Construction method of three-dimensional complex fault model based on deduction and related equipment

Abstract

The application provides a three-dimensional complex fault model construction method based on deduction and related equipment, including: determining fault data of a target area, and extracting and analyzing the fault data to determine attribute data, planar fault discrete points and profile elevation data; determining a first fault throw and a discrete point throw change type, and determining hanging wall discrete point coordinates and footwall discrete point coordinates according to the first fault throw and the discrete point throw change type; determining a stratigraphic layer spacing, determining a second fault throw change range and a second fault throw according to the stratigraphic layer spacing and the first fault throw; prioritizing the faults, determining a priority order, and performing intersection deduction according to the priority order to determine a first stratigraphic model; performing intersection deduction on the faults and special geological structures to determine a second stratigraphic model; encrypting the discrete points of each fault in the stratigraphic model to determine a discrete point set, and performing Delaunay triangular grid subdivision on the discrete points to generate a fault surface model.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This application relates to the field of three-dimensional complex fault model construction technology, and in particular to a method and related equipment for constructing three-dimensional complex fault models based on inference. Background Technology

[0002] Three-dimensional geological modeling is an important part of geological science. It utilizes computer technology to model and visualize geological structures. It helps geologists correctly interpret, analyze, and utilize raw geological data, thereby obtaining information such as stratigraphic sequence, geological structure, and the distribution of special geological bodies, further improving the accuracy of geological exploration and analysis. Faults are crucial geological structures controlling the spatial distribution and interrelationships of ore deposits and ore bodies. Three-dimensional visualization of faults is beneficial for determining the distribution of ore bodies based on fault morphology and spatial location, and for minimizing fault avoidance during engineering planning. Therefore, fault modeling is a vital step in mine digitization.

[0003] Several methods and procedures for establishing complex fault models have been proposed both domestically and internationally. Currently, there are two main types of fault modeling strategies. One is the fault-stratum joint modeling method, which fully utilizes existing data, such as profiles, boreholes, field survey data, and geophysical data, to directly fit the fault plane and the morphology of fault lines on various strata. The other is the fault-stratum intersection method, which first selects different surface fitting methods to establish the fault plane and the strata without faults, and then calculates the intersection line between the fault and the initial strata. However, these fault modeling methods have certain limitations due to the constraints of data quantity and format. Especially when data is sparse, the fitting of the fault plane is usually not accurate enough and it is difficult to represent the changes in fault properties on various strata.

[0004] Because fault morphology is highly complex, faults often intersect, truncate, and cut off from each other, making it difficult for the two methods mentioned above to handle fault intersections. Therefore, after establishing individual fault planes, methods are needed to handle fault intersections, such as binary tree methods and path cutting algorithms. However, the former is not suitable for multiple faults with sequentially primary and secondary relationships, and while the latter can automatically determine the contact relationships of complex faults and construct various types of intersecting faults, the automatic judgment criteria for fault truncation still require further research. Summary of the Invention

[0005] In view of this, the purpose of this application is to propose a method and related equipment for constructing a three-dimensional complex fault model based on deduction.

[0006] To achieve the above objectives, this application provides a method for constructing a three-dimensional complex fault model based on deduction, characterized by comprising:

[0007] Determine the fault data of the target area, and extract and analyze the fault data to determine attribute data, discrete points of plane faults, and profile elevation data;

[0008] Determine the first fault drop and the type of drop change at discrete points, and determine the coordinates of the discrete points on the hanging wall and the footwall based on the first fault drop and the type of drop change at discrete points.

[0009] Determine the stratigraphic spacing, and determine the range of change of the second fault drop and the second fault drop based on the first fault discrete point drop and the stratigraphic spacing;

[0010] The faults are prioritized and ordered to determine the priority order. Intersection deduction is then performed based on the priority order to determine the first stratigraphic model.

[0011] By intersecting and extrapolating faults and special geological structures, a second stratigraphic model is determined.

[0012] The discrete points of each fault in the stratigraphic model are densified to determine the discrete point set, and the discrete points are then divided into Delaunay triangular meshes to generate the fault plane model.

[0013] Based on the same inventive concept, embodiments of this application also provide a device for constructing a three-dimensional complex fault model based on deduction, comprising:

[0014] The data extraction and analysis module is configured to determine the fault data of the target area, and to extract and analyze the fault data to determine attribute data, discrete points of the plane fault, and profile elevation data.

[0015] The discrete point calculation module is configured to determine the first fault drop and, based on the first fault drop, determine the coordinates of the discrete points on the hanging wall and the footwall.

[0016] The elevation difference calculation module is configured to determine the stratigraphic spacing, determine the elevation difference variation range of the second fault based on the elevation difference of the discrete points of the first fault and the stratigraphic spacing, and the elevation difference of the second fault;

[0017] The first intersection inference module is configured to prioritize the faults, determine the priority order, and perform intersection inference based on the priority order to determine the first stratigraphic model.

[0018] The second intersection simulation module is configured to perform intersection simulations of faults and special geological structures to determine the second stratigraphic model.

[0019] The fault model module is configured to refine the discrete points of each fault in the stratigraphic model to determine the discrete point set, and to perform Delaunay triangulation on the discrete points to generate a fault plane model.

[0020] Based on the same inventive concept, embodiments of this application also provide an electronic device, including a memory, a processor, and a computer program stored in the memory and executable on the processor. When the processor executes the program, it implements the method for constructing a three-dimensional complex fault model based on inference as described in any of the above.

[0021] Based on the same inventive concept, embodiments of this application also provide a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing computer instructions for causing a computer to execute any of the above-described deductive three-dimensional complex fault model construction methods.

[0022] Based on the same inventive concept, this application also provides a computer program product, including computer program instructions, which, when run on a computer, cause the computer to execute any of the above-described methods for constructing a three-dimensional complex fault model based on inference.

[0023] As can be seen from the above, the method, apparatus, electronic device, storage medium, and program product for constructing a three-dimensional complex fault model based on deduction provided in this application include: determining fault data of a target area, extracting and analyzing the fault data to determine attribute data, discrete points of plane faults, and profile elevation data; determining the first fault drop and the type of drop variation of discrete points, and determining the coordinates of discrete points on the hanging wall and footwall based on the first fault drop and the type of drop variation of discrete points; determining the stratigraphic spacing, and determining the range of second fault drop variation and the second fault drop based on the first fault drop and the stratigraphic spacing; prioritizing the faults, determining the priority order, and performing intersection deduction based on the priority order to determine the first stratigraphic model; performing intersection deduction on the faults and special geological structures to determine the second stratigraphic model; densifying the discrete points of each fault in the stratigraphic model to determine the discrete point set, and performing Delaunay triangulation on the discrete points to generate a fault plane model. This application models fault planes based on multi-source data and handles intersecting faults and intersections between faults and collapse columns by intersecting faults with strata in priority order, forming fault lines on each stratum. This improves the smoothness and accuracy of the model, making it more accurate. The method for handling intersections between faults and between faults and collapse columns adopts a line-surface intersection method, which is simple to operate. Attached Figure Description

[0024] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in this application or related technologies, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or related technologies will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only embodiments of this application. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative effort.

[0025] Figure 1 This is a flowchart illustrating the method for constructing a three-dimensional complex fault model based on inference, according to an embodiment of this application.

[0026] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram illustrating the process of constructing a three-dimensional complex fault model according to an embodiment of this application;

[0027] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram illustrating an embodiment of the method for constructing a three-dimensional complex fault model according to this application.

[0028] Figures 4(a)-4(b) This is a schematic diagram illustrating an embodiment of the triangular pinch-out situation in the three-dimensional complex fault model construction method of this application.

[0029] Figures 5(a)-5(d) This is a schematic diagram illustrating an embodiment of the method for constructing a three-dimensional complex fault model according to this application.

[0030] Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram illustrating an embodiment of the method for constructing a three-dimensional complex fault model according to this application.

[0031] Figure 7 This is a schematic diagram illustrating an embodiment of the method for constructing a three-dimensional complex fault model according to this application.

[0032] Figures 8(a)-8(b) This is a schematic diagram illustrating an embodiment of the method for constructing a three-dimensional complex fault model according to this application.

[0033] Figures 9(a)-9(b) This is a schematic diagram illustrating an embodiment of the method for constructing a three-dimensional complex fault model according to this application.

[0034] Figures 10(a)-10(b) This is a schematic diagram illustrating an embodiment of the method for constructing a three-dimensional complex fault model according to this application.

[0035] Figures 11(a)-11(c) This is a schematic diagram illustrating an embodiment of the method for constructing a three-dimensional complex fault model according to this application.

[0036] Figures 12(a)-12(d) This is a schematic diagram illustrating an embodiment of the method for constructing a three-dimensional complex fault model according to this application.

[0037] Figures 13(a)-13(c)This is a schematic diagram illustrating an embodiment of the method for constructing a three-dimensional complex fault model according to this application.

[0038] Figure 14 This is a schematic diagram illustrating an embodiment of the method for constructing a three-dimensional complex fault model according to this application.

[0039] Figures 15(a)-15(i) This is a schematic diagram illustrating an embodiment of the method for constructing a three-dimensional complex fault model according to this application.

[0040] Figures 16(a)-16(e) This is a schematic diagram illustrating an embodiment of the method for constructing a three-dimensional complex fault model according to this application.

[0041] Figures 17(a)-17(f) This is a schematic diagram illustrating an embodiment of the method for constructing a three-dimensional complex fault model according to this application.

[0042] Figures 18(a)-18(b) This is a schematic diagram illustrating an embodiment of the method for constructing a three-dimensional complex fault model according to this application.

[0043] Figure 19 This is a schematic diagram illustrating an embodiment of the method for constructing a three-dimensional complex fault model according to this application.

[0044] Figures 20(a)-20(g) This is a schematic diagram illustrating an embodiment of the method for constructing a three-dimensional complex fault model according to this application.

[0045] Figures 21(a)-21(c) This is a schematic diagram illustrating an embodiment of the method for constructing a three-dimensional complex fault model according to this application.

[0046] Figure 22 This is a schematic diagram of a simulation-based three-dimensional complex fault model construction device according to an embodiment of this application;

[0047] Figure 23 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of an electronic device according to an embodiment of this application. Detailed Implementation

[0048] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of this application clearer, the following detailed description is provided in conjunction with specific embodiments and the accompanying drawings.

[0049] It should be noted that, unless otherwise defined, the technical or scientific terms used in the embodiments of this application should have the ordinary meaning understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this application pertains. The terms "first," "second," and similar terms used in the embodiments of this application do not indicate any order, quantity, or importance, but are merely used to distinguish different components. Terms such as "comprising" or "including" mean that the element or object preceding the word encompasses the elements or objects listed after the word and their equivalents, without excluding other elements or objects. Terms such as "connected" or "linked" are not limited to physical or mechanical connections, but can include electrical connections, whether direct or indirect. Terms such as "upper," "lower," "left," and "right" are only used to indicate relative positional relationships; when the absolute position of the described object changes, the relative positional relationship may also change accordingly.

[0050] To facilitate understanding of the technical solutions disclosed herein, some technical terms involved in this disclosure will be introduced below.

[0051] Collapse columns: Ancient caves are very common in limestone. Due to continuous erosion by groundwater, the caves grow larger and larger. Under the long-term action of geological tectonic forces and the gravity of the overlying rock strata, some caves collapse, causing the overlying coal-bearing strata to collapse as well, thus damaging the coal seams. Because these collapses take the form of circular or irregularly elliptical columnar bodies, they are called collapse columns.

[0052] Collapse columns are irregular conical or cylindrical geological structures with serrated interfaces, mixed and unstratified internal rocks, broken coal seams at the edges, and a central axis that is nearly perpendicular to the rock strata. They are often accompanied by gas outbursts and groundwater seepage.

[0053] Hanging plate: In a dipping fault, the rock block above the fault plane is called the hanging plate. In plate tectonics, the hanging plate usually refers to the crustal plate relatively close to the Earth's surface.

[0054] Footwall: In contrast to the hanging wall, the rock mass below the fault plane is called the footwall. In plate tectonics, the footwall usually refers to the relatively deep crustal plate.

[0055] To make the technical solution of this disclosure clearer and easier to understand, the following detailed description of the method for constructing a three-dimensional complex fault model based on inference provided in the embodiments of this disclosure is given in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

[0056] As described in the background section, 3D geological modeling is an important part of geological science. It utilizes computer technology to model and visualize geological structures. This helps geologists correctly interpret, analyze, and utilize raw geological data, thereby obtaining information such as stratigraphic sequence, geological structure, and the distribution of special geological bodies, further improving the accuracy of geological exploration and analysis. Among these, faults are crucial geological structures controlling the spatial distribution and interrelationships of ore deposits and ore bodies. 3D visualization of faults facilitates the determination of ore body distribution based on fault morphology and spatial location, and allows for the minimization of fault avoidance during engineering planning. Therefore, fault modeling is a vital step in mine digitization.

[0057] Several methods and procedures for establishing complex fault models have been proposed both domestically and internationally. Currently, there are two main types of fault modeling strategies. One is the fault-stratum joint modeling method, which fully utilizes existing data, such as profiles, boreholes, field survey data, and geophysical data, to directly fit the fault plane and the morphology of fault lines on various strata. The other is the fault-stratum intersection method, which first selects different surface fitting methods to establish the fault plane and the strata without faults, and then calculates the intersection line between the fault and the initial strata. However, these fault modeling methods have certain limitations due to the constraints of data quantity and format. Especially when data is sparse, the fitting of the fault plane is usually not accurate enough and it is difficult to represent the changes in fault properties on various strata.

[0058] Because fault morphology is highly complex, faults often intersect, truncate, and cut off from each other, making it difficult for the two methods mentioned above to handle fault intersections. Therefore, after establishing individual fault planes, methods are needed to handle fault intersections, such as binary tree methods and path cutting algorithms. However, the former is not suitable for multiple faults with sequentially primary and secondary relationships, and while the latter can automatically determine the contact relationships of complex faults and construct various types of intersecting faults, the automatic judgment criteria for fault truncation still require further research.

[0059] To address the aforementioned shortcomings of existing technologies, this invention designs a process for constructing a three-dimensional complex fault model and its key technology implementation method. Fault plane modeling is performed based on multi-source data, and intersections of faults with strata are handled according to priority order to address intersecting faults and intersections between faults and collapse columns, forming fault lines on various strata. Specifically: When establishing the fault model, this application utilizes fault data from geological survey reports, cross-sections, and plan views, ensuring consistency between the established fault model and the known fault data in the cross-sections and plan views. Simultaneously, calculation and interpolation methods are used to increase discrete point data, improving the smoothness of the model. The elevation difference of faults on different strata is calculated based on the known elevation difference and the thickness of each stratum, avoiding stratigraphic conflicts caused by constant elevation differences and conforming to actual geological laws. The calculation process uses known elevation differences from the data as constraints, improving the accuracy of the model. A graded intersection method between faults and strata is adopted, dividing geological faults into different levels and intersecting them step-by-step with the initial strata without faults, consistent with the actual fault formation process, making the model more accurate. The method for handling the intersection of faults with each other and faults with collapse columns adopts the line-surface intersection method, which is simple to operate.

[0060] In view of this, embodiments of this application provide a method, apparatus, electronic device, storage medium, and program product for constructing a three-dimensional complex fault model based on inference.

[0061] like Figure 1 As shown, the method for constructing a three-dimensional complex fault model based on inference includes:

[0062] Step S102: Determine the fault data of the target area, and extract and analyze the fault data to determine the attribute data, plane fault discrete points and profile elevation data;

[0063] Step S104: Determine the first fault drop and the type of drop change of discrete points, and determine the coordinates of the discrete points on the hanging wall and the footwall based on the first fault drop and the type of drop change of discrete points.

[0064] Step S106: Determine the stratigraphic spacing. Based on the displacement of the first fault discrete point and the stratigraphic spacing, determine the displacement range of the second fault and the displacement of the second fault.

[0065] Step S108: Prioritize the faults, determine the priority order, and perform intersection deduction based on the priority order to determine the first stratigraphic model;

[0066] Step S110: Perform cross-sectional analysis of faults and special geological structures to determine the second stratigraphic model;

[0067] Step S112: Determine the discrete point set by refining the discrete points of each fault in the stratigraphic model, and perform Delaunay triangular mesh subdivision on the discrete points to generate the fault plane model.

[0068] like Figure 2 As shown, the main steps of this application are as follows:

[0069] (1) Extraction and analysis of fault data

[0070] Multi-source data was obtained from geological data, including various exploration and attribute data from geological maps such as production reports, site plans, tunnel sketches, and borehole columnar sections. The extracted raw data consisted of three types: attribute data, discrete points on horizontal faults, and elevation data from cross-sections.

[0071] (2) Calculation of discrete points of marker stratigraphic faults

[0072] The coordinates of discrete points on the hanging wall and footwall of the fault in the marker layer are deduced from the mining engineering plan. The elevation difference at each discrete point is determined, the coordinates of the discrete points on the hanging wall are calculated, and the coordinates of the corresponding discrete points on the footwall are obtained based on the fault properties.

[0073] (3) Calculation of elevation difference of non-marker stratigraphic faults

[0074] The displacement of faults along certain strata is obtained from geological data. The basic idea is to keep the aquifer thickness constant while changing the thickness of the impermeable layer, constraining the displacement of other strata within a certain range based on the thickness of each stratum. The fault shifts along the fault lines formed by corresponding discrete points on the hanging wall and footwall for each group. The equations of the fault lines formed by corresponding points on the hanging wall and footwall are calculated, and their intersections with the initial stratigraphic model are obtained. Then, the stratigraphic spacing at each intersection point is calculated. Based on the calculated stratigraphic spacing and the known displacement, the range of displacement of non-marker faults is determined.

[0075] (4) Fault intersection deduction

[0076] The specific process is as follows: Figure 3 As shown, when dealing with complex fault systems, the priority order for modeling faults is determined. For non-marker beds, the discrete points of faults are calculated level by level from low to high to obtain fault lines. When faults intersect, the intersection type is determined, the intersection points are found, and several intersecting fault groups are formed until all faults and intersecting fault groups on the strata are identified. For marker beds with a planar map as a reference, faults are added to the initial stratum grid as inner boundaries according to the level order. When fault intersections occur, the derivation method is the same as for non-marker beds.

[0077] (5) Deduction based on the intersection of faults and special geological structures

[0078] The method for extrapolating the intersection of faults with special geological bodies such as collapse columns and lenses is similar to the method for intersecting faults. After determining the intersection type and calculating the intersection point, the intersection point is added to the discrete points of the intersecting fault (group), forming a fault-collapse column intersection group. The final inner boundary line includes individual faults, collapse columns, intersecting fault groups, fault-collapse column intersection groups, and fault-lens intersection groups. The stratigraphic model obtained by adding the corresponding ground planes and constraining them with Delaunay triangular mesh is the final model.

[0079] (6) Formation of fault planes

[0080] After refining the discrete points of each fault and forming a discrete point set, Delaunay triangulation is performed to generate a separate fault plane model.

[0081] In some embodiments, (1) extraction and analysis of fault data

[0082] Definition: Strata with important characteristics are called marker strata.

[0083] Step 1: Extract fault attribute data from production reports and geological maps such as site plans, tunnel sketches, and borehole columnar sections. This mainly includes fault name, dip angle, fault properties, strata distribution, and elevation difference.

[0084] Step 2: Based on the fault length, take several discrete points at reasonable intervals along the fault line on the geological engineering plan. Control points include the intersections of the fault line and exploration lines, the intersections of the fault line and contour lines, the locations of changes in fault properties, and the positions of fault pinch-out points.

[0085] Step 3: Extract the z-coordinates of the intersection points of each fault and the top surface of each stratum on the cross-section map, as the original elevation data.

[0086] (2) Calculation of discrete points of marker stratigraphic faults

[0087] Step 1: Determine the changes in fault elevation. Changes in elevation can be categorized into two types: changes in elevation and no change in elevation. Changes in elevation can be further divided into gradual changes in elevation and abrupt changes in elevation.

[0088] Step 2: Calculate the elevation difference at each discrete point.

[0089] When the elevation difference remains constant, the elevation difference at each point is a constant value.

[0090] For cases where the elevation difference gradually changes, the elevation difference at the point to be determined is calculated using geometric rules based on the known elevation difference. If the fault does not have a position where the elevation difference gradually changes to zero, then the fault does not pinch out within the modeling area; if the elevation difference gradually changes to zero, this position is the pinch-out point of the fault. Due to different gradual change trends, the fault line will produce different pinch-out shapes, the most common being triangular pinch-out and elliptical pinch-out.

[0091] For the case of triangular pinch-out, as shown in Figure 4(a), the fault pinch-out shape is approximately triangular. In this case, the fault drop can be considered a linear change, satisfying a linear functional relationship. l is the length of the line connecting the pinch-out points at both ends of the fault, H is the maximum drop, and s is the distance from the point to be determined on the planar map to the point of maximum drop. The drop h at the desired location is expressed as follows:

[0092]

[0093] For the case of elliptical pinch-out, as shown in Figure 4(b), the fault shape is approximately elliptical. The relationship between the distance *s* from the point to be determined to the maximum drop and the drop *h* at the point to be determined approximately satisfies an elliptical function. Here, *l* is the length of the line connecting the pinch-out points at both ends of the fault, and *H* is the maximum drop. The drop *h* is expressed as:

[0094]

[0095] In cases of abrupt changes in elevation, the location where the elevation suddenly increases or decreases is usually taken as the abrupt change point. The elevation difference on both sides of the abrupt change point is either constant or gradually changing.

[0096] Step 3: Calculate the coordinates of discrete points on the hanging wall and footwall of the fault. This needs to be considered based on the number of exploration lines passing along the fault line, categorized as follows: one exploration line passes through, multiple exploration lines pass through, and no exploration lines pass through. The following explanation uses a normal fault as an example.

[0097] (1) An exploration line passes through the fault line.

[0098] First, the profile is converted into a three-dimensional form. On the plan view, the coordinates of the borehole points at both ends of the exploration line segment intersecting the fault are taken. The vertical plane equation passing through these two borehole points b1 and b2 is calculated, which is the plane equation of the profile: Ax + By + C = 0. The distance from the point to be determined to any borehole point (x0, y0, z0) at either end of this exploration line segment is d1. Then, according to the geometric relationship (Figure 5(a)), the coordinates of the discrete point to be determined (x0, y0, z0) are... E ,y E ,z E It satisfies the following formula:

[0099]

[0100] Where, coordinate z E Read directly from the profile map corresponding to the exploration line.

[0101] Calculate the coordinates of discrete points on the hanging wall of a fault where no exploration line is found. Where the fault does not intersect with an exploration line, the x and y coordinates of the discrete points on the hanging wall can be determined based on the geometric patterns on the fault plane. It is known that on the plan view, the hanging wall point O at the exploration line traversing the fault is (x... h0,y h0 ,z h0 The distance between the point and the point R1 to be determined is d2. The angle between the line connecting these two points and the exploration line segment is θ (θ≤90°). The slope of the line connecting the two borehole points b1 and b2 at the two ends of the line segment is the slope k1 of the line segment. Therefore, the slope of the line connecting the upper plate point and the point to be determined at the exploration line is:

[0102]

[0103] Based on the geometric relationships shown in the figure (Figure 5(b)), the coordinates (x, y, z) of the discrete point on the upper plate to be determined satisfy the system of equations.

[0104]

[0105] The elevations of the discrete points are calculated from the contour lines. When a discrete point lies exactly on a contour line, its elevation is the elevation value of that contour line; when a discrete point is not on a contour line, the result is calculated by interpolation based on the distance between the contour lines.

[0106] Finally, the coordinates of the footwall discrete points are calculated based on the fault properties. The elevation of the corresponding footwall discrete point is obtained by adding the elevation of the footwall discrete point to the elevation difference at that point, and then the plane coordinates of the footwall points are calculated. First, the plane equation a is obtained using the coordinates of two points O and O′ on the footwall and the coordinates of the first adjacent footwall discrete point R1 on the right side. r1 x+b r1 y+c r1 z+d r1 =0. The coordinates of the upper plate point O at the exploration line are (x h0 ,y h0 ,z h0 ), and the coordinates of its adjacent upper discrete point R1 are (x r1 ,y r1 ,z r1 Let the coordinates of the lower disk point R1′ to be determined be (x...). r1 ′,y r1 ′,z r1 The plane has the geometric relationship shown in Figure 5(c). By solving the following system of equations, the x and y coordinates of the discrete points on the lower plate can be obtained:

[0107]

[0108] Where, z′ r1 The elevation to be determined in the next inventory check.

[0109] Next, taking the upper plate point R1 at the previously determined position and the next adjacent upper plate point R2 as known points, the coordinates of R2 are (x... r2 ,y r2 ,z r2Let the coordinates of the lower disk point R2′ to be determined be (x...). r2 ′,y r2 ′,z r2 (Figure 5(d)), at this time:

[0110]

[0111] like Figure 6 As shown, on the same fault, the discrete points to the left of the points traversed by the exploration line also satisfy the above formula.

[0112] Continuing the calculation according to the pattern, the upper plate point R to the right of the exploration line location... n The corresponding lower coordinates (x) rn ′,y rn ′,z rn ′) satisfies the following formula:

[0113]

[0114] Discrete point L on the left n It also satisfies this equation.

[0115] When the fault pinches out within the modeling area, the drop at the pinch-out point is 0, and the strata do not shift at this point.

[0116] (2) Multiple exploration lines pass through the fault line.

[0117] The basic calculation method for the coordinates of discrete points on the hanging wall and footwall is the same as when an exploration line passes through the fault. However, to ensure the continuity of the fault plane, during the calculation process, it is stipulated that the plane coordinates of all points where non-exploration lines intersect with the fault line are referenced to the exploration line to the left of the point to be determined. For example... Figure 7 As shown, calculate the discrete point B of the upper plate at the non-section location. R1 When using coordinates, the upper plate point at the exploration line used as a reference is point O2 to its left; calculate C R1 When using coordinates, the upper disk point is O3; calculate D. R1 When using coordinates, the upper disk point is O4; calculate A. R1 A R2 A R3 When using coordinates, the upper plate point is taken as O1. However, when there is no exploration line to the left of the point to be determined, as shown in Figure A... L1 A L2 The point selected for the upper plate is point O1 to its right. The same principle applies when calculating the discrete points of the lower plate: calculate B... R1 When using coordinates, the known points are O2 and B. R1 ; Calculate A R1 When the coordinates are known, points O1 and A are given. R1 Calculate A R2 When the coordinates are given, point A is known.R1 A R2 ...and so on. And to calculate A... L1 When ′, then the known points are O1 and A. L1 This calculation method can ensure the consistency and continuity of the fault plane.

[0118] For faults where no exploration lines pass through, fault data is usually obtained through geophysical methods such as 3D seismic surveys, and the coordinates of discrete points on the hanging wall can be directly obtained from the plan view. This situation is more common for smaller faults.

[0119] When calculating the discrete points on the footwall, it is necessary to start from one end of the fault and proceed sequentially according to the order of the discrete points. When calculating the coordinates of the first point on the footwall, the corresponding point on the hanging wall is P. h1 The coordinates are (x1, y1, z1), where z1 is the elevation of the lower plate, and P h1 The drop is h1, and the adjacent upper plate point P h2 Let the coordinates be (x2, y2, z2), and let the lower disk coordinates be P. f1 Given (x1′, y1′, z1′), the system of equations can be obtained from the geometric relations of the plane (Figure 8(a)):

[0120]

[0121] A special case is when the fault has a pinch-out point (Figure 8(b)). In this case, if the coordinates of the pinch-out point P0 are (x0, y0, z0), the coordinates of the first adjacent point on the hanging wall are P... h1 For (x1, y1, z1), the corresponding lower disk point P f1 The coordinates (x1′, y1′, z1′) satisfy the following formula:

[0122]

[0123] Where z is point P h1 Lower elevation, h1 is P h1 There is a drop in elevation.

[0124] After obtaining the coordinates of the first point on the lower plate, the coordinates of the remaining discrete points on the lower plate are calculated continuously using the method in the first case.

[0125] The sliding directions of the hanging wall and footwall of a reverse fault are opposite to those of a normal fault, but the method for calculating the discrete points is exactly the same. After determining the coordinates of the discrete points on the hanging wall and calculating the displacement, the elevation of the corresponding discrete point on the footwall is obtained by subtracting the displacement at that point from the elevation of the discrete point on the hanging wall. The coordinates of the discrete points on the footwall are then calculated based on the fault's properties.

[0126] 3) Calculation of elevation difference of non-marker stratigraphic faults

[0127] The fault shifts along the fault lines formed by the corresponding discrete points on the hanging wall and footwall for each group. The equations of the fault lines formed by the corresponding two points on the hanging wall and footwall are obtained, and their intersections with the initial stratum model are calculated to obtain the intersection points. Then, the stratigraphic spacing at each intersection point is calculated. The fault displacement of each stratum should meet the following conditions: ① The fault pinches out in the vertical direction, and the displacement between the uppermost and lowermost strata is close to zero; ② There is no conflict between strata; ③ Under the condition that the first two conditions are met, the fault displacement gradually decreases towards the upper and lower ends. As shown in Figure 9(a), the strata C1, C2, ..., C1 are penetrated by the normal fault F1. m ,…,C i-1 (i is an odd number), the fault pinches out above and below the aquitard (i.e., stratum C). 0-1 and C (i-1)-i (This is an impermeable layer). The known drop stratum for F1 is C. (m-1)-m (where m is an even number), the known drop is denoted as H. (m-1)-m The interlayer spacing corresponding to the discrete points is represented by D. (i-1)-i Figure 9(b) shows the elevation change of the reverse fault F2.

[0128] Based on the number of aquifers penetrated by the fault, there are two cases.

[0129] When the strata containing a fault include one, two, or three aquifers, and the elevation difference of one of the aquifers is known, the elevation difference of the entire fault is considered constant. Since such faults typically have small elevation differences, the strata will not conflict.

[0130] When the fault is located in a stratum containing more than three aquifers, and the fault displacement gradually decreases towards both the upper and lower ends, the displacement of each aquifer should satisfy the following formula:

[0131] 0<1 / 2H (i-2)-(i-1) <D (i-1)-(i)

[0132] 0<1 / 2H 1-2 <D 0-1

[0133]

[0134] H 1-2 <… <H max >…>H (i-2)-(i-1)

[0135] When the fault is a normal fault (Fig. 10(a)), to prevent collisions between strata while satisfying the above conditions, the following condition must be met: k≥2 and That is, k≥2 and 1 / 2H (2k-3)-(2k-2) <1 / 2H (2k-1)-2k +D (2k-2)-(2k-1) When k≥2 and That is when 1 / 2H (2k-1)-2k <1 / 2H (2k-3)-(2k-2) +D (2k-2)-(2k-1) .

[0136] When the fault is a reverse fault (Figure 10(b)), then there is:

[0137] When when 1 / 2H (2k-3)-(2k-2) <1 / 2H (2k-1)-2k +D (2k-2)-(2k-1) ;

[0138] When k≥2 and when 1 / 2H (2k-1)-2k <1 / 2H (2k-3)-(2k-2) +D (2k-2)-(2k-1) .

[0139] In the above formulas, k is an integer.

[0140] On the basis of satisfying the above inequalities, according to the location of the formation with the known throw, and comparing the known formation throw with the adjacent layer spacing, the following situations exist in both normal faults and reverse faults. Taking the normal fault as an example below:

[0141] ① m = 2: The known formation throw must be less than the adjacent layer spacing.

[0142] H (m-1)-m <…<H max >…>H (i-2)-(i-1) .

[0143] ② 3 < m ≤ (i - 3) / 2 (Figure 11(a)):

[0144] a. Half of the known throw is less than the thickness of the adjacent aquiclude (Figure 11(b)):

[0145] [[ID=6i]]H 1-2 <…<H (m-1)-m <…<H max >…>H (i-2)-(i-1) .

[0146] b. Half of the known throw is greater than the thickness of the upper adjacent aquiclude (Figure 11(c)):

[0147] On the basis of satisfying the conditions in a, add 1 / 2H (m-3)-(m-2) >1 / 2H (m-1)-m -D (m-2)-(m-1) .

[0148] c. Half of the known throw is greater than the thickness of the lower adjacent aquiclude:

[0149] There is no conflict between the formations.

[0150] ③(i - 3) / 2 < m < (i + 5) / 2 (Figure 12(a)):

[0151] a. One - half of the known head difference is less than the thickness of the adjacent aquiclude (Figure 12(b)):

[0152] H 1-2 <… < H max >… > H (i-2)-(i-1) .

[0153] b. One - half of the known head difference is greater than the thickness of the adjacent upper aquiclude (Figure 12(c)):

[0154] Based on a, add 1 / 2H (m-2)-(m-3) > 1 / 2H (m-1)-m -D (m-2)-(m-1) .

[0155] c. One - half of the known head difference is greater than the thickness of the adjacent lower aquiclude (Figure 12(d)):

[0156] Based on the conditions in a, add 1 / 2H (m+1)-(m+2) > 1 / 2H (m-1)-m -D m-(m+1) (m > 3).

[0157] ④(i + 5) / 2 ≤ m < i - 1 (Figure 13(a)):

[0158] a. One - half of the known head difference is less than the thickness of the adjacent aquiclude (Figure 13(b)):

[0159] H 1-2 <… < H max >… > H (m-1)-m >… > H<0000​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​

[0165] After determining the range of the fault displacement on each non-marker stratum, the displacement value is determined by combining the lithology and thickness of the strata.

[0166] 4) Fault intersection deduction

[0167] Step 1: Based on the raw data such as boreholes and profiles, obtain discrete points for each stratigraphic layer through interpolation. Triangulate all discrete points to obtain an initial stratigraphic model without faults.

[0168] Step 2: Prioritize the modeling faults. The basic principle for prioritization is: faults with later development are prioritized over faults with earlier development; cutting faults are prioritized over the faults that are cut; secondary faults are prioritized over primary faults; minor faults are prioritized over major faults. Level 1 is designated as the lowest level.

[0169] Step 3: Calculate the discrete points of faults on non-marker strata in stages. For example... Figure 14 The specific steps include:

[0170] ① Based on the discrete points of the fault on the marker layer, find the equation of the straight line formed by the two discrete points on the hanging wall and footwall of each fault.

[0171] ②According to the fault level, find the intersection points of all straight lines in the lowest-level fault with the surface to be determined.

[0172] ③ Calculate the elevation of discrete points. The elevation difference of each set of discrete points on the hanging wall and footwall of the fault in each stratum is determined according to the formula in 3) Calculation of elevation difference of faults in non-marker strata. For normal faults, the corresponding elevation difference is subtracted from and added to the calculated intersection elevation to obtain the z-coordinates of the discrete points on the hanging wall and footwall of the fault on other strata; while for reverse faults, the corresponding elevation difference is added to and subtracted from the intersection elevation to obtain the elevations of the hanging wall and footwall of the fault.

[0173] ④ Substitute the obtained elevations (i.e., z-coordinate values) of each set of upper and lower wall points into the corresponding straight line equations to calculate the x and y values. It is important to note that the slope of the straight line containing the fault pinch-out point is stipulated to be the same as the slope of the straight line formed by the discrete points of the upper and lower wall at adjacent non-pinnacle locations. The intersections of the straight line containing the pinch-out point on the marker layer with each non-marker stratum are the pinch-out points of the fault on those bedding planes.

[0174] Step 4: Arrange the discrete points of each fault in sequence to obtain the intersection lines of the first-order faults. Add all these closed curves as inner boundaries to the initial stratigraphic model and perform constrained Delaunay triangulation to obtain the first-order stratigraphic model M1 with the first-order faults.

[0175] Step 5: Intersect the fault line formed by the two discrete points on the hanging wall and footwall of the second-order fault with the M1 model. Following Step 3, find all the discrete points of the second-order fault. Arrange these discrete points in order to obtain the second-order fault line.

[0176] Step 6: Treat intersecting faults. This specifically includes:

[0177] First, determine the intersection type. The fault plane formed by the discrete points of the adjacent hanging wall and footwall of the second-order fault on the marker layer extends upwards and downwards, intersecting with the higher-order fault line on the stratum to be determined. The number of intersection points includes two intersection points, one intersection point, and no intersection point. Next, determine the deduction method according to the properties of the higher-order fault. Figures 15(a)-15(i) (As shown).

[0178] (1) When the superior fault is a normal fault:

[0179] Two intersection points: First, determine whether the intersection type of the two faults on the marker stratum is X-type or Y-type.

[0180] If the intersection type on the marker stratum is type X (Figure 16(a)), the specific operation steps are as follows:

[0181] a) Find the intersection point J between the secondary fault plane and the main fault. H and J F ;

[0182] b) In the auxiliary fault, a straight line is formed by the corresponding discrete points on the hanging wall and footwall of each group. Find the points J corresponding to these two points. H and J F Find the nearest straight line and record the corresponding direction vector as v. H ,v F and the corresponding drop H H H F .

[0183] c) Calculate the value of J passing through these two points respectively. H J F And the slopes are respectively v H ,v F The straight line, J H and J F After adding or subtracting half of the corresponding elevation difference, substitute the values ​​into the corresponding straight lines to calculate the x and y coordinates.

[0184] d) Finally, the coordinates of the four intersection points are obtained.

[0185] If the intersection type on the marker stratum is Y-shaped, then these two faults will typically intersect in a Y-shape on the stratum in question. The specific operational steps (Figure 16(b)) are as follows:

[0186] a) The intersection of the secondary fault plane and the main fault yields two intersection points;

[0187] b) If a block of the main fault intersects with the secondary fault on the marker bed, then the block of the main fault intersects with the secondary fault on the non-marker bed. The intersection point located on the block of the main fault is retained, and the intersection point located on the other block is discarded.

[0188] c) Calculate the distances from each discrete point in the secondary fault to the hanging wall and footwall of the main fault. If the distance from a discrete point to one block of the main fault that intersects with the secondary fault is greater than the distance to the other block, discard that point.

[0189] d) The strata at the retained intersection point are moved according to the closest displacement in the secondary fault, and finally the two faults intersect to obtain two intersection points.

[0190] ② One intersection point: The secondary fault plane intersects with the main fault line on the stratum to be determined, resulting in one intersection point. The following steps are similar to those described above. The stratum at this point is shifted according to the closest displacement in the secondary fault, and finally the two faults intersect to obtain two intersection points (Figure 16(c)).

[0191] ③ No intersection: First, determine whether the two faults intersect in the stratum to be determined. There are three possibilities.

[0192] According to geological principles, no action is taken if two faults do not intersect.

[0193] Based on the plan and geological patterns, when two faults intersect in a Y-shape, the straight line determined by the hanging wall and footwall at the intersection of the secondary fault and the main fault intersects with the stratum to be determined and the intersection point is obtained. Then, it is determined whether the drop at the endpoint of the possible intersection of the secondary fault and the main fault is close to zero.

[0194] If the elevation difference is close to 0, then this intersection point is the pinch-out point of the secondary fault on the surface to be determined, and the two faults do not intersect (Fig. 16(d)). If the elevation difference at this point is not close to 0, then the two faults intersect in a Y-shape. Extending the plane of the secondary fault, it intersects with the line of the main fault to obtain an intersection point. The following steps are the same as in step ②, and finally the two faults intersect to obtain two intersection points (Fig. 16(e)).

[0195] (2) When the superior fault is a reverse fault:

[0196] Two intersection points: First, determine whether the intersection type of the two faults on the marker stratum is X-type or Y-type.

[0197] If the intersection type on the marker stratum is X-type (Fig. 17(a)), the processing method is the same as when the upper fault is a normal fault, and the two faults eventually intersect to obtain four intersection points.

[0198] If the intersection type on the marker stratum is Y-type, then it is necessary to determine the intersection type of the two faults on the stratum in question. The specific operating steps are as follows:

[0199] a) Calculate the distances from the endpoint of the secondary fault that does not intersect with the main fault to the hanging wall and footwall of the main fault on the xy-plane. The side with the larger distance is considered the side that will definitely experience displacement. Calculate the intersection point J between the secondary fault plane and the side of the main fault that will definitely experience displacement. P Then, the coordinates of the two intersection points J1 and J2 are obtained by shifting the position.

[0200] b) Determine whether the strata in the other block have been displaced due to the influence of the secondary fault. The straight line passing through J1 and J2 intersects the strata to be determined at another point J. Compare the elevations of J1, J2, and J.

[0201] c) If the elevations of J1 and J2 are both greater than or less than J, it proves that the strata on the other side of the fault have not shifted, and the two faults intersect in a Y-shape, with the intersection points being J1 and J2 (Figure 17(b)). To ensure that the strata do not conflict, some discrete points in the secondary fault need to be discarded. The method is as follows: For each group of discrete points on the upper and lower walls of the secondary fault, form a straight line. Calculate the intersection points of this line with the first-order strata. If there are multiple intersection points, discard that group of discrete points. If the number of intersection points is 1, calculate the distances from these intersection points to the projection lines of the upper and lower walls on the xy-plane. If the distance from an intersection point to the projection line of the shifted wall is less than that of the other wall, discard the corresponding group of discrete points on the upper and lower walls.

[0202] d) If the elevation of J is between J1 and J2, it proves that the strata on the other side have also shifted, and the two faults intersect in an X-shape. Following the method for X-shaped intersections, the two intersection points on the other side are found. Finally, four fault intersection points are obtained (Figure 17(c)).

[0203] ② One intersection point: First, determine whether the displacement at the endpoint of the possible intersection of the secondary fault and the main fault is close to zero, and whether the two faults intersect on the stratum to be determined. There are two possibilities.

[0204] If the elevation difference is 0 or close to 0, the two faults do not intersect (Fig. 17(d)), and the pinch-out point needs to be determined. The straight line formed by the intersection of the two faults on the marker layer intersects the stratum to be determined, producing two intersection points. Next, on the xy plane, calculate the distances from the endpoint of the secondary fault that does not intersect with the main fault to the hanging wall and footwall of the main fault. Take the footwall with the larger distance as the footwall of the secondary fault. If it is located in the stratum of the hanging wall (or footwall) of the main fault, discard the point with the lower (or higher) elevation of the two points. The other point is the pinch-out point of the secondary fault. To ensure that the strata do not conflict, calculate the intersection of the straight line formed by the discrete points of each set of hanging wall and footwall of the secondary fault with the first-order stratum. When more than one intersection point is generated in this process, discard the corresponding discrete point.

[0205] If the elevation difference is not close to zero, the two faults intersect. To ensure the faults intersect, extend the plane of the secondary fault and calculate its intersection point J with the block of the main fault that must have shifted. P After the displacement, the coordinates of the two intersection points J1 and J2 are obtained. Then the following processing method is the same as when there are two intersection points, that is, to determine whether the strata of the other block have been displaced, as shown in Figure 17(e).

[0206] ③ No intersection: First, determine whether the two faults intersect in the stratum to be determined. There are three possibilities.

[0207] According to geological principles, no action is taken if two faults do not intersect.

[0208] Based on the plan view and geological patterns, when two faults intersect in a Y-shape, the straight line determined by the hanging wall and footwall at the intersection of the secondary fault and the main fault intersects with the stratum to be determined and the intersection point is obtained. Then, it is determined whether the drop at the end of the secondary fault with the smaller distance from the main fault is close to zero.

[0209] If the elevation difference is close to 0, then this intersection point is the pinch-out point of the secondary fault on the stratum to be determined. As shown in Figure 17(f), the strata at this location do not move, and the two faults do not intersect.

[0210] If the elevation difference at that point is not close to 0, the next steps are the same as in step ②: extend the plane of the secondary fault and calculate the intersection point J between it and the block of the main fault that must have shifted. P After the displacement, the coordinates of the two intersection points J1 and J2 are obtained. Then, it is determined whether the strata in the other block have been displaced.

[0211] Step 7: Add the fault intersections generated by the above processing to the corresponding discrete point group of intersecting faults, discard the discrete points located between the intersections, and arrange each group of points to form a discrete point group.

[0212] Step 8: Using all intersecting fault lines and other first- and second-order single fault lines as inner boundaries, perform Delaunay subdivision of the strata to obtain a second-order model M2 containing first- and second-order faults.

[0213] Step 9: Intersect the fault line formed by the two discrete points on the hanging wall and footwall of the third-order fault with the M2 model. Following Step 3, find all the discrete points of the third-order fault. Arrange these discrete points in order to obtain the third-order fault line. Repeat steps 6-8 to obtain the third-order model M2 containing the first and second-order faults.

[0214] Step 10: Repeat the calculation in Step 9 until all faults are identified.

[0215] Step 11: For the marker bed referenced by the engineering plan, all fault discrete points have been determined. Repeat steps 4-9, as with non-marker beds, until all faults of the marker bed are included in the stratigraphic mesh.

[0216] 5) Intersection of faults and special geological structures for extrapolation

[0217] Connect the corresponding points of the uppermost and lowermost layers of each collapse column. Each collapse column can form a closed surface composed of multiple planes. Find the intersection points of each plane forming the closed surface with all fault lines on the stratum. As shown in the figure, the number of intersection points may be two (Fig. 18(a)) or four (Fig. 18(b)). Then add the discrete points of the collapse column on the stratum and the found intersection points to the discrete points of the intersecting faults (groups). After deleting the discrete points between the intersection points, arrange the points of each group in sequence to form a fault-collapse column intersection group.

[0218] 6) Formation of fault planes

[0219] The discrete points of each fault calculated in the above steps are all on the fault plane and lie on different straight lines. To improve the smoothness of the triangular mesh model, based on the overall thickness of the stratigraphic model, the scale of the faults, and the accuracy requirements of the model, several discrete points are taken at reasonable intervals between the highest and lowest points on each straight line in each fault, so that each fault forms a discrete point set. Finally, Delaunay triangular meshing is performed on all discrete points on each fault to generate a separate fault plane model (e.g., Figure 19 (As shown).

[0220] In some embodiments, this application also provides a specific example of the application of a three-dimensional modeling method for fault structures in a coal mine.

[0221] Step 1: Collect and process fault data.

[0222] Step 2: The terrain in this area is relatively flat, sloping from west to east. The faults within the area are mainly high-angle normal faults. The main structural lines extend in three directions: north-south, east-west, and northeast, with northeast-trending faults being the predominant type. Large and medium-sized faults are nearly parallel high-angle normal faults, forming narrow grabens and horst structures, typically constituting the boundaries between coal-bearing and non-coal-bearing areas in the mining area. Faults with a drop greater than 20m within the mining area often become the boundaries of the mining area. After generalization, the strata in this mining area consist of 23 layers, including 3 main coal seams. Coal No. 9 is the main mining seam. Based on the impact of fault scale on production, faults with a drop less than 5 meters are not depicted. Original fault modeling data is extracted from boreholes, geological exploration reports, profile maps, and mining engineering plans of the main coal seams. Specifically, the locations of fault discrete points are extracted from the mining engineering plans of the 3 main coal seams. The strata where the fault is located are determined based on the cross-section diagram. However, for some smaller faults, this information is not available in the cross-section diagram. It is assumed that such faults extend both upwards and downwards to the aquifer adjacent to the coal seam.

[0223] Step 3: Calculate the three-dimensional coordinates of all discrete points of faults on the main coal seam.

[0224] Step 4: Based on the original data such as boreholes and profiles, obtain discrete points for each stratigraphic level through interpolation. Triangulate all discrete points to obtain an initial stratigraphic model M0 without faults.

[0225] Step 5: Calculate the elevation difference and fault lines on other strata. Since there are no plan views for these strata, the lines formed by the discrete points on the hanging wall and footwall of each coal seam are intersected with the strata. Some faults may be distributed on more than one plan view. In this case, the lines are calculated using the hanging wall and footwall points of one of the coal seams. Since No. 9 is the main mining coal seam, the points on this coal seam are used as the reference. If a fault is distributed in both No. 2 and No. 5 coal seams, the fault points on No. 5 coal seam are used as the reference. The lines formed by the hanging wall and footwall points of each fault are intersected with the initial strata of all non-coal seams they traverse, in ascending order of fault level.

[0226] Step 6: After obtaining the discrete points of the first-order fault, the fault line is obtained. The first-order fault is used as the inner boundary for stratigraphic mesh generation to obtain the first-order stratigraphic model M1.

[0227] Step 7: Calculate the discrete points of the second-order fault to obtain the fault lines, and process the intersecting faults encountered. The intersecting faults in the ground plane model are shown in Figure 20(a), and the intersecting faults in the volume model are shown in Figure 20(b).

[0228] Step 8: Repeat steps 6 and 7 each time until all faults are identified and a stratigraphic model containing all faults and non-marker layers is obtained.

[0229] Step 9: Process the main coal seam. Repeat step 6 until a stratigraphic model containing all faults is obtained. Figure 20(c) shows the fault-bearing stratigraphic model of the main coal seam, and Figure 20(d) shows some of the smaller faults in this stratigraphic layer.

[0230] Step 10: Deduce the intersection of the collapse column and the fault. The deduction method is similar to that for fault intersection. The intersection of the collapse column and the fault is shown in the ground plane model, the volume model, and multiple strata as shown in Figures 20(e), 20(f), and 20(g).

[0231] Step 11: Refine all discrete points on each fault, and then perform mesh subdivision on each fault to generate fault plane models. The individual fault plane model is shown in Figure 21(a), and the fault plane model for the entire mining area is shown in Figure 21(b).

[0232] Step 12: After establishing the fault model, the stratigraphic model containing the fault can be cut to observe the properties and distribution of the fault through the profile, as shown in Figure 21(c).

[0233] As can be seen from the above, the method for constructing a three-dimensional complex fault model based on inference provided in this application includes: determining fault data of the target area, extracting and analyzing the fault data to determine attribute data, discrete points of the plane fault, and profile elevation data; determining the first fault drop and the type of drop variation of discrete points, and determining the coordinates of the hanging wall discrete points and the footwall discrete points according to the first fault drop and the type of drop variation of discrete points; determining the stratigraphic spacing, and determining the range of the second fault drop and the second fault drop according to the first fault drop and the stratigraphic spacing; prioritizing the faults, determining the priority order, and performing intersection inference according to the priority order to determine the first stratigraphic model; performing intersection inference between the faults and special geological structures to determine the second stratigraphic model; densifying the discrete points of each fault in the stratigraphic model to determine the discrete point set, and performing Delaunay triangulation on the discrete points to generate a fault plane model. This application models fault planes based on multi-source data and handles intersecting faults and intersections between faults and collapse columns by intersecting faults with strata in priority order, forming fault lines on each stratum. This improves the smoothness and accuracy of the model, making it more accurate. The method for handling intersections between faults and between faults and collapse columns adopts a line-surface intersection method, which is simple to operate.

[0234] It should be noted that the method in this embodiment can be executed by a single device, such as a computer or server. The method can also be applied in a distributed scenario, where multiple devices cooperate to complete the task. In such a distributed scenario, one of these devices may execute only one or more steps of the method in this embodiment, and the multiple devices will interact with each other to complete the method described.

[0235] It should be noted that the above description describes some embodiments of this application. Other embodiments are within the scope of the appended claims. In some cases, the actions or steps recorded in the claims can be performed in a different order than that shown in the above embodiments and still achieve the desired result. Furthermore, the processes depicted in the drawings do not necessarily require a specific or sequential order to achieve the desired result. In some embodiments, multitasking and parallel processing are also possible or may be advantageous.

[0236] Based on the same inventive concept, and corresponding to any of the above embodiments, this application also provides a device for constructing a three-dimensional complex fault model based on deduction.

[0237] refer to Figure 22 The device for constructing a three-dimensional complex fault model based on deduction includes:

[0238] The data extraction and analysis module 2202 is configured to determine the fault data of the target area, and to extract and analyze the fault data to determine attribute data, discrete points of the plane fault, and profile elevation data.

[0239] The discrete point calculation module 2204 is configured to determine the first fault drop and the discrete point drop change type, and to determine the upper plate discrete point coordinates and lower plate discrete point coordinates according to the first fault drop and the discrete point drop change type.

[0240] The drop calculation module 2206 is configured to determine the stratigraphic spacing, and to determine the range of drop variation of the second fault and the second fault drop based on the drop at the discrete point of the first fault and the stratigraphic spacing.

[0241] The first intersection deduction module 2208 is configured to prioritize the faults, determine the priority order, and perform intersection deduction according to the priority order to determine the first stratigraphic model.

[0242] The second intersection deduction module 2210 is configured to perform intersection deduction on faults and special geological structures to determine the second stratigraphic model.

[0243] The fault model module 2212 is configured to refine the discrete points of each fault in the stratigraphic model to determine the discrete point set, and to perform Delaunay triangular meshing on the discrete points to generate a fault plane model.

[0244] For ease of description, the above devices are described in terms of function, divided into various modules. Of course, in implementing this application, the functions of each module can be implemented in one or more software and / or hardware.

[0245] The apparatus in the above embodiments is used to implement the corresponding deduction-based three-dimensional complex fault model construction method in any of the foregoing embodiments, and has the beneficial effects of the corresponding method embodiments, which will not be repeated here.

[0246] Based on the same inventive concept, corresponding to the methods of any of the above embodiments, this application also provides an electronic device, including a memory, a processor, and a computer program stored in the memory and executable on the processor. When the processor executes the program, it implements the deductive three-dimensional complex fault model construction method described in any of the above embodiments.

[0247] Figure 23 This embodiment illustrates a more specific hardware structure of an electronic device, which may include a processor 1010, a memory 1020, an input / output interface 1030, a communication interface 1040, and a bus 1050. The processor 1010, memory 1020, input / output interface 1030, and communication interface 1040 are interconnected internally via the bus 1050.

[0248] The processor 1010 can be implemented using a general-purpose CPU (Central Processing Unit), microprocessor, application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), or one or more integrated circuits, and is used to execute relevant programs to implement the technical solutions provided in the embodiments of this specification.

[0249] The memory 1020 can be implemented in the form of ROM (Read Only Memory), RAM (Random Access Memory), static storage device, dynamic storage device, etc. The memory 1020 can store the operating system and other applications. When the technical solutions provided in the embodiments of this specification are implemented by software or firmware, the relevant program code is stored in the memory 1020 and is called and executed by the processor 1010.

[0250] The input / output interface 1030 is used to connect input / output modules to realize information input and output. Input / output modules can be configured as components within the device (not shown in the figure) or externally connected to the device to provide corresponding functions. Input devices may include keyboards, mice, touchscreens, microphones, various sensors, etc., while output devices may include displays, speakers, vibrators, indicator lights, etc.

[0251] The communication interface 1040 is used to connect a communication module (not shown in the figure) to enable communication between this device and other devices. The communication module can communicate via wired means (such as USB, Ethernet cable, etc.) or wireless means (such as mobile network, WIFI, Bluetooth, etc.).

[0252] Bus 1050 includes a pathway for transmitting information between various components of the device, such as processor 1010, memory 1020, input / output interface 1030, and communication interface 1040.

[0253] It should be noted that although the above-described device only shows the processor 1010, memory 1020, input / output interface 1030, communication interface 1040, and bus 1050, in specific implementations, the device may also include other components necessary for normal operation. Furthermore, those skilled in the art will understand that the above-described device may only include the components necessary for implementing the embodiments of this specification, and not necessarily all the components shown in the figures.

[0254] The electronic devices described above are used to implement the corresponding deduction-based three-dimensional complex fault model construction method in any of the foregoing embodiments, and have the beneficial effects of the corresponding method embodiments, which will not be repeated here.

[0255] Based on the same inventive concept, corresponding to the methods of any of the above embodiments, this application also provides a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium that stores computer instructions for causing the computer to execute the inference-based three-dimensional complex fault model construction method as described in any of the above embodiments.

[0256] The computer-readable medium of this embodiment includes permanent and non-permanent, removable and non-removable media, and information storage can be implemented by any method or technology. Information can be computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules, or other data. Examples of computer storage media include, but are not limited to, phase-change memory (PRAM), static random access memory (SRAM), dynamic random access memory (DRAM), other types of random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), flash memory or other memory technologies, CD-ROM, digital versatile optical disc (DVD) or other optical storage, magnetic tape, magnetic magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other non-transfer medium that can be used to store information accessible by a computing device.

[0257] The computer instructions stored in the storage medium of the above embodiments are used to cause the computer to execute the inference-based three-dimensional complex fault model construction method as described in any of the above embodiments, and have the beneficial effects of the corresponding method embodiments, which will not be repeated here.

[0258] Based on the same inventive concept, corresponding to the inference-based three-dimensional complex fault model construction method described in any of the above embodiments, this disclosure also provides a computer program product, which includes computer program instructions. In some embodiments, the computer program instructions can be executed by one or more processors of a computer to cause the computer and / or the processor to execute the inference-based three-dimensional complex fault model construction method. Corresponding to the execution entity for each step in each embodiment of the inference-based three-dimensional complex fault model construction method, the processor executing the corresponding step can belong to the corresponding execution entity.

[0259] The computer program product of the above embodiments is used to cause the computer and / or the processor to execute the inference-based three-dimensional complex fault model construction method as described in any of the above embodiments, and has the beneficial effects of the corresponding method embodiments, which will not be repeated here.

[0260] Those skilled in the art should understand that the discussion of any of the above embodiments is merely exemplary and is not intended to imply that the scope of this application (including the claims) is limited to these examples; within the framework of this application, the technical features of the above embodiments or different embodiments can also be combined, the steps can be implemented in any order, and there are many other variations of different aspects of the embodiments of this application as described above, which are not provided in the details for the sake of brevity.

[0261] Additionally, to simplify the description and discussion, and to avoid obscuring the embodiments of this application, the well-known power / ground connections to integrated circuit (IC) chips and other components may or may not be shown in the provided drawings. Furthermore, the apparatus may be shown in block diagram form to avoid obscuring the embodiments of this application, and this also takes into account the fact that the details of the implementation of these block diagram apparatuses are highly dependent on the platform on which the embodiments of this application will be implemented (i.e., these details should be fully understood by those skilled in the art). While specific details (e.g., circuits) have been set forth to describe exemplary embodiments of this application, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the embodiments of this application can be implemented without these specific details or with variations thereof. Therefore, these descriptions should be considered illustrative rather than restrictive.

[0262] Although this application has been described in conjunction with specific embodiments thereof, many substitutions, modifications, and variations of these embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description. For example, other memory architectures (e.g., dynamic RAM (DRAM)) may be used with the embodiments discussed.

[0263] The embodiments of this application are intended to cover all such substitutions, modifications, and variations that fall within the broad scope of the appended claims. Therefore, any omissions, modifications, equivalent substitutions, improvements, etc., made within the spirit and principles of the embodiments of this application should be included within the protection scope of this application.

Claims

1. A method for constructing a three-dimensional complex fault model based on deduction, characterized in that, include: Determine the fault data of the target area, and extract and analyze the fault data to determine attribute data, discrete points of plane faults, and profile elevation data; Determine the first fault drop and the type of drop change at discrete points, and determine the coordinates of the discrete points on the hanging wall and the footwall based on the first fault drop and the type of drop change at discrete points. Determine the stratigraphic spacing, and determine the range of variation of the second fault displacement and the second fault displacement based on the stratigraphic spacing and the first fault displacement; The faults are prioritized and ordered to determine the priority order. Intersection deduction is then performed based on the priority order to determine the first stratigraphic model. By intersecting and extrapolating faults and special geological structures, a second stratigraphic model is determined. The discrete points of each fault in the stratigraphic model are densified to determine the discrete point set, and the discrete points are then divided into Delaunay triangular meshes to generate the fault plane model. The priority division is based on the fault development age and the fault cutting time. The process of prioritizing faults, determining their priority order, and performing intersection deduction based on the priority order to determine the first stratigraphic model includes: The second fault discrete point is determined according to the priority order; Based on the discrete points of the fault, the fault line is determined, and based on the fault line, it is determined whether the faults intersect. In response to determining fault intersection, the intersection type and intersection point are determined, and an intersection deduction is performed based on the intersection type and intersection point to determine the first stratigraphic model; wherein, the first stratigraphic model is a stratigraphic model containing faults; The process of intersecting faults and special geological structures to determine the second stratigraphic model includes: After determining the intersection type and calculating the intersection point, the intersection point is added to the discrete points of the fault that intersect with it, forming a fault collapse column intersection group, and the corresponding ground plane is added to constrain the Delaunay triangular mesh to determine the second stratigraphic model; wherein, the second stratigraphic model is the final stratigraphic model containing faults and special geological structures.

2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The fault data is multi-source data; The extraction and analysis of the fault data to determine attribute data, discrete points of the plane fault, and profile elevation data includes: The multi-source data is extracted and analyzed to determine the attribute data of the fault, the discrete points of the plane fault, and the profile elevation data; wherein, the multi-source data includes: geological survey reports, production reports, fault data of profile maps and plan maps, tunnel sketches and borehole columnar sections.

3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The step of determining the first fault displacement and the type of displacement change at discrete points, and determining the coordinates of discrete points on the hanging wall and footwall based on the first fault displacement and the type of displacement change at discrete points, includes: Based on the first fault elevation difference and the discrete point elevation difference change type, the discrete point elevation difference on the first fault is determined; wherein, the first fault is a marker fault, the first fault elevation difference is determined from the engineering plan, and the discrete point elevation difference change type includes: constant elevation difference and elevation difference change, the elevation difference change includes gradual elevation difference and abrupt elevation difference, and the gradual elevation difference includes triangular pinch-out gradual change and elliptical pinch-out gradual change. The number of exploration lines intersecting the first fault is determined, and the coordinates of the hanging wall discrete points and the footwall discrete points are determined based on the drop of discrete points on the first fault and the number of exploration lines; wherein, the coordinates of the hanging wall discrete points include the coordinates of the hanging wall discrete points of the normal fault and the hanging wall discrete points of the reverse fault, and the coordinates of the footwall discrete points include the coordinates of the footwall discrete points of the normal fault and the footwall discrete points of the reverse fault.

4. The method according to claim 3, characterized in that, The determination of the stratigraphic interlayer spacing, and the determination of the range of variation of the second fault displacement and the second fault displacement based on the displacement of the first fault discrete point and the stratigraphic interlayer spacing, include: The fault line equation is determined based on the coordinates of the discrete points on the upper and lower sides; wherein the fault line equation is the straight line equation formed by each set of corresponding discrete points on the upper and lower sides. The stratigraphic spacing is determined based on the fault line equation. Based on the stratigraphic spacing and the discrete point drop on the first fault, the range of the second fault drop and the second fault drop are determined; wherein, the second fault is a non-marker stratigraphic fault.

5. A device for constructing a three-dimensional complex fault model based on deduction, characterized in that, include: The data extraction and analysis module is configured to determine the fault data of the target area, and to extract and analyze the fault data to determine attribute data, discrete points of the plane fault, and profile elevation data. The discrete point calculation module is configured to determine the first fault drop and the discrete point drop change type, and to determine the upper plate discrete point coordinates and lower plate discrete point coordinates based on the first fault drop and the discrete point drop change type. The elevation difference calculation module is configured to determine the stratigraphic spacing, and to determine the elevation difference variation range and the elevation difference of the second fault based on the elevation difference of the discrete points of the first fault and the stratigraphic spacing. The first intersection inference module is configured to prioritize the faults, determine the priority order, and perform intersection inference based on the priority order to determine the first stratigraphic model. The second intersection simulation module is configured to perform intersection simulations of faults and special geological structures to determine the second stratigraphic model. The fault model module is configured to refine the discrete points of each fault in the stratigraphic model to determine the discrete point set, and to perform Delaunay triangulation on the discrete points to generate a fault plane model. The priority division is based on the fault development age and the fault cutting time. The first intersection deduction module is further configured to: determine the second fault discrete points according to the priority order; determine the fault line according to the fault discrete points, and determine whether the faults intersect according to the fault line; in response to determining the fault intersection, determine the intersection type and intersection point, and perform intersection deduction according to the intersection type and intersection point to determine the first stratigraphic model; wherein, the first stratigraphic model is a stratigraphic model containing faults; The second intersection deduction module is also configured to: determine the intersection type and calculate the intersection point, add the intersection point to the discrete points of the fault that intersect with it, combine them into a fault collapse column intersection group, and add the corresponding ground plane to perform constrained Delaunay triangular mesh subdivision to determine the second stratigraphic model; wherein, the second stratigraphic model is the final stratigraphic model containing faults and special geological structures.

6. An electronic device comprising a memory, a processor, and a computer program stored in the memory and executable by the processor, wherein the processor, when executing the computer program, implements the method according to any one of claims 1 to 4.

7. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing computer instructions for causing a computer to perform the method according to any one of claims 1 to 4.

8. A computer program product comprising computer program instructions that, when executed on a computer, cause the computer to perform the method as described in any one of claims 1 to 4.

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