Method for improving pasture productivity by optimizing mixed sowing proportion and sowing mode

Abstract

The invention discloses a method for improving pasture productivity by optimizing a mixed sowing proportion and a sowing mode, which comprises the following steps of: performing rotary tillage on soil and applying humus before freezing in winter, turning over the soil and applying a base fertilizer after reviving in spring, then selecting leguminous plants and gramineous plants according to a weight ratio of 3: 7, respectively and uniformly mixing seeds of two functional groups, the method comprises the following steps: ditching, ridging and sowing gramineous plant seeds in line, sowing leguminous plant seeds in holes between two rows of gramineous plants 20-30 days after the gramineous plant seeds emerge, carrying out topdressing and pest and weed damage management after sowing, mowing the overground part of the grassland at the last stage of plant growth, and controlling the stubble height of the leguminous plants and the gramineous plants. By accurately optimizing the mixed sowing proportion and sowing strategy of leguminous and gramineous pasture and combining the complementarity of plant functional groups in ecological niche (time and space), an innovative pasture mixed sowing method is provided, and theoretical support and technical guarantee are provided for efficient and sustainable development of animal husbandry production.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention relates to the field of grassland ecology and agricultural science and technology, and more particularly to a method for improving forage productivity by optimizing mixed sowing ratio and sowing mode. Background Art

[0002] Grassland is the core resource for the development of animal husbandry. Its productivity and stability directly affect the supply capacity of high-quality forage. In order to meet the growing needs of animal husbandry, the current forage planting technology has gradually developed from single sowing of high-quality forage to mixed sowing of multiple forages, but its effect has not yet met expectations. Although the traditional single sowing method is easy to operate, it has a single plant community, low resource utilization efficiency, and is easily affected by pests and diseases and climate fluctuations, which limits the increase in forage production.

[0003] In contrast, the mixed seeding technology of legumes and grasses has gradually attracted attention due to the complementary characteristics of their functional groups. Grasses can quickly form surface cover with their rapid growth and early occupation advantages, reducing weed competition and soil erosion, while legumes can significantly improve soil nutrient levels with their biological nitrogen fixation, providing long-term nitrogen support for grassland communities. However, the existing mixed seeding technology lacks systematic research on the ratio design, sowing method and time coordination of legumes and grasses, which often leads to intensified competition between functional groups, reduced resource utilization efficiency, and failure to give full play to the complementary advantages of plant functional groups. In addition, traditional random mixed seeding or single seeding methods are difficult to adapt to the differences in growth rhythm and root distribution of different plants, further restricting the improvement of grassland productivity and ecological stability. Therefore, it is urgent to develop a precise mixed seeding technology based on the complementary niche of functional groups, and to achieve the simultaneous improvement of forage yield and grassland ecological benefits by rationally designing the ratio and sowing strategy. Summary of the invention

[0004] In view of this, the present invention provides a method for improving forage productivity by optimizing the mixed sowing ratio and sowing method. By accurately optimizing the mixed sowing ratio and sowing strategy of legume and grass forage, combined with the complementarity of plant functional groups in ecological niche (time and space), an innovative forage mixing method is proposed, which provides theoretical support and technical guarantee for the efficient and sustainable development of animal husbandry production.

[0005] To achieve the above object, the present invention adopts the following technical solution:

[0006] A method for improving forage productivity by optimizing the mixed sowing ratio and sowing method comprises the following steps:

[0007] (1) Plow the soil before it freezes in winter, and during the tillage process, turn the weeds into the soil and apply humus;

[0008] (2) After the soil turns green in spring, plow the soil to a depth of 10-15 cm, leave it for 3-5 days, and then apply organic fertilizer and compound fertilizer to the soil surface as base fertilizer;

[0009] (3) Selecting legumes and grasses, and mixing the seeds of the two functional groups at a weight ratio of legumes:grasses = 3:7;

[0010] (4) harrowing the land, digging furrows and ridges, sowing grass seeds in rows at intervals of 30-35 cm, covering the soil and continuing to water until the soil moisture content is 50%-60%;

[0011] (5) After the grass seeds of the gramineous plants germinate, apply phosphate fertilizer and potassium fertilizer; 20-30 days after the grass seeds of the gramineous plants emerge, sow leguminous plant seeds in holes between two rows of gramineous plants, with a hole spacing of 30-40 cm, then cover with soil and water;

[0012] (6) Apply nitrogen fertilizer 20 days after leguminous plants emerge;

[0013] (7) When insect pests occur, spray insecticides every 7-10 days for 1-2 months; when the grass seedlings are more than 5 cm tall, spray herbicides every 7-10 days for 1-2 months;

[0014] (8) At the end of the plant growth period, mow the above-ground part of the grass to control the stubble height of legumes and grasses.

[0015] Preferably, the rotary tillage depth in step (1) is ≥20 cm.

[0016] Mechanical treatment loosens the compacted soil through rotary tillage, which not only improves soil structure, air permeability and water permeability, but also evenly distributes organic matter and nutrients in the bottom soil throughout the soil layer, which is beneficial to the deep development of the grass root system and nutrient absorption. Rotary tillage also destroys surface weeds and their seed banks, reduces weed competition pressure in the early stages of grass growth, and further improves the survival rate of cultivated grass.

[0017] Preferably, the amount of humus soil applied in step (1) is 20-40 kg / mu.

[0018] The application of humus can significantly increase the organic matter content in the soil, which not only provides long-term nutritional support for the growth of forage grass, but also improves the soil aggregate structure through humus, keeps the soil loose and stable, and promotes water vapor permeability and root development. At the same time, the microorganisms in humus can accelerate the decomposition of weed residues and improve soil fertility. The high water retention of humus can also maintain soil moisture under drought conditions and slowly release nutrients to ensure that forage grass obtains a balanced nutritional supply during the growth cycle. In addition, snow covering the soil surface in winter can not only maintain underground temperature and ensure the activity of soil microorganisms, but also provide moisture for plant growth in the following year.

[0019] Preferably, the organic fertilizer in step (2) is decomposed livestock manure, and the application amount is 50-70 kg / mu; the compound fertilizer is 17-17-17 compound fertilizer, and the application amount is 30-50 kg / mu.

[0020] Preferably, the legumes described in step (3) are one or more of Sweet Clover, Astragalus membranaceus or Medicago sativa, and the grasses are one or more of Leymus chinensis, Elymus dahliae or Poa annua.

[0021] Sweet clover, Astragalus membranaceus and Alfalfa are all deep-rooted plants that can enhance the air permeability and water retention capacity of the soil and have a good improvement effect on the soil structure. In addition, all three legumes have strong resistance to cold, drought and barrenness. Leymus chinensis, Elymus salsa and Poa annua are relatively drought-resistant and cold-resistant forage grasses with strong adaptability. All six forage grasses can survive the winter. Alfalfa and Leymus salsa are high-quality forage grasses and are suitable as forage feed for cattle, sheep and livestock. In addition, the root system of Gramineae plants is well-developed, which can effectively prevent soil erosion and play an important role in improving soil structure and enhancing soil and water conservation capacity.

[0022] Preferably, the seed sowing rate in step (3) is 3 kg / mu, wherein the sowing rate for leguminous plants is 0.9 kg / mu and the sowing rate for gramineous plants is 2.1 kg / mu.

[0023] Preferably, the phosphate fertilizer in step (5) includes one or more of calcium phosphate and monoammonium phosphate, and the application amount is 10-15 kg / mu; the potash fertilizer includes potassium sulfate, and the application amount is 15-25 kg / mu.

[0024] Strip-sown gramineous plants can quickly form a continuous vegetation belt, stabilize the soil structure and suppress weeds, effectively occupy the spatial niche, and provide a suitable environment for the subsequent nitrogen fixation function of legumes. Gramineous plants occupy resource advantages by absorbing water and nutrients at an early stage, reducing direct competition with legumes, thereby optimizing resource allocation and utilization. Hole-sown legumes facilitate precise control of planting density, reduce seed waste, and optimize the spatial allocation of legumes and gramineous plants. In addition, the nutrient compensation effect of legumes in the later stage complements the early growth of gramineous plants in time, which improves the productivity and stability of mixed-sown communities as a whole. In addition, the covering effect of gramineous plants and the nitrogen fixation function of legumes jointly optimize the soil environment and promote the diversity of plant communities and the sustainability of ecosystems.

[0025] Preferably, the nitrogen fertilizer in step (6) includes ammonium sulfate or urea, and the application amount is 10-15 kg / mu.

[0026] Gramineae forage has a high demand for nitrogen. Leguminosae forage has the ability to fix nitrogen. In the early stage, a small amount of nitrogen fertilizer is needed to accelerate the growth of seedlings. Nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers should be applied in appropriate amounts 3-4 weeks after emergence to improve nitrogen fixation efficiency and promote root development. However, excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer may inhibit the activity of rhizobia in leguminous plants and even cause leaf burns. Phosphorus is an important element for plant cell division and root development. It can promote the growth and development of the root system and enhance the ability of forage to absorb water and nutrients in the soil. Adequate phosphorus supply can also improve the stress resistance of forage, such as cold and drought resistance, extend the growing season, and have a positive effect on seed development and later regrowth. Potassium can promote the accumulation of carbohydrates and play an important role in the water regulation and stress resistance of forage. The application of potassium fertilizer can improve the drought resistance, cold resistance and disease resistance of forage, improve the stem and leaf structure of forage, and reduce lodging.

[0027] Preferably, the insecticide in step (7) is a 1000-fold solution of 20% imidacloprid, and the application amount is 0.5-1.5 kg / mu; the herbicide is a 1000-fold solution of 2,4-D-butyl ester, and the application amount is 50-100 ml / mu.

[0028] Preferably, the stubble height in step (8) is 5-10 cm.

[0029] Mowing the grassland not only allows the harvest of fresh grass for livestock or downstream production, but also reduces the accumulation of old and dead grass in the grass, promotes the germination of new grass and the development of the root system, and promotes the healthy growth of the grassland. In addition, mowing helps to eliminate the habitat of pests and diseases and inhibit the growth of weeds. The remaining dead leaves can not only decompose naturally and increase the organic matter content of the soil, but also retain a layer of mulch to provide a certain degree of insulation and wind protection for the grassland in winter, protect the root system, enhance the cold resistance and drought resistance of the grassland, and maintain a virtuous cycle of the grassland.

[0030] It can be seen from the above technical solutions that, compared with the prior art, the present invention discloses a method for improving forage productivity by optimizing the mixed sowing ratio and sowing method, which has the following beneficial effects:

[0031] Leguminous plants fix atmospheric nitrogen into the soil through symbiosis with rhizobia, increasing the organic matter and nitrogen content in the soil and supplying it to gramineous plants, thereby reducing the demand for external nitrogen fertilizers, improving the overall nitrogen utilization efficiency of grasslands, and reducing fertilizer costs and environmental pollution. Gramineous plants have well-developed root systems that can effectively fix the soil, increase soil porosity and air permeability, promote soil water penetration and water retention, thereby improving soil structure and enhancing the long-term fertility and sustainable utilization of the soil.

[0032] Poaceae plants grow fast and have high photosynthesis efficiency and biomass production capacity; legumes are usually rich in protein and nutrients. Planting the two together can complement their growth advantages, not only significantly increasing the biomass yield of grasslands, but also improving the quality of forage, which is beneficial to the breeding and health of herbivorous livestock.

[0033] The yield of the legume-grass mixed grassland sown by this method is 37.51% higher than that of legumes sown alone and 3.95 times that of grass sown alone. In addition, the grass leaves are thick and green, the stems are thick and strong, and the quality is relatively high.

[0034] This method adopts the sowing strategy of "grass first, then beans" and the sowing method of strip sowing and hole sowing, which improves the cooperation efficiency between functional groups. Strip sowing of Gramineae forage is evenly distributed, quickly occupies the surface space, and fully utilizes the surface resources of the soil; the concentrated distribution of legumes in holes is conducive to the development of deep resources and the performance of nitrogen fixation in the later stage, thereby reducing competition between functional groups and improving resource utilization efficiency. In addition, the combination of strip sowing and hole sowing is adapted to different terrain conditions, which can not only meet the efficiency requirements of large-scale forage planting, but also achieve high productivity and economic benefits through precision planting. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0035] In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings required for use in the embodiments or the description of the prior art will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only embodiments of the present invention. For ordinary technicians in this field, other drawings can be obtained based on the provided drawings without paying creative work.

[0036] Figure 1 is the aboveground biomass of Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1-7;

[0037] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of sowing;

[0038] In the figure, 1-gramineae, 2-leguminous plants. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0039] The technical solution of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below in conjunction with the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are only part of the embodiments of the present invention, not all of the embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field without creative work are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0040] A field was selected and divided into several plots, and the following embodiments and comparative examples were respectively implemented;

[0041] Example 1

[0042] Step 1: Rotary tillage the soil before freezing in winter to a depth of 25 cm. During the tillage process, turn the weeds into the soil and apply 25 kg / mu of humus soil;

[0043] Step 2: After the spring comes, the soil is tilled to a depth of 10 cm, left to stand for 3 days, and then 50 kg / mu of organic fertilizer and 30 kg / mu of compound fertilizer are applied to the soil surface as base fertilizer;

[0044] Step 3: Select seeds of sweet clover, Astragalus membranaceus, alfalfa, Leymus chinensis, Elymus dahliae and Poa annua with full seeds, with the sowing rates of 0.9 kg / mu for leguminous grass seeds and 2.1 kg / mu for grass seeds respectively;

[0045] Step 4: harrow the land, dig furrows and ridges, sow grass seeds in rows at intervals of 30 cm, cover the soil and continue watering until the soil moisture content is about 50%-60%;

[0046] Step 5: After the grass seeds germinate, apply 15kg / mu of phosphorus fertilizer and 20kg / mu of potassium fertilizer; 20 days after the grass seedlings emerge, use the hole sowing method to sow the leguminous grass seeds between two rows of grass grass, with a hole sowing spacing of 35cm, and then cover the soil and water; the phosphorus fertilizer and potassium fertilizer are ammonium phosphate and potassium sulfate respectively;

[0047] Step 6: 20 days after the leguminous forage grass sprouts, apply 10kg / mu of nitrogen fertilizer; the nitrogen fertilizer is urea;

[0048] Step 7: When pests occur, spray 20% imidacloprid 1000 times solution once every 7 days, with an application rate of 1 kg / mu, for 1 month;

[0049] When the grass seedlings are over 5cm tall, spray 2,4-D-butyl ester 1000 times diluted once every 7 days, with an application rate of 80ml / mu, for 1 month;

[0050] Step 8. At the end of the plant growth period, mow the above-ground part of the lawn, leaving a stubble height of 5 cm.

[0051] Comparative Example 1

[0052] The difference from Example 1 is that the ratio of Leguminosae to Poaceae in this comparative example is 0:100, and the others are the same.

[0053] Comparative Example 2

[0054] The difference from Example 1 is that the ratio of Leguminosae to Poaceae in this comparative example is 100:0, and the others are the same.

[0055] Comparative Example 3

[0056] The difference from Example 1 is that the ratio of Leguminosae to Poaceae in this comparative example is 50:50, and the other parts are the same.

[0057] Comparative Example 4

[0058] The difference from Example 1 is that the ratio of Leguminosae to Poaceae in this comparative example is 70:30, and the other parts are the same.

[0059] Comparative Example 5

[0060] The difference from Example 1 is that the sowing rates of this comparative example are 0.3 kg / mu for leguminous grass seeds and 0.7 kg / mu for gramineous grass seeds, and the others are the same.

[0061] Comparative Example 6

[0062] The difference from Example 1 is that the sowing rates of this comparative example are 0.6 kg / mu for leguminous grass seeds and 1.4 kg / mu for gramineous grass seeds, and the others are the same.

[0063] Comparative Example 7

[0064] The difference from Example 1 is that the sowing method of the legume plants in this comparative example is row sowing, and the other aspects are the same.

[0065] Experimental example

[0066] Plant sampling: Three 1m×1m plots were randomly selected on the experimental plot. The plant cover in the plot was estimated by visual inspection. Then, all plants in the plot were cut off evenly with scissors. The soil in the plot was dug out with a shovel to a depth of no less than 20cm, and the soil near the root system was carefully cleaned. The above-ground and underground tissues of the plants were placed in kraft paper bags, taken back to the laboratory, and dried in an oven at 65°C to constant weight. After drying, the above-ground and underground dry weights of the plant samples were weighed and recorded as above-ground biomass and underground biomass, respectively, as shown in Tables 1 and Figure 1 shown.

[0067] Table 1 Aboveground biomass, underground biomass and coverage of Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1-6

[0068] Aboveground biomass (kg / mu) Underground biomass (kg / mu) Coverage(%) Example 1 1204 345.8 65 Comparative Example 1 875.56 557.5 85 Comparative Example 2 243.11 352.4 45 Comparative Example 3 663.11 198.9 65 Comparative Example 4 514 266.9 57 Comparative Example 5 780 541.3 77 Comparative Example 6 1001.5 427.6 70 Comparative Example 7 600.1 200.9 72

[0069] From Table 1 and Figure 1 It can be seen that the aboveground biomass of Example 1 is significantly higher than that of Comparative Examples 1-7, and has better coverage.

[0070] In this specification, each embodiment is described in a progressive manner, and each embodiment focuses on the differences from other embodiments, and the same and similar parts between the embodiments can be referred to each other. The above description of the disclosed embodiments enables professionals and technicians in this field to implement or use the present invention. Various modifications to these embodiments will be obvious to professionals and technicians in this field, and the general principles defined herein can be implemented in other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the present invention. Therefore, the present invention will not be limited to these embodiments shown in this article, but will comply with the widest range consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.

Claims

1. A method for improving forage productivity by optimizing the mixed sowing ratio and sowing method, characterized in that: The following steps are involved: (1) Plow the soil before it freezes in winter, and during the tillage process, turn the weeds into the soil and apply humus; (2) After the soil turns green in spring, plow the soil to a depth of 10-15 cm, leave it for 3-5 days, and then apply organic fertilizer and compound fertilizer to the soil surface as base fertilizer; (3) Selecting legumes and grasses, and mixing the seeds of the two functional groups at a weight ratio of legumes:grasses = 3:7; (4) harrowing the land, digging furrows and ridges, sowing grass seeds in rows at intervals of 30-35 cm, covering the soil and continuing to water until the soil moisture content is 50%-60%; (5) After the grass seeds of the grass family germinate, apply phosphate fertilizer and potassium fertilizer; 20-30 days after the grass seeds of the grass family emerge, sow leguminous plant seeds in holes between two rows of grass plants, with a hole spacing of 30-40 cm, then cover with soil and water; (6) Apply nitrogen fertilizer 20 days after leguminous plants emerge; (7) When insect pests occur, spray insecticides every 7-10 days for 1-2 months; when the grass seedlings are more than 5 cm tall, spray herbicides every 7-10 days for 1-2 months; (8) At the end of the plant growth period, mow the above-ground part of the grass to control the stubble height of legumes and grasses.

2. The method for improving forage productivity by optimizing the mixed sowing ratio and sowing method according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step (1), the tillage depth is ≥ 20 cm.

3. The method for improving forage productivity by optimizing the mixed sowing ratio and sowing method according to claim 1, characterized in that: The application amount of the humus soil in step (1) is 20-40 kg / mu.

4. The method for improving forage productivity by optimizing the mixed sowing ratio and sowing method according to claim 1, characterized in that: The organic fertilizer in step (2) is decomposed livestock manure, and the application amount is 50-70 kg / mu; the compound fertilizer is 17-17-17 compound fertilizer, and the application amount is 30-50 kg / mu.

5. The method for improving forage productivity by optimizing the mixed sowing ratio and sowing method according to claim 1, characterized in that: The legumes described in step (3) are one or more of Sweet Clover, Astragalus membranaceus or Medicago sativa, and the grasses are one or more of Leymus chinensis, Elymus dahliae or Poa annua.

6. The method for improving forage productivity by optimizing the mixed sowing ratio and sowing method according to claim 1, characterized in that: The seed sowing rate described in step (3) is 3 kg / mu, wherein the sowing rate of leguminous plants is 0.9 kg / mu, and the sowing rate of gramineous plants is 2.1 kg / mu.

7. The method for improving forage productivity by optimizing the mixed sowing ratio and sowing method according to claim 1, characterized in that: The phosphate fertilizer described in step (5) includes one or more of calcium phosphate and monoammonium phosphate, and the application amount is 10-15 kg / mu; the potash fertilizer includes potassium sulfate, and the application amount is 15-25 kg / mu.

8. The method for improving forage productivity by optimizing the mixed sowing ratio and sowing method according to claim 1, characterized in that: The nitrogen fertilizer in step (6) includes ammonium sulfate or urea, and the application amount is 10-15 kg / mu.

9. The method for improving forage productivity by optimizing the mixed sowing ratio and sowing method according to claim 1, characterized in that: The insecticide in step (7) is a 1000-fold dilution of 20% imidacloprid, and the application amount is 0.5-1.5 kg / mu; the herbicide is a 1000-fold dilution of 2,4-D-butyl ester, and the application amount is 50-100 ml / mu.

10. The method for improving forage productivity by optimizing the mixed sowing ratio and sowing method according to claim 1, characterized in that: The stubble height in step (8) is 5-10 cm.

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