Gain-invariable bidirectional phase shifter

Abstract

A bidirectional phase shifter (200) includes a differential quadrature hybrid coupler (206), a switching network (207), and a differential reflective phase shifter (RTFS) (204). The differential quadrature hybrid coupler (206) includes a first phase input / output (I / O) port, an inverted first phase I / O port, a second phase EO port, and an inverted second phase I / O port. The switching network (207) is coupled to the first phase EO port, the inverted first phase I / O port, the second phase I / O port, and the inverted second phase EO port. The differential RTFS (204) includes a differential I / O port coupled to the switching network (207).

Description

Background Art

[0001] Beamforming is used in a wide variety of applications. For example, beamforming can be used in wireless communications, radar, sonar, medical imaging, and audio applications. Beamforming focuses the signal transmitted in or received from a selected direction to improve the signal-to-noise ratio. In receiver applications, the beamformer coherently sums the signals on the receiver elements to enhance detection. In transmitter applications, the beamformer focuses the signal from the transmitter elements toward the selected receiver location. Summary of the invention

[0002] In one example, a bidirectional phase shifter includes a differential quadrature hybrid coupler, a switch network, and a differential reflective phase shifter (RTPS). The differential quadrature hybrid coupler includes a first phase input / output (I / O) port, an inverted first phase I / O port, a second phase I / O port, and an inverted second phase I / O port. The switch network is coupled to the first phase I / O port, the inverted first phase I / O port, the second phase I / O port, and the inverted second phase I / O port. The differential RTPS includes a differential I / O port coupled to the switch network.

[0003] In another example, a bidirectional phase shifter includes a differential RTPS. The differential RTPS includes a differential I / O port, an orthogonal hybrid coupler, a resonator circuit, and a variable resistor. The orthogonal hybrid coupler includes a first port and a second port. The first port is coupled to the differential I / O port. The resonator circuit includes a first terminal, a control terminal, and a variable capacitor. The first terminal is coupled to the second port of the hybrid coupler. The variable capacitor is coupled to the control terminal. The variable resistor includes a first terminal and a control terminal. The first terminal of the variable resistor is coupled to the second port of the orthogonal hybrid coupler. The control terminal of the variable resistor is coupled to the control terminal of the resonator circuit.

[0004] In another example, a beamforming circuit includes a bidirectional channel. The bidirectional channel includes a first I / O port, a second I / O port, and a bidirectional phase shifter coupled between the first I / O port and the second I / O port. The bidirectional phase shifter includes a quadrant selection circuit and a differential RTPS. The quadrant selection circuit is configured to shift a received signal to a selected phase quadrant. The differential RTPS is coupled to the quadrant selection circuit. The differential RTPS is configured to apply a variable phase shift to a received signal within a selected phase quadrant. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0005] Figure 1A and 1B Graphs of example gain and phase shift for a reflective phase shifter (RTPS).

[0006] Figure 2 is a block diagram of an example gain-invariant bidirectional phase shifter as described herein.

[0007] Figure 3A and 3B To show Figure 2 A graph of the phase shift in a gain-invariant bidirectional phase shifter.

[0008] Figure 4 Suitable for Figure 2 Block diagram of an example differential RTPS with a gain-invariant phase shifter.

[0009] Figure 5 Suitable for Figure 4 Schematic level diagram of a first example variable resistor in a differential RTPS.

[0010] Figure 6 Suitable for Figure 4 Schematic level diagram of a second example variable resistor in a differential RTPS.

[0011] Figure 7 for Figure 4 Figure 2 is a graph of example gain and phase shift in a differential RTPS.

[0012] Figure 8 To include Figure 2 Block diagram of an example beamforming circuit with a gain-invariant bidirectional phase shifter. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0013] The beamformer can be implemented using active or passive phase shifters. In the case of active phase shifters, separate phase shifters and attenuators are provided in each receive channel and each transmit channel. Passive phase shifters support bidirectional operation. In the case of passive phase shifters, the beamformer circuitry can be simplified by sharing a single phase shifter and a single attenuator in each transmit / receive channel.

[0014] In communication systems (eg, satellite communication systems, 5th generation mobile networks), quadrature phase and amplitude control helps reduce the calibration complexity of beam steering and sidelobe suppression.

[0015] A reflective phase shifter (RTPS) is a passive phase shifter that can be used to implement a bidirectional channel. However, an RTPS introduces undesirable gain variation with phase shift, which can degrade performance for some applications (e.g., beamforming gain and sidelobe suppression). Figure 1A and 1B An example gain and phase shift graph for the RTPS. Figure 1A The attenuation of the RTPS output (in decibels) is shown versus the phase control voltage applied to set the phase shift provided by the RTPS. Figure 1B The phase shift (in degrees) output by the RTPS is shown versus the phase control voltage applied to set the phase shift provided by the RTPS. Figure 1B A phase range of 95° at 27.5 gigahertz (GHz) and a phase range of 100° at 31 GHz were demonstrated. Figure 1A The attenuation range is shown to be about 3.5 dB to about 6.5 dB with a change in phase control voltage (3 dB change). An RTPS providing a 360° phase shift can exhibit up to 10 dB of attenuation.

[0016] The bidirectional phase shifter described herein provides 360° of phase shift with low attenuation variation (eg, <0.4 dB). Figure 2 is a block diagram of an example gain-invariant bidirectional phase shifter 200. The gain-invariant bidirectional phase shifter 200 includes a quadrant selection circuit 202 and a differential RTPS 204. The quadrant selection circuit 202 is bidirectional and shifts the input signal by 0°, 90°, 180°, or 270°. That is, the quadrant selection circuit 202 selects one of four quadrants for operation, where each quadrant represents a different 90° phase shift.

[0017] The quadrant selection circuit 202 includes a differential quadrature hybrid coupler 206 and a switch network 207. The differential quadrature hybrid coupler 206 divides the received signal power between two output ports. The outputs are attenuated by 3 dB and shifted 90° in phase relative to each other. The differential quadrature hybrid coupler 206 may include a pair of quadrature hybrid couplers used to shift the received differential signal. The differential quadrature hybrid coupler 206 includes a differential input / output (I / O) port 206A, a differential I / O port 206B, and a differential I / O port 206C. For a differential signal received at differential I / O port 206A, differential quadrature hybrid coupler 206 outputs a first differential signal (non-inverted and inverted versions of the received signal) at differential I / O port 206B, and outputs a second differential signal (non-inverted and inverted versions of the signal at differential I / O port 206B that are phase-shifted by 90°) at differential I / O port 206C. For a differential signal received at differential I / O port 206B, the differential signal is passed to differential I / O port 206A. For a differential signal received at differential I / O port 206C, the differential signal is phase-shifted by 90° (relative to the shift of any signal received at I / O port 206B), and the phase-shifted signal is passed to differential I / O port 206A.

[0018] The differential RTPS 204 provides a selectable phase shift in the range of 0° to 90°. The differential RTPS 204 includes a differential I / O port 204A, a differential I / O port 204B, and a phase control terminal 204C. The phase control signal (VB) received at the phase control terminal 204C sets the phase shift provided by the differential RTPS 204. The differential signal received at the differential I / O port 204B is shifted and provided at the differential I / O port 204A. Similarly, the differential signal received at the differential I / O port 204A is shifted and provided at the differential I / O port 204B.

[0019] Switch network 207 includes switch 208, switch 210, switch 212, switch 214, switch 216, switch 218, switch 220, and switch 222. Switch 208 includes a first terminal coupled to a first terminal of differential I / O port 206B and a second terminal coupled to a first terminal of differential I / O port 204A. Switch 210 includes a first terminal coupled to a first terminal of differential I / O port 206B and a second terminal coupled to a second terminal of differential I / O port 204A. Switch 212 includes a first terminal coupled to a second terminal of differential I / O port 206B and a second terminal coupled to a first terminal of differential I / O port 204A. Switch 214 includes a first terminal coupled to a second terminal of differential I / O port 206B and a second terminal coupled to a second terminal of differential I / O port 204A. Switch 216 includes a first terminal coupled to a first terminal of differential I / O port 206C and a second terminal coupled to a first terminal of differential I / O port 204A. Switch 218 includes a first terminal coupled to a first terminal of differential I / O port 206C and a second terminal coupled to a second terminal of differential I / O port 204A. Switch 220 includes a first terminal coupled to a second terminal of differential I / O port 206C and a second terminal coupled to a first terminal of differential I / O port 204A. Switch 222 includes a first terminal coupled to a second terminal of differential I / O port 206C and a second terminal coupled to a second terminal of differential I / O port 204A.

[0020] To select operation in Quadrant I, switch 208 and switch 214 may be closed. To select Quadrant II, switch 216 and switch 222 may be closed. To select Quadrant III, switch 210 and switch 212 may be closed. To select Quadrant IV, switch 218 and switch 220 may be closed. Figure 3A is a graphical representation of the four quadrants that may be selected by quadrant selection circuit 202 .

[0021] Differential RTPS 204 provides a variable phase shift within a 90° range in the quadrant selected by quadrant select circuit 202 . Figure 3Bis a graphical representation of various phase shifts provided by differential RTPS 204 when operating in quadrant I. Similar phase shifts are provided when operating in quadrants II, III, and IV.

[0022] Figure 4 4 is a block diagram of an example implementation of an RTPS 400. The RTPS 400 is single-ended. The differential RTPS 204 can be implemented using two instances of the RTPS 400 (a first instance of the RTPS 400 for the positive (+) signal path and a second instance of the RTPS 400 for the negative (-) signal path). The RTPS 400 includes a hybrid coupler 402, a resonator circuit 404, a resonator circuit 406, a variable resistor 408, a variable resistor 410, a capacitor 412, and a capacitor 414. The hybrid coupler 402 includes ports 402A, 402B, 402C, and 402D. Ports 402A and 402D are I / O ports for inputting signals to be phase-shifted and outputting phase-shifted signals. For example, a signal can be received at port 402A and a phase-shifted signal can be output at port 402D. Similarly, a signal may be received at port 402D and a phase-shifted signal output at port 402A.

[0023] Port 402B is coupled to resonator circuit 404 and variable resistor 408 via capacitor 412. Resonator circuit 404 includes inductor 416 and variable capacitor 418. A first terminal of inductor 416 is coupled to phase control terminal 204C for receiving a phase control signal. A second terminal of inductor 416 is coupled to variable resistor 408, variable capacitor 418, and capacitor 412. Variable capacitor 418 may be implemented using a varactor or other device with variable capacitance. A first terminal of variable capacitor 418 is coupled to a reference voltage source (VSS), such as a ground terminal. The capacitance of variable capacitor 418 is controlled by a phase control signal received at phase control terminal 204C, which is used to set the phase shift provided by RTPS 400.

[0024] Variable resistor 408 includes a terminal coupled to phase control terminal 204C and terminals coupled to inductor 416 and capacitor 412. The resistance of variable resistor 408 is controlled by a phase control signal received at phase control terminal 204C. The resistance of variable resistor 408 varies based on the phase control signal to compensate for the gain of RTPS 400 (change the gain of RTPS 400). Variable resistor 408 allows RTPS 400 to provide significantly lower gain variation than other RTPS implementations.

[0025] Port 402C is coupled to resonator circuit 406 and variable resistor 410 via capacitor 414. The coupling and operation of resonator circuit 406, variable resistor 408, and capacitor 414 are similar to resonator circuit 404, variable resistor 408, and capacitor 412. Capacitor 414 is similar to capacitor 412. Resonator circuit 406 includes inductor 420 and variable capacitor 422. Inductor 420 is similar to inductor 416, and variable capacitor 422 is similar to variable capacitor 418. Variable resistor 410 is similar to variable resistor 408.

[0026] Figure 5 4 is a schematic level diagram of a first example variable resistor 500 suitable for use in RTPS 400. Variable resistor 500 is an implementation of variable resistor 408. Variable resistor 500 includes transistor 502 and transistor 504. Transistor 502 may be a p-channel field effect transistor (PFET). Transistor 504 may be an n-channel field effect transistor (NFET). The gate of transistor 502 and the gate of transistor 504 are coupled to phase control terminal 204C. The drain of transistor 502 is coupled to the drain of transistor 504 and to hybrid coupler 402. The source of transistor 502 is coupled to a power supply terminal. The source of transistor 504 is coupled to a reference voltage terminal. When the phase control signal is zero volts, transistor 502 is turned on (the resistance of transistor 502 is low) and transistor 504 is turned off (the resistance of transistor 504 is high). As the phase control voltage increases, the resistance of transistor 502 increases and the resistance of transistor 504 decreases.

[0027] Figure 6 4 is a schematic level diagram of a second example variable resistor 600 suitable for use in RTPS 400. Variable resistor 600 is an implementation of variable resistor 408. Variable resistor 600 includes transistor 602 and resistor 604. Transistor 602 may be a PFET. The gate of transistor 602 is coupled to phase control terminal 204C. The drain of transistor 602 is coupled to a first terminal of resistor 604 and to hybrid coupler 402. The source of transistor 602 is coupled to a power supply terminal. The second terminal of resistor 604 is coupled to a reference voltage terminal. When the phase control signal is zero volts, transistor 602 is turned on (the resistance of transistor 602 is low). As the phase control voltage increases, the resistance of transistor 602 increases.

[0028] Figure 7 704 and 705. FIG. 706 is a graph of example gain and phase shift in differential RTPS 204. Phase is shown as curve 704 and gain is shown as curve 702. Figure 7In the example of , the phase control voltage within the range 706 produces a phase shift of 90° or more in the differential RTPS 204, and within the range 706, the gain change of the differential RTPS 204 is less than 0.4 dB. Figure 1A As shown in , other RTPS implementations can have a gain variation of 3 dB or more with a 90° phase shift.

[0029] Figure 8 800 includes a gain-invariant bidirectional phase shifter 200. The beamforming circuit 800 includes four bidirectional channels: channel 802, channel 804, channel 806, and channel 808. Some implementations of the beamforming circuit 800 may include a different number of channels. The beamforming circuit 800 includes a summing circuit 820 coupled to channel 802 and channel 804, a summing circuit 822 coupled to channel 806 and channel 808, and a summing circuit 824 coupled to channel 820 and channel 822. 820 sums the outputs of channel 802 and channel 804. The summing circuit 822 sums the outputs of channel 806 and channel 808. The summing circuit 824 sums the outputs of channel 820 and channel 822.

[0030] Passage 802, passage 804, passage 806 and passage 808 can be similar to each other in function and structure. Therefore, the description of passage 802 can be applicable to passage 804, passage 806 and passage 808. Passage 802 includes low noise amplifier 810, power amplifier 812, gain constant bidirectional phase shifter 200, variable attenuator 814, switch 816 and switch 818. Switch 816 can switchably couple the input of low noise amplifier 810 and the output of power amplifier 812 to the first I / O port of passage 802. The input of low noise amplifier 810 is coupled to the port of passage 802 for receiving signal, and the output of power amplifier 812 is coupled to the I / O port of passage 802 for transmitting signal. Switch 818 can switchably couple the output of low noise amplifier 810 and the input of power amplifier 812 to gain constant bidirectional phase shifter 200. The output of the low noise amplifier 810 is coupled to the gain-invariant bidirectional phase shifter 200 for receiving signals, and the input of the power amplifier 812 is coupled to the gain-invariant bidirectional phase shifter 200 for transmitting signals.

[0031] The gain-invariant bidirectional phase shifter 200 is coupled to the variable attenuator 814 and, when receiving a signal, provides the phase-shifted signal to the variable attenuator 814. When transmitting a signal, the gain-invariant bidirectional phase shifter 200 phase shifts the signal received from the variable attenuator 814. The variable attenuator 814 is coupled to a second I / O port of the channel 802. Because the gain-invariant bidirectional phase shifter 200 is bidirectional, a single instance of the gain-invariant bidirectional phase shifter 200 provides a phase shift for both the received signal and the transmitted signal. The variable attenuator 814 attenuates the signal received from the gain-invariant bidirectional phase shifter 200 and the signal provided to the gain-invariant bidirectional phase shifter 200.

[0032] In this specification, the term "coupled" may encompass connections, communications, or signal paths that enable a functional relationship consistent with this specification. For example, if device A generates a signal to control device B to perform an action, then: (a) in a first instance, device A is coupled to device B through a direct connection; or (b) in a second instance, device A is coupled to device B through an intermediate component C, provided that the intermediate component C does not change the functional relationship between device A and device B, so that device B is controlled by device A via the control signal generated by device A.

[0033] A device "configured to" perform a task or function may be configured (e.g., programmed and / or hardwired) to perform the function when manufactured by a manufacturer, and / or may be configured (or reconfigurable) by a user after manufacture to perform the function and / or other additional or alternative functions. Configuration may be performed through firmware and / or software programming of the device, through the construction and / or layout of the device's hardware components and interconnections, or a combination thereof.

[0034] As used herein, the terms "terminal", "node", "interconnect", "lead" and "pin" are used interchangeably. Unless specifically stated to the contrary, these terms are generally used to refer to the interconnections between device elements, circuit elements, integrated circuits, devices or other electronic devices or semiconductor components or their ends.

[0035] A circuit or device described herein as including certain components may actually be adapted to be coupled to those components to form the described circuit system or device. For example, a structure described as including one or more semiconductor elements (e.g., transistors), one or more passive elements (e.g., resistors, capacitors, and / or inductors), and / or one or more sources (e.g., voltage and / or current sources) may actually include only semiconductor elements within a single physical device (e.g., a semiconductor die and / or integrated circuit (IC) package), and may be adapted to be coupled to at least some of the passive elements and / or sources to form the described structure, e.g., by an end user and / or a third party, during or after manufacture.

[0036] Although the use of specific transistors is described herein, other transistors (or equivalent devices) may be used alternatively with little or no change to the rest of the circuitry. For example, metal oxide silicon FETs ("MOSFETs") (e.g., n-channel MOSFETs (nMOSFETs), or p-channel MOSFETs (pMOSFETs)), bipolar junction transistors (BJTs, such as NPN or PNP), insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs), and / or junction field effect transistors (JFETs) may be used in place of or in conjunction with the devices disclosed herein. The transistors may be depletion mode devices, drain extension devices, enhancement mode devices, native transistors, or other types of device structure transistors. Furthermore, the devices may be implemented in / on a silicon substrate (Si), a silicon carbide substrate (SiC), a gallium nitride substrate (GaN), or a gallium arsenide substrate (GaAs).

[0037] The circuits described herein may be reconfigured to include additional or different components to provide functionality at least partially similar to functionality available before component replacement. Unless otherwise specified, components shown as resistors generally represent any one or more elements coupled in series and / or in parallel to provide the amount of impedance represented by the displayed resistor. For example, a resistor or capacitor shown and described herein as a single component may alternatively be a plurality of resistors or capacitors coupled in parallel between the same nodes, respectively. For example, a resistor or capacitor shown and described herein as a single component may alternatively be a plurality of resistors or capacitors coupled in series between the same two nodes as a single resistor or capacitor, respectively.

[0038] Although certain elements of the described examples are included in the integrated circuit and other elements are external to the integrated circuit, in other example embodiments, additional or fewer features may be incorporated into the integrated circuit. In addition, some or all of the features shown as external to the integrated circuit may be included in the integrated circuit, and / or some features shown as internal to the integrated circuit may be incorporated external to the integrated circuit. As used herein, the term "integrated circuit" refers to one or more circuits that: (i) are incorporated in / on a semiconductor substrate; (ii) are incorporated in a single semiconductor package; (iii) are incorporated in the same module; and / or (iv) are incorporated in / on the same printed circuit board.

[0039] The use of the phrase "ground" in the foregoing description includes chassis ground, ground wire ground, floating ground, virtual ground, digital ground, universal ground, and / or any other form of ground connection that is applicable or suitable for the teachings of this specification. In this specification, unless otherwise specified, "about", "substantially" or "generally" before a parameter means within the + / -10% range of the parameter.

[0040] Modifications may be made in the described embodiments, and other embodiments are possible, within the scope of the claims.

Claims

1. A bidirectional phase shifter, comprising: A differential quadrature hybrid coupler comprising: a first phase input / output (I / O) port; Inverting the first phase I / O port; Second phase I / O port; as well as Inverting second phase I / O port; a switch network coupled to the first phase I / O port, the inverted first phase I / O port, the second phase I / O port, and the inverted second phase I / O port; as well as A differential reflective phase shifter (RTPS) includes a differential I / O port coupled to the switch network.

2. The bidirectional phase shifter according to claim 1, wherein: The differential I / O port is a first differential I / O port; The differential RTPS includes a second differential I / O port; and The differential quadrature hybrid coupler includes a third differential I / O port.

3. The bidirectional phase shifter according to claim 1, wherein: The differential I / O port comprises a first terminal and a second terminal; The switch network comprises: A first switch comprising: a first terminal coupled to the first phase I / O port; and a second terminal coupled to the first terminal of the differential I / O port; A second switch comprising: a first terminal coupled to the first phase I / O port; as well as a second terminal coupled to the second terminal of the differential I / O port; A third switch comprising: a first terminal coupled to the inverting first phase I / O port; as well as a second terminal coupled to the first terminal of the differential I / O port; as well as A fourth switch comprising: a first terminal coupled to the inverted first phase I / O port; and A second terminal is coupled to the second terminal of the differential I / O port.

4. The bidirectional phase shifter according to claim 3, wherein: The switch network comprises: A fifth switch comprising: a first terminal coupled to the second phase I / O port; and a second terminal coupled to the first terminal of the differential I / O port; A sixth switch comprising: a first terminal coupled to the second phase I / O port; as well as a second terminal coupled to the second terminal of the differential I / O port; A seventh switch, comprising: a first terminal coupled to the inverted second phase I / O port; as well as a second terminal coupled to the first terminal of the differential I / O port; as well as An eighth switch comprising: a first terminal coupled to the inverted second phase I / O port; and A second terminal is coupled to the second terminal of the differential I / O port.

5. The bidirectional phase shifter of claim 1 , wherein the differential RTPS comprises: A hybrid coupler comprising: a first port coupled to the differential I / O port; and Second port; A resonator circuit comprising: a first terminal coupled to the second port of the hybrid coupler; Phase control terminal; as well as a variable capacitor coupled to the phase control terminal; A variable resistor comprising: a first terminal coupled to the second port of the hybrid coupler; as well as A control terminal is coupled to the phase control terminal of the resonator circuit.

6. The bidirectional phase shifter according to claim 5, wherein the variable resistor comprises: A first transistor comprising: a source coupled to a power supply terminal; a gate coupled to the phase control terminal of the resonator circuit; and a drain coupled to the second port of the hybrid coupler; as well as A second transistor comprising: a source coupled to a reference voltage terminal; a gate coupled to the phase control terminal of the resonator circuit; as well as A drain is coupled to the second port of the hybrid coupler.

7. The bidirectional phase shifter according to claim 5, wherein the variable resistor comprises: A first transistor comprising: a source coupled to a power supply terminal; a gate coupled to the phase control terminal of the resonator circuit; and a drain coupled to the second port of the hybrid coupler; as well as A resistor comprising: a first terminal coupled to a reference voltage terminal; as well as A second terminal is coupled to the second port of the hybrid coupler.

8. The bidirectional phase shifter according to claim 5, wherein: The hybrid coupler comprises a third port; The resonator circuit is a first resonator circuit; The variable resistor is a first variable resistor; and The differential RTPS includes: A second resonator circuit comprising: a first terminal coupled to the third port of the hybrid coupler; and a phase control terminal; and a variable capacitor coupled to the phase control terminal of the second resonator circuit; as well as A second variable resistor comprising: a first terminal coupled to the third port of the hybrid coupler; as well as A control terminal coupled to the phase control terminal of the second resonator circuit.

9. A bidirectional phase shifter, comprising: A differential reflective phase shifter (RTPS), comprising: Differential I / O ports; A hybrid coupler comprising: a first port coupled to the differential I / O port; and Second port; A resonator circuit comprising: a first terminal coupled to the second port of the hybrid coupler; as well as Phase control terminal; as well as a variable capacitor coupled to the phase control terminal; as well as A variable resistor comprising: a first terminal coupled to the second port of the hybrid coupler; as well as A control terminal is coupled to the phase control terminal of the resonator circuit.

10. The bidirectional phase shifter according to claim 9, wherein: The hybrid coupler comprises a third port; The resonator circuit is a first resonator circuit; The variable resistor is a first variable resistor; The differential RTPS includes: A second resonator circuit comprising: a first terminal coupled to the third port of the hybrid coupler; as well as a phase control terminal; and a variable capacitor coupled to the phase control terminal of the second resonator circuit; as well as A second variable resistor comprising: a first terminal coupled to the third port of the hybrid coupler; as well as A control terminal coupled to the phase control terminal of the second resonator circuit.

11. The bidirectional phase shifter according to claim 9, wherein the variable resistor comprises: A first transistor comprising: a source coupled to a power supply terminal; a gate coupled to the phase control terminal of the resonator circuit; and a drain coupled to the second port of the hybrid coupler; as well as A second transistor comprising: a source coupled to a reference voltage terminal; a gate coupled to the phase control terminal of the resonator circuit; as well as A drain is coupled to the second port of the hybrid coupler.

12. The bidirectional phase shifter according to claim 9, wherein the variable resistor comprises: A transistor comprising: a source coupled to a power supply terminal; a gate coupled to the phase control terminal of the resonator circuit; and a drain coupled to the second port of the hybrid coupler; as well as A resistor comprising: a first terminal coupled to a reference voltage terminal; as well as A second terminal is coupled to the second port of the hybrid coupler.

13. The bidirectional phase shifter according to claim 9, further comprising: A differential quadrature hybrid coupler comprising: a first phase input / output (I / O) port; Inverting the first phase I / O port; Second phase I / O port; as well as Inverting second phase I / O port; as well as A switch network is coupled to the first phase I / O port, the inverted first phase I / O port, the second phase I / O port, the inverted second phase I / O port, and the differential RTPS.

14. The bidirectional phase shifter according to claim 13, wherein: The differential I / O port is a first differential I / O port; The differential RTPS includes a second differential I / O port; and The differential quadrature hybrid coupler includes a third differential I / O port.

15. The bidirectional phase shifter according to claim 13, wherein: The differential I / O port comprises a first terminal and a second terminal; The switch network comprises: A first switch comprising: a first terminal coupled to the first phase I / O port; and a second terminal coupled to the first terminal of the differential I / O port; A second switch comprising: a first terminal coupled to the first phase I / O port; as well as a second terminal coupled to the second terminal of the differential I / O port; A third switch comprising: a first terminal coupled to the inverting first phase I / O port; as well as a second terminal coupled to the first terminal of the differential I / O port; as well as A fourth switch comprising: a first terminal coupled to the inverted first phase I / O port; and A second terminal is coupled to the second terminal of the differential I / O port.

16. The bidirectional phase shifter according to claim 15, wherein: The switch network comprises: A fifth switch comprising: a first terminal coupled to the second phase I / O port; and a second terminal coupled to the first terminal of the differential I / O port; A sixth switch comprising: a first terminal coupled to the second phase I / O port; as well as a second terminal coupled to the second terminal of the differential I / O port; A seventh switch, comprising: a first terminal coupled to the inverted second phase I / O port; as well as a second terminal coupled to the first terminal of the differential I / O port; as well as An eighth switch comprising: a first terminal coupled to the inverted second phase I / O port; and A second terminal is coupled to the second terminal of the differential I / O port.

17. A beamforming circuit, comprising: A two-way channel, which includes: a first I / O port and a second I / O port; a bidirectional phase shifter coupled between the first I / O port and the second I / O port, the bidirectional phase shifter comprising: a quadrant selection circuit configured to shift the received signal to a selected phase quadrant; as well as A differential reflective phase shifter (RTPS) is coupled to the quadrant selection circuit, the differential RTPS configured to apply a variable phase shift to the received signal within the selected phase quadrant.

18. The beamforming circuit of claim 17, wherein the quadrant selection circuit comprises: a differential quadrature hybrid coupler configured to shift the received signal by 90 degrees; A switch network coupled to the differential quadrature hybrid coupler and configured to select from: a 0° shifted version of the received signal; a 90° shifted version of the received signal; a 180° shifted version of the received signal; and A 270° shifted version of the received signal.

19. The beamforming circuit of claim 17, wherein the differential RTPS comprises: A hybrid coupler comprising: a first port coupled to the quadrant selection circuit; Second port; The third port; as well as a fourth port coupled to the first I / O port or the second I / O port; a resonator circuit coupled to the second port and comprising a variable capacitor controllable to produce the variable phase shift based on a phase control signal; as well as A variable resistor is coupled to the variable capacitor and is configured to change a gain of the differential RTPS based on the phase control signal.

20. The beamforming circuit of claim 19, wherein: The resonator circuit is a first resonator circuit; The variable capacitor is a first variable capacitor; The variable resistor is a first variable resistor; and The differential RTPS includes: a second resonator circuit coupled to the third port and comprising a second variable capacitor controllable to produce the variable phase shift based on the phase control signal; as well as A second variable resistor is coupled to the second variable capacitor and is configured to change a gain of the differential RTPS based on the phase control signal.

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