Systems and methods for using brain imaging data to detect and mitigate neurological defects

Abstract

Disclosed herein are systems and methods for assessing root molecular (e.g., brain reward system molecule) causes for depression and developing treatment plans based on the identified molecular causes. In one or more examples, the systems and methods described herein may utilize brain imaging techniques, subjective emotional data acquired from a patient, and / or methods for converting emotional states into brain award system molecules (e.g., brain award systems). The root molecular cause of depression for the patient is determined by any combination of one or more algorithms (e.g., neurotransmitters). Once the root molecular cause of depression of the patient is determined, a treatment plan including both behavioral and pharmacological aspects may be selected based on the identity of the reward system molecules determined to be defective and the level of the defect.

Description

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0002] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 369,748, filed on July 28, 2022, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. Technical Field

[0003] The present disclosure relates to systems and methods for identifying the underlying molecular causes of depression using brain imaging techniques, subjective emotion data, techniques for identifying different regions of interest indicative of different positive emotions, and techniques for translating recorded emotional states into molecules of the brain's reward system. Background Art

[0004] There is a growing recognition that mental health should be taken as seriously as physical health. Today, it is estimated that more than 80% of the world's population suffers from depression, anxiety, or addiction at least once in their lives. This deterioration in mental health has a significant impact on society as a whole. Increased crime rates, increased suicide rates, and even decreased productivity can be attributed to mental health issues. Therefore, improving the mental health of the entire population not only benefits the individuals whose mental health improves, but also benefits society.

[0005] Recognizing the importance of mental health, many programs to improve mental health have been proposed and applied. For example, philosophical programs, psychological programs, technical programs, and neuroscience programs to improve mental health are implemented in isolation, focusing only on a single aspect of the disease (rather than the overall aspect), with mixed success. Many of the programs have failed or have provided minimal improvement in mental health. In recent years, the incidence and prevalence of depression have risen sharply, with more than 260 million people affected worldwide and a lifetime incidence rate of >75%. The efficacy and effectiveness of available antidepressants have always been low, with more than 70% of patients not getting any improvement, or even developing a more serious disease state. This problem is further exacerbated by the severe deterioration of the disease state after discontinuation of antidepressants, with significantly higher suicide rates observed in certain patient groups. Basic research has provided evidence that depression is caused by one or more dysfunctional reward systems. However, there is a lack of a precise method to identify the molecular basis of targeted interventions and to use the molecular basis for personalized therapy. Therefore, available pharmacological and behavioral therapies cannot be properly matched to the root cause of the disease, resulting in inefficient therapy. Currently approved and used treatments may actually make the disease worse over time because many times, conventional treatments do not properly address the underlying molecular damage. Summary of the invention

[0006] Therefore, the present invention provides a system and method for evaluating the fundamental molecular (e.g., brain reward system molecule) cause for depression and developing a treatment plan based on the molecular cause identified. In one or more examples, the system and method described herein can utilize brain imaging technology, subjective emotional data obtained from the patient, and / or any combination of one or more algorithms for converting emotional state into brain reward system molecules (e.g., neurotransmitters), to determine the fundamental molecular cause of depression for the patient. In one or more examples, subjective emotional data can be collected or received from the patient by initial interview or other master data compilations about the current and / or past mental state of the patient. In one or more examples, subjective emotional data are systematically collected, such as using one or more of the technology described in U.S. Application No. 17 / 389,023, which is incorporated herein by reference as a whole. In one or more examples, the initial interview or master data compilation may include the evaluation of the actual emotional well-being state by the subjective well-being self-assessment questionnaire. In one or more examples, the initial interview or master data compilation may include the evaluation of the actual depressive state of the patient by any clinical depression evaluation questionnaire (e.g., HAMD17 or any other similar depression evaluation questionnaire) that allows psychological state to be classified. In one or more examples, the patient's responses to a questionnaire or interview questions can be used to determine one or more neurotransmitter (eg, molecule) deficiencies in the patient's brain.

[0007] In one or more examples, the systems and methods described herein may also include applying one or more algorithms to convert memory and emotion data recorded in a patient's reactions to various events (e.g., subjectively reported emotion data) into neurotransmitter levels (e.g., reward system molecules), thereby allowing identification of neurotransmitter deficiencies. In one or more examples, an algorithm may input a patient's emotional reactions to daily events and activities, convert the events / reactions into one or more neurotransmitter levels, and thereby be used to identify one or more deficiencies in neurotransmitter levels.

[0008] In one or more examples, the systems and methods described herein may include using brain imaging techniques (such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)) and / or other similar techniques to determine defects in neurotransmitter levels within a patient's brain. In one or more examples, the patient's brain can be imaged in real time while randomly showing the patient photos and / or music that have emotional significance to the patient, which photos and / or music may therefore cause reward center activity in the patient's brain. In one or more examples, signal intensity data from brain scans and / or 3D locations of brain activity can be used to identify different regions of interest in the brain that may be associated with different emotion and / or reward system molecules (e.g., neurotransmitters).

[0009] In one or more examples, once the underlying molecular causes for depression are identified (using any combination of the above techniques), the systems and methods described herein can create a personalized antidepressant prevention and / or treatment protocol specifically tailored to the identified neurotransmitter deficiencies.

[0010] In some embodiments, a first method for treating a neurological disease is provided, the first method comprising: receiving information associated with a patient, wherein the received information includes information about one or more past events in which the patient has participated and one or more emotions associated with the one or more events; determining one or more reward molecule levels of the patient based on the received information associated with the patient; receiving one or more scans of the patient's brain; determining one or more reward molecule levels of the patient based on the received one or more scans of the patient's brain; and determining one or more reward molecule deficiencies of a user based on the patient's determined one or more reward molecule levels based on the received information associated with the patient and based on the patient's determined one or more reward molecule levels based on the received one or more scans of the patient's brain.

[0011] In some embodiments of the first method, the method includes selecting a predetermined treatment plan for the determined one or more bonus molecular defects based on the identity of each bonus molecular defect,

[0012] In some embodiments of the first method, the identity of the reward molecule defect is selected from the group consisting of: dopamine, serotonin, testosterone, oxytocin, cannabinoids, opioids.

[0013] In some embodiments of the first method, determining the patient's one or more reward molecule levels based on the received information associated with the patient includes applying the received information associated with the patient to a positive emotion to neurotransmitter (PE-NT) matrix.

[0014] In some embodiments of the first method, the received one or more scans of the patient's brain include real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging (rt-fMRI) scans.

[0015] In some embodiments of the first method, the received one or more scans of the patient's brain include an electroencephalogram (EEG) scan.

[0016] In some embodiments of the first method, the received one or more brain scans are acquired using a method comprising: exposing a patient to one or more stimuli; determining one or more locations within the brain where signals are generated in response to the stimuli; and determining a signal strength associated with each location within the brain where signals are generated in response to the stimuli.

[0017] In some embodiments of the first method, determining the patient's one or more reward molecule levels based on one or more received scans of the patient's brain includes: associating one or more determined locations within the brain with one or more types of reward molecules, where signals are generated in response to stimulation at the one or more determined locations; and determining the patient's one or more reward molecule levels based on determined signal strengths associated with each location of the brain, where signals are generated in response to stimulation at each location within the brain.

[0018] In some embodiments of the first method, one or more emotions associated with one or more events in the received information associated with a patient of the information (with whom the information is associated) include emotions from the group consisting of: enthusiasm, sexual desire, pride / recognition, nurturing love, contentment, attachment love, amusement, pleasure, and gratitude.

[0019] In some embodiments of the first method, the received information associated with the patient includes responses by the patient to one or more questionnaires configured to diagnose depression in the patient.

[0020] In some embodiments, a second method for identifying and treating neurological defects is provided, the second method being performed by a system comprising one or more processors, the second method comprising: receiving information associated with a patient, wherein the received information comprises memory information regarding a plurality of patient memories, wherein, for each patient memory in the plurality of patient memories, the memory information indicates: a corresponding emotion intensity for each of one or more emotions, corresponding time information, and corresponding metadata indicating various aspects of the memory; providing a plurality of stimuli to the patient, wherein each of the plurality of stimuli is respectively associated with one or more patient memories in the patient memories; while providing the stimuli to the patient, measuring the patient's brain activity, wherein measuring the brain activity comprises collecting data indicating the location of the brain activity and the associated intensity of the brain activity; determining a plurality of neurotransmitter levels for the patient based on the measured brain activity of the patient; and identifying a neurological defect regarding at least a first neurotransmitter for the patient based at least in part on the determined plurality of neurotransmitter levels for the patient.

[0021] In some embodiments, the second method includes: identifying, based on the memory information and based on the identified neural deficits, a subset of multiple patient memories associated with positive neural responses indicated by the patient's brain activity; identifying, based on the identified subset of the multiple patient memories and based on corresponding metadata, a common first aspect across the multiple memories, the corresponding metadata indicating various aspects for the identified subset; and generating and providing a personalized treatment plan for the patient, the personalized treatment plan including an indication of the first aspect.

[0022] In some embodiments of the second method, identifying a neurological defect includes: generating a provisional indication of a neurological defect based on multiple neurotransmitter levels determined for the patient; and applying one or more rule sets to determine that the provisional indication of a neurological defect should not be denied based on pharmacological and / or clinical biochemical information about the patient.

[0023] In some embodiments of the second method, identifying a neurological defect includes: generating a temporary indication of a neurological defect based on multiple neurotransmitter levels determined for the patient; applying one or more rule sets based on memory information for the patient, the one or more rule sets including comparing emotion intensity information for the patient with emotion intensity threshold information to determine that the temporary indication of the neurological defect should not be denied.

[0024] In some embodiments of the second method, identifying a neurological defect includes: generating a temporary indication of a neurological defect based on multiple neurotransmitter levels determined for the patient; and applying one or more rule sets based on the patient's memory information, the one or more rule sets including determining that the temporary indication of a neurological defect should not be denied by analyzing changes in emotional intensity information for the patient over time.

[0025] In some embodiments of the second method, identifying a neurological deficit includes: generating a temporary indication of a neurological deficit based on multiple neurotransmitter levels determined for the patient; and applying one or more rule sets based on memory information for the patient, the one or more rule sets including determining that the temporary indication of the neurological deficit should not be denied by applying the memory information to a positive emotion to neurotransmitter (PE-NT) matrix.

[0026] In some embodiments of the second method, the first neurotransmitter is selected from the group consisting of: dopamine, serotonin, testosterone, oxytocin, cannabinoids, and opioids.

[0027] In some embodiments of the second method, measuring the patient's brain activity includes using a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scan.

[0028] In some embodiments of the second method, the fMRI scan is a 7 Tesla fMRI scan.

[0029] In some embodiments of the second method, measuring the patient's brain activity includes using an electroencephalogram (EEG) scan.

[0030] In some embodiments of the second method, measuring brain activity of the patient includes using functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIR).

[0031] In some embodiments of the second method, determining multiple neurotransmitter levels for the patient based on the patient's measured brain activity includes: determining one or more locations within the brain for which signals will be measured in response to a stimulus; determining one or more signal strengths associated with each of the one or more locations of the brain based on the patient's measured brain activity; and determining multiple neurotransmitter levels based at least in part on the determined one or more locations and the determined one or more signal strengths.

[0032] In some embodiments of the second method, determining the plurality of neurotransmitter levels includes comparing the determined signal strength for the determined location to a threshold signal strength level for the location.

[0033] In some embodiments of the second method: multiple stimuli presented to the patient are analyzed based on one or more emotions associated with memories associated with the stimuli as indicated in the received information, and one or more locations within the brain are determined based at least in part on the one or more emotions indicated in the received information.

[0034] In some embodiments of the second method, the one or more emotions include emotions from the group consisting of: passion, lust, pride / recognition, nurturing love, contentment, attachment love, amusement, pleasure, and gratitude.

[0035] In some embodiments, a system for identifying and treating neurological defects is provided, the system comprising one or more processors configured to enable the system to: receive information associated with a patient, wherein the received information includes memory information regarding a plurality of patient memories, wherein, for each patient memory in the plurality of patient memories, the memory information indicates: a corresponding emotion intensity for each of one or more emotions, corresponding time information, and corresponding metadata indicating various aspects of the memory; provide a plurality of stimuli to the patient, wherein each of the plurality of stimuli is respectively associated with one or more patient memories in the patient memories; while providing the stimuli to the patient, measure brain activity of the patient, wherein measuring brain activity comprises collecting data indicating a location of brain activity and an associated intensity of brain activity; based on the measured brain activity of the patient, determine a plurality of neurotransmitter levels for the patient; and identify a neurological defect regarding at least a first neurotransmitter for the patient based at least in part on the determined plurality of neurotransmitter levels for the patient.

[0036] In some embodiments, a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing instructions for identifying and treating neurological defects is provided, the instructions being configured to be executed by one or more processors of a system so that the system: receives information associated with a patient, wherein the received information includes memory information regarding a plurality of patient memories, wherein, for each patient memory in the plurality of patient memories, the memory information indicates: a corresponding emotion intensity for each of one or more emotions, corresponding time information, and corresponding metadata indicating various aspects of the memory; provides a plurality of stimuli to the patient, wherein each of the plurality of stimuli is respectively associated with one or more patient memories in the patient memories; while providing the stimuli to the patient, measures the patient's brain activity, wherein measuring the brain activity includes collecting data indicating the location of the brain activity and the associated intensity of the brain activity; based on the measured brain activity of the patient, determines a plurality of neurotransmitter levels for the patient; and identifies a neurological defect regarding at least a first neurotransmitter for the patient based at least in part on the determined plurality of neurotransmitter levels for the patient.

[0037] Any one or more features of the embodiments listed above may be combined in whole or in part with each other and / or with any other disclosure herein. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0038] Figure 1 An exemplary process for determining a molecular defect in a patient's brain according to examples of the present disclosure is illustrated.

[0039] Figure 2 An exemplary neurotransmitter level calculation according to examples of the present disclosure is illustrated.

[0040] Figure 3 An exemplary process for determining neurotransmitter levels in a patient's brain according to examples of the present disclosure is illustrated.

[0041] Figure 4 An exemplary process for determining a treatment plan based on a determined molecular defect according to examples of the present disclosure is illustrated.

[0042] Figure 5A-Figure 5B Exemplary methods for identifying and treating neurological defects are illustrated.

[0043] Figure 6A-6F Exemplary brain scans indicating regions of interest and associated emotions, reward systems, and / or neurotransmitters are illustrated.

[0044] Figure 7A-7C Exemplary calculations performed on memory information are illustrated.

[0045] Figure 8 An example of a computing device according to one embodiment is illustrated. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0046] In the following description of the present disclosure and embodiments, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which show by way of illustration specific embodiments that can be practiced. It should be understood that other embodiments and examples can be practiced, and changes can be made without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.

[0047] In addition, it should also be understood that the singular forms "a", "an" and "the" used in the following description are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It should also be understood that the term "and / or" used herein refers to and encompasses any and all possible combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. It should also be understood that the terms "includes", "including", "comprises" and / or "comprising" when used herein specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components and / or units, but do not exclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, units and / or groups thereof.

[0048] Some parts of the following detailed description are presented in the form of algorithms and symbolic representations of the operations of the data bits in the computer memory. These algorithmic descriptions and representations are used by technicians in the field of data processing to convey their work content to other technicians in the field in the most effective way. The algorithm is here and generally considered to be a self-consistent sequence of steps (instructions) that lead to a desired result. The step is a step that requires physical manipulation of physical quantities. Usually, although not necessarily, these quantities take the form of electrical signals, magnetic signals, or optical signals that can be stored, transmitted, combined, compared, and otherwise manipulated. Sometimes, mainly for the reasons of common usage, it is convenient to refer to these signals as bits, values, elements, symbols, characters, terms, numbers, etc. In addition, sometimes it is also convenient to refer to certain arrangements of the steps that require physical manipulation of physical quantities as modules or code devices, without loss of generality.

[0049] However, all of these and similar terms are associated with the appropriate physical quantities and are merely convenient labels applied to these quantities. Unless otherwise apparent from the following discussion, it should be understood that throughout the description, discussions utilizing terms such as "processing," "computing," "calculating," "determining," "displaying," and the like refer to the actions and processes of a computer system or similar electronic computing device that manipulate and transform data represented as physical (electronic) quantities within a computer system memory or register or other such information storage, transmission, or display device.

[0050] Certain aspects of the present disclosure include processing steps and instructions described herein in algorithmic form. It should be noted that the process steps and instructions of the present disclosure may be embodied in software, firmware, or hardware, and when embodied in software, the process steps and instructions of the present disclosure may be downloaded to reside on and operate from different platforms used by various operating systems.

[0051] The present disclosure also relates to a device for performing the operations herein. The device may be specially constructed for the desired purpose, or it may include a general-purpose computer selectively activated or reconfigured by a computer program stored in the computer. Such a computer program may be stored in a non-transient computer-readable storage medium, such as but not limited to any type of disk, including a floppy disk, an optical disk, a CD-ROM, a magneto-optical disk, a read-only memory (ROM), a random access memory (RAM), an EPROM, an EEPROM, a magnetic card or an optical card, an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), or any type of medium suitable for storing electronic instructions and each coupled to a computer system bus. In addition, the computer mentioned in the specification may include a single processor, or may be an architecture designed with multiple processors to improve computing power.

[0052] The methods, devices and systems described herein are not inherently related to any particular computer or other device. Various general purpose systems may also be used in conjunction with programs according to the teachings herein, or it may prove convenient to construct more specialized devices to perform the required method steps. The structures required for the various systems will emerge from the following description. In addition, the present disclosure is not described with reference to any particular programming language. It should be appreciated that the teachings of the present disclosure described herein may be implemented using various programming languages.

[0053] Depression or other neurological disorders can often be attributed to a dysfunctional reward system in the patient's brain, where the brain is often unable to produce enough brain reward system molecules associated with stable emotions. Typically, patients are prescribed antidepressants to treat affective disorders, but such treatments often fail to provide satisfactory results, with patients' conditions often not experiencing any improvement, and in some cases, worsening their conditions when they eventually stop taking the medication. Although it is known that a lack of certain brain reward system molecules may be the root cause of certain affective disorders, it is lacking to accurately identify which neurotransmitter / molecule is defective, and then to use this knowledge to generate a treatment plan for the patient. This defect means that behavioral and pharmacological therapies for treating affective disorders cannot match the root cause of the affective disorder, thus resulting in poor results for patients with affective disorders.

[0054] As described above, the first step in generating effective therapies (behavioral and pharmacological) for treating affective disorders may be to accurately identify any defects in reward molecules that may be the root cause of affective disorders. For example, affective disorders (e.g., depression) may often be associated with defects in various reward molecules in the brain, including but not limited to dopamine, serotonin, testosterone, oxytocin, cannabinoids, and opioids. Detecting defects in the reward molecules may be challenging. Therefore, and as described in detail below, a method for detecting defects in reward molecules is presented, which can combine various diagnostic tools to accurately detect defects in reward molecules.

[0055] Figure 1 An exemplary process for determining a molecular defect in a patient's brain according to an example of the present disclosure is illustrated. In one or more examples, Figure 1The process 100 may begin at step 102, where information about a patient's psyche is received. In one or more examples, the received information may include the patient's responses to one or more preliminary interviews, where the patient is asked a series of questions (verbally or in writing) about the patient's emotional well-being state, the patient's actual depressive state using a clinical depression rating questionnaire (such as the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD17) or any comparable diagnostic questionnaire), and the patient's substance dependence / addiction / abuse or behavioral dependence / addiction / abuse.

[0056] In one or more examples, the preliminary interview / questionnaire response received at step 102 can provide a first indication for potential reward system defects and / or unmet needs. In one or more examples, at step 102, the patient / participant can also be guided to evaluate and record the peak positive memory in her / his life by rating the entire positive emotion spectrum and selecting representative photos or music that trigger memory recall. In one or more examples, the spectrum can include, but is not limited to, one or more of the following emotions: enthusiasm, sexual desire, pride / recognition, nurturing love (alternatively referred to as family love), satisfaction, attachment love (alternatively referred to as friendship love), entertainment, pleasure, and gratitude. In one or more examples, and for each emotion, the patient / participant can be asked to record a predetermined number of peak memories from their lives associated with each emotion. In one or more examples, in addition to past memories associated with emotions, information about the patient's current memory can also be received. For example, in one or more examples, the patient can be asked to evaluate and record real-time memories within a predefined time period (e.g., 30 days), and the patient is asked to record memories that trigger emotions associated with emotional well-being. In one or more examples, the user may be asked to characterize the emotions felt (e.g., passion, lust, pride / approval, nurturing love, contentment, amusement, attachment love, pleasure, and gratitude) and the intensity level at which each emotion is felt.

[0057] In one or more examples, the information received at step 102 can be used to determine reward system molecule deficiencies. For example, using the information about the patient received at step 102, process 100 can convert the user's experiences and emotional responses to one or more experiences into reward molecules and reward system activities using one or more algorithms at step 104, the one or more algorithms being specifically configured to convert emotions tied to the experiences into reward system molecule activities, with any gaps in the reward system molecules being identified.

[0058] An exemplary algorithm can be employed to convert emotions recorded by a user (alternatively referred to herein as a "patient") into neurotransmitter levels (e.g., reward system molecules), which can include using a positive emotion to neurotransmitter (PE-NT) matrix that can convert the quantified positive emotions derived at step 102 into the amount of each of the neurotransmitters associated with the positive emotions. In one or more examples, and for purposes of this disclosure, the term "neurotransmitter" can refer to a specific neurotransmitter associated with the brain's reward system. In one or more examples, and for purposes of this disclosure, the calculation can be based on the user information received at step 102.

[0059] Figure 2 An exemplary neurotransmitter level calculation according to examples of the present disclosure is illustrated. Figure 2 The example illustrates an exemplary PE-NT matrix 202, which can be used to calculate the amount of a specific neurotransmitter based on the emotions recorded by the patient and the intensity of the emotions associated with a specific memory or event. In one or more examples, the rows of the PE-NT matrix 102 can represent emotion categories such as enthusiasm, sexual desire, pride / recognition, nurturing love, satisfaction, entertainment, pleasure, and gratitude. In one or more examples, the columns of the PE-NT matrix 202 can represent brain reward system molecules (dopamine, testosterone, serotonin, oxytocin, cannabinoids, and opioids) associated with positive emotions. A "1" in the matrix can indicate that a specific neurotransmitter is associated with the specific emotion. A "0" in the matrix can indicate that a specific neurotransmitter is not associated with the specific emotion.

[0060] In one or more examples, the PE-NT matrix 202 can be used to calculate the amount of neurotransmitters associated with an activity. Calculation 204 illustrates an exemplary calculation. In one or more examples, calculation 204 can include a PE rating column that shows the amount of neurotransmitters associated with an activity by a user. Figure 1, or the like. The rating provided at step 102 of . For example, when rating a user's emotions related to a particular memory or event, the user may have rated their enthusiasm during the event as mild (indicating that it was below average but still present), and therefore that rating may be quantified as 3. In the same example, in the PE rating column, the user may have rated their satisfaction as 5, which is average. To calculate the amount of neurotransmitter, the calculation may multiply the rating by the PE-NT matrix to generate a number associated with the amount of a particular neurotransmitter. For example, as shown in the PE-NT matrix 202, enthusiasm may be associated with the release of dopamine. Looking at calculation 204, the PE rating for enthusiasm (provided by the user) is 3. This value is multiplied by 1 under the dopamine column to yield a value of 3. Therefore, with respect to the enthusiasm felt by the user as expressed in the PE rating, the dopamine level associated with that enthusiasm is quantified as 3. In one or more examples, the remaining columns are left as 0 because those brain reward system molecules are not associated with enthusiasm.

[0061] In one or more examples, each positive emotion can be multiplied by the PE rating to arrive at a value for each neurotransmitter. For example, a user rates satisfaction as 5, and therefore since satisfaction is associated with dopamine, oxytocin, and anandamide, each of those elements can be set to 5 (multiplied by 5x1). Once each emotion at each neurotransmitter is calculated, the totals for each neurotransmitter can be added up. Figure 2 Using the example calculation 204, for dopamine, the dopamine levels for each emotion can add up to 16. For serotonin, the calculation can add up to 4, and so on for each neurotransmitter.

[0062] Once each neurotransmitter is counted, each tally can be multiplied by the duration of the event (assuming the user has provided this information) to determine the total neurotransmitter activity associated with the event. Using the dopamine example, the counts add up to 16 (as described above), and that tally can be multiplied by 3.25 (e.g., 3.25 hours, which is the duration of the event indicated by the user) to yield a total of 52 for dopamine. Each individual level for each neurotransmitter can be similarly calculated for a given memory. (In some embodiments, multiplication by time may not be used. In some embodiments, neurotransmitter levels can be normalized to one hour, e.g., multiplied by one.)

[0063] The neurotransmitter level determinations for each memory can be summarized. The summarized neurotransmitter level data can be used to calculate neurotransmitter deficits. For example, neurotransmitter levels that change over time can be compared using the summarized neurotransmitter level data to identify neurotransmitter deficits.

[0064] In one or more examples, the above Figure 2 The exemplary algorithms described for converting emotional responses to memories and events into reward molecules / neurotransmitter levels are for exemplary purposes only and should not be construed as limiting the present disclosure. In one or more examples, any algorithm that can convert emotional experiences into neurotransmitter levels can be utilized at step 102 of process 100.

[0065] In one or more examples, and returning to Figure 1 In order to collect further data about reward molecule levels in the brain, process 100 may include step 106, where brain imaging is used to determine whether there are any reward molecule deficiencies associated with the patient. In one or more examples, and as described in further detail below, various stimuli (e.g., music and photos) that are known to elicit positive emotions from the user can be presented to the patient. While the patient is being stimulated, in one or more examples, the patient's brain can be scanned to record their brain activity. In one or more examples, the brain activity observed in the scan can be used to determine a reward molecule deficiency. In one or more examples, feedback information from the brain imaging scan data (as described in further detail below) can be used to improve the above-mentioned reward molecule deficiencies over time. Figure 2 Example calculations described. For example, information gleaned from brain scans can be used to improve the multipliers used in the calculations.

[0066] Figure 3 An exemplary process for using brain imaging to determine a molecular defect in a patient's brain is illustrated according to an example of the present disclosure. In one or more examples, Figure 3The process 300 of FIG. 300 can be utilized to identify a reward molecule defect from brain imaging data. In one or more examples, and as described in further detail below, the process 300 can be used in conjunction with a determination of a reward molecule defect, the process 300 can be used in place of a determination of a reward molecule defect, and / or in parallel with a determination of a reward molecule defect, the determination being based on self-reported patient data and / or other patient data in addition to brain scan data. In one or more examples, the process 300 of FIG. 300 can begin with step 302, where a brain scan of a patient is initialized. In one or more examples, a "brain scan" can refer to a plurality of brain diagnostic tools configured to record brain activity in real time or near real time. For example, in one or more examples, a brain scan can include functional magnetic resonance imaging ("fMRI"), real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging ("rt-fMRI"), real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging neurofeedback (rt-fMRI-NF), whole scalp electroencephalogram ("EEG"), and / or whole scalp functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). The above-mentioned brain imaging procedures / tools are provided as examples only and should not be construed as limiting the present disclosure. Any tool / method configured to measure brain activity in response to a stimulus may be considered a "brain scan" within the scope of the present disclosure.

[0067] In one or more examples, once the brain scan is initialized at step 302, process 300 can move to step 304, where the patient is exposed to a stimulus that has been identified by the patient as having previously elicited positive emotions a priori, which are associated with the release of reward-active molecules in the brain. In one or more examples, the stimulus can include auditory language stimuli (such as a spoken message or a recorded message), written language stimuli (such as displayed text, music (e.g., audio stimuli), and / or photos / videos (e.g., pictures of people or places)). The stimulus can be directly or indirectly related to the patient's positive memory (e.g., by including common content (e.g., common people or places) as a memory of the patient). In one or more examples, the stimulus applied at step 304 can be derived from the patient's memory. Figure 1 is extracted from the patient data received at step 102 of process 100 .

[0068] In one or more examples, the stimulation applied to the patient at step 304 can be designed to trigger the release of reward activity molecules in the brain. This in turn triggers brain activity that can be detected and measured via brain scans in different regions of interest within the brain. Thus, in one or more examples, as the stimulation is applied to the patient, a brain scanning tool can be used at step 306 to measure the signal strength of the brain activity triggered by the stimulation. In one or more examples, in addition to measuring the signal strength, at step 308, the three-dimensional location of the brain activity triggered by the stimulation can also be recorded. In one or more examples, the signal strength and three-dimensional location of the brain activity (extracted from the brain scan) can be used to identify activity in predefined reward centers in the brain, which can be associated with emotions and reward system molecules. Thus, in one or more examples, the signal strength and location of the signal recorded at steps 306 and 308, respectively, can be converted to a reward system molecule level. In this way, the patient can be used Figure 3 The process 300 is further confirmed by brain imaging data as described above. Figure 2 Gaps in certain reward molecules as determined by the algorithm described.

[0069] In one or more examples, the area of ​​the brain associated with or associated with various reward molecules can be defined by adopting a brain study, which is configured to map emotions and reward system activities when the brain is experiencing memory recall, thereby creating a predictive map of the entire reward system landscape. The reward map can be created by experiment. In one or more examples, a brain study can be performed on each individual patient to create a predictive map of the reward system landscape of the individual patient. In one or more examples, a brain study can be performed on multiple control subjects (e.g., 1-5). In one or more examples, a brain study is performed on a subject with a fully prepared memory and emotion database (memories associated with positive emotions), which can include multiple personal positive memories and can select one or more peak memories (e.g., memories that trigger the greatest emotional response) to create a reward activity map. In one or more examples, the patient can pre-rate each memory (e.g., audio / visual stimulation such as photos and / or music) for total emotional intensity and the intensity of the above-mentioned positive emotions (e.g., enthusiasm, sexual desire, pride / recognition, nurturing love, satisfaction, entertainment, attachment love, pleasure and gratitude). For example, in one or more examples, memories can be rated on a scale of 0-8, where 0 means that the emotion was not experienced at all, and where 8 represents the highest experience of the emotion in the subject's life. In one example, prior to or while performing a memory recall, patients and / or control subjects can be treated with chemical or biological agonists / antagonists to one or more reward system molecular pathways, thus explicitly allowing for selective enhancement or inhibition of each of the reward system pathways, thereby allowing for better determination of causal relationships to neurotransmitters.

[0070] In one or more examples, a random batch of photos / stimuli are shown to (multiple) subjects, some of which are from a predefined memory pool and other stimuli are control stimuli (e.g., in the form of white noise or blank pictures). In one or more examples, while the random photos are shown to the subjects, both the EEG brain scan and the fMRI brain scan of the subject are recorded to determine whether a signal is detected in either scan in response to the stimulus. In one or more examples, any difference between the signal intensity of the EEG and the signal intensity of the fMRI associated with the total emotion intensity of the pre-rating can be detected. For example, the difference between the signal intensity level for the fMRI data compared to the expected fMRI signal intensity data based on the subjective emotion intensity report can be analyzed; the difference between the signal intensity level for the EEG data compared to the expected EEG signal intensity data based on the subjective emotion intensity report can be analyzed; and / or the difference between the fMRI signal intensity data and the EEG signal intensity data (e.g., normalized based on typical corresponding signal intensities) can be analyzed. Additionally, the scans can be analyzed to determine different signal patterns in both the EEG and fMRI associated with pre-identified emotions. In one or more examples, patterns in EEG data can be identified by examining the fast Fourier transform (FFT) of the EEG signal across the epoch. Additionally or alternatively, patterns can be identified by performing band power analysis (θ, α, β, and γ) across brain regions (frontal, central, parietal occipital, left temporal, right temporal, frontal midline, etc.). Additionally or alternatively, power ratio analysis (θ / β ratio, α / β ratio) between frontal electrodes of the EEG can be used to detect patterns in the EEG, which can help identify reward centers in the brain. Additionally or alternatively, power asymmetry between prefrontal electrodes (θ, α, β, and γ) can be used to detect patterns in the EEG data. In one or more examples, and additionally or alternatively, visual comparisons can be used to compare signal strengths with control stimuli across all emotions. Additionally or alternatively, comparisons of stimuli for each emotion can be used to detect patterns, and comparisons of control stimuli with positive emotional stimuli (across all emotions and intensities) can be used to detect patterns.

[0071] In one or more examples, and similar to EEG, fMRI data associated with patients receiving random stimulation can also be used to detect the signal strength and location of activity in the brain in response to stimulation provided to the patient during the study. In one or more examples, fMRI detection and analysis can be utilized according to techniques discussed in accordance with the techniques described by Gross et al. in "Value Signals in the Prefrontal Cortex Predict Individual Preferences across Reward Categories" (Journal of Neuroscience, May 28, 2014, 34(22): 7580–7586). In one or more examples, fMRI can be performed at 3 Tesla (3T). In one or more examples, fMRI can be performed at 7 Tesla (7T) or higher. In one or more examples, fMRI can be performed at 14 Tesla (14T).

[0072] In one or more examples, process 300 can be utilized on its own, or can be used in conjunction with subjective data about emotions associated with various memories, such as self-report data provided by a patient. Process 300 can be used in either manner to detect one or more gaps or deficiencies in a patient's brain that may contribute to depression. Figure 1In one or more examples, once the brain imaging analysis is completed at step 106, process 100 can move to step 108, where one or more molecular defects are identified based on the results of step 104 and / or step 106 of process 100. In one or more examples, the gaps or defects identified at step 106 based on the data collected from steps 102 and / or 104 can be used to prepare a personalized plan for treatment, which can respond to the root cause of the patient's depression or mood disorder. Therefore, in one or more examples, the gap analysis obtained from subjective evaluation and confirmed by brain imaging can be used to design a personal depression prevention / treatment protocol. In one or more examples, the protocol can cover the entire reward system landscape beyond the existing repertoire of currently used approved antidepressants and known behavioral therapies. In one or more examples, in order to reduce the risk of pharmacological dependence and disease relapse, each therapy created for the determined defects in the reward molecule can use behavioral components and pharmacological components to address all identified reward system gaps. The former guides patients / participants toward behaviors that internally fill gaps in individual reward systems—such behavioral correction actions are the anchor for long-term therapeutic effects. The latter can externally support patients / participants who lack active reward system molecules, thereby accelerating improvement.

[0073] Figure 4 An exemplary process for determining a treatment plan based on a determined molecular defect according to an example of the present disclosure is illustrated. In one or more examples, Figure 4 The process 400 may begin at step 402, where one or more reward molecular deficiencies associated with a patient (e.g., using Figure 1 As described above, in one or more examples, the reward molecule may include, but is not limited to, dopamine, serotonin, testosterone, oxytocin, cannabinoids, or opioids. Thus, in one or more examples, step 402 may include receiving information identifying a deficiency in one or more reward molecules, but may also include receiving a quantification of the amount of the deficiency so that the severity of the deficiency may also be evaluated.

[0074] In one or more examples, once the information related to the defect is received at step 402, in one or more examples, Figure 4The process 400 can move to step 404, where a treatment plan based on the identified deficiency can be selected. In one or more examples, and as described above, the treatment plan can include both a pharmacological treatment plan and a behavioral treatment plan, which can be configured individually and / or collectively to remedy the reward molecule deficiency identified by step 402. In one or more examples, because each reward molecule exhibits its own pharmacological and behavioral responses. In one or more examples, the treatment plan can be specifically tailored to the identified deficiency. A specifically tailored treatment plan that can be personalized for each individual patient provides a more effective treatment method than the generic treatment plans currently administered.

[0075] As an example, an exemplary treatment plan for dopamine deficiency is given below. As a core cofactor for all positive emotions, the sign of dopamine deficiency can be a complete set of peak memories that cover all emotions equally. The selected peak memory may be from the past few years; the selected peak memory may cover the entire life of the subject, from the most recent memory (e.g., a few days or weeks ago) to the memory from the past few years. In contrast, the actual memory may show an overall low rating in terms of emotional importance, and a rating below the average is shown across all emotional intensities. A single high-rated memory shows a high probability (e.g., bungee jumping, skydiving, and excessive partying) of an activity with a high adrenaline stimulus because it has a synergistic effect on dopamine. Among individuals with dopamine gaps, acute or historical substance use or abuse focuses mainly on stimulants, such as amphetamine (ADDERALL), methylphenidate (RITALIN), cocaine or methamphetamine. Individuals with dopamine deficiency usually report a fairly long period of deep depression after using / abusing stimulant agents. Intake of a large amount of caffeine from nutrition may be another indicator of dopamine deficiency. Acute or historical behavioral abuse focuses primarily on online gaming or gambling, which have very short gaps between small numerical rewards that trigger dopamine release.

[0076] Structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI) shows the lower rGMV in rIC and rPC compared with the control. In response to past peak memory, functional MRI (fMRI) shows the activity in all brain regions carrying value signals, such as right anterior medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), right back mPFC, right mPFC, left back PFC, left mPFC, left anterior PFC and anterior cingulate cortex. In contrast, in response to actual memory, the signal intensity across all these intervals is significantly reduced. The peak memory number recorded under the support of stimulating agents can provide indications about corresponding dopamine gaps (for example, by comparing the peak memory supported by the agent and the fMRI intensity of the peak memory supported by the non-agent).

[0077] Therefore, in one or more examples, considering the above-mentioned problems associated with dopamine deficiency, activities containing psychological and / or physical learning components should be applied to behavioral therapy, which has small but rapid improvement and reward cycles (e.g., rock climbing, any manual work, learning a new language in a local environment). If necessary, pharmacological therapy should focus on medical amphetamine or methylphenidate. All types of classical antidepressants, THC and substances that stimulate the CB1 / 2 system are contraindicated for use in this patient group. In one or more examples, unless testosterone levels are below baseline, testosterone therapy may not have a supporting effect or is ineffective. Only when there is also a gap in the serotonin reward system, amphetamine or methylphenidate and antidepressant combined treatment should be used. In the case of addiction to cocaine, methamphetamine or similar recreational agents, it is critical to first complete rehabilitation to completely quit.

[0078] In one or more examples, an exemplary treatment plan for testosterone deficiency is provided below. The activity gap of the testosterone reward system may have two reasons: (i) the threshold for triggering testosterone stimulation is normal, but the available testosterone level is too low due to the damage (mainly caused by stress or aging) of natural testosterone production; or (ii) the threshold for triggering testosterone stimulation is abnormally high, and the testosterone level is normal (mainly caused by high pornography abuse, compulsive sexual behavior, hypersexual disorder or sexual addiction). In order to distinguish these two reasons and patient groups, the above-mentioned memory analysis can provide key insights. In the case where the overall sexual desire and sexual activity of the patient / participant are low / zero (the peak memory of sexual desire and the number of actual memories are lower than the average water) and pornography use is low / zero, a testosterone blood test should be initiated. In one or more examples, if the testosterone blood level is lower than the basal level, a supplement using testosterone gel or injection can be initiated immediately, and depression can be corrected quickly. Classical antidepressants of all classes, THC and substances stimulating the CB1 / 2 system or any stimulant are contraindicated in patients whose threshold for triggering testosterone stimulation is normal but whose available testosterone levels are too low due to impairment of natural testosterone production. It should be noted that in this patient group, brain imaging results using fMRI, sMRI, EEG or fNIRS are barely distinguishable from normal individuals and therefore cannot be used for differential diagnosis.

[0079] In contrast, patients with abnormally high thresholds for triggering testosterone stimulation and normal testosterone levels show disordered testosterone thresholds, but normal testosterone levels show higher than average peak memory numbers, which cover sexual activity, where the ratings for such activities across all emotions are very high. Depending on the level of depression, there is no actual memory covering any memory of sexual activity, or very few memories of sexual desire experience are rated as very high memories. Brain imaging using fMRI, sMRI, EEG or fNIRS provides similar patterns to patients with dopamine gaps, thus providing limited input for differential diagnosis. In one or more examples, these patients can benefit from classical antidepressants (such as SSRI) with a very high probability. Any kind of stimulant may be contraindicated. In one or more examples, behavioral therapy should initially focus patients on physical activity, mainly personal endurance sports, such as running, cycling, hiking and rock climbing; severe weight training should be avoided. In severe cases, classical addiction therapy can be applied in parallel.

[0080] In one or more examples, an exemplary treatment plan for serotonin deficiency is provided below. A hallmark of serotonin deficiency can be a set of peak memories that cover all emotions equally. However, memories with high ratings in terms of pride / recognition are primarily recorded during childhood and are most often tied to positive feedback from parents. Actual memories show that the number of memories with pride / recognition experiences is very low, and memories that show high ratings for pride / recognition tend to experience pride / recognition for others (children, friends), rather than pride / recognition for the self.

[0081] In one or more examples, among individuals with serotonin gaps, acute or historical recreational substance use or abuse focuses on 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (ecstasy, MDMA), ketamine and / or ecstasy. In addition, these individuals may report significant withdrawal symptoms after using MDMA and ecstasy. In one or more examples, acute or historical behavioral dependence may focus mainly on social media. In addition, there is a higher incidence rate for exercise addiction and eating disorders in this group. In one or more examples, structural MRI (sMRI) can show significantly lower rGMV in rIC and rPC compared with control. In one or more examples, and in response to peak memory in the past, functional MRI (fMRI) can show activity in all brain regions carrying value signals, such as right anterior medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), right dorsal mPFC, right mPFC, left dorsal PFC, left mPFC, left anterior PFC and anterior cingulate cortex. In one or more examples, a self-portrait ("selfie") can be used as a recall trigger for self-pride / approval, with selected and highly rated memories being used to detect particularly strong activity responses across all brain regions. In one or more examples, this test can be a key differentiator for diagnosis. The number of peak memories recorded with the support of the recreational agents mentioned above can provide an indication of the corresponding serotonin gap (e.g., by comparing the fMRI intensity of peak memories supported by the agent to peak memories not supported by the agent).

[0082] Based on the defects of focusing on play and game-like learning in the identified serotonin activities, task-oriented non-competitive group actions will be suitable for behavioral therapy, for example, group activities in nature or for nature or helping others, travel, and nature conservation. Unless it is a team challenge for physical goals (e.g., whitewater rafting, rowing, rock climbing / rope team and scuba diving), activities with strong competition are contraindicated. Drama performances or playing in an orchestra are also applicable. If necessary, pharmacological therapy should focus on antidepressants that only target the serotonin reward system, such as SSRI. These substances have high efficacy in this target audience. Medical ketamine, THC and substances that stimulate the CB1 / 2 system should also be very effective. On the contrary, antidepressants and any stimulants that also target dopamine pathways may be strictly contraindicated. If there is also a gap in the dopamine reward system, amphetamine or methylphenidate combined with antidepressant treatment should be used only in rare cases. In one or more examples, in the case of recreational drug addiction to any substance, it is critical to complete rehabilitation first to completely quit. In one or more examples, during therapy, monitoring will focus on the increase of fMRI intensity for actual memory, and increase the number of peak memories produced when no stimulating agent is used, and the actual memory focuses on experiencing self-pride / recognition. Over time, pharmacological therapy should be gradually disabled according to the progress of behavioral therapy. In one or more examples, monitoring can be used to provide continuous guidance during the gradual discontinuation of pharmacological therapy. If the fMRI index stagnates or deteriorates, the gradual discontinuation is reversed, slowed down or stopped.

[0083] In one or more examples, an exemplary treatment plan for oxytocin deficiency is provided below. The hallmark of oxytocin deficiency can be a set of peak memories that cover all emotions equally. However, memories with high ratings in terms of nurturing love and satisfaction are mainly recorded during childhood, and pets are included with a higher frequency than average. Actual memories (e.g., more recent memories) show that the number of memories with nurturing love or satisfaction experiences is very low. Memories showing high ratings for nurturing love are usually bound to pets or children. Among individuals with oxytocin gaps, acute or historical recreational substance use or abuse is very rare, if fully focused on a few experiences with 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (ecstasy, MDMA). In order to distinguish from patients with cannabinoid reward system gaps, it is important to note that patients with oxytocin damage rarely use / abuse recreational agents containing THC, such as marijuana or marijuana products. In one or more examples, acute or historical behavioral dependence is also rare. However, low levels of oxytocin may be associated with the high incidence of autism and anorexia nervosa identified during the initial interview. Structural MRI (sMRI) shows lower rGMV in rIC and rPC compared with controls. In response to peak memories of the past, functional MRI (fMRI) shows activity in all brain regions carrying value signals, such as right anterior medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), right dorsal mPFC, right mPFC, left dorsal PFC, left mPFC, left anterior PFC, and anterior cingulate cortex. When recalling memories of high ratings for nurturing love, particularly strong activity responses across key brain regions associated with trust and social interaction can be detected. This test is a key distinguishing factor for diagnosis.

[0084] In one or more examples, in view of the limitations of available pharmacological therapies, the treatment plan for the identified oxytocin deficiency may be focused on behavioral therapy. (However, pharmacological therapies including oxytocin sprays may be used, for example, to improve depressive symptoms.) In behavioral therapy, activities should focus on actions supported by nurturing love, because the actions are very effective, for example, pet / puppy play, eating together, involving family members in therapy (if the patient thinks it is positive), team sports with benign physical contact (dancing, basketball, horseback riding, skating (team), sailing, tandem skydiving). Pharmacological therapies for oxytocin deficiency may be limited to oxytocin nasal sprays, which show immediate positive effects on depressive symptoms in this patient group. In one or more examples, all other antidepressants and stimulants may be strictly contraindicated because they may worsen the condition. In one or more examples, monitoring may focus on increased brain activity in brain areas associated with trust and social interaction detected by fMRI, and increase the number of actual memories with higher than average ratings in nurturing love and satisfaction.

[0085] In one or more examples, a treatment plan for cannabinoid deficiency is provided below. A hallmark of cannabinoid deficiency may be a full set of peak memories covering all emotions. However, memories with high ratings in terms of attachment love and specific entertainment are primarily recorded during childhood or in a different past. In one or more examples, no ratings below average for entertainment experience may be a key indicator for cannabinoid damage. In one or more examples, actual memory may show a very low number of memories with attachment love or entertainment experience. The number of memories recorded with the support of a THC-containing agent can provide an indication of the corresponding cannabinoid gap (comparing the fMRI intensity of peak memories supported by the agent with peak memories supported by non-agents).

[0086] Among individuals with cannabinoid gaps, acute or historical recreational substance use or abuse of products containing THC (such as marijuana or marijuana products) may be very high. In one or more examples, this may be a key distinguishing factor for distinguishing patients with oxytocin reward system gaps. Acute or historical behavioral dependence focuses on digital social media and games with deep connections and long-term connections, such as multiplayer strategy games and expert forum activities. In one or more examples, structural MRI (sMRI) shows low rGMV in rIC and rPC compared with all other patient groups and controls. This may be a key factor for differential diagnosis. In one or more examples, in response to peak memories of the past, functional MRI (fMRI) can show the activity of all brain regions carrying value signals, such as right anterior medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), right dorsal mPFC, right mPFC, left dorsal PFC, left mPFC, left anterior PFC and anterior cingulate cortex. Similar to oxytocin gap patients, when recalling memories with high ratings for attachment love and entertainment, a particularly strong activity response across key brain regions associated with trust and social interaction can be detected. In one or more examples, the above tests may be a key differentiating factor for diagnosing dopamine damage, testosterone damage, serotonin damage, and opioid damage.

[0087] In one or more examples, treatment for determined cannabinoid deficiency may include activities focusing on group actions that support laughter and friendship (e.g., attachment) and the experience of belonging. In one or more examples, playing may be more important than competing and winning, but the competitive component may indicate whether it focuses on team competition, for example, all (non-professional) team sports, all creative activities in groups / teams, playing, playing music / orchestra together, active group vacations and tasks, small business activities with friends. Digital social media activities are gradually reduced and replaced by sports activities and interpersonal activities. Pharmacological therapies for cannabinoid deficiency are widely available in the form of medical and recreational cannabis and cannabis products. It may be indicated to gradually reduce pharmacological therapy to eliminate the negative impact on long-term brain network structure. All other antidepressants and stimulants are strictly contraindicated because they may drive self-focus and self-esteem (e.g., SSRI) or competitiveness (stimulants), which are counterproductive for treatment success. Monitoring can focus on increased brain activity in brain areas associated with trust and social interaction as detected by fMRI, as well as increased number of actual memories with above average ratings in attachment love and play. Structural MRI focuses on increased rGMV in rIC and rPC, which are the most critical indicators to monitor in patients on therapy for cannabinoid damage.

[0088] In one or more examples, an exemplary treatment plan for opioid deficiency is presented below. In one or more examples, as the central output of activities with positive emotions, the sign of opioid deficiency can be a complete set of peak memories, but with lower number or intensity ratings in gratitude and pleasure. A key distinguishing factor may be that even peak memories are insufficient in number and intensity. Actual memories may show an overall lower rating of emotional importance and a rating below the average level for gratitude and pleasure. In one or more examples, among individuals with opioid gaps, acute or historical substance use or abuse is common, and focuses on medicaments containing THC, psychedelics, ketamine, antianxiety drugs, and significantly less attention is paid to stimulants (such as amphetamines (e.g., ADDERALL), methylphenidate (e.g., RITALIN), cocaine or methamphetamine). At the same time, a large amount of medical analgesics (such as NSAIDS) can be observed, and this should be considered as a distinguishing factor. Acute or historical behavioral abuse focuses mainly on passive viewing of movies and television, for example, binge-watching.

[0089] In terms of brain scan data, structural MRI (sMRI) can show significantly lower rGMV in rIC and rPC compared with control. In one or more examples, in response to past peak memory, functional MRI (fMRI) can show activity in all brain regions carrying value signals, such as right anterior medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), right dorsal mPFC, right mPFC, left dorsal PFC, left mPFC, left anterior PFC and anterior cingulate cortex. In contrast, in response to actual memory, the signal intensity across all these intervals can be significantly reduced. The number of peak memories recorded with the support of stimulating agents can provide an indication of the corresponding opioid gap (comparing the fMRI intensity of peak memories supported by the agent with the peak memories supported by the non-agent).

[0090] In one or more examples, the core of the therapy for opioid damage is behavioral therapy. In one or more examples, behavioral therapy can focus on gratitude experience rather than pleasure experience. This can be most effectively achieved through yoga, meditation, mindfulness guidance / training and individual activities in nature. In one or more examples, group activities or activities that compete instincts may be contraindicated. In one or more examples, due to the high risk of substance addiction, pharmacological therapy within opioids may be limited. If necessary, NSAIDS can be applied to the transition period to solve any pain-related problems. In one or more examples, antidepressants targeting only the serotonin reward system such as provide certain efficacy and can be used. Medical ketamine, THC and substances that stimulate the CB1 / 2 system can also be used. On the contrary, antidepressants and any stimulants that also target dopamine pathways may be strictly contraindicated. Over time, pharmacological therapy should be reduced and stopped. During treatment, monitoring can focus on the increase in fMRI intensity for actual memory and the increase in the number of peak memories produced without the use of stimulating agents. Structural MRI focused on the increase in rGMV in rIC and rPC, which may serve as a key monitoring marker for patients on therapy for opioid injury.

[0091] As demonstrated above, therapies to combat reward molecule defects can be highly specific to target the precise reward system molecule found to be defective. Figure 4In one or more examples, a treatment plan can be selected based on the identified deficiencies found in the information received at step 402. In one or more examples, once a treatment plan is selected at step 404, in one or more examples, process 400 can move to step 406, where the treatment plan is applied to the patient. In one or more examples, applying the treatment plan to the patient can include engaging the patient in both behavioral therapy and / or pharmacological therapy. In one or more examples, once the therapy is applied to the patient at step 406, the patient's progress can be monitored at step 408 to determine the effectiveness of the treatment.

[0092] In one or more examples, monitoring the progress of treatment can include monitoring and evaluating positive memories and positive emotions on a daily basis and observing derived reward system information. Additionally or alternatively, objective changes in brain structure and functionality through fMRI imaging and EEG imaging can be monitored after three months, and if necessary, can be monitored again after six months to confirm clear physiological improvements in the brain.

[0093] In one or more examples, one or more studies may be conducted that will confirm the above Figure 1-Figure 4 For example, in one or more examples, a study can be conducted that can demonstrate the effectiveness of fMRI-guided behavioral actions in individuals to improve well-being and reduce depressive symptoms. In one or more examples, the study can include performing fMRI or other brain scans on multiple subjects and then generating treatment plans for the patients, similar to the study of Figure 4 In one or more examples, the patient may be evaluated using one or more questionnaires or clinical depression assessments prior to applying the treatment plan. Figure 3 The exemplary process 300 identifies reward molecular defects, and according to Figure 4 After selecting and administering a treatment plan, then after a predetermined amount of time has passed (e.g., 3 months), participants in the study can record changes in their well-being to determine whether any improvements in well-being can be observed, as indicated in biomarkers (blood biomarkers), structural brain data (sMRI, EEG), functional brain data (fMRI, EEG during memory recall), and well-being data (HAMD17, SWB). In one or more examples, the above studies can detect improvements in HAMD17 and SWB scores through individual behavioral actions guided by personal memory / emotional data. Additionally or alternatively, the above studies can evaluate the correlation of biomarkers and / or brain imaging data with improvements in HAMD17 and SWB scores. Additionally or alternatively, the above studies can evaluate the correlation of fMRI data (post hoc reasoning memory recall) with predicted reward emotion mapping.

[0094] In one or more examples, another exemplary study verifying the above method can include an intervention study to a patient with mild / moderate depression before a first-line pharmacological intervention. In one or more examples, standard care (treatment utilizing antidepressants, no diagnosis) can be carried out with the comparison of personalized pharmacology and behavioral intervention predicted by the reward emotion mapping guided by fMRI as described above. In one or more examples, the study can be configured to prove the effectiveness of individual pharmacology and behavioral therapy guided by fMRI in improving depressive symptoms compared to traditional standard care. In one or more examples, the participant can include an individual to HAMDD17 evaluation score between 10-17. In one or more examples, the above method can be used to evaluate all participants in the study to determine one or more reward molecule defects. However, in terms of treatment, a group of blind randomized participants can receive a customized treatment plan (both behavior and pharmacology) based on the defect identified, and another group of participants can receive care according to conventional care standards.

[0095] In one or more examples, the results of both groups can be evaluated by looking to determine whether there are any significant improvements in HAMD17 and SWB for patients treated with individual therapy compared to patients treated with standard of care across all treatment groups. Additionally, the correlation between biomarker and / or brain imaging data and improvement in HAMD17 and SWB scores can be evaluated.

[0096] Figure 5A-Figure 5B An exemplary method 500 for identifying and treating a neurological deficit in a patient (or any human subject) according to some aspects of the present disclosure is illustrated. The method 500 may be performed in whole or in part automatically by a computerized system including one or more processors.

[0097] In step 502, the system may receive information associated with a patient, the information including memory information about a plurality of memories of the patient. The patient may input information related to a plurality of memories and / or experiences into the system, the information including memories from the distant past and / or memories from the recent past (e.g., daily experiences). In some embodiments, the patient may input information only about positive memories. In some embodiments, one or more memories may be peak positive memories—memories that trigger strong positive emotional reactions and / or are quantitatively identified by the patient as being one of the best memories in the patient's life. For each patient memory in a plurality of patient memories, the memory information provided by the patient (e.g., by providing one or more inputs to a graphical user interface configured to collect information for analysis by the system) may include a corresponding emotional intensity for each of the one or more emotions. The one or more emotions may include, but are not limited to, passion, sexual desire, pride / recognition, nurturing love, satisfaction, attachment love, entertainment, pleasure, and gratitude. The emotional intensity data may be, for example, on a scale of 0-8, where 0 indicates that the patient reports not experiencing the corresponding emotion at all, and where 8 indicates that the patient reports experiencing the corresponding emotion at the highest intensity.

[0098] For each patient memory in the plurality of patient memories, the memory information may include corresponding time information. The corresponding time information may include a duration of an emotion felt during the memory. The corresponding time information may include a date and / or time when the memory occurred. The corresponding time information may include a date and / or time when the memory information was recorded by the system.

[0099] For each patient memory in the plurality of patient memories, the memory information may include corresponding metadata indicating aspects of the memory. Aspects of the memory may include, but are not limited to, information about a location associated with the memory, information about a person associated with the memory, or information about an activity associated with the memory. In some embodiments, the content of the memory may be "tagged" with metadata tags indicating a person, group, place, and / or activity, so that memories with overlapping or similar content may be grouped together by common tags.

[0100] For each patient memory in the plurality of patient memories, the memory information may also include representative media (eg, audio / visual media such as photos, music, and / or videos) associated with the memory.

[0101] The system may store information in a database representing associations between each respective memory and other collected information associated with the memory, including, but not limited to, emotions and associated ratings, temporal information, aspects of the memory (e.g., the content of the memory), and / or media associated with the memory.

[0102] In step 504, the system may provide multiple stimuli to the patient. Each stimulus in the multiple stimuli may be associated with one or more patient memories in the patient's memory. For example, after collecting memory information from the patient, a stimulus selected based on the provided memory information may be provided to the patient. In some embodiments, multiple stimuli may include a random (or semi-random) collection of photos, audio, and / or videos, which include one or more media information associated with the provided patient memory. When presented to the patient, the media information associated with the patient's memory may be mixed with other random images, audio, and / or videos that may serve as controls. Controls may also be provided by presenting noise and / or blank images to the patient. In some embodiments, media may be presented in a predetermined time window, for example, by presenting multiple stimuli that may be alternated with control stimuli to the patient. In some embodiments, control stimuli may include one or more of the following: photos and / or videos that are not known to be associated with any specific emotional response to the patient. Such photos may be combined with white noise. After each stimulus, control, or emotional memory, when a black screen with a center cross is presented to the patient, there may be a stage for resetting the baseline so as to "wash away" all emotions before showing the next stimulus. Emotional stimuli may alternate with control stimuli at random. After each stimulation (control or emotion), the patient can be reset to an emotional baseline (e.g., by presenting a black screen) before the next stimulation.

[0103] At step 505, the system may measure the patient's brain activity. The patient's brain activity may be measured when stimuli (including memory-related stimuli and control stimuli) are presented to the patient. Step 505 may be performed simultaneously with step 504 so that brain activity is measured when various stimuli from a plurality of stimuli are provided to the patient. Measuring brain activity may be achieved by performing structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging (rt-fMRI), real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging neurofeedback (rt-fMRI-NF), whole scalp electroencephalogram (EEG), and / or whole scalp functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). The rt-fMRI scan may be a 3 Tesla rt-fMRI scan or a 7 Tesla rt-fMRI scan. Measuring brain activity may include measuring the intensity of brain activity when one or more stimuli are provided to the patient (e.g., in the form of audio, images, and / or video). Measuring brain activity may also include recording the location of brain activity when one or more stimuli are provided to the patient. The location of brain activity may indicate a three-dimensional location at which a signal representing brain activity (including a corresponding signal intensity) is measured.

[0104] At step 506, the system can determine multiple neurotransmitter levels for the patient based on the collected data indicating the location of brain activity and the associated intensity of brain activity. Multiple neurotransmitters can include, but are not limited to, dopamine, testosterone, serotonin, oxytocin, cannabinoids, and / or opioids. The system can use the three-dimensional location of brain activity and the associated intensity to identify the activity in the predefined reward center in the brain, which can be related to certain emotions and certain neurotransmitters. For example, based on the background knowledge developed according to the test of brain activity of a specific patient and / or according to the test of brain activity from a group of subjects, it can be known that the brain activity in a specific interval of the brain corresponds to one or more emotions and / or neurotransmitters. Then, the system can detect the activity at this specific interval of the brain, and determine the activity of the associated neurotransmitter (and / or associated emotion) that the patient is experiencing based on the detected activity at this interval. The intensity of the signal data measured at this interval can be used to determine the intensity of the neurotransmitter reaction (and / or the intensity of the emotional experience), for example, based on the positive correspondence between the signal intensity data and the intensity of the neurotransmitter reaction.

[0105] In some embodiments, the system may use an algorithm to determine which neurotransmitters are associated with one or more emotions indicated in the memory information. For example, the system may use Figure 2 PE-NT matrix. For example, by using the PE-NT matrix, dopamine can be associated with passion, sexual desire, pride / recognition, nurturing love, satisfaction, entertainment, attachment love, pleasure, or gratitude. Testosterone can be associated with sexual desire. Serotonin can be associated with pride / recognition. Oxytocin can be associated with nurturing love or satisfaction. Cannabinoids can be associated with satisfaction, entertainment, or attachment love. Opioids can be associated with entertainment, pleasure, or gratitude.

[0106] In some embodiments, the system can aggregate brain scan data by grouping the brain scan data according to common neurotransmitters and / or common emotions. For example, brain scan data collected during the presentation of stimuli associated with memories tagged with a certain emotion can be collectively analyzed, such as by analyzing the total signal strength and / or average signal strength measured during the presentation of all said memories.

[0107] In some embodiments, brain scan data may be grouped according to memories associated with the same emotion (eg, based on subjective emotional experience information provided by the user).

[0108] In some embodiments, brain scan data can be grouped according to memories associated with different emotions, but where the different emotions are associated with the same neurotransmitter. For example, to obtain aggregated brain activity data associated with dopamine, the system can aggregate all brain activity data measured in response to stimuli intended to evoke enthusiasm. To obtain aggregated brain activity associated with serotonin, the system can aggregate brain activity data measured in response to stimuli intended to evoke pride / recognition.

[0109] The system may aggregate brain activity data associated with a particular neurotransmitter in a manner that minimizes the effects of other neurotransmitters on the brain activity data. For example, although dopamine is associated with a variety of emotions, in some embodiments, the system may aggregate only brain data measured as a response to stimuli intended to arouse passion because dopamine is the only neurotransmitter associated with passion (the only neurotransmitter in the group of dopamine, testosterone, serotonin, oxytocin, cannabinoids, and opioids). In one or more examples, the system may process aggregated brain data associated with dopamine to filter out the effects of other neurotransmitters on the aggregated brain data, for example, to isolate brain activity signal responses attributable to dopamine activity.

[0110] The resulting aggregated brain activity data can be used to detect activity (or lack of activity) in a predetermined reward center of the brain. Based on the signal strength in the predetermined reward center of the brain, the system can determine multiple neurotransmitters. In one or more examples, multiple neurotransmitters can be determined by comparing the signal strength in the predetermined reward center with a threshold signal strength level for the predetermined reward center. The threshold level can be determined based on a historical analysis of a specific patient and / or based on a historical analysis of a group of subjects. For example, the system can analyze the aggregated brain activity data associated with dopamine to determine whether it indicates activity in a predetermined reward center of the brain associated with dopamine. If there is any activity in the predetermined reward center of the brain associated with dopamine, the system can determine the signal strength in these locations. Based on the determined signal strength in the predetermined reward center associated with dopamine, the system can determine the level of dopamine. The system can compare the determined signal strength in the predetermined reward center associated with dopamine with the threshold signal strength for the reward center to determine the dopamine level.

[0111] Regions of interest in the brain associated with emotions and neurotransmitters can be determined by employing brain studies. The brain studies can be configured to map emotions and reward system activity while the brain is experiencing memory recall to create a predictive map of the landscape of emotions (and corresponding reward center activity and / or neurotransmitter activity) within the brain. In one or more examples, a brain study can be performed on each individual patient to create a predictive map of the landscape of emotions and neurotransmitters for the individual patient. In one or more examples, a brain study can be performed on multiple control subjects, which in some embodiments can include control subjects who are not known to have any neurotransmitter deficiencies or are positively believed not to have any neurotransmitter deficiencies.

[0112] In one or more examples, a brain study is performed on a subject with a fully prepared memory and emotion database (memories associated with positive emotions) that may include multiple personal positive memories and may have one or more peak memories (e.g., memories that evoke the greatest emotional response). The brain study may include providing multiple stimuli associated with memories and predefined emotions while performing a brain scan on the patient. The brain scan may be analyzed to determine different signal patterns (e.g., activity in certain regions of interest in the brain), and this region of the brain may thereby be associated with the predefined emotion. Thus, the different signal patterns determined may be used to determine regions of interest in the brain that are associated with specific emotions. The system may then use algorithms (such as Figure 2 The system may determine which regions of interest (now known to be associated with one or more specific emotions) are associated with specific reward systems and / or neurotransmitters. For example, if the patient is exposed to a stimulus that has been predefined (e.g., labeled by the patient) as eliciting an enthusiastic response, the system may determine that the activated brain region is a region of interest associated with enthusiasm, and the system may therefore further determine (e.g., using the PE-NT matrix) that the region of interest is associated with the neurotransmitter dopamine.

[0113] In some embodiments, the system may employ one or more alternative or additional techniques for determining regions of interest in the brain that are determined to be associated with certain emotions and / or with the activity of certain neurotransmitters. As described above, one technique involves measuring brain activity and identifying active regions of interest in the brain that are triggered when stimuli associated with certain emotions are presented, thereby creating a biomarker brain map that associates brain regions with emotions. As noted above, algorithms such as the PE-NT matrix may then be used to link brain regions known to be associated with a given emotion to one or more associated neurotransmitters. However, other techniques may be applied additionally or alternatively to link brain regions to one or more associated neurotransmitters.

[0114] In an additional or alternative approach, one or more known pharmacological substances can be administered to the subject / patient that can enhance or block one or more specific neurotransmitter pathways, and the subject / patient's brain activity can then be measured under a stimulus (e.g., the same stimulus used previously without the pharmacological intervention) that is configured to elicit certain emotional responses. By comparing between (a) the state when the patient / subject is not exposed to the pharmacological intervention and (b) the state when the patient / subject is exposed to the pharmacological intervention, differences in activity levels in one or more regions of interest in the brain can be measured. Thus, it can be determined that regions of interest in the brain where statistically significant differences in activity levels are observed are associated with neurotransmitters that are known to be blocked by the pharmacological intervention.

[0115] Using one or more of the above approaches, a molecular fingerprint can therefore be developed for regions in the brain that are associated with a given emotion and / or a given neurotransmitter.

[0116] Figure 6A-6F Exemplary summarized brain activity data is illustrated, wherein brain activity is concentrated in regions of interest associated with various emotions, reward centers, and / or neurotransmitters. Fig. 6A Summarized brain activity in regions of interest associated with enthusiasm and related to dopamine is illustrated. Region 602 indicates a region of interest associated with enthusiasm (and thus dopamine). Fig. 6A Areas with bright colors in indicate the location and intensity of brain activity. Because the brain activity overlaps with area 602 and the brightness indicates a high intensity of brain activity in area 602, the system calculates a high level of dopamine. Line graph 604 indicates the percentage signal change over time for control stimuli, stimuli not associated with dopamine (e.g., not associated with enthusiasm or for stimuli with low enthusiasm ratings, such as stimuli that are more strongly associated with other neurotransmitters), and stimuli associated with dopamine. In the example shown, brain activity for the stimulus (or for the control) was measured over a 20 second period, and brain activity within that period was measured. Line graph 604 indicates that the difference between brain activity associated with dopamine and brain activity not associated with dopamine is statistically significant.

[0117] Figure 6B Summarized brain activity in regions of interest associated with sexual desire and related to testosterone is illustrated. Region 606 indicates a region of interest associated with sexual desire (and thus testosterone). Figure 6BThe area with bright colors in the figure indicates the location and intensity of brain activity. Because brain activity overlaps with area 606, but the bright interval indicates the low intensity of brain activity in area 606, the system calculates low levels of testosterone. Line graph 608 indicates the percentage signal change relative to time for control stimulation, stimulation unrelated to testosterone (e.g., stimulation unrelated to libido or low for libido rating, such as stimulation more strongly associated with other neurotransmitters) and stimulation associated with testosterone. Line graph 608 indicates that the difference between brain activity associated with testosterone and brain activity unrelated to testosterone is statistically significant.

[0118] Figure 6C Summarized brain activity in regions of interest associated with pride / recognition and related to serotonin is illustrated. Regions 610 and 612 indicate regions of interest associated with pride / recognition (and thus serotonin). Figure 6C Areas with bright colors in indicate the location and intensity of brain activity. Because brain activity overlaps with area 612, the brightness indicates low intensity of brain activity in area 612, and no brain activity overlaps with area 610, the system calculates a negligible level of serotonin. Line graph 614 indicates the percent signal change over time for control stimuli, stimuli not associated with serotonin (e.g., not associated with pride / recognition or for stimuli with low pride / recognition ratings, such as stimuli that are more strongly associated with other neurotransmitters instead), and stimuli associated with serotonin. Line graph 614 indicates that the difference between brain activity associated with serotonin and brain activity not associated with serotonin is statistically significant.

[0119] Fig.6D Summarized brain activity in regions of interest associated with nurturing love and contentment and related to oxytocin is illustrated. Region 616 indicates a region of interest associated with nurturing love and contentment (and thus associated with oxytocin). Fig.6D Areas with bright colors in 616 indicate the location and intensity of brain activity. Since the brain activity overlaps with area 616 and the brightness indicates a high intensity of brain activity in area 616, the system calculates a high level of oxytocin. Line graph 618 indicates the percent signal change relative to time for a control stimulus, a stimulus not associated with oxytocin (e.g., a stimulus not associated with nurturing love or rated low for nurturing love, such as a stimulus that is more strongly associated with other neurotransmitters instead), and a stimulus associated with oxytocin. Line graph 618 indicates that the difference between brain activity associated with oxytocin and brain activity not associated with oxytocin is statistically significant.

[0120] Fig. 6ESummarized brain activity in regions of interest associated with attachment love and entertainment, to a lesser extent with satisfaction, and associated with cannabinoids is illustrated. Regions 620, 622, and 624 indicate regions of interest associated with attachment love, entertainment, and satisfaction (and thus with cannabinoids). Fig. 6E Areas with bright colors in indicate the location and intensity of brain activity. Because the brain activity overlaps with area 622, the brightness indicates moderate intensity of brain activity in area 622, and no brain activity is located in areas 620 and 624, the system calculates negligible levels of cannabinoids. Line graph 626 indicates the percent signal change relative to time for control stimuli, stimuli not associated with cannabinoids (e.g., stimuli not associated with attachment love or low for attachment love ratings, such as stimuli that are instead more strongly associated with other neurotransmitters), and stimuli associated with cannabinoids. Line graph 626 indicates that the difference between brain activity associated with cannabinoids and brain activity not associated with cannabinoids is statistically significant.

[0121] Fig. 6F Summarized brain activity in regions of interest associated with pleasure and gratitude and related to opioids is illustrated. Region 628 indicates a region of interest associated with pleasure and gratitude (and thus associated with opioids). Fig. 6F The areas with bright colors in the graph indicate the location and intensity of brain activity. Because the brain activity overlaps with area 628 and the brightness indicates the high intensity of brain activity in area 628, the system calculates a high level of opioids. Line graph 630 indicates the percentage signal change relative to time for control stimuli, stimuli not associated with opioids (e.g., stimuli not associated with opioids or for low pleasure and / or gratitude ratings), and stimuli associated with opioids. Line graph 630 indicates that the difference between brain activity associated with opioids and brain activity not associated with opioids is statistically significant.

[0122] return Figure 5A-Figure 5B At step 508, the system may identify a neurological deficiency in the patient with respect to a neurotransmitter based at least in part on the multiple neurotransmitter levels calculated in step 506. In some embodiments, the system may determine a neurological deficiency using only the multiple neurotransmitter levels calculated in step 506. For example, using the neurotransmitter levels from Figure 6A-6F Based on the neurotransmitter levels obtained in the example depicted, the system can identify neurological defects as shown in Table 1 below.

[0123]

[0124] Table 1: Example identification of neurological deficits based on neurotransmitter levels

[0125] Neurotransmitter levels, including level quantification and / or level classification (e.g., negligible, low, moderate, high, etc.) can be compared to one or more target values, expected values, historical values, and / or thresholds to determine whether a neurological deficit exists for the corresponding neurotransmitter.

[0126] Optionally, at step 508a, the system may use the multiple neurotransmitter levels calculated in step 506 to generate a provisional indication of a neurological defect. Optionally, at step 508b, the system may apply one or more rule sets based on pharmacological and / or clinical biochemical information about the patient to determine whether the provisional indication of a neurological defect should be denied. For example, if the provisional indication of a neurological defect shows a testosterone deficiency, information about the patient's blood testosterone level may be used to deny or verify the provisional indication of a testosterone deficiency. In another example, information about a history of ineffective selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) treatment may be used to deny a provisional indication of a serotonin defect.

[0127] Optionally, at step 508c and step 508d, the system may apply one or more rule sets based on the memory information to determine that the temporary indication should not be denied for the neurological deficit. Using one or more rule sets, the system may analyze the memory information.

[0128] Figure 7A-7C An exemplary analysis performed on memory information is illustrated. Fig. 7A , the system can summarize the memory information into an emotion intensity distribution 702, which calculates the number of memories for each rating for each emotion. In the depicted example, the emotion intensity distribution 702 indicates that the memory information includes ten memories, where enthusiasm has a rating of 8. The system can use the emotion intensity distribution 702 to calculate the percentage of memories in each emotion rating category for the patient's entire life, as seen in chart 704. The system can use the emotion intensity distribution 702 to calculate the percentage of memories in each emotion rating category using only memories from the last twelve to eighteen months, as seen in chart 706.

[0129] Referring back to 5A, at step 508c, the system can compare the emotion intensity information for the patient over time to determine that a temporary indication of a neurological deficit should not be denied. Figure 7B , the system can combine the percentage of memories in each emotion rating category from across the patient’s life (e.g. Fig. 7A 704 in Figure 704) versus the percentage of memory in each emotion rating category from the last twelve to eighteen months of the patient's life (e.g., Fig. 7A706 in Figure 707) to obtain an incremental emotion intensity distribution, as seen in incremental emotion intensity distribution 708. The system can use this information to validate the provisional indication of a neurological deficit. For example, incremental emotion intensity distribution 708 indicates that the patient has fewer memories with high family / attachment love ratings over time, thereby validating the provisional indication of a cannabinoid deficiency.

[0130] Referring back to 5A, at step 508d, the system can compare the emotion intensity information for the patient with the emotion intensity threshold information to determine that the temporary indication of a neurological deficit should not be denied. Figure 7C , the system can use the percentage of memory in each emotion rating category from the last twelve to eighteen months of the patient's life (e.g. Fig. 7A 706 in Figure 706) to create an emotion intensity map, as seen in emotion intensity map 710. The emotion intensity map can include a calculation of the peak memory as a percentage of total memory for each emotion. The system can apply one or more threshold-based analyses or other data processing analyses to the emotion intensity map to determine a neural deficit, and the determination can then be used to validate the provisional indication of a neural deficit determined based on the brain scan data. In the depicted example, the peak recreational memory as a percentage of total memory is below the threshold, indicating a cannabinoid deficiency, thereby validating the provisional indication of a cannabinoid deficiency.

[0131] The resulting neural deficits from the example depicted after step 508d are summarized below in Table 2 (which may be output as a final diagnosis of deficit and / or a provisional diagnosis of deficit).

[0132]

[0133]

[0134] Table 2: Example identification of neural deficits based on brain activity and memory data

[0135] In some examples, the system may perform some or all of steps 508a-508d. The resulting neural deficits from the depicted example obtained by following steps 508a-508c are summarized below in Table 3.

[0136]

[0137]

[0138] Table 3: Example identification of neural deficits based on brain activity, pharmacology data, clinical biochemistry data, and memory data

[0139] Referring back to 5A , the method may proceed to steps 510 - 514 , which may be used to generate and provide a treatment plan for the patient based on the identified neural deficit, as explained below.

[0140] The system may optionally perform step 510 by identifying a subset of a plurality of patient memories associated with positive neural responses based on the memory information and the identified neural deficit. For example, if the system identifies a cannabinoid deficiency, the system may identify all or some of the memories from the plurality of memories that exhibit a strong cannabinoid (and / or attachment love) response when the corresponding stimulus is presented to the patient. That is, even if the user's cannabinoid response is overall lower than expected, those memories that do elicit a strong cannabinoid response may be identified based on the brain scan data. The system may identify those top memories that show a strong response for the deficient neurotransmitter, where the response exceeds a threshold signal strength level, and / or may identify a predetermined number of top memories that have the strongest response for the deficient neurotransmitter.

[0141] Optionally, the system may identify one or more aspects that are common across the identified subset of memories based on the corresponding metadata for the subset of memories at step 512. For example, if the metadata for the subset of intense cannabinoid (and / or attachment love) memories indicates that all (or most) memories are associated with a common one or more individuals (e.g., a spouse, friend, or family member), the system will identify the one or more individuals as common aspects of the selected intense cannabinoid memories.

[0142] Optionally, at step 514, the system may generate and provide a treatment plan for the patient that includes the identified aspects of the subset of memories. For example, if the identified aspect from step 512 is a certain person or a group of people, the system will generate a treatment plan that is configured to instruct the patient to spend more time with the person or the group of people. In some embodiments, the treatment plan may include a data structure that is configured to provide instructions to the patient, to provide instructions to the doctor, and / or to provide machine executable instructions for a system configured to automatically implement the treatment plan. Automatic (e.g., automated or semi-automated) implementation of the treatment plan may include exposure to a stimulus associated with the subject that triggers a strong positive response in the defective neurotransmitter, such as providing the patient with media associated with the subject. In some embodiments, the automatic implementation of the treatment plan may include automatically facilitating electronic communication between the patient (e.g., using a mobile application) and the subject (e.g., a person or activity) that triggers a strong positive response in the defective neurotransmitter; for example, the implementation of the treatment plan may automatically open a chat for a cannabinoid-deficient patient to communicate with a family member who provides a strong cannabinoid response for the patient.

[0143] Figure 8 An example of a computing device according to one embodiment is illustrated. Device 800 may be a host computer connected to a network. Device 800 may be a client computer or a server. Figure 8 As shown in , device 800 can be any suitable type of microprocessor-based device, such as a personal computer, workstation, server, or handheld computing device (portable electronic device), such as a phone or tablet computer. The device may include, for example, one or more of a processor 810, an input device 820, an output device 830, a storage 840, and a communication device 860. The input device 820 and the output device 830 can generally correspond to those described above and can be connected or integrated with a computer.

[0144] Input device 820 may be any suitable device that provides input, such as a touch screen, a keyboard or keypad, a mouse, or a voice recognition device. Output device 830 may be any suitable device that provides output, such as a touch screen, a haptic device, or a speaker.

[0145] Storage 840 may be any suitable device that provides storage, such as electro-optical storage, magneto-optical storage, or optical storage, including RAM, cache, hard disk drive, or removable storage disk. Communication device 860 may include any suitable device capable of sending and receiving signals over a network, such as a network interface chip or device. The components of the computer may be connected in any suitable manner, such as via a physical bus or wireless connection.

[0146] The software 850 may be stored in the storage device 840 and executed by the processor 810 , and may include, for example, programming embodying the functionality of the present disclosure (eg, as embodied in the above-described apparatus).

[0147] The software 850 may also be stored and / or transmitted in any non-transitory computer-readable storage medium for use by or in conjunction with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device (such as those described above), which may retrieve instructions associated with the software from the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device and execute the instructions. In the context of the present disclosure, a computer-readable storage medium may be any medium, such as storage 840, which may contain or store programming for use by or in conjunction with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device.

[0148] The software 850 may also be propagated in any transmission medium for use by or in conjunction with an instruction execution system, device, or equipment (such as those described above), which may obtain instructions associated with the software from the instruction execution system, device, or equipment and execute the instructions. In the context of the present disclosure, a transmission medium may be any medium that may communicate, propagate, or transmit programming for use by or in conjunction with an instruction execution system, device, or equipment. Transmission-readable media may include, but are not limited to, electrical, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, or infrared wired or wireless propagation media.

[0149] Device 800 can be connected to a network, which can be an interconnected communication system of any suitable type. The network can implement any suitable communication protocol and can be protected by any suitable security protocol. The network can include any appropriately arranged network link that can implement the transmission and reception of network signals, such as a wireless network connection, a T1 line or a T3 line, a cable network, DSL, or a telephone line.

[0150] Device 800 may implement any operating system suitable for operating on a network. Software 850 may be written in any suitable programming language, such as C, C++, Java, or Python. In various embodiments, for example, application software embodying the functionality of the present disclosure may be deployed in different configurations, such as in a client / server arrangement or as a web-based application or web service through a web browser.

[0151] The following is a list of exemplary enumerated embodiments, which may be combined in whole or in part with each other and / or with any other disclosure herein:

[0152] 1. A method for treating a nervous system disease, the method comprising:

[0153] receiving information associated with the patient, wherein the received information includes information regarding one or more past events in which the patient has participated and one or more emotions associated with the one or more events;

[0154] determining one or more reward molecule levels of the patient based on the received information associated with the patient;

[0155] receiving one or more scans of the patient's brain;

[0156] determining the patient's level of one or more reward molecules based on the received one or more scans of the patient's brain; and

[0157] Determining one or more reward molecule deficiencies of a user based on one or more reward molecule levels determined for the patient based on information received associated with the patient, and based on one or more reward molecule levels determined for the patient based on one or more brain scans received of the patient.

[0158] 2. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the method comprises selecting a predetermined treatment plan for the determined one or more bonus molecular defects based on the identity of each bonus molecular defect,

[0159] 3. The method of embodiment 2, wherein the identity of the reward molecule defect is selected from the group consisting of: dopamine, serotonin, testosterone, oxytocin, cannabinoids, opioids.

[0160] 4. A method according to any one of embodiments 1-3, wherein determining the patient's one or more reward molecule levels based on the received information associated with the patient includes applying the received information associated with the patient to a positive emotion to neurotransmitter (PE-NT) matrix.

[0161] 5. A method according to any one of embodiments 1-4, wherein the one or more scans received of the patient's brain include real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging (rt-fMRI) scans.

[0162] 6. A method according to any one of embodiments 1-5, wherein the one or more scans received of the patient's brain include an electroencephalogram (EEG) scan.

[0163] 7. The method of any one of embodiments 1-6, wherein the received one or more brain scans are acquired using a method comprising:

[0164] exposing the patient to one or more stimuli;

[0165] determining one or more locations within the brain at which a signal is generated in response to the stimulus; and

[0166] A signal strength associated with each location within the brain where a signal is generated in response to the stimulus is determined.

[0167] 8. The method of embodiment 7, wherein determining the patient's level of one or more reward molecules based on the received one or more scans of the patient's brain comprises:

[0168] associating one or more determined locations within the brain at which signals are generated in response to the stimulus with one or more types of reward molecules; and

[0169] The patient's level of one or more reward molecules is determined based on the determined signal strength associated with each location within the brain where the signal was generated in response to the stimulation.

[0170] 9. A method according to any one of embodiments 1-8, wherein one or more emotions associated with one or more events in the received information associated with a patient of the information (the information is associated with the patient) include emotions from the group consisting of: enthusiasm, sexual desire, pride / recognition, nurturing love, contentment, attachment love, amusement, pleasure, and gratitude.

[0171] 10. The method of any one of embodiments 1-9, wherein the received information associated with the patient includes responses by the patient to one or more questionnaires configured to diagnose depression in the patient.

[0172] 11. A method for identifying and treating a neurological defect, the method being performed by a system comprising one or more processors, the method comprising:

[0173] receiving information associated with a patient, wherein the received information includes memory information regarding a plurality of patient memories, wherein, for each patient memory in the plurality of patient memories, the memory information indicates: for each of one or more emotions, a corresponding emotion intensity, corresponding temporal information, and corresponding metadata indicative of aspects of the memory;

[0174] providing a plurality of stimuli to the patient, wherein each stimulus in the plurality of stimuli is respectively associated with one or more patient memories in the patient's memory;

[0175] measuring brain activity of the patient while providing stimulation to the patient, wherein measuring the brain activity includes collecting data indicative of a location of the brain activity and an associated intensity of the brain activity;

[0176] determining a plurality of neurotransmitter levels for the patient based on the measured brain activity of the patient;

[0177] Based at least in part on the determined plurality of neurotransmitter levels for the patient, a neurological deficiency with respect to at least a first neurotransmitter for the patient is identified.

[0178] 12. The method according to embodiment 11, comprising:

[0179] identifying, based on the memory information and based on the identified neural deficit, a subset of the plurality of patient memories associated with positive neural responses indicated by brain activity of the patient;

[0180] identifying a common first aspect across the plurality of memories based on the identified subset of the plurality of patient memories and based on corresponding metadata indicating aspects for the identified subset; and

[0181] A personalized treatment plan for the patient is generated and provided, the personalized treatment plan including the indication of the first aspect.

[0182] 13. The method of any one of embodiments 11-12, wherein identifying a neurological defect comprises:

[0183] generating a provisional indication of a neurological deficit based on the determined plurality of neurotransmitter levels for the patient;

[0184] Application of one or more rule sets to determine a provisional indication of neurological deficit based on pharmacological and / or clinical biochemical information about the patient should not be overruled.

[0185] 14. The method of any one of embodiments 11-13, wherein identifying a neurological defect comprises:

[0186] generating a provisional indication of a neurological deficit based on the determined plurality of neurotransmitter levels for the patient;

[0187] One or more rule sets are applied based on the memory information for the patient, the one or more rule sets including determining that a temporary indication of a neurological deficit should not be denied by comparing the patient's emotion intensity information to emotion intensity threshold information.

[0188] 15. The method of any one of embodiments 11-14, wherein identifying a neurological defect comprises:

[0189] generating a provisional indication of a neurological deficit based on the determined plurality of neurotransmitter levels for the patient;

[0190] One or more rule sets are applied based on the patient's memory information, the one or more rule sets including by analyzing changes in emotion intensity information for the patient over time to determine that a temporary indication of a neurological deficit should not be denied.

[0191] 16. The method of any one of embodiments 11-15, wherein identifying a neurological defect comprises:

[0192] generating a provisional indication of a neurological deficit based on the determined plurality of neurotransmitter levels for the patient;

[0193] One or more rule sets are applied based on the patient's memory information, the one or more rule sets comprising determining that a temporary indication of a neurological deficit should not be denied by applying the memory information to a positive emotion to neurotransmitter (PE-NT) matrix.

[0194] 17. The method of any one of embodiments 11-16, wherein the first neurotransmitter is selected from the group consisting of dopamine, serotonin, testosterone, oxytocin, cannabinoids, and opioids.

[0195] 18. A method according to any one of embodiments 11-17, wherein measuring the patient's brain activity includes using a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scan.

[0196] 19. The method of any one of embodiments 11-18, wherein the fMRI scan is a 7 Tesla fMRI scan.

[0197] 20. The method of any one of embodiments 11-19, wherein measuring the patient's brain activity comprises using an electroencephalogram (EEG) scan.

[0198] 21. The method of any one of embodiments 11-20, wherein measuring the patient's brain activity comprises using functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIR).

[0199] 22. The method of any one of embodiments 11-21, wherein determining a plurality of neurotransmitter levels for the patient based on the patient's measured brain activity comprises:

[0200] determining one or more locations within the brain for which signals are to be measured in response to the stimulus;

[0201] determining one or more signal strengths associated with each of the one or more locations of the brain based on the measured brain activity of the patient; and

[0202] Based at least in part on the determined one or more locations and the determined one or more signal intensities, a plurality of neurotransmitter levels are determined.

[0203] 23. The method of embodiment 22, wherein determining multiple neurotransmitter levels comprises comparing the determined signal strength for the determined location to a threshold signal strength level for the location.

[0204] 24. The method of any one of embodiments 11-23, wherein:

[0205] a plurality of stimuli presented to the patient are analyzed based on one or more emotions associated with memories associated with the stimuli as indicated in the received information, and

[0206] Determining one or more locations within the brain is based at least in part on one or more emotions indicated in the received information.

[0207] 25. The method of any one of embodiments 11-24, wherein the one or more emotions include emotions from the group consisting of: passion, lust, pride / recognition, nurturing love, contentment, attachment love, amusement, pleasure, and gratitude.

[0208] 26. A system for identifying and treating neurological deficits, the system comprising one or more processors configured to cause the system to:

[0209] receiving information associated with a patient, wherein the received information includes memory information regarding a plurality of patient memories, wherein, for each patient memory in the plurality of patient memories, the memory information indicates: for each of one or more emotions, a corresponding emotion intensity, corresponding temporal information, and corresponding metadata indicative of aspects of the memory;

[0210] providing a plurality of stimuli to the patient, wherein each stimulus in the plurality of stimuli is respectively associated with one or more patient memories in the patient's memory;

[0211] measuring brain activity of the patient while providing stimulation to the patient, wherein measuring the brain activity includes collecting data indicative of a location of the brain activity and an associated intensity of the brain activity;

[0212] determining a plurality of neurotransmitter levels for the patient based on the measured brain activity of the patient;

[0213] Based at least in part on the determined plurality of neurotransmitter levels for the patient, a neurological deficiency with respect to at least a first neurotransmitter for the patient is identified.

[0214] 27. A non-transitory computer readable storage medium storing instructions for identifying and treating a neurological deficit, the instructions configured to be executed by one or more processors of a system to cause the system to:

[0215] receiving information associated with a patient, wherein the received information includes memory information regarding a plurality of patient memories, wherein, for each patient memory in the plurality of patient memories, the memory information indicates: for each of one or more emotions, a corresponding emotion intensity, corresponding temporal information, and corresponding metadata indicative of aspects of the memory;

[0216] providing a plurality of stimuli to the patient, wherein each stimulus in the plurality of stimuli is respectively associated with one or more patient memories in the patient's memory;

[0217] measuring brain activity of the patient while providing stimulation to the patient, wherein measuring the brain activity includes collecting data indicative of a location of the brain activity and an associated intensity of the brain activity;

[0218] determining a plurality of neurotransmitter levels for the patient based on the measured brain activity of the patient;

[0219] Based at least in part on the determined plurality of neurotransmitter levels for the patient, a neurological deficiency with respect to at least a first neurotransmitter for the patient is identified.

[0220] For purposes of explanation, the foregoing description has been described with reference to specific embodiments. However, the above illustrative discussion is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the disclosure to the precise form disclosed. In view of the above teachings, many modifications and variations are possible. The embodiments are selected and described in order to best explain the principles of the technology and its practical application. This will enable others skilled in the art to best utilize the technology and various embodiments, and to make various modifications as appropriate for the specific use contemplated.

[0221] Although the disclosure and examples have been fully described with reference to the accompanying drawings, it should be noted that various changes and modifications will be apparent to those skilled in the art. It should be understood that such changes and modifications are included within the scope of the disclosure and examples defined by the claims.

[0222] The present application discloses several numerical ranges in the text and drawings. The disclosed numerical ranges inherently support any range or value (including endpoints) within the disclosed numerical ranges, even if no precise range limitations are stated verbatim in the specification, because the present disclosure can be practiced within the entire disclosed numerical range.

[0223] The above description is to enable those skilled in the art to make and use the present disclosure, and is provided in the context of specific applications and their requirements. Various modifications to the preferred embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein can be applied to other embodiments and applications without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure. Therefore, the present disclosure is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown, but should be given the widest scope consistent with the principles and features disclosed herein. Finally, all disclosures of the patents and publications cited in this application are incorporated herein by reference.

Claims

1. A method for identifying and treating a neurological defect, the method being performed by a system comprising one or more processors, the method comprising: receiving information associated with a patient, wherein the received information includes memory information regarding a plurality of patient memories, wherein, for each patient memory of the plurality of patient memories, the memory information indicates: for each of one or more emotions, a corresponding emotion intensity, corresponding temporal information, and corresponding metadata indicating aspects of the memory; providing a plurality of stimuli to the patient, wherein each stimulus of the plurality of stimuli is respectively associated with one or more patient memories in the patient memory; while providing the stimulation to the patient, measuring brain activity of the patient, wherein measuring brain activity comprises collecting data indicative of a location of the brain activity and an associated intensity of the brain activity; determining a plurality of neurotransmitter levels for the patient based on the measured brain activity of the patient; Based at least in part on the plurality of neurotransmitter levels determined for the patient, a neurological deficiency with respect to at least a first neurotransmitter for the patient is identified.

2. The method according to claim 1, comprising: identifying, based on the memory information and based on the identified neural deficit, a subset of the plurality of patient memories associated with positive neural responses indicated by the brain activity of the patient; identifying a common first aspect across a plurality of the memories based on the identified subset of the plurality of patient memories and based on the corresponding metadata, the corresponding metadata indicating aspects for the identified subset; as well as A personalized treatment plan for the patient is generated and provided, the personalized treatment plan including an indication of the first aspect.

3. The method of any one of claims 1-2, wherein identifying the neurological defect comprises: generating a provisional indication of the neurological deficit based on the plurality of neurotransmitter levels determined for the patient; Based on pharmacological and / or clinical biochemical information about the patient, one or more rule sets are applied to determine that the provisional indication of the neurological deficit should not be denied.

4. The method of any one of claims 1-3, wherein identifying the neurological defect comprises: generating a provisional indication of the neurological deficit based on the plurality of neurotransmitter levels determined for the patient; Applying one or more rule sets based on the memory information for the patient includes determining that the temporary indication of the neurological deficit should not be denied by comparing the emotion intensity information for the patient to emotion intensity threshold information.

5. The method of any one of claims 1-4, wherein identifying the neurological defect comprises: generating a provisional indication of the neurological deficit based on the plurality of neurotransmitter levels determined for the patient; Applying one or more rule sets based on the memory information for the patient, including by analyzing changes in emotion intensity information for the patient over time, to determine that the temporary indication of the neurological deficit should not be denied.

6. The method of any one of claims 1-5, wherein identifying the neurological defect comprises: generating a provisional indication of the neurological deficit based on the plurality of neurotransmitter levels determined for the patient; Applying one or more rule sets based on the memory information for the patient includes determining that the provisional indication of the neurological deficit should not be denied by applying the memory information to a positive emotion to neurotransmitter (PE-NT) matrix.

7. The method according to any one of claims 1-6, wherein the first neurotransmitter is selected from the group consisting of dopamine, serotonin, testosterone, oxytocin, cannabinoids and opioids.

8. The method of any one of claims 1-7, wherein measuring the patient's brain activity comprises using a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scan.

9. The method of any one of claims 8, wherein the fMRI scan is a 7 Tesla fMRI scan.

10. The method of any one of claims 1-9, wherein measuring the patient's brain activity comprises using an electroencephalogram (EEG) scan.

11. The method of any one of claims 1-10, wherein measuring the patient's brain activity comprises using functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIR).

12. The method of any one of claims 1-11, wherein determining the plurality of neurotransmitter levels for the patient based on the measured brain activity of the patient comprises: determining one or more locations within the brain for which signals are to be measured in response to the stimulation; determining one or more signal strengths associated with each of the one or more locations of the brain based on the measured brain activity of the patient; as well as Based at least in part on the determined one or more locations and the determined one or more signal intensities, the plurality of neurotransmitter levels are determined.

13. The method of claim 12, wherein determining the plurality of neurotransmitter levels comprises comparing the determined signal strength for the determined location to a threshold signal strength level for the location.

14. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 13, wherein: the plurality of stimuli presented to the patient are analyzed based on the one or more emotions associated with the memory associated with the stimuli as indicated in the received information, and Determining the one or more locations within the brain is based at least in part on the one or more emotions indicated in the received information.

15. The method of any one of claims 1-14, wherein the one or more emotions include emotions from the group consisting of: passion, lust, pride / recognition, nurturing love, contentment, attachment love, amusement, pleasure, and gratitude.

16. A system for identifying and treating neurological defects, the system comprising one or more processors configured to cause the system to: receiving information associated with a patient, wherein the received information includes memory information regarding a plurality of patient memories, wherein, The memory information indicates, for each patient memory of the plurality of patient memories: a corresponding emotion intensity for each of the one or more emotions, corresponding temporal information, and corresponding metadata indicating aspects of the memory; providing a plurality of stimuli to the patient, wherein each stimulus of the plurality of stimuli is respectively associated with one or more patient memories in the patient memory; while providing the stimulation to the patient, measuring brain activity of the patient, wherein measuring brain activity comprises collecting data indicative of a location of the brain activity and an associated intensity of the brain activity; determining a plurality of neurotransmitter levels for the patient based on the measured brain activity of the patient; Based at least in part on the plurality of neurotransmitter levels determined for the patient, a neurological deficiency with respect to at least a first neurotransmitter for the patient is identified.

17. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing instructions for identifying and treating a neurological deficit, the instructions configured to be executed by one or more processors of a system to cause the system to: receiving information associated with a patient, wherein the received information includes memory information regarding a plurality of patient memories, wherein, The memory information indicates, for each patient memory of the plurality of patient memories: a corresponding emotion intensity for each of the one or more emotions, corresponding temporal information, and corresponding metadata indicating aspects of the memory; providing a plurality of stimuli to the patient, wherein each stimulus of the plurality of stimuli is respectively associated with one or more patient memories in the patient memory; while providing the stimulation to the patient, measuring brain activity of the patient, wherein measuring brain activity comprises collecting data indicative of a location of the brain activity and an associated intensity of the brain activity; determining a plurality of neurotransmitter levels for the patient based on the measured brain activity of the patient; Based at least in part on the plurality of neurotransmitter levels determined for the patient, a neurological deficiency with respect to at least a first neurotransmitter for the patient is identified.

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