Pesticide active ingredient content rapid test agent and preparation method and application thereof
By using functional additives of polyacrylamide gel, glycerin and trehalose in the detection of pesticide active ingredients, the problem of reduced activity of enzymes in high temperature environments is solved, and the accuracy of the detection results is improved.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- CN202411594508.9
- Authority / Receiving Office
- CN · China
- Patent Type
- Applications(China)
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-11-09
- Publication Date
- 2025-02-21
AI Technical Summary
The activity of enzymes in high temperature environments decreases, affecting the accuracy of detection of pesticide active ingredient content.
Functional additives containing polyacrylamide gel, glycerin and trehalose are used to stabilize enzyme proteins through their complex synergistic effects and reduce the adverse effects of temperature on enzyme activity.
It effectively reduces the adverse effect of temperature on enzyme activity and improves the accuracy of rapid detection results of pesticide active ingredients.
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Abstract
Description
Technical Field
[0001] The present application relates to the technical field of pesticide detection, and more specifically, to a rapid test reagent for the content of active ingredients in pesticides, and a preparation method and application thereof. Background Art
[0002] The testing of the content of active ingredients in pesticides is an important part of ensuring the quality of pesticide products. It is directly related to the control effect of pesticides, the safety of agricultural products and environmental sustainable development. Through rapid testing, the content of active ingredients in pesticide samples can be quickly and accurately estimated, which can ensure that the content of active ingredients in pesticide products meets national safety standards. It is of great significance to ensure food safety, protect the environment and human health, and is an indispensable part of pesticide product quality control.
[0003] The rapid detection methods of pesticide active ingredients mainly include biochemical assay and chromatographic assay. Among them, the enzyme inhibition rate method in the biochemical assay is listed as the national recommended standard method because of its rapid, sensitive, easy to operate and low cost. Under certain conditions, the active ingredients of pesticides have an inhibitory effect on the normal function of enzymes, and the inhibition rate is positively correlated with the content of the active ingredients of pesticides; if the content of the active ingredients in the pesticide sample is low, the activity of the enzyme is difficult to be inhibited, and the hydrolysis products under the action of the enzyme react with the color developer to bring about color changes; if the content of the active ingredients in the pesticide sample is high, the activity of the enzyme will be significantly inhibited, so that no color will be developed or the color is very light; by measuring the change in absorbance and calculating the inhibition rate, the greater the inhibition rate, the higher the content of the active ingredients in the pesticide sample. According to the actual needs, the threshold is set for screening, and the content of the active ingredients of the pesticide can be judged to be higher or lower than expected, and then the content of the active ingredients of a large number of pesticide samples can be quickly estimated, which can reduce the work for the subsequent quantitative analysis, thereby improving the detection efficiency and reducing the detection cost.
[0004] Regarding the above-mentioned related technologies, the inventors believe that enzymes are very sensitive to temperature and storage conditions and must be stored at a specific temperature, generally around 4°C, to ensure the activity of the enzyme. In actual application testing, the external environment temperature is often high and it is difficult to meet the specific temperature requirements. If the enzyme activity is significantly reduced due to temperature influence, it will have a significant adverse effect on the accuracy of the measurement results.
[0005] Therefore, it is urgent to propose a solution to solve the above technical problems. Summary of the invention
[0006] In order to reduce the adverse effects of temperature on enzyme activity and improve the accuracy of rapid detection results of pesticide active ingredients, the present application provides a rapid test reagent for the content of pesticide active ingredients and a preparation method and application thereof.
[0007] In the first aspect, the present application provides a rapid test reagent for the content of active ingredients in pesticides, which adopts the following technical solution: a rapid test reagent for the content of active ingredients in pesticides, which is made of raw materials containing the following parts by weight: 10-30 parts of indicator; Buffer 20-40 parts; 5-15 parts of inhibitor; 30-45 parts of solvent; 5-8 parts of functional additives; The functional additive is composed of components including polyacrylamide gel, glycerol and trehalose, wherein the weight ratio of the polyacrylamide gel, glycerol and trehalose is (1.5-3):1:(0.4-0.8).
[0008] By adopting the above technical solution, the indicator contains enzymes and color developers. The color change brought about by the combination of color developers is achieved by utilizing the different degrees of inhibition of the enzyme activity, and has a high sensitivity to color changes; the role of the buffer is to maintain the pH stability of the solution, thereby ensuring the accuracy of the test; the inhibitor is used to slow down the reaction rate between the reagent and the active ingredient of the pesticide, thereby ensuring the accuracy and stability of the detection. At the same time, functional additives including polyacrylamide gel, glycerol and trehalose are also used, among which polyacrylamide gel can stabilize pesticide samples, provide a stable testing environment, and play a heat-resistant protective role; glycerol can provide a protective layer under high temperature environment to enhance the stability of the test; trehalose, as a natural preservative, can effectively improve the thermal stability of enzyme protein; and when polyacrylamide gel, glycerol and trehalose are used in combination, the three can play an excellent complex synergistic effect, not only can they act on the surface molecules of enzyme protein to stabilize the enzyme protein molecules, but also can fill the pores of enzyme space construction, reduce the enzyme activity loss caused by the change of enzyme space structure caused by temperature thermal stress, and play a role in stabilizing the enzyme, and then in the actual application of the rapid test agent for the content of pesticide active ingredients, it can effectively reduce the adverse effects of temperature on enzyme activity and improve the accuracy of the rapid detection results of pesticide active ingredients.
[0009] Preferably, the weight ratio of the polyacrylamide gel, glycerol and trehalose is 2:1:0.5.
[0010] By adopting the above technical scheme, when the polyacrylamide gel, glycerol and trehalose in the above weight ratio are used in combination as functional additives, the corresponding effects exerted by their cooperation are relatively excellent, and can exert excellent and stable temperature-resistant protection on the enzyme, so that the detection results brought by the application of the rapid test reagent for the content of the active ingredient of the pesticide are relatively accurate.
[0011] Preferably, the indicator is composed of components including an enzyme solution and a color developer, wherein the volume mixing ratio of the enzyme solution and the color developer is 1:(0.8-1.2); The enzyme solution is obtained by mixing the enzyme raw material preparation and the buffer solution at a ratio of 1 mg: (0.1-0.12) mL; The developer is obtained by mixing a mixture of dithiodinitrobenzoic acid and sodium carbonate with a buffer solution at a ratio of 1 g:(45-55) mL, wherein the weight ratio of the dithiodinitrobenzoic acid and sodium carbonate is (9-11):1.
[0012] By adopting the above technical scheme, under normal circumstances, the enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of the neurotransmitter analog, and the hydrolysis product reacts with the color developer dithiodinitrobenzoic acid to produce a yellow substance. By measuring the yellow substance produced by this reaction, a relatively accurate absorbance change can be fed back, and the enzyme inhibition rate can be calculated by the absorbance change, which is conducive to the subsequent rapid and accurate estimation of the active ingredient content of the pesticide sample; and when the color developer and enzyme solution of the above composition are matched, they can accurately play a corresponding role according to the inhibition of the enzyme activity, thereby ensuring the accuracy of the rapid detection results of the pesticide active ingredients.
[0013] Preferably, the volume mixing ratio of the enzyme solution and the color developer is 1:1.
[0014] By adopting the above technical solution, the above ratio of enzyme solution and color developer can make the test result more accurate and reliable.
[0015] Preferably, the developer is obtained by mixing a mixture of dithiodinitrobenzoic acid and sodium carbonate with a buffer solution at a ratio of 1 g:50 mL, and the weight ratio of the dithiodinitrobenzoic acid to sodium carbonate is 10:1.
[0016] By adopting the above technical scheme, when the raw materials in the above proportions are mixed, the color change produced by the obtained color developer after reacting with the product of the enzyme reaction is relatively stable, and a relatively accurate result can be obtained in the subsequent absorbance measurement process, thereby enabling the rapid test reagent for the content of pesticide active ingredients to obtain a relatively accurate rapid test result of the pesticide active ingredients after use.
[0017] Preferably, the buffer is any one of Tris-HCl buffer, MOPS buffer, HEPES buffer, PBS buffer, EPPS buffer and SSC buffer.
[0018] By adopting the above technical solution, the above types of buffer solutions can be selected according to actual needs, and can play a stabilizing role in the mixing system of the pesticide active ingredient content rapid test agent itself, so as to help maintain the stability of the test environment and ensure the accuracy of the test results.
[0019] Preferably, the inhibitor is any one of ascorbic acid, sodium thiosulfate, citric acid, L-cysteine and malic acid.
[0020] By adopting the above technical scheme, the above inhibitors can play a stabilizing role in the rapid test reagents for the content of pesticide active ingredients, so as to slow down the reaction rate between the reagents and the pesticide active ingredients, bring about a stable regulatory effect, and thus ensure the accuracy and stability of the test.
[0021] Preferably, the solvent is one or a combination of acetonitrile, acetone, toluene, petroleum ether and ethyl acetate.
[0022] By adopting the above technical scheme, the above solvents are all suitable for the application of the rapid test agent for the active ingredient content of pesticides, and can dissolve and dilute the active ingredients in the pesticide samples, so that the active ingredients in the pesticide samples can be evenly distributed, and then quickly and fully react with the rapid test agent for the active ingredient content of pesticides, which is beneficial to ensure the accuracy of the rapid detection results of the active ingredients of pesticides.
[0023] In a second aspect, the present application provides a method for preparing a rapid test agent for the content of active ingredients in pesticides, using the following technical solution: A method for preparing a rapid test kit for the content of active ingredients in pesticides, comprising the following steps: (1) preparing raw materials including an indicator, a buffer, an inhibitor, a solvent, and a functional additive according to a ratio; (2) After the indicator, buffer and inhibitor in step (1) are mixed evenly, a solvent and a functional auxiliary agent are added and mixed evenly to obtain a rapid test reagent for the active ingredient content of the pesticide.
[0024] By adopting the above technical scheme, the above preparation method is simple to operate, and the raw materials can be mixed to enable them to exert excellent and stable effects on each other, thereby obtaining a rapid test agent for the content of active ingredients of pesticides with excellent application quality, which is suitable for large-scale industrial production.
[0025] In a third aspect, the present application provides a rapid test reagent for the content of active ingredients in pesticides for use in the rapid detection of active ingredients in organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides.
[0026] The invention discloses an application of a rapid test reagent for the content of active ingredients of pesticides in the rapid detection of active ingredients of organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides.
[0027] By adopting the above technical scheme, organophosphorus and carbamate are two common pesticides, among which the compounds of organophosphorus pesticides contain phosphate esters, while the main component of carbamate pesticides is carbamate. It is of great significance to use a rapid test reagent for the content of active ingredients of pesticides to quickly detect organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides.
[0028] In summary, this application has the following beneficial effects: Since the present application uses a functional auxiliary agent composed of polyacrylamide gel, glycerol and trehalose, it can not only act on the surface molecules of the enzyme protein to stabilize the enzyme protein molecules, but also fill the pores of the enzyme space structure, reduce the enzyme activity loss caused by the change of the enzyme space structure due to temperature thermal stress, and thus play an excellent and stable temperature-resistant protective effect on the enzyme. In the actual application of the rapid test reagent for the content of pesticide active ingredients, it can effectively reduce the adverse effects of temperature on enzyme activity and improve the accuracy of the rapid detection results of pesticide active ingredients. DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0029] The present application is further described in detail below in conjunction with embodiments and comparative examples.
[0030] Unless otherwise specified, the raw materials used in the embodiments and comparative examples of the present application are commercially available.
[0031] Polyacrylamide gel was purchased from Aibixin (Shanghai) Biotechnology Co., Ltd. 10wells, 1.0mmabs9380 small polyacrylamide gel; Trehalose was purchased from Wuhan Kemik Biopharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd. Cholinesterase was purchased from Nanjing Dulai Biotechnology Co., Ltd., with a specification of 220u / mg and a product number of E0136-1; PBS buffer was purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Biotechnology Co., Ltd. with a specification of 0.02mol / L, a pH of 7.4, and a model number of R22645. Example
[0032] Example 1 A rapid test reagent for the content of active ingredients in pesticides, the components and their corresponding weights of which are shown in Table 1, and the preparation steps are as follows: (1) preparing raw materials including an indicator, a buffer, an inhibitor, a solvent and a functional additive according to a ratio; (2) After the indicator, buffer and inhibitor in step (1) are mixed evenly, the mixture is stirred at 300 rpm for 20 min, and then the solvent and functional additive are added, and the mixture is stirred at 500 rpm for 30 min to mix evenly to obtain a rapid test reagent for the active ingredient content of the pesticide, which is stored in a refrigerator at 4°C.
[0033] Note: The indicator is composed of an enzyme solution and a color developer in a volume ratio of 1:1. The enzyme solution is obtained by mixing an enzyme raw material preparation with a buffer solution in a ratio of 1mg:0.11mL. If the active ingredients of organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides are detected, the enzyme raw material preparation is cholinesterase; the color developer is obtained by mixing a mixture of dithiodinitrobenzoic acid and sodium carbonate with a buffer solution in a ratio of 1g:50mL, wherein the weight ratio of dithiodinitrobenzoic acid and sodium carbonate is 10:1; the buffer solution used above is PBS buffer. The buffer is PBS buffer. The inhibitor is sodium thiosulfate. The solvent is acetonitrile. The functional additive is composed of polyacrylamide gel, glycerol and trehalose in a weight ratio of 2:1:0.5.
[0034] Example 2-3 A rapid testing agent for the content of active ingredients in pesticides, which is different from Example 1 in that its components and their corresponding weights are shown in Table 1.
[0035] Table 1 Components and their weight parts in Examples 1-3 (kg / part) raw material Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 Indicator 20 10 30 Buffer 30 20 40 Inhibitors 10 5 15 Solvents 37.5 30 45 Functional additives 6.5 5 8 Example 4 A rapid test reagent for the content of active ingredients in pesticides, which is different from Example 1 in that the indicator is composed of an enzyme solution and a color developer in a volume ratio of 1:0.8.
[0036] Example 5 A rapid test reagent for the content of active ingredients in pesticides, which is different from Example 1 in that the indicator is composed of an enzyme solution and a color developer in a volume ratio of 1:1.2.
[0037] Example 6 A rapid test reagent for the content of active ingredients in pesticides, which is different from Example 1 in that the color developer is obtained by mixing a mixture of dithiodinitrobenzoic acid and sodium carbonate with a buffer solution in a ratio of 1g:45mL, wherein the weight ratio of dithiodinitrobenzoic acid to sodium carbonate is 9:1.
[0038] Example 7 A rapid test reagent for the content of active ingredients in pesticides, which is different from Example 1 in that the color developer is obtained by mixing a mixture of dithiodinitrobenzoic acid and sodium carbonate with a buffer solution in a ratio of 1g:55mL, wherein the weight ratio of dithiodinitrobenzoic acid to sodium carbonate is 11:1.
[0039] Example 8 A rapid test reagent for the content of active ingredients in pesticides, which is different from Example 1 in that the enzyme solution is obtained by mixing the enzyme raw material preparation and the buffer solution in a ratio of 1 mg:0.1 mL.
[0040] Example 9 A rapid test reagent for the content of active ingredients in pesticides, which is different from Example 1 in that the enzyme solution is obtained by mixing the enzyme raw material preparation and the buffer solution in a ratio of 1 mg:0.12 mL.
[0041] Example 10 A rapid test reagent for testing the content of active ingredients in pesticides, which is different from Example 1 in that the functional additive is composed of polyacrylamide gel, glycerol and trehalose in a weight ratio of 2.25:1:0.6.
[0042] Embodiment 11 A rapid test reagent for testing the content of active ingredients in pesticides, which is different from Example 1 in that the functional additive is composed of polyacrylamide gel, glycerol and trehalose in a weight ratio of 1.5:1:0.4.
[0043] Example 12 A rapid test reagent for testing the content of active ingredients in pesticides, which is different from Example 1 in that the functional additive is composed of polyacrylamide gel, glycerol and trehalose in a weight ratio of 3:1:0.8.
[0044] Comparative Example Comparative Example 1 A rapid test reagent for the content of active ingredients in pesticides, which is different from Example 1 in that polyacrylamide gel and trehalose are not used in the functional additives.
[0045] Comparative Example 2 A rapid test reagent for the content of active ingredients in pesticides, which is different from Example 1 in that glycerol and trehalose are not used in the functional additives.
[0046] Comparative Example 3 A rapid test reagent for the content of active ingredients in pesticides, which is different from Example 1 in that polyacrylamide gel and glycerol are not used in the functional additives.
[0047] Comparative Example 4 A rapid test reagent for the content of active ingredients in pesticides, which is different from Example 1 in that polyacrylamide gel is not used in the functional additive.
[0048] Comparative Example 5 A rapid test reagent for the content of active ingredients in pesticides, which is different from Example 1 in that glycerol is not used in the functional auxiliary agent.
[0049] Comparative Example 6 A rapid test kit for the content of active ingredients in pesticides, which is different from Example 1 in that trehalose is not used in the functional auxiliary agent.
[0050] Comparative Example 7 A rapid test kit for the content of active ingredients in pesticides, which is different from Example 1 in that no functional additives are used in the raw materials.
[0051] Performance test test samples: The rapid test reagents for the content of active ingredients of pesticides obtained in Examples 1-12 were used as test samples 1-12, and the rapid test reagents for the content of active ingredients of pesticides obtained in Comparative Examples 1-7 were used as control samples 1-7.
[0052] Test method: Take organophosphorus pesticide standards with active ingredient contents of 0.1mg / kg, 0.3mg / kg, 0.5mg / kg, 0.7mg / kg, and 0.9mg / kg, respectively; (1) Substrate preparation: Take 25 mg of iodinated thioacetylcholine, add 3 mL of distilled water to dissolve, shake well and store in a refrigerator at 4°C for future use. The storage period shall not exceed 2 weeks. (2) Control solution test, the test temperature is 20°C, take 25mL of the pesticide active ingredient content rapid test reagent, add 0.1mL of substrate, at this time the test solution begins to develop color, use a spectrophotometer at 412nm to record the absorbance change value a after 3min of reaction; (3) Determination of standard solution, the test temperature is 20°C, take 25 mL of the pesticide active ingredient content rapid test reagent, add an equal volume of organophosphorus pesticide standard, add 0.1 mL of substrate, at this time the test solution begins to develop color, use a spectrophotometer at 412 nm to record the absorbance change value b after 3 minutes of reaction; (4) Calculate the inhibition rate, inhibition rate (%) = [(ab) / a] × 100%; In the above operation, organophosphorus pesticide standards with active ingredient contents of 0.1 mg / kg, 0.3 mg / kg, 0.5 mg / kg, 0.7 mg / kg, and 0.9 mg / kg were tested in sequence, and a linear relationship was established with the active ingredient content as the horizontal axis and the inhibition rate as the vertical axis, which was recorded as Curve 1; At the same time, the above operation was performed again, except that the test environment temperature was adjusted to 45°C, the active ingredient content was used as the horizontal axis, and the inhibition rate was used as the vertical axis to establish a linear relationship, which was recorded as Curve 2; Finally, the matching degree between curve 1 and curve 2 is calculated. The higher the matching degree, the lower the adverse effect of temperature increase on enzyme activity, and the more accurate the test result obtained by using the rapid test reagent for the content of pesticide active ingredients. The matching degrees corresponding to test samples 1-12 and control samples 1-7 are recorded in Table 2.
[0053] Table 2 Test results of test samples 1-12 and control samples 1-7 It can be seen from Examples 1-3 and Comparative Examples 1-7 and Table 2 that the use of a functional adjuvant comprising polyacrylamide gel, glycerol and trehalose can effectively reduce the adverse effects of temperature on enzyme activity, so that the matching degree obtained by the test is higher, indicating that the more accurate the test results obtained by using the rapid test reagent for the content of the active ingredient of the pesticide, the more accurate the test results; if any one or two of polyacrylamide gel, glycerol and trehalose are used as functional adjuvants, although the above-mentioned test matching degree can be improved, the improvement is limited, and the effects are simply superimposed on each other. Only when the three raw materials are used in combination can a significant improvement effect of 1+1>2 be brought about, thereby significantly reducing the adverse effects of temperature on enzyme activity and improving the accuracy of the rapid detection results of the active ingredient of the pesticide.
[0054] It can be seen from Example 1 and Examples 4-9 and Table 2 that the indicator is composed of an enzyme solution and a color developer in a volume mixing ratio of 1: (0.8-1.2), the enzyme solution is obtained by mixing an enzyme raw material preparation with a buffer solution in a ratio of 1 mg: (0.1-0.12) mL, the color developer is obtained by mixing a mixture of dithiodinitrobenzoic acid and sodium carbonate with a buffer solution in a ratio of 1 g: (45-55) mL, and the weight ratio of dithiodinitrobenzoic acid to sodium carbonate is (9-11): 1. When the indicator finally obtained is used, it can accurately play a corresponding role according to the inhibition of enzyme activity, thereby ensuring the accuracy of the rapid detection results of the active ingredients of the pesticide.
[0055] It can be seen from Example 1 and Examples 10-12 and Table 2 that when the weight ratio of polyacrylamide gel, glycerol and trehalose is (1.5-3):1:(0.4-0.8), the functional additives can exert excellent and stable corresponding effects; among them, when the weight ratio of polyacrylamide gel, glycerol and trehalose is 2:1:0.5, the heat-resistant protection effect on the enzyme is better, so that the detection result brought by the application of the rapid test reagent for the content of the active ingredient of the pesticide is more accurate.
[0056] This specific embodiment is merely an explanation of the present application and is not a limitation of the present application. After reading this specification, those skilled in the art may make modifications to the present embodiment without any creative contribution as needed, but such modifications are protected by the patent law as long as they are within the scope of the claims of the present application.
Claims
1. A rapid test kit for the content of active ingredients in pesticides, characterized in that: Made from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 10-30 parts of indicator; Buffer 20-40 parts; 5-15 parts of inhibitor; 30-45 parts of solvent; 5-8 parts of functional additives; The functional additive is composed of components including polyacrylamide gel, glycerol and trehalose, wherein the weight ratio of the polyacrylamide gel, glycerol and trehalose is (1.5-3):1:(0.4-0.8).
2. The rapid test reagent for the content of active ingredients in pesticides according to claim 1, characterized in that: The weight ratio of the polyacrylamide gel, glycerol and trehalose is 2:1:0.
5.
3. The rapid test reagent for the content of active ingredients in pesticides according to claim 1, characterized in that: The indicator is composed of components including an enzyme solution and a color developer, wherein the volume mixing ratio of the enzyme solution and the color developer is 1:(0.8-1.2); The enzyme solution is obtained by mixing the enzyme raw material preparation and the buffer solution at a ratio of 1 mg: (0.1-0.12) mL; The color developer is obtained by mixing a mixture of dithiodinitrobenzoic acid and sodium carbonate with a buffer solution at a ratio of 1 g: (45-55) mL, wherein the weight ratio of the dithiodinitrobenzoic acid and sodium carbonate is (9-11):
1.
4. The rapid test reagent for the content of active ingredients in pesticides according to claim 3, characterized in that: The volume mixing ratio of the enzyme solution and the color developer is 1:
1.
5. The rapid test reagent for the content of active ingredients in pesticides according to claim 3, characterized in that: The developer is obtained by mixing a mixture of dithiodinitrobenzoic acid and sodium carbonate with a buffer solution at a ratio of 1 g:50 mL, and the weight ratio of the dithiodinitrobenzoic acid to sodium carbonate is 10:
1.
6. The rapid test reagent for the content of active ingredients in pesticides according to claim 3, characterized in that: The buffer is any one of Tris-HCl buffer, MOPS buffer, HEPES buffer, PBS buffer, EPPS buffer and SSC buffer.
7. The rapid test reagent for the content of active ingredients in pesticides according to claim 1, characterized in that: The inhibitor is any one of ascorbic acid, sodium thiosulfate, citric acid, L-cysteine and malic acid.
8. The rapid test reagent for the content of active ingredients in pesticides according to claim 1, characterized in that: The solvent is one or a combination of acetonitrile, acetone, toluene, petroleum ether and ethyl acetate.
9. The method for preparing the rapid test reagent for the active ingredient content of pesticides according to claim 1, characterized in that: The following steps are involved: (1) Prepare raw materials including indicator, buffer, inhibitor, solvent and functional additive according to the ratio; (2) After the indicator, buffer and inhibitor in step (1) are mixed evenly, a solvent and a functional additive are added and mixed evenly to obtain a rapid test reagent for the active ingredient content of the pesticide.
10. Application of a rapid test reagent for the content of active ingredients in pesticides in the rapid detection of active ingredients in organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides.