Unmanned aerial vehicle assisted Internet of Vehicles cross-domain authentication method based on block chain and federated learning

Abstract

The invention discloses an unmanned aerial vehicle assisted Internet of Vehicles cross-domain authentication method based on a block chain and federated learning, and the method comprises the steps: initializing an Internet of Vehicles system, and generating system initialization common parameters; the vehicle and the unmanned aerial vehicle complete identity registration with the control center, and the vehicle performs login verification; and respectively carrying out initial authentication and cross-domain authentication on the vehicles which are successfully logged in and verified, guaranteeing the communication security through key negotiation, and completing the cross-domain authentication of the unmanned aerial vehicle assisted Internet of Vehicles. According to the method, the reliability and the security of data in the cross-domain authentication process are realized, the privacy of the data is improved, relatively low calculation and transmission overhead in the cross-domain authentication process is realized, and the authentication efficiency is improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention belongs to the technical field of Internet of Vehicles, and in particular to a drone-assisted Internet of Vehicles cross-domain authentication method based on blockchain and federated learning. Background Art

[0002] With the development of Internet technology, drone-assisted Internet of Vehicles (IOV) technology is becoming an important part of intelligent transportation systems. The application of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in the Internet of Vehicles (IOV) can not only provide a wider monitoring range, but also provide timely traffic information and rescue services in areas with limited network. The flexibility and low deployment cost of drones make them a promising auxiliary tool in the IoV. However, drone-assisted IoV also faces security and energy challenges. For example, performing a large amount of computing on drones to process the collected data may consume a lot of energy, and transmitting data to a central station for processing may involve privacy and security threats. To address these issues, federated learning (FL) can be adopted, which is a distributed machine learning method that allows nodes to collaboratively learn a shared prediction model while protecting data privacy. The application of federated learning in IoV is relatively new and mainly focuses on user data privacy protection. By using federated learning on drones, a secure connection can be established with vehicles to protect data privacy between drone and vehicle users. Although many privacy protection schemes have been proposed, how to efficiently protect privacy and reduce the consumption of communication and computing resources remains a challenge. In addition, the security and efficiency of cross-domain data sharing in the IoV environment are also the focus of research. One solution is to use blockchain architecture to achieve efficient cross-domain data security sharing in the Internet of Vehicles. Therefore, combining blockchain technology and federated learning can provide a secure and efficient cross-domain identity authentication and data sharing framework for the Internet of Vehicles. However, many solutions for privacy protection have been proposed in existing technologies, but how to efficiently protect privacy and reduce communication overhead and computing overhead resources remains a problem. Summary of the invention

[0003] In order to solve the above technical problems, the present invention proposes a drone-assisted Internet of Vehicles cross-domain authentication method based on blockchain and federated learning, which realizes efficient identity authentication and privacy protection.

[0004] To achieve the above-mentioned purpose, the present invention provides a UAV-assisted IoV cross-domain authentication method based on blockchain and federated learning. In an IoV network composed of a control center, a UAV and a mobile vehicle equipped with an onboard unit, the control center communicates wirelessly with the UAV and the mobile vehicle equipped with the onboard unit respectively. The authentication process in the IoV network specifically includes the following steps:

[0005] Initialize the Internet of Vehicles system and generate system initialization common parameters;

[0006] The drone and the vehicle complete identity registration with the control center, and the vehicle performs login verification;

[0007] Vehicles that have successfully logged in will undergo initial authentication and cross-domain authentication respectively, and the security of communication will be ensured through key negotiation to complete the drone-assisted Internet of Vehicles cross-domain authentication.

[0008] Optionally, initialize the Internet of Vehicles system and generate system initialization common parameters including:

[0009] The control center selects the security parameter k to generate prime numbers p and q. and denote elliptic curves and multiplication groups respectively, is an additive cyclic group, and P is The generator of

[0010] The control center is randomly selected As the system's private key, and calculate the system's public key P pub =s·P;

[0011] The control center selects a secure one-way hash function The system's common parameters public.

[0012] Optionally, the drone completing identity registration with the control center includes:

[0013] The control center selects ID j The private key is used as the drone D j Unique identity identifier, calculate the public key pk j And the public key pk j Stored in the smart contract; the drone selects a challenge value c j And calculate c j The corresponding response value r j =PFU(c j ), the response value of the drone The PFU() function represents the physical non-cloning function, which generates a unique response value through a challenge-response pair.

[0014] Optionally, the vehicle completing identity registration with the control center includes:

[0015] The vehicle selects its own real identity and sends it to the control center; upon receiving the real identity of the vehicle, the control center checks the uniqueness of the identity and generates a shared key between the control center and the vehicle, and stores the real identity of the vehicle in the smart contract through a secure channel.

[0016] Optionally, the vehicle that successfully logs in performs initial authentication and ensures the security of communication through key negotiation, including:

[0017] The vehicle's onboard unit generates characteristic information and an authentication code, and exchanges authentication information with the drone using the public keys of the vehicle and the drone through a series of hash and encryption operations and timestamp verification;

[0018] After verifying the identity of the vehicle, the drone and the control center confirm each other's identities;

[0019] The control center generates a temporary identity for the vehicle, and negotiates a session key with the vehicle and the drone, and ensures the security of communication through key negotiation.

[0020] Optionally, the vehicle that successfully logs in and verifies the vehicle undergoes cross-domain authentication and key negotiation to ensure communication security, including:

[0021] When the vehicle performs cross-domain communication from area A to area B, it uploads the identity information and public key to the blockchain; the on-board unit of the vehicle generates a random number and timestamp, calculates the hash value and encryption point, and sends them to the vehicle in area B; after the vehicle in area B verifies the timestamp and integrity of the message, it queries the blockchain for the identity information of the vehicle in area A through the drone. After confirmation, the drone sends the encrypted vehicle information to the vehicle in area B. The vehicle in area B decrypts and verifies the information and generates a session key, which is sent to the vehicle in area A; the vehicle in area A verifies the session key, completes the key negotiation, and ensures the security of communication through key negotiation.

[0022] Technical effect of the present invention: The present invention discloses a UAV-assisted vehicle network cross-domain authentication method based on blockchain and federated learning. The blockchain technology is adopted to achieve the reliability and security of the data in the cross-domain authentication process through the tamper-proof and distributed characteristics of the blockchain; the present invention uses federated learning to improve the privacy of the data, because the data is locally trained locally, and there is no need to upload the original data to the control center, which ensures the problem of data privacy leakage during the transmission process; the present invention adopts operations based on elliptic curve cryptography to achieve lower computing and transmission overhead in the cross-domain authentication process, thereby improving the authentication efficiency. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0023] The drawings constituting a part of the present application are used to provide a further understanding of the present application. The illustrative embodiments and descriptions of the present application are used to explain the present application and do not constitute an improper limitation on the present application. In the drawings:

[0024] Figure 1 A model diagram of a system in an embodiment of the present invention;

[0025] Figure 2 This is a flow chart of a UAV-assisted Internet of Vehicles cross-domain authentication method based on blockchain and federated learning in an embodiment of the present invention;

[0026] Figure 3 This is a flow chart of initial authentication according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0027] Figure 4 The figure is a flow chart of cross-domain authentication according to an embodiment of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0028] It should be noted that, in the absence of conflict, the embodiments and features in the embodiments of the present application can be combined with each other. The present application will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and in combination with the embodiments.

[0029] It should be noted that the steps shown in the flowcharts of the accompanying drawings can be executed in a computer system such as a set of computer executable instructions, and that, although a logical order is shown in the flowcharts, in some cases, the steps shown or described can be executed in an order different from that shown here.

[0030] like Figure 1 As shown, in this embodiment, the system entity authentication includes three entities: the control center (CC): This is a trusted third party used to register drones, vehicles, and detect whether there are malicious vehicles. If there are malicious vehicles, they are identified through the vehicle registration information and the operation is issued to the drone for operation;

[0031] Drone: It is a collector that performs both collection and aggregation. In federated learning, each drone in each region iteratively downloads the global federated learning model parameters, collects data from vehicles in its coverage area for local training, updates local model parameters, and sends them to the cluster head drone. The cluster head drone iteratively collects all updated local parameters and aggregates them into a new global model.

[0032] Vehicles: A participant, which is divided into malicious vehicles and non-malicious vehicles. Because it uses anonymous identities in the system, it can upload malicious model parameters by forging identities, thereby damaging the performance of the aggregate model.

[0033] like Figure 2 As shown, this embodiment provides a UAV-assisted IoV cross-domain authentication method based on blockchain and federated learning. In an IoV network composed of a control center, a UAV, and a mobile vehicle equipped with an onboard unit, the control center communicates wirelessly with the UAV and the mobile vehicle equipped with the onboard unit respectively. The authentication process in the IoV network specifically includes the following steps:

[0034] Initialize the Internet of Vehicles system and generate system initialization common parameters;

[0035] The drone and vehicle complete identity registration with the control center, and the vehicle performs login verification;

[0036] Vehicles that have successfully logged in will undergo initial authentication and cross-domain authentication respectively, and the security of communication will be ensured through key negotiation to complete the drone-assisted Internet of Vehicles cross-domain authentication.

[0037] Furthermore, the Internet of Vehicles system is initialized and the system initialization common parameters are generated, including:

[0038] The control center selects the security parameter k to generate prime numbers p and q. and denote elliptic curves and multiplication groups respectively, is an additive cyclic group, and P is The generator of

[0039] Control center random selection As the system's private key, and calculate the system's public key P pub =s·P;

[0040] The control center selects a secure one-way hash function The system's common parameters public.

[0041] Furthermore, the drone completes identity registration with the control center including:

[0042] Control Center Select ID j Private key as drone D j Unique identity identifier, calculate the public key pk j And the public key pk j Stored in the smart contract; the drone chooses a challenge value c j And calculate c j The corresponding response value r j =PFU(c j ), the response value of the drone The PFU() function represents the physical non-cloning function, which generates a unique response value through a challenge-response pair.

[0043] Furthermore, the vehicle completes identity registration with the control center including:

[0044] The vehicle selects its own real identity and sends it to the control center; after receiving the real identity of the vehicle, the control center checks the uniqueness of the identity and generates a shared key between the control center and the vehicle, and stores the real identity of the vehicle in the smart contract through a secure channel.

[0045] Specifically, the vehicle selects its own real ID iAnd send it to the control center. After receiving the real ID of the vehicle, the control center i And check whether the identity is unique. If it is not unique, the control center requires the vehicle to reselect the real identity ID i If it is unique, the control center calculates the private key sk i =H(s||ID i ), public key pk i =sk i ·P. At the same time, calculate A i =sk i =H(s||ID i ) as a shared key between the control center and the vehicle and the ID i Stored in smart contracts via secure channels. i After being stored, the parameter ptr is broadcast to the control center, where ptr is used as a pointer for the control center to check the index in the smart contract. Pointer ptr and public key pk i The vehicle will send its real ID to the blockchain. i and characteristic information bio i Input to the on-board unit OBU, the on-board unit OBU calculates the relevant value of the characteristic information (a i ,b i )=Gen(bio i ), OBU will C i =H(ID i ||a i ) is stored in the memory and B i Instead of A i Among them, B i is through the shared key A i The result obtained by XORing with the vehicle feature information, C i It is the result of hashing the vehicle identity and feature value, both of which are used for subsequent verification.

[0046] Further, such as Figure 3 As shown, the vehicle that successfully logs in and verifies the information is initially authenticated, and key negotiation is used to ensure the security of communication, including:

[0047] The vehicle’s onboard unit generates feature information and authentication codes, and uses the vehicle and drone’s public keys to exchange authentication information with the drone through a series of hash and encryption operations and timestamp verification;

[0048] After verifying the identity of the vehicle, the drone and the control center confirm each other’s identities;

[0049] The control center generates a temporary identity for the vehicle and negotiates session keys with the vehicle and drone to ensure the security of communication through key negotiation.

[0050] Specifically, the vehicle will have its real ID i and characteristic information bio i Input to the on-board unit OBU, the on-board unit OBU calculates the characteristic information of the current vehicle and the current vehicle if The OBU rejects the vehicle login request. Otherwise, the authentication process continues. The OBU generates a random number m i and timestamp T1, calculate the shared key X i =H(A i ||T1),M1=m i ·P, Where X i is the shared key A i The result of hashing with timestamp T1, P is the generator, P pub is the public key of CC, pk j is the public key of the drone, ptr is the index pointer, and M1 is the random number m i The result of the dot multiplication with the generator P, M2 is the index pointer ptr and H(m i ·P pub ) The result of hash XOR, M3 is X i and H(m i ·pk j ||T1) hash XOR result, M4 is H(X i ||M1||M2||M3||T1) hash result. OBU sends MS1={M1,M2,M3,M4,T1} to the drone through a secure channel.

[0051] When receiving message MS1, the drone first checks the validity of the timestamp. The drone sets the current timestamp if The drone terminates the current session. Otherwise, the response value r is calculated. j =PUF(c j ), the drone’s private key M′4=H(X′ i ||M1||M2||M3||T1). Among them, X' i It is M3 and H(sk j ·M1||T1) hash XOR result, M'4 is H(X' i ||M1||M2||M3||T1) The hash result is used to judge with M4. If M'4≠M4, the drone rejects the current session. Otherwise, the drone generates a timestamp T2 and calculates K i =H(skj ), M5=H(K i ||X i ||M1||M2||T1||T2). i It is the drone private key sk j The hash result, M5 is H(K i ||X i ||M1||M2||T1||T2) hash result. The drone sends the message MS2={ID j ,M1,M2,M5,T1,T2}, where ID j It is the unique identification of the drone.

[0052] When receiving message MS2, CC first checks the validity of the timestamp. CC sets the current timestamp if CC terminates the current session. Otherwise, calculate K' i =H(H(s||ID' j )), Where K i is the current session drone private key sk j The result of the hash, ptr' is the index pointer. CC checks whether ptr' is on the blockchain. If ptr' is not on the blockchain, the current session is terminated. Otherwise, CC uses ptr' to query and extract the vehicle's real identity ID from the smart contract through a secure channel i . CC calculates A′ i =H(s||ID i ), X′ i =H(A′ i ||T1), M′5=H(K′ i ||X′ i ||M1||M2||M5||T1||T2). Among them, A' i The current session system key s and the vehicle's real identity ID i The result of the hash, X' i It's A' i The result of hashing with timestamp T1, M'5 is H(K' i ||X' i ||M1||M2||M5||T1||T2) hash result. If M'5≠M5, CC rejects the request. Otherwise, CC generates a random number f j , timestamp T3 and calculate N1 = f j ·P, SK j =H(f j M1), N2=H(SK j ||N1||A′i ||ID i ||T3), PID i =H(ID i ||A′ i ||K′ i ||T3), N3=H(K' i ||N1||N2||X' i ||PID i ||T3), where SK j Is the session negotiation key, PID i is the temporary identity generated by CC for the vehicle, N1 is the random number f j The value calculated with generator P, N2, N3 are the calculated hash values. CC temporarily stores {ID j ,SK j ,PID i}, and {K' i ,ID' j}In the smart contract, CC sends message MS3={N1,N2,N3,PID i ,T3} to the drone.

[0053] When receiving message MS3, the drone first checks the validity of the timestamp. The drone sets the current timestamp if The drone terminates the current session. Otherwise, calculate N'3 = H(K i ||N1||N2||X' i ||PID i ||T3). Where N'3 is the hash value calculated for the current session. If N'3≠N3, the drone rejects the current session. Otherwise, the drone generates a timestamp T4 and calculates N4=H(N1||N2||X' i ||PID i ||T3||T4), Where N4 is H(N1||N2||X' i ||PID i ||T3||T4) The hash result, DE i The response value r of the drone is j The encrypted result. Drone temporary storage {PID i ,DE i}, the drone sends a message MS4={N1,N2,N4,PID i ,T3,T4}.

[0054] When receiving message mS4, OBU first checks the validity of the timestamp. OBU sets the current timestamp if The current session is terminated. Otherwise, OBU calculates N'4 = H(N1||N2||X i ||PID i ||T3||T4). Where N'4 is the hash value calculated for the current session. If N'4≠N4, the vehicle rejects the current session. Otherwise, the OBU continues to calculate SK i =H(m i ·N1),N'2=H(SK i ||N1||A i ||ID i ||T3), where SK i is the session negotiation key, and N'2 is the hash value calculated for the current session. If N'2≠N2, the vehicle rejects the current session. Otherwise, the vehicle temporarily stores {X i ,ID i ,PID i ,SK i}, the key SK is successfully negotiated between the vehicle and the drone i and SK j , authentication completed.

[0055] Further, such as Figure 4 As shown, the vehicle that successfully logs in and verifies the vehicle undergoes cross-domain authentication, and key negotiation is used to ensure the security of communication, including:

[0056] When a vehicle conducts cross-domain communication from area A to area B, it uploads its identity information and public key to the blockchain; the vehicle's on-board unit generates a random number and timestamp, calculates the hash value and encryption point, and sends them to the vehicle in area B; after the vehicle in area B verifies the timestamp and integrity of the message, it queries the blockchain for the identity information of the vehicle in area A through a drone. After confirmation, the drone sends the encrypted vehicle information to the vehicle in area B. The vehicle in area B decrypts and verifies the information and generates a session key, which is sent to the vehicle in area A; the vehicle in area A verifies the session key and completes the key negotiation, and the security of communication is ensured through key negotiation.

[0057] Specifically, vehicles Towards Send a cross-domain communication request, the vehicle The OBU selects a random number m1 and a timestamp T5 and calculates Where Q1 is the random number m1 and the base point in the encryption algorithm The result of the dot product is It is a vehicle The private key of It is a vehicle The public key of the vehicle The OBU will send a message Send to area B vehicle

[0058] Upon receiving message MS5, the vehicle The OBU first checks the validity of the timestamp. The OBU sets the current timestamp if The current session is terminated. Otherwise, verify Q1, where It is a vehicle The public key of , P is the generator. After successful verification, the vehicle OBU to UAV Send a query request. Drone Calculate after receiving the query request And query the blockchain to see if ptr' is on the blockchain. Where ptr' is the index pointer of the current session. It's a drone If it is not on the blockchain, the current session is terminated. Otherwise, query and extract the vehicle from the smart contract using ptr' through the secure channel Information Drones Generate timestamp T6 and calculate Among them, M8 is a drone The public key For vehicles True identity and the public key The result of encryption. Send to vehicle

[0059] vehicle When receiving message MS6, OBU first checks the validity of the timestamp. OBU sets the current timestamp if The current session is terminated. Otherwise, the calculation And verify Among them, M9 is a drone Private key The result of decrypting the encrypted information M8. If incorrect, terminate the session. Otherwise, OBU selects a random number m2 and a timestamp T7 and calculates Session Key Where Q2 is the random number m2 and the base point in the encryption algorithm The result of the dot product is It is a vehicle The real identity of Send to vehicle

[0060] vehicle After receiving message MS7, OBU first checks the validity of the timestamp. OBU sets the current timestamp if The current session is terminated. Otherwise, the calculation Incorrect session termination, otherwise, calculate the session key judge Correct, vehicle and vehicles The key is successfully negotiated between and Authentication completed.

[0061] Furthermore, the model is trained to obtain updated model parameters, and the model parameters are aggregated to obtain new global model parameters including:

[0062] After authentication, the vehicle uploads data parameters to the drone in the area. The drone downloads the global model parameters from the cluster head drone, performs local model training on the received data parameters to obtain local model parameters, and records the trained local model parameters in the blockchain. The updated model parameters obtained through local model training are uploaded to the cluster head drone for aggregation to obtain new global model parameters.

[0063] Specifically, in the tth round of training, the verified vehicle V i Upload data parameters to the drone D in the area j , UAV D j Download global model parameters from cluster head drones Perform local model training on the received data parameters to obtain local model parameters Right now, Where α is the learning rate controlling the step size of each update, D i It is the vehicle data. is the loss function. When the objective function converges, the local model parameters are obtained The trained local model parameters Recorded in the blockchain.

[0064] The trained model parameters are calculated by To aggregate, the drone uses the private key right Sign the message Broadcasts to vehicles in its management area.

[0065] Furthermore, for vehicles that are detected to have uploaded malicious parameters or forged identities, the control center tracks the real identity of the vehicle through the information in the blockchain and removes the malicious vehicle from the system.

[0066] Specifically, when the drone detects abnormal behavior of a vehicle, CC will use the index pointer ptr' to query the real identity ID of the vehicle in the blockchain i If the real identity of the vehicle is not found, it will be removed from the system.

[0067] The present invention discloses a UAV-assisted vehicle network cross-domain authentication method based on blockchain and federated learning. The blockchain technology is adopted to realize the reliability and security of the data in the cross-domain authentication process through the tamper-proof and distributed characteristics of the blockchain. The present invention uses federated learning to improve the privacy of the data, because the data is locally trained locally, and there is no need to upload the original data to the control center, thereby ensuring the problem of data privacy leakage during the transmission process. The present invention adopts operations based on elliptic curve cryptography to realize lower calculation and transmission overhead in the cross-domain authentication process, thereby improving the authentication efficiency.

[0068] The above are only preferred specific implementations of the present application, but the protection scope of the present application is not limited thereto. Any changes or substitutions that can be easily thought of by a person skilled in the art within the technical scope disclosed in the present application should be included in the protection scope of the present application. Therefore, the protection scope of the present application should be based on the protection scope of the claims.

Claims

1. A UAV-assisted Internet of Vehicles cross-domain authentication method based on blockchain and federated learning, characterized in that: In a vehicle networking network composed of a control center, a drone and a mobile vehicle equipped with a vehicle-mounted unit, the control center communicates wirelessly with the drone and the mobile vehicle equipped with the vehicle-mounted unit respectively, and the authentication process in the vehicle networking network specifically includes the following steps: Initialize the Internet of Vehicles system and generate system initialization common parameters; The drone and the vehicle complete identity registration with the control center, and the vehicle performs login verification; Vehicles that have successfully logged in will undergo initial authentication and cross-domain authentication respectively, and the security of communication will be ensured through key negotiation to complete the drone-assisted Internet of Vehicles cross-domain authentication.

2. The UAV-assisted Internet of Vehicles cross-domain authentication method based on blockchain and federated learning as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that: Initialize the Internet of Vehicles system and generate the system initialization common parameters including: The control center selects the security parameter k to generate prime numbers p and q. and denote elliptic curves and multiplication groups respectively, is an additive cyclic group, and P is The generator of The control center is randomly selected As the system's private key, and calculate the system's public key P pub =s·P; The control center selects a secure one-way hash function H: The system's common parameters public.

3. The UAV-assisted Internet of Vehicles cross-domain authentication method based on blockchain and federated learning as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that: The drone completing identity registration with the control center includes: The control center selects ID j The private key is used as the drone D j Unique identity identifier, calculate the public key pk j And the public key pk j Stored in the smart contract; the drone selects a challenge value c j And calculate c j The corresponding response value r j =PFU(c j ), the response value R of the drone j =r j ⊕sk j , where the PFU() function represents the physical no-cloning function, which generates a unique response value through a challenge-response pair.

4. The UAV-assisted Internet of Vehicles cross-domain authentication method based on blockchain and federated learning as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that: The vehicle completing identity registration with the control center includes: The vehicle selects its own real identity and sends it to the control center; upon receiving the real identity of the vehicle, the control center checks the uniqueness of the identity and generates a shared key between the control center and the vehicle, and stores the real identity of the vehicle in the smart contract through a secure channel.

5. The UAV-assisted Internet of Vehicles cross-domain authentication method based on blockchain and federated learning as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that: The vehicle that successfully logs in is initially authenticated and key negotiation is used to ensure the security of communication, including: The vehicle's onboard unit generates characteristic information and an authentication code, and exchanges authentication information with the drone using the public keys of the vehicle and the drone through a series of hash and encryption operations and timestamp verification; After verifying the identity of the vehicle, the drone and the control center confirm each other's identities; The control center generates a temporary identity for the vehicle, and negotiates a session key with the vehicle and the drone, and ensures the security of communication through key negotiation.

6. The UAV-assisted Internet of Vehicles cross-domain authentication method based on blockchain and federated learning as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that: The vehicle that successfully logs in is authenticated through cross-domain authentication, and the security of communication is ensured through key negotiation, including: When the vehicle performs cross-domain communication from area A to area B, it uploads the identity information and public key to the blockchain; the on-board unit of the vehicle generates a random number and timestamp, calculates the hash value and encryption point, and sends them to the vehicle in area B; after the vehicle in area B verifies the timestamp and integrity of the message, it queries the blockchain for the identity information of the vehicle in area A through the drone. After confirmation, the drone sends the encrypted vehicle information to the vehicle in area B. The vehicle in area B decrypts and verifies the information and generates a session key, which is sent to the vehicle in area A; the vehicle in area A verifies the session key, completes the key negotiation, and ensures the security of communication through key negotiation.

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