under the premise of ensuring a large target, to meet the high-precision detection demand.

[0004] In view of the above situation, for those skilled in the art, how to realize a low-distortion large-target industrial lens to adapt to the above application demand has become a technical problem to be solved in the art.

[0005] The above information is given as background information only to assist with understanding the present disclosure, and does not establish or admit that any of the above is available as prior art to the present disclosure. SUMMARY

[0006] The purpose of the present application is to provide a low-distortion large-target industrial lens and an optical system thereof to solve or at least partially solve the technical problems existing in the prior art.

[0007] To achieve this purpose, the present application adopts the following technical solutions:

[0008] In a first aspect, the present application provides an optical system of a low-distortion large-target industrial lens, comprising a first lens group S1 with positive focal power, an aperture A0, a second lens group S2 with positive focal power and a third lens group S3 with positive focal power arranged in order from the object side to the image side; the first lens group S1, the second lens group S2 and the third lens group S3 are respectively composed of a plurality of spherical lenses, and the optical axes of all the spherical lenses coincide with the predetermined optical axis;

[0009] The focal length f of the optical system, the focal length of the first lens group S1 is f S1 , and the focal length of the second lens group S2 is f S2, the focal length of the third lens group S3 is f S3 ; f S1 , f S2 , f S3 and f respectively satisfy the following relations:

[0010] 1.60<|f S1 / f|<2.10, 0.70<|f S2 / f|<1.30, 2.10<|f S3 / f|<3.20.

[0011] Optionally, the relative position between the first lens group S1 and the stop A0 is fixed, the relative position between the stop A0 and the second lens group S2 is fixed, and the relative position between the third lens group S3 and the image plane of the optical system is fixed;

[0012] The air gap DS between the second lens group S2 and the third lens group S3 can be adjusted, and the ratio of the air gap DS to the focal length f of the optical system needs to satisfy the relation:

[0013] |DS / f|<0.60.

[0014] Optionally, the first lens group S1 includes a first lens G1 with positive focal power, a second lens G2 with positive focal power, and a third lens G3 with negative focal power arranged in order from the object side to the image side;

[0015] The second lens group S2 includes a fourth lens G4 with negative focal power, a fifth lens G5 with positive focal power, and a sixth lens G6 with positive focal power arranged in order from the object side to the image side;

[0016] The third lens group S3 includes a seventh lens G7 with positive focal power and an eighth lens G8 with negative focal power arranged in order from the object side to the image side;

[0017] The stop A0 is arranged between the third lens G3 and the fourth lens G4;

[0018] Wherein, the first lens G1, the sixth lens G6 and the eighth lens G8 are all meniscus lenses, the second lens G2 is a double convex lens or a meniscus lens, the third lens G3 is a double concave lens or a meniscus lens, the fourth lens G4 is a double concave lens, the fifth lens G5 and the seventh lens G7 are double convex lenses,

[0019] Optionally, the second lens G2 and the third lens G3 are cemented into a first cemented lens group U1 with negative focal power; the fourth lens G4 and the fifth lens G5 are cemented into a second cemented lens group U2 with negative focal power; the seventh lens G7 and the eighth lens G8 are cemented into a third cemented lens group U3 with positive focal power;

[0020] The focal length of the first lens G1 is f G1 The focal length of the first lens G1 is f G1 The ratio of the focal length of the first lens G1 to the focal length f of the optical system satisfies the relationship: 1.00 G1 |f| < 1.60.

[0021] The focal length of the first cemented lens group is f U1 The focal length of the first cemented lens group is f U1 The ratio of the focal length of the first cemented lens group to the focal length f of the optical system satisfies the relationship: 1.40 U1 |f| < 2.20.

[0022] The focal length of the second cemented lens group is f U2 The focal length of the second cemented lens group is f U2 The ratio of the focal length of the second cemented lens group to the focal length f of the optical system satisfies the relationship: 1.70 U2 |f| < 2.60.

[0023] The focal length of the sixth lens G6 is f G6 The focal length of the sixth lens G6 is f G6 The ratio of the focal length of the sixth lens G6 to the focal length f of the optical system satisfies the relationship: 0.60 G6 |f| < 1.30.

[0024] Optionally, the distance L from the front surface vertex of the first lens G1 of the optical system to the rear surface vertex of the eighth lens G8 and the focal length f of the optical system satisfy the relationship:

[0025] |L / f| > 0.80.

[0026] Optionally, the back focal length BFL of the optical system and the focal length f of the optical system satisfy the relationship:

[0027] |BFL / f| < 0.60.

[0028] Optionally, the half image height y' of the optical system and the focal length f of the optical system satisfy the relationship:

[0029] |y' / f| < 0.30.

[0030] Optionally, the aperture of the diaphragm A0 is a circular hole, and the center of the circular hole is on the predetermined optical axis;

[0031] The aperture value of the diaphragm A0 can be adjusted, and the adjustment range of the aperture value is F2.8~F16.

[0032] In a second aspect, the present application provides a low-distortion large-target industrial lens, comprising a focusing structure and an optical system of a low-distortion large-target industrial lens as described above;

[0033] The focusing structure can drive the first lens group S1, the diaphragm A0 and the second lens group S2 to move together along the predetermined optical axis to approach or move away from the third lens group S3, so as to make the image clear.

[0034] Optionally, the focal length f of the optical system is 50mm.

[0035] Compared with the prior art, the present application has the following beneficial effects:

[0036] The optical system provided by the present application has a maximum resolution of 185lp / mm, can match a 2.74μm pixel chip, and has a maximum optical distortion of less than 0.07% in a full field of view, and has the advantages of low distortion and high resolution.

[0037] The present application has other characteristics and advantages, which will be apparent from or will be set forth in detail in the accompanying drawings and the subsequent detailed description, which are incorporated herein together to explain the specific principles of the present application. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0038] In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present application or the prior art, the accompanying drawings needed to be used in the embodiments or the prior art description will be briefly introduced. Obviously, the accompanying drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present application, and for those skilled in the art, other drawings can also be obtained without creative labor on the basis of these drawings.

[0039] Figure 1 is a structural schematic diagram of an optical system of a low-distortion large-target industrial lens provided by an embodiment of the present application.

[0040] Figure 2 is an optical distortion curve of an optical system of a low-distortion large-target industrial lens provided by an embodiment of the present application. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0041] In order to more clearly illustrate the possible application scenarios, technical principles, specific schemes that can be implemented, purposes and effects that can be achieved, the following will be described in detail in combination with the specific embodiments listed and the accompanying drawings. The embodiments described herein are only used to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the present application, and therefore only serve as examples, and cannot limit the protection scope of the present application.

[0042] The term "embodiment" is mentioned herein means that the specific features, structures, or characteristics described in connection with the embodiment can be included in at least one embodiment of the present application. The term "embodiment" appearing in various places in the specification does not necessarily refer to the same embodiment, nor does it particularly limit the independence or association between other embodiments. In principle, in the present application, as long as there is no technical contradiction or conflict, the technical features mentioned in each embodiment can be combined in any way to form a corresponding implementable technical solution.

[0043] Unless otherwise defined, the meanings of the technical terms used herein are the same as those commonly understood by those skilled in the art to which the present application belongs; the use of related terms herein is only for the purpose of describing specific embodiments, and is not intended to limit the present application.

[0044] In the description of the present application, the phrase "and / or" is a description of the logical relationship between the objects, which means that there can be three relationships, for example, A and / or B, which means that there are three cases: A exists, B exists, and A and B exist at the same time. In addition, the character " / " herein generally represents that the associated objects before and after are a "or" logical relationship.

[0045] In the present application, the terms such as "first" and "second" are only used to distinguish one entity or operation from another entity or operation, and do not necessarily require or imply any actual quantity, primary and secondary or order relationship between the entities or operations.

[0046] In the present application, without more limitation, the "includes", "contains", "has" or other similar expressions used in the sentence are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusion, and these expressions do not exclude the presence of other elements in the process, method or product including the described elements, so that the process, method or product including a series of elements can not only include those limited elements, but also include other elements not explicitly listed, or also include the elements inherent to such process, method or product.

[0047] In the present application, "greater than", "less than", "exceed" and other expressions are understood as not including the number; "above", "below", "within" and other expressions are understood to include the number. In addition, in the description of the embodiments of the present application, the meaning of "multiple" is more than two (including two), and similar expressions related to "multiple" are also understood in this way, for example, "multiple groups", "multiple times" and the like, unless otherwise explicitly limited.

[0048] In the description of the embodiments of the present application, the spatially relative terms, such as "central", "longitudinal", "transverse", "length", "width", "thickness", "upper", "lower", "front", "back", "left", "right", "vertical", "horizontal", "vertical", "top", "bottom", "inner", "outer", "clockwise", "counterclockwise", "axial", "radial", "circumferential", and the like, indicate the orientation or positional relationship shown in the specific embodiment or the orientation or positional relationship shown in the drawings, and are only used for the convenience of describing the specific embodiments of the present application or for the convenience of the reader to understand, and do not indicate or imply that the indicated device or component must have a particular position, a particular orientation, or be constructed or operated in a particular orientation, and therefore cannot be understood as a limitation on the embodiments of the present application.

[0049] Unless otherwise expressly specified or limited, the terms "mount", "connect", "connection", "fixed", "set", and the like used in the description of the embodiments of the present application should be interpreted broadly. For example, the "connection" can be a fixed connection, or a detachable connection, or an integral setting; it can be a mechanical connection, or an electrical connection, or a communication connection; it can be a direct connection, or an indirect connection through an intermediate medium; it can be a communication or interaction between two elements. For those skilled in the art to which the present application belongs, the specific meaning of the above terms in the embodiments of the present application can be understood according to the specific circumstances.

[0050] Embodiment one:

[0051] Please refer to Figure 1 , Figure 1 is a structural schematic diagram of an optical system of a low-distortion large-target industrial lens provided by the embodiments of the present application;

[0052] As Figure 1 shown, the optical system comprises, in order from the object side to the image side, a first lens group S1 with positive focal power, a stop A0, a second lens group S2 with positive focal power, and a third lens group S3 with positive focal power; the first lens group S1, the second lens group S2, and the third lens group S3 are respectively composed of a plurality of spherical lenses, and the optical axes of all the spherical lenses coincide with the predetermined optical axis;

[0053] The focal length of the optical system is f, the focal length of the first lens group S1 is fS1, the focal length of the second lens group S2 is fS2, and the focal length of the third lens group S3 is fS3; fS1, fS2, fS3, and f respectively satisfy the following relationships:

[0054] 1.60<|fS1 / f|<2.10, 0.70<|fS2 / f|<1.30, 2.10<|fS3 / f|<3.20.

[0055] It should be noted that the object side is located Figure 1The left side of the first lens group S1 is an image side (or image plane). Figure 1 The right side of the third lens group S3 is an object side. Figure 1 The dotted line in the middle is the optical axis of the optical system.

[0056] Further, in the embodiment, the relative position between the first lens group S1 and the diaphragm A0 is constant, the relative position between the diaphragm A0 and the second lens group S2 is constant, and the relative position between the third lens group S3 and the image plane of the optical system is constant.

[0057] The air gap DS between the second lens group S2 and the third lens group S3 can be adjusted, and the ratio of the air gap DS to the focal length f of the optical system needs to satisfy the relationship:

[0058] |DS / f|<0.60.

[0059] The focusing operation of the optical system is specifically implemented by driving the first lens group S1, the diaphragm A0, and the second lens group S2 to move as a whole to adjust the air gap DS, and then to make the image clear.

[0060] Specifically, the first lens group S1 includes a first lens G1 with positive refractive power, a second lens G2 with positive refractive power, and a third lens G3 with negative refractive power arranged in order from the object side to the image side.

[0061] The second lens group S2 includes a fourth lens G4 with negative refractive power, a fifth lens G5 with positive refractive power, and a sixth lens G6 with positive refractive power arranged in order from the object side to the image side.

[0062] The third lens group S3 includes a seventh lens G7 with positive refractive power and an eighth lens G8 with negative refractive power arranged in order from the object side to the image side.

[0063] The diaphragm A0 is arranged between the third lens G3 and the fourth lens G4.

[0064] For example, in the embodiment, the first lens G1, the sixth lens G6, and the eighth lens G8 are all meniscus lenses, the second lens G2 is a double convex lens or a meniscus lens, the third lens G3 is a double concave lens or a meniscus lens, the fourth lens G4 is a double concave lens, and the fifth lens G5 and the seventh lens G7 are double convex lenses.

[0065] As an optional implementation, the second lens G2 and the third lens G3 are cemented into a first cemented lens group U1 with negative refractive power, the fourth lens G4 and the fifth lens G5 are cemented into a second cemented lens group U2 with negative refractive power, and the seventh lens G7 and the eighth lens G8 are cemented into a third cemented lens group U3 with positive refractive power.

[0066] Furthermore, the focal length of the first lens G1 is f. G1 Its focal length f G1 The ratio of the focal length f of the optical system to the focal length f satisfies the following relationship: 1.00 < |f G1 / f|<1.60;

[0067] The focal length of the first cemented lens group is f. U1 Its focal length f U1 The ratio of the focal length f of the optical system to the focal length f of the system satisfies the following relationship: 1.40 < |f U1 / f|<2.20;

[0068] The focal length of the second cemented lens group is f. U2 Its focal length f U2 The ratio of the focal length f of the optical system to the focal length f of the system satisfies the following relationship: 1.70 < |f U2 / f|<2.60;

[0069] The focal length of the sixth lens G6 is f G6 Its focal length f G6 The ratio of the focal length f of the optical system to the focal length f satisfies the following relationship: 0.60 < |f G6 / f|<1.30.

[0070] More specifically, the distance L from the vertex of the front surface of the first lens G1 to the vertex of the rear surface of the eighth lens G8 in the optical system must satisfy the following relationship with the focal length f of the optical system:

[0071] |L / f|>0.80.

[0072] The optical back focal length BFL of the optical system and the focal length f of the optical system satisfy the following relationship:

[0073] |BFL / f| < 0.60.

[0074] The half-image height y' of the optical system and the focal length f of the optical system satisfy the following relationship:

[0075] |y' / f|<0.30.

[0076] More specifically, the aperture of the stop A0 is set as a circular hole, and the center of the circular hole is on the predetermined optical axis;

[0077] In this embodiment, the aperture value of the aperture stop A0 can be adjusted, and the adjustment range of the aperture value is F2.8 to F16.

[0078] For example, in this instance, the optical system data is specifically shown in Table 1:

[0079] Table 1

[0080]

[0081]

[0082] It should be noted that in Table 1, "front surface" corresponds to the left side surface of the lens or lens group, and "back surface" corresponds to the right side surface of the lens or lens group. Figure 1 Figure 1 "front" corresponds to the left side of the lens or lens group, and "back" corresponds to the right side of the lens or lens group. Figure 1 Figure 1

[0083] In this example, the focal length f of the optical system is 50 mm, the maximum aperture is F2.8, the focal length f of the first lens group S1 is 91.40 mm, the focal length f of the second lens group S2 is 51.50 mm, and the focal length f of the third lens group S3 is 139.60 mm. S1 S2 S3

[0084] The distance L from the vertex of the front surface of the first lens G1 to the vertex of the back surface of the eighth lens G8 is 48.13 mm, the optical back focal length BFL is 21.70 mm, the half image height y' is 9.65 mm, the focal length f of the first lens G1 is 63.96 mm, the focal length f of the first cemented lens group is -85.10 mm, the focal length f of the second cemented lens group is -106.70 mm, and the focal length f of the sixth lens G6 is 40.50 mm. G1 U1 U2 G6

[0085] The air gap DS is in the range of (2.00, 20.00) mm.

[0086] Substituting the above values into each of the relationships, we obtain:

[0087] |f S1 / f| = 1.83; |f S2 / f| = 1.03; |f S3 / f| = 2.79; |L / f| = 0.96;

[0088] |BFL / f| = 0.43; |y' / f| = 0.19; |f G1 / f| = 1.28; |f U1 / f| = 1.70;

[0089] |f U2 / f| = 2.13; |f G6 / f| = 0.81; 0.04 < |DS / f| < 0.40.

[0090] ​​​​​​​​​​The obtained numerical values satisfy the respective relationships, and are specifically as follows:

[0091] 1.60<|f S1 / f|<2.10;0.70<|f S2 / f|<1.30;2.10<|f S3 / f|<3.20;

[0092] |L / f|>0.80;|BFL / f|<0.60;|y’ / f|<0.30;

[0093] 1.00<|f G1 / f|<1.60;1.40<|f U1 / f|<2.20;

[0094] 1.70<|f U2 / f|<2.60;0.60<|f G6 / f|<1.30;|DS / f|<0.60。

[0095] Please continue to refer to Figure 2 , Figure 2 is an optical distortion curve of an optical system of a low-distortion large-target industrial lens provided by the embodiment of the application;

[0096] The optical system provided by the embodiment has a highest resolution of 185 lp / mm, can match a 2.74 μm pixel chip, and has a maximum optical distortion of less than 0.07% in a full field of view. In addition, the optical system adopts a floating focusing mode, and the light aperture can be flexibly adjusted.

[0097] Embodiment Two

[0098] The embodiment provides a low-distortion large-target industrial lens, which comprises a focusing structure and an optical system of a low-distortion large-target industrial lens as described in Embodiment One.

[0099] The focusing structure is used to drive the first lens group S1, the diaphragm A0 and the second lens group S2 to move together along a predetermined optical axis to approach or move away from the third lens group S3 to realize focusing.

[0100] Based on the detailed description of the optical system in Embodiment One, the description is not repeated in this embodiment.

[0101] In conclusion, the embodiment of the present application realizes a low-distortion optical industrial lens with a focal length of 50 mm, an image-side F number of 2.8, a maximum imaging surface of φ19.3 mm, a maximum resolution of 185 lp / mm, a 2.74 μm pixel chip, a maximum pixel of 25 million, and a maximum optical distortion of less than 0.07% in the full field of view. In addition, the industrial lens adopts a floating focusing mode, and the light aperture can be flexibly adjusted.

[0102] The above-described embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the present application, rather than limit the present application; although the present application has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that the technical solutions recorded in the foregoing embodiments can be modified, or some technical features can be replaced by equivalent features; and these modifications or replacements do not cause the corresponding technical solutions to deviate from the spirit and scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present application.

Claims

1. An optical system of a low-distortion large target industrial lens, characterized by, The optical system comprises, from the object side to the image side, a first lens group S1 with positive refractive power, a diaphragm A0, a second lens group S2 with positive refractive power, and a third lens group S3 with positive refractive power; the first lens group S1, the second lens group S2, and the third lens group S3 are each composed of a plurality of spherical lenses, and the optical axes of all the spherical lenses coincide with the predetermined optical axis; focal length f of the optical system, focal length f of the first lens group S1 S1 , focal length f of the second lens group S2 S2 , focal length f of the third lens group S3 S3 ; f S1 , f S2 , f S3 and f respectively satisfy the following relationships: 1.60 < |f S1 / f| < 2.10, 0.70 < |f S2 / f| < 1.30, 2.10 < |f S3 / f| < 3.20; The first lens group S1 is composed of, from the object side to the image side, a first lens G1 with positive refractive power, a second lens G2 with positive refractive power, and a third lens G3 with negative refractive power; The second lens group S2 is composed of, from the object side to the image side, a fourth lens G4 with negative refractive power, a fifth lens G5 with positive refractive power, and a sixth lens G6 with positive refractive power; The third lens group S3 is composed of, from the object side to the image side, a seventh lens G7 with positive refractive power and an eighth lens G8 with negative refractive power; The air gap DS between the second lens group S2 and the third lens group S3 can be adjusted, and the ratio of the air gap DS to the focal length f of the optical system satisfies the relationship: |DS / f|<0.60; The ratio of the half image height y' of the optical system to the focal length f of the optical system satisfies the relationship: |y' / f|<0.

30.

2. The optical system of a low-distortion large target industrial lens according to claim 1, characterized in that, The relative positions between the first lens group S1 and the diaphragm A0, between the diaphragm A0 and the second lens group S2, and between the third lens group S3 and the image plane of the optical system are fixed.

3. The optical system of a low-distortion large-target industrial lens according to claim 2, wherein the diaphragm A0 is arranged between the third lens G3 and the fourth lens G4. The first lens G1, the sixth lens G6, and the eighth lens G8 are all meniscus lenses, the second lens G2 is a double-convex lens or a meniscus lens, the third lens G3 is a double-concave lens or a meniscus lens, the fourth lens G4 is a double-concave lens, and the fifth lens G5 and the seventh lens G7 are double-convex lenses. The second lens G2 and the third lens G3 are cemented into a first cemented lens group U1 with negative refractive power; 4. The optical system of a low-distortion large target industrial lens according to claim 3, characterized in that, The fourth lens G4 and the fifth lens G5 are cemented into a second cemented lens group U2 with negative refractive power, and the seventh lens G7 and the eighth lens G8 are cemented into a third cemented lens group U3 with positive refractive power; The distance L from the front vertex of the first lens G1 to the back vertex of the eighth lens G8 of the optical system to the focal length f of the optical system satisfies the relationship: The focal length of the first lens G1 is f G1 The focal length f G1 The ratio of the focal length f of the optical system to the focal length f of the first lens G1 satisfies the relationship: 1.00 < |f G1 / f| < 1.60; The focal length of the first cemented lens group is f U1 The focal length of the first cemented lens group is f U1 And the ratio of the focal length f of the optical system satisfies the relationship: 1.40 < |f U1 / f| < 2.20; The focal length of the second cemented lens group is f U2 The focal length of the second cemented lens group is f U2 And the ratio of the focal length f of the optical system satisfies the relationship: 1.70 < |f U2 / f| < 2.60; The focal length of the sixth lens G6 is f G6 The focal length of the sixth lens G6 is f G6 The ratio of the focal length f of the optical system to the focal length f of the sixth lens G6 satisfies the relationship: 0.60 < |f G6 / f| < 1.

30.

5. The optical system of a low-distortion large target industrial lens according to claim 1, wherein, |L / f|>0.

80. The optical back focal length BFL of the optical system to the focal length f of the optical system satisfies the relationship:

6. The optical system of a low-distortion large target industrial lens according to claim 1, wherein, |BFL / f|<0.

60. The aperture of the diaphragm A0 is a circular hole, and the center of the circular hole is on the predetermined optical axis; 7. The optical system of a low-distortion large target industrial lens according to claim 1, wherein, The aperture value of the diaphragm A0 can be adjusted, and the adjustment range of the aperture value is F2.8-F16. The optical system of a low-distortion large-target industrial lens comprises a focusing structure and any one of the optical systems according to claims 1-7.

8. A low-distortion, large target industrial lens characterized by, The focusing structure can drive the first lens group S1, the diaphragm A0, and the second lens group S2 as a whole to move towards or away from the third lens group S3 along the predetermined optical axis. The focal length f of the optical system is 50 mm.

9. The low-distortion, large-format industrial lens of claim 8, wherein, ​

Images