A computer readable medium storing system for connecting battery in electrical circuit

Abstract

The invention discloses a computer readable medium storing a system for connecting batteries in a circuit. In a first phase, a plurality of first batteries are connected to an input source and a plurality of second batteries are connected to an output load; in the second stage, the plurality of first batteries are switched and connected to the output load, and the plurality of second batteries are switched and connected to the input source; changing the duration of the first stage relative to the second stage such that the first stage and the second stage form a period wherein the first stage comprises 0% to 100% of the period and the second stage comprises the remainder of the period; wherein the output of the output load is square wave direct current, and the input of the input source is sine wave alternating current; the output of the square wave direct current is converted into alternating current output, the input of the sine wave alternating current is converted into direct current input, and the direct current input is used for charging the first battery and the second battery, so that the batteries can be charged and discharged at the same time.

Description

Priority information

[0001] This invention is a divisional application of the Chinese invention patent with application number 202111167085.9, application date October 2, 2021, and invention name “A system for connecting a battery in a circuit”, and claims priority to the U.S. invention patent with application number 17 / 213,621, application date March 26, 2021, and invention name “ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM AND METHOD TO IMPROVEBATTERY PERFORMANCE BY BATTERY CONNECTION METHOD”. Technical Field

[0002] The present invention relates to the field of energy storage systems and methods for improving battery performance, and more particularly to a computer-readable medium storing a system for connecting batteries in a circuit. Background Art

[0003] Series and parallel are commonly used connections in the electrical field. A parallel connection preferentially charges the battery from the power source because paralleling can increase the current, allowing the battery to charge faster. A series connection preferentially discharges from the battery to the load or device because the battery voltage needs to be higher than the load or device in order for current to flow.

[0004] Since batteries in a parallel configuration are directly connected together, they are naturally balanced. However, batteries in a series configuration may have different states of charge (SoC), and when the voltage drops further, the smaller capacity battery may be exhausted before the larger capacity battery, resulting in low battery efficiency. Therefore, batteries in a series configuration may require cell balancing to maintain the voltage level of each battery for maximum efficiency. Changes in voltage levels can cause battery imbalance, which can cause various problems. For example, battery imbalance can cause thermal runaway, battery degradation, incomplete use of battery pack energy, or incomplete charging of the battery pack. Batteries may become unbalanced due to changes in SoC, internal resistance, or temperature.

[0005] The working principle of the series circuit is the same for solar photovoltaic cells. If there is a problem with the connection of one panel in the series circuit, the entire circuit will fail. In a parallel circuit, a defective panel or a loose circuit will not affect the remaining solar panels. The charge controller is the decisive factor in the wiring of solar panels, where solar panels in series tend to use the Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) charge controller, and solar panels in parallel tend to use the Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) charge controller.

[0006] In addition, the charge controller requires a separate inverter device to convert the DC energy generated by the renewable power source to power the AC output device. And, due to the intermittent nature of solar and other renewable energy sources, multiple batteries can be charged directly from the AC input source without stepping down the voltage through a transformer that has heat losses.

[0007] Typical batteries or energy storage systems may not charge and discharge at the same time. Therefore, they may not be able to drive a load while charging. This can be a problem when energy storage systems are used with renewable energy sources. These systems usually require a central controller to control the charging and discharging of the system. Figure 3 A typical prior art solar charge controller configuration is shown. A solar photovoltaic (PV) cell 302 is a power source connected to a solar charge controller 304. The charge controller controls the connection between the power source (solar PV cell 302), battery 306, and load 308. Battery 306 can be connected to charge the battery and load 308 can be connected to drive the load. When battery 306 is fully charged, the battery current (I_bat) is turned off. When battery 306 is depleted, the battery load (I_load) is turned off and battery 306 is charged instead of driving load 308. If the energy absorbed by solar PV cell 302 is low or below a minimum value, the power source current (I_pv) is turned off. A disadvantage of this battery charging system is that when a charge controller is used, the battery competes with the required load, causing the load and battery to share power from the renewable power source, such that I_pv=I_bat+I_load.

[0008] Electric vehicle and other equipment manufacturers typically use batteries as hardware in series or parallel configurations, which are inflexible to reconfigure via software. Summary of the invention

[0009] The batteries can be connected using logic switches connected to their positive and negative terminals so that two or more batteries can be connected to a load in a "series-parallel" manner (i.e., parallel and series) in alternating cycles to produce an average parallel voltage and series voltage to the load based on the relative duration of the cycles.

[0010] The battery may also be connected to the renewable energy source and the load in an isolated circuit, wherein the battery is connected to the renewable energy source in one cycle and the same battery is connected to the load in another cycle, so that the load receives power in a series duty cycle, and the duty cycle may vary between 0% and 100%. For example, a battery that switches between a renewable energy source and a load may be referred to as a switching battery.

[0011] Therefore, a battery may be coupled to a small solar PV renewable energy source to be connected to a larger load while isolating the load. In addition, the battery SoC may be improved when the source is larger than the load.

[0012] The control unit may be configured to execute a set of instructions in the form of a program or code. The program or code may form software installed on the control unit. The control unit may control the duty cycle for the load and may also use a voltage comparator between two phases to change the relative switching speed to convert a square wave into a sine wave through software code. The control unit may also use a voltage comparator to balance the batteries. The voltage comparator is used as an input and output comparator. In addition, the control unit may use a synchronous charging method to enable the AC input to be used to charge multiple batteries. The control unit may also add a second independent set of batteries in a load cycle of 50% duty cycle to provide a constant energy supply to the load. The control unit may further implement secondary or tertiary renewable energy to ensure 100% duty cycle for the load. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0013] The advantages of the embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail using the following embodiments and in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which the same numbers represent the same elements:

[0014] Figure 1A It is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of the series-parallel discharge method.

[0015] Figure 1B It is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of the series-parallel discharge method.

[0016] Figure 2A is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of an energy storage system with an isolated load.

[0017] Figure 2B is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of an energy storage system with an isolated load.

[0018] Figure 3 It is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of an energy storage system in the prior art.

[0019] Figure 4 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of battery cell balancing using a series-parallel discharge method.

[0020] Figure 5A Schematic diagram of an embodiment of a battery charging waveform (power current 8A).

[0021] Figure 5B Schematic diagram of an example of a battery charging waveform (power supply current 10A).

[0022] Figure 5C Schematic diagram of an example of a battery charging waveform (power current 5A).

[0023] Fig. 6A It is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a method for realizing a switching circuit.

[0024] Figure 6B Schematic diagram of an embodiment of a method for realizing a switching circuit.

[0025] Fig. 7A Schematic diagram of an embodiment of a current signal waveform.

[0026] Figure 7B Schematic diagram of an embodiment of a voltage signal waveform.

[0027] Figure 7C Schematic diagram of an example of an output voltage waveform (50% duty cycle).

[0028] Fig.7D Schematic diagram of an output voltage waveform (25% duty cycle) according to an embodiment.

[0029] Fig. 8A is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of an energy storage system using four batteries to implement an exemplary isolated load charging system.

[0030] Figure 8B is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of an energy storage system using eight batteries to implement an exemplary isolated load charging system.

[0031] Fig. 9 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of an energy storage system implementing an exemplary isolated load charging system, wherein the isolated load power supply system supplies a constant load voltage.

[0032] Fig.9A Schematic diagram of an embodiment of a battery charging waveform (power current 8A).

[0033] Fig. 9B Schematic diagram of an example of a battery charging waveform (power current 10A).

[0034] Fig. 9C Schematic diagram of an example of a battery charging waveform (power current 5A).

[0035] Fig.9D Schematic diagram of an embodiment of an input capacitance waveform.

[0036] Fig.9E Schematic diagram of an embodiment of a transition capacitance waveform.

[0037] Fig.9F Schematic diagram of an embodiment of an output capacitor waveform.

[0038] Fig. 10A It is a diagram of a table used to calculate the specified time for 0 to 7 groups of batteries connected in series.

[0039] Fig. 10B is an example circuit schematic for converting a square wave into a sine wave.

[0040] Fig. 10C is an exemplary circuit schematic for converting DC output to AC output.

[0041] Fig. 10D is an exemplary circuit schematic for converting AC input to DC input.

[0042] Fig.11A Schematic diagram of an embodiment of a method for charging isolated loads of multiple batteries using a renewable power source.

[0043] Fig. 11B is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a method for charging a multi-battery isolated load using alternating current from a power grid.

[0044] Fig. 12A is a schematic diagram of a device for switching multiple batteries.

[0045] Fig. 12B is a schematic diagram of a device for switching multiple batteries.

[0046] Fig.13 is an exemplary circuit diagram of an embodiment of the present invention.

[0047] Fig.14 is an exemplary graph of an embodiment of the present invention.

[0048] Fig.15A is an exemplary graph of charge versus time in an embodiment of the present invention.

[0049] Fig. 15B is an exemplary graph of charge versus time in an embodiment of the present invention.

[0050] Fig. 15C is an exemplary graph of charge versus time in an embodiment of the present invention.

[0051] Fig.15D is an exemplary graph of charge versus time in an embodiment of the present invention.

[0052] Fig.16 is an exemplary graph of charge versus time in an embodiment of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0053] Aspects of the present invention are disclosed in the description of specific embodiments of the present invention and the related drawings. Alternative embodiments may be designed without departing from the spirit or scope of the present invention. In addition, embodiments of the present invention will not be described in detail or well-known elements will be omitted to avoid confusion with the relevant details of the present invention. In addition, the description of several terms used herein is discussed below for ease of understanding.

[0054] As used herein, the word "exemplary" means "serving as an example, instance, or illustration." The embodiments described herein are not limiting but merely exemplary. It should be understood that the described embodiments should not be construed as superior to other embodiments. Furthermore, the terms "embodiments of the invention," "embodiments," or "invention" do not require that all embodiments of the invention include the discussed feature, advantage, or mode of operation. Only batteries connected in series-parallel with the load

[0055] The embodiment can implement the "series-parallel" discharge method as shown in Figure 1. The first cycle can connect the battery to Figure 1A The load shown is connected in parallel. The second cycle can be connected to the battery Figure 1B The same load shown in FIG. 1 is connected in series. The control unit can switch between independent cycles of any desired frequency to produce the desired average output voltage and average output current according to the relative duration of each cycle. By rapidly switching between parallel and series configurations, the circuit can output an average of the series output and the parallel output. The output of the switching circuit can be adjusted by adjusting the frequency of the phases or the time between switches. Higher voltages can be obtained by increasing the time the circuit is in the series configuration.

[0056] The advantage of the series-parallel discharge embodiment is that it allows all the electrons stored in the non-rechargeable battery to be discharged efficiently. Figure 1A and 1B In the illustrated embodiment, when two 4V 2Ah non-rechargeable batteries (first battery 102 and second battery 104) are used to power a 2.5V 0.5A output load 120, the batteries can be connected in parallel with the load ( Figure 1A), a 4V battery is sufficient to power a 2.5V output load 120 with a dropout voltage of 0.5V. However, when the battery voltage drops below the dropout voltage of 3V, the first battery 102 and the second battery 104 will not discharge to the output load 120 because current will not flow. Therefore, a control device having a voltage comparator circuit can activate switching to a suitable series-parallel ratio to make the voltage a minimum voltage based on the required dropout voltage (3V). The control unit can activate the first switch 106 (as a first logic switch), the second switch 108 (as a second logic switch), the third switch 110 (as a third logic switch), and the fourth switch 112 (as a fourth logic switch) to switch between the series configuration and the parallel configuration.

[0057] refer to Figure 1A In the parallel connection stage, an additional switch (second switch 108) can be connected to the negative electrode of the second battery 104. In the parallel connection stage, the second switch 108 can be configured to be connected to the negative electrode of the first battery 102. Therefore, the second switch 108 has a node connecting the negative electrode of the first battery 102 and the negative electrode of the second battery 104. In addition, the output can be connected to the third switch 110 and the fourth switch 112. In the parallel connection stage, the third switch 110 can be configured to connect the output load 120 to the node created by the positive electrode of the first battery 102 and the positive electrode of the second battery 104. At the same time, the fourth switch 112 can be configured to connect the negative electrode of the output load 120 to the node created by the negative electrode of the first battery 102 and the negative electrode of the second battery 104. In this way, the positive electrode of the above-mentioned battery and the positive electrode of the output load are all connected, and the negative electrode of the above-mentioned battery and the negative electrode of the output load are also connected, forming a parallel circuit.

[0058] Reference now Figure 1B , the circuit can be shown as a series configuration. The series configuration can occur in a different phase from the parallel configuration. In the series configuration, the first switch 106, the second switch 108, the third switch 110 and the fourth switch 112 can all be switched to the opposite direction of the previous phase. The above switches can be connected so that they can switch simultaneously. In order to form a series configuration, the first switch 106 and the third switch 110 can directly connect the positive electrode of the second battery 104 to the output load 120. The negative electrode of the second battery 104 can be connected to the positive electrode of the first battery 102 through the second switch 108. The first battery 102 can be connected to the output load 120 through the fourth switch 112. The above switches can be any of a variety of types of switches or circuit breakers. The switches can flip or commutate at the same time. The output signal (current and voltage) depends on the commutation or switching time between the two phases.

[0059] Table 1 shows seven possible scenarios: Table 1

[0060] If the battery voltage of each battery in Scheme 4 in Table 1 drops to 2.5V, the available voltage to the load can be increased to 3.5V by gradually adjusting the series-parallel ratio to 67% (67% parallel and 33% series). The increase in voltage supplied to the load will reduce the remaining current stored in the battery until there is no electron charge remaining in the battery. The power required by the control device with the comparator circuit may need to be considered when designing the circuit, which power will usually be low and can be included in the voltage drop.

[0061] Batteries configured in parallel can be naturally balanced because they are directly connected to each other. When two batteries are connected in series and have different SoCs, the smaller battery may be depleted before the larger battery, resulting in a lower voltage across the smaller battery. In active balancing, the excess charge from one battery is transferred to another battery with a lower charge to balance the charge. In prior art embodiments, active balancing is achieved through charge storage elements such as capacitors and inductors.

[0062] exist Figure 4 In the embodiment shown, the first rechargeable battery 402 of 4V 2Ah and the second rechargeable battery 404 connected to the second load 406 are disconnected so that the first rechargeable battery 402 of 4V 2Ah can be connected to the second rechargeable battery 404 that has been depleted to 3.0V 1Ah. The switch configuration is set by the control device 400 with a voltage comparison circuit, and the control device 400 controls the battery to be disconnected from the second load 406 instead of connecting the first rechargeable battery 402 of 4V 2Ah in parallel with the second rechargeable battery 404 of 3.0V 1Ah that has been depleted. This allows the battery to be balanced. Then, the control device 400 is triggered to connect the two batteries in parallel or in series so as to discharge to the load. In such an embodiment, it is necessary to consider the energy required by the control device with a comparator circuit and a switch and determine the amount of energy accordingly. Series-Parallel Isolated Load Battery Charging

[0063] An embodiment of an isolated load battery charging method is Figure 2A. The control device can alternate between two cycles, wherein in the first cycle, the 16V 8A solar photovoltaic power source 122 is connected in parallel with the 12V 5Ah first battery 102 and the second battery 104 and charged. In the second cycle, the control device can power the 24V 8A third load 124 by discharging the first battery 102 and the second battery 104 connected in series. In this embodiment, the load is isolated from the power supply, and the fast switching speed of 50-60 Hz makes it possible to charge the battery while driving the load. During the first cycle, the first battery 102 and the second battery 104 are charged with a current I_pv, and during the second cycle, the first battery 102 and the second battery 104 are discharged with a current I_load. An initial first cycle in which a 12V renewable energy source (such as a photovoltaic panel) and two 12V batteries are connected in parallel can generate a pseudo-sine wave (square wave) when the two 12V batteries are discharged in series in the second cycle, and the circuit powers a 24V load.

[0064] In the first cycle, the first battery 102 and the second battery 104 are connected in parallel to the power source, wherein the two batteries each receive 4A current from the 8A solar power source 500. Since the storage capacity of each battery is 5Ah, the battery can receive 4Ah. In the second cycle, the batteries are connected in series to provide a voltage of 24V to the load, which can be used to drive an 8A load. Each 12V battery can usually be charged to about 12.9V when fully charged, and can be charged to about 11.4V when fully discharged. When the 12V first battery 102 and the second battery 104 are configured in series, it will generate the 24V required by the third load 124.

[0065] Figure 5A SoC (in coulombs) is shown, where the solar photovoltaic power source 122 is 8A and the third load 124 is also 8A. In another embodiment, Figure 2A The solar photovoltaic power source 122 in the embodiment is 10A, and the current of the third load 124 is 8A. Figure 5B As shown, the battery SoC may be increased. In a further embodiment, Figure 2A The solar photovoltaic power source 122 is 5A, and the third load 124 is 8A. Figure 5C Battery SoC shown may be reduced.

[0066] exist Figure 2AIn the embodiment shown, the solar photovoltaic power source 122 is 20A, and the third load 124 is 5A, wherein the first battery 102 and the second battery 104 can each receive 5Ah, after which the control unit cuts off the power supply. The circuit can add a fifth switch 114 (as a fifth logic switch) and a sixth switch 116 (as a sixth logic switch) to connect the solar photovoltaic power source 122 or the third load 124. Figure 2B In another embodiment shown, the solar photovoltaic power source 122 is 20A and the third load 124 is 5A, wherein a third battery 101 of 12V5Ah can be added to balance the circuit with an additional 5Ah instead of cutting off the power supply, wherein in the second cycle, when the battery is connected to the load, the load voltage can be maintained at 24V with a 50% duty cycle of series-parallel ((12V+36V) / 2). An additional seventh switch 103 (as a seventh logic switch) and an eighth switch 105 (as an eighth logic switch) can also be added when the third battery 101 is added. The voltage offset enables a lower voltage solar panel to be coupled to the battery. Adding a battery connected to the load in the series stage may drain the battery faster, as shown in Table 7. When the solar panel voltage decreases, more batteries may be added and used for their voltage, resulting in a load that drains the battery faster. Any additional batteries can be used to store excess energy generated by the power supply.

[0067] refer to Fig. 6A , an embodiment may initiate a first phase of parallel charging and a second phase of series charging to discharge the battery to the load. The first phase begins 600, and then the circuit is switched to series 610 so that the energy storage units (ESUs) charge the load 615. Then, the second phase begins 620. During the start of the second phase 620, the circuit may be switched to parallel 630 so that the energy storage units (ESUs) charge 635. Figure 6B Another embodiment is shown in which the battery can be fully charged, with the first phase discharging the battery in series to the load and the second phase charging the battery from the power source in parallel. Figure 6B In the embodiment, the circuit can be switched to parallel connection 630 during the start of the first stage 600, and then the circuit is switched to series connection 610 after the start of the second stage 620, and then the energy storage unit charges the load 615.

[0068] Therefore, when the battery is not connected to the power source, the two cycles are independent, where the load can be isolated and discharged during the cycle. One advantage of the isolated load battery charging method is that it allows the battery to power the entire voltage load. Therefore, only the battery voltage may need to be higher than the load voltage, which can be achieved by connecting multiple batteries in series. Isolating the load also allows the battery to be charged and discharged simultaneously, for example at a rate of 60Hz.

[0069] In another embodiment the power source may also have a minimum voltage, with a higher capacity to power a higher voltage load, since the required battery voltage will provide additional voltage to the load. In order to enable the higher current from the solar power implementer to charge the battery, the connecting wire may need to be proportionally increased in thickness to allow the increased current to pass efficiently. By rapidly switching the battery connection between the power source and the load in separate independent cycles, the maximum load voltage may be generated when the batteries are connected in series during the second cycle.

[0070] In another embodiment of the isolated load battery charging method, the first cycle may connect the battery in parallel with the power source, and the second cycle may connect the battery in parallel with the load. In this example case, since the first phase is isolated from the second phase, both the first phase and the second phase can be in a parallel-parallel arrangement. The first phase charges the battery independently from the power source, and the second phase connects the load to the battery. By quickly switching the battery connection between the power source and the load in independent individual cycles, the minimum load voltage can be generated when the batteries are connected in parallel during the second cycle. In another embodiment, the first phase can be parallel and the second phase can be series-parallel to enable the load to obtain an appropriate average voltage depending on the relative duration between parallel and series.

[0071] The control unit can configure the relative duration of the first phase independently of the duration of the second phase. This can be achieved by adjusting the duty cycle of the relative position of the first and second periods in each phase. Adjusting the duty cycle of the first and second periods will result in the charging phase and the discharging phase being adjusted separately.

[0072] In an embodiment, t1 may be the time spent in the first parallel cycle, and t2 may be the time spent in the second series cycle. Further, time T may represent the period corresponding to the fundamental frequency, so T=1 / fundamental frequency=t1+t2. If f(t) can represent the input signal, the average value of the signal can be calculated using the following formula:

[0073] Formula (1) can refer to the example Fig. 7A - The switch signal shown in D. Fig. 7A As shown, the signal may be a square wave signal. Fig. 7Ais the output of the example switching signal. Integration of the voltage (V) of the example signal can yield the following equation.

[0074] Figure 7B is an output of an exemplary voltage signal. The width of the second horizontal line 304 corresponds to time t1, and the width of the first horizontal line 302 corresponds to time t2.

[0075] Assuming that the batteries are charged in parallel during the first cycle when the signal is “on”, the voltage integration of the example signal yields the following equation:

[0076] Assuming that the battery is discharged in series in the second cycle when the signal is “off”, the voltage integration of the example signal yields the following equation:

[0077] Where V In Corresponding to V signal,On It is the first cycle charging voltage of parallel connection. Fig. 7A shows an example signal voltage V signal . Corresponding to V signal,Off The output voltage and the second cycle discharge voltage in series are defined as V Out .

[0078] In the example case of t1=t2, the average value of the output current is I2 / 2, the average output voltage is V2 / 2, and the output voltage can be reduced.

[0079] When the load is connected in series with the battery, the output load is determined by the second period t2. A battery system with a duty cycle of 100%, where t1 = 0 and t2 = T, V out = V2, the circuit only discharges in series. At a duty cycle of 50%, where t1 = 0.5T, t2 = 0.5T, V out =0.5V2, the circuit charges and discharges in alternating cycles. Figure 7B is an example of a voltage signal with a 50% duty cycle.

[0080] The duty cycle of the embodiment is 25%, where t1 = 0.75T, t2 = 0.25T, V out =0.25V2, the circuit is charging 75% of the time and discharging 25% of the time. Figure 7CThe graph is the output voltage of this embodiment. In an embodiment, the amount of charge from the energy source during the parallel charging phase can exceed the amount discharged by the load during the series phase, so the battery gains charge over time. When the duty cycle is lower than 50% or the current from the power source exceeds the load current, the charge in the battery increases. It is conceivable that when the battery reaches a certain level, excess charge is prevented from reaching the battery to reduce the risk of overcharging. In an alternative embodiment, an energy source can be selected that charges an amount equal to the amount discharged during the series phase. In this alternative embodiment, the energy storage unit can constantly maintain the same amount of charge.

[0081] The duty cycle of the embodiment is 75%, where t1 = 0.75T and t2 = 0.25T, V out =0.25V2, the circuit charges 25% of the time and discharges 75% of the time. Fig.7D The graph is the output voltage of this embodiment. When the duty cycle is above 50%, or the current from the power source is less than the load current, the charge in the battery may decrease. Since the battery charge input is less than the charge output, the battery will be exhausted quickly. Above a 50% duty cycle, the battery can combine with the power source to provide a single energy source for the load due to the continuous charge and discharge cycles.

[0082] Therefore, the 50% duty cycle embodiment can be supplemented by a second set of power and batteries to ensure uninterrupted energy supply to the load. Using two 12V battery isolation load battery charging methods, a square wave voltage output of 0V and 24V can be generated during the series discharge cycle, so during the cycle when no energy is provided to the load, it is complemented with another system to ensure that a constant voltage of 24V is provided to the load using two sets of batteries. Therefore, the output voltage is increased.

[0083] Embodiments can implement a second two-phase isolated load battery charging method, such as Fig. 8A As shown, using a 50% duty cycle, the second group of batteries is also at a 50% duty cycle, that is, during the stage when the first isolated load circuit is connected to the power source (solar power source 702), when no current is supplied to the load, current is provided to the load. When the first group of batteries (BATT1 and BATT2) is charging, the second group (BATT3 and BATT4) can discharge to the fourth load 704, and vice versa.

[0084] Figure 8B Another embodiment shown uses 8 batteries, 4 of which are in group A and the other 4 batteries are in group B, with each group in complementary charge and discharge. Another embodiment can be implemented Figure 8B, where batteries A1, B1, C1 and D1 can be charged from a solar power source 702, and where batteries A2, B2, C2 and D2 can discharge to the fourth load 704, for example, at a series duty cycle of 25%, each battery providing a stable 100% charge to the load.

[0085] like Fig. 9 As shown, the second group of batteries can be different types of energy storage units, such as capacitors, and can provide different voltages or currents. Each energy storage unit, if initially uncharged, must receive a charge in the first phase and discharge in the second phase. Each battery under each corresponding energy storage group can be of similar type.

[0086] Fig. 9 The illustrated embodiment includes two isolation circuits, including a first isolation circuit 1 and a second isolation circuit 2, connected to the same solar power source 702 and a fourth load 704. Each individual circuit includes a 12V 8Ah single battery connected in parallel with an input capacitor 902, so that the input capacitor 902 receives a 12V voltage. Each input capacitor 902 in its corresponding circuit is connected in parallel to a transition capacitor 904, so that each transition capacitor 904 (D) receives a 12V voltage from the corresponding input capacitor 902 (B). The output capacitor 906 is connected in parallel to the transition capacitor 904 (which is now disconnected from the input capacitor 902), so that the charge flows to the individual output capacitor 906. Each output capacitor 906 (E) is also connected in series to another output capacitor 906 (F), so that the load receives a 24V voltage. Each of the first isolation circuit 1 and the second isolation circuit 2 has two phases, so that when the battery is charged in phase 1, the capacitor (e.g., charged in the earlier phase 2) is discharged to the fourth load 704 in the same phase 1. In phase 1 or phase 2 of the corresponding circuit, only the input capacitor 902 or the output capacitor 906 is connected to the fourth load 704 in alternating cycles, rather than being connected to the fourth load 704 at the same time. Therefore, the output is isolated from the input. When charging from a renewable power source (solar power source 702), the input is also isolated from the output. The fourth load 704 and the solar power source 702 are shared between the two circuits, so that when the fourth load 704 is connected to the first isolation circuit 1, the solar power source 702 is connected to the second isolation circuit 2, and vice versa. Therefore, each circuit has 3 phases: Stage 1: Charging – using solar or wind energy to charge the battery; Phase 2: Battery discharge - discharge from the battery to a pair of input capacitors; Phase 3: Discharge to Load – Discharge from the output capacitor to the load.

[0087] When the battery is charged, it stores the power provided by the renewable energy source (solar power source 702) in the form of charge according to the following equation: in: q i (t) is the charge of battery i at time t (i∈(1,2)) q j (t) is the charge of capacitor j at time t (j∈(A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I,J,K,L) V k is the component voltage (k∈(1,2,A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I,J,K,L) i k is the component current (k∈(renewable energy,1,2,A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I,J,K,L,load) C is the capacitance value of the capacitor

[0088] When a battery is connected to the input capacitor 902 and the transition capacitor 904, each capacitor is connected in parallel with the battery and charges to a capacity equal to the voltage provided by the battery multiplied by the capacitance value:

[0089] When input capacitor 902 is disconnected, its charge does not change during this cycle: q j (t) = q j (t-1)

[0090] When the input capacitor 902 is connected to the battery, its charge is equal to the voltage across them multiplied by the capacitance value: q j (t) = V i C

[0091] When the transition capacitor 904 is connected to the output capacitor 906, the transition capacitor 904 and the output capacitor 906 form a system with an equivalent capacitance C. According to the law of charge conservation, the charge is evenly distributed between them, and the charge absorbed by the load is averagely absorbed from all capacitors:

[0092] When the transition capacitor 904 is connected to the battery, its charge is equal to the voltage across them multiplied by the capacitance value, as shown below: q j (t) = V i C

[0093] When the output capacitor 906 is disconnected, its charge does not change during this cycle: qj (t) = q j (t-1)

[0094] When the output capacitor 906 is connected to the transition capacitor 904 and the fourth load 704, the transition capacitor 904 and the output capacitor 906 form a system with an equivalent capacitance C. According to the law of conservation of charge, the charge is evenly distributed between them, and the charge absorbed by the load is absorbed equally from all capacitors:

[0095] Fig.9A The SoC is shown where the current from the renewable source (8A) is equal to the load requirement (8A) and the charge on both batteries becomes constant in steady state and oscillates around the mean value.

[0096] Fig. 9B The SoC is shown where the current from the source (5A) is less than the load requirement (8A), and the charge on both batteries decreases over time and oscillates around a decreasing average value.

[0097] Fig. 9C The SoC is shown where the current from the source (10A) is higher than the load requirement (8A), and the charge on both batteries increases in a steady state and oscillates around an increasing average value.

[0098] The charge changes of input capacitance, transition capacitance and output capacitance are also shown in Fig.9D , 9E In 9F and 8A, the power supply and load are in steady state at 8A, indicating that the capacitor reaches stable charging quickly.

[0099] Table 2 below illustrates the energy loss and gain of the battery after 1 / 60 second: Table 2

[0100] The control unit may select the switching time based on the number of rotations per second or any other time measurement. There may be any number of switches or rotations per second. The control unit may configure the circuit to be in one phase that is much longer than another phase. The lengths of the phases may be different. By changing the relative proportions of time spent in the phases, the output voltage can be changed. In addition, the control unit may be configured so that the initial circuit remains in a specific state. For example, the control unit may be configured to start in the parallel phase until the energy storage unit is fully charged, and then the control unit begins the switching cycle.

[0101] When the load is isolated, a portion of the output not required by the load device can be redirected to another system or battery power. The exemplary isolated load battery charging method can therefore provide flexibility in redirecting current by adjusting the duration of the first period (when the battery is charged) relative to the second period (when the battery is discharged).

[0102] Since the example isolated load battery charging method can achieve steady-state charging of the battery while discharging the load, the battery is not completely drained. This allows the use of common battery types such as lead-acid batteries and lithium batteries, which often fail when used at 100% capacity.

[0103] Without considering the power source, the energy provided to the load can be designed as needed. For example, when designing a 12V load, only the design of the battery depends on the combined voltage of the batteries connected in series, which must match the load voltage of 12V. The current of the renewable power source needs to match the load current. In the case of low battery SoC, the duty cycle should ideally be set to 0% to fully charge the battery in parallel mode. However, when the current (or capacity) of the battery is low and the current of the renewable power source is high, it may not be possible to pass the full current through the load. Multi-battery isolated load charging method

[0104] Batteries and energy storage systems are often limited by their physical topology. In addition to the physical topology (nodes) found in the example switch fabric approach, the example multi-battery isolated load charging approach described in this article can also use logical topologies (links) to enable flexibility in battery digitization by combining hardware and software.

[0105] The nodes are the positive and negative terminals of each battery, and the nodes can also be the positive and negative terminals of power supplies and electronic devices, where all the positive terminals can be connected to a single host or board or printed circuit board. There may be one host (host 1) that holds all the positive plates together, and another host (host 2) that holds all the negative plates together. Host 1 can include a board or printed circuit board that can be connected to host 2, including another board or printed circuit board. There can be multiple ways to connect the nodes of the positive plates to the nodes of the negative plates. One embodiment can have a connection on / off switch for the positive plate connection (primary gate), which can be connected to the secondary gate based on a vector. Therefore, using graph theory methods, the shortest way to connect the primary gate to the secondary gate while traversing multiple additional nodes can be determined.

[0106] The nodes of each of Host 1 and Host 2 may be connected by a circuit. Each individual photovoltaic cell in the solar photovoltaic system may represent a node to be connected to Host 1 and Host 2. Electronic components such as resistors, capacitors, comparators, transistors, diodes, and inductors may also be nodes.

[0107] These links are circuits on a printed circuit board that are initially connected to power supplies, loads, batteries, and other electronic components. The circuits in the link are interrupted by switches that are initially closed until a connection is needed.

[0108] The software control unit can select similar types of batteries under each energy storage device or stage, and connect them only through appropriate rules such as the laws of thermodynamics to allow energy flow. For example, it is possible to consider connecting a large number of batteries, each of which can receive a charge in the first stage and discharge in the second stage. The software control unit can enable all or part of the batteries in the energy storage room to be connected in series or parallel, and further connected to any number of power sources and any number of output devices.

[0109] The software control unit can connect a large number of batteries, with a smaller group of batteries receiving a charge from a 120V or 240V sine wave power source as needed through synchronous charging. The software control unit can also connect one phase of the battery to the power source and the other phase to the load, while using another group of batteries to mirror or supplement the first group to ensure constant energy output to the load. The software control unit can also convert the square wave output load to a 120V or 240VRMS sine wave for the required number of batteries, directly producing an AC output at the desired frequency, such as 50Hz or 60Hz. The software control unit can choose to disconnect the battery from the load to achieve battery balancing, or it can choose another group of batteries to discharge to the load while another group of batteries is being battery balanced at the same time. The software control unit can connect multiple batteries as needed or step up or down the power supply voltage by changing the relative duration of the charge and discharge phases.

[0110] For illustration purposes, an embodiment of a multi-battery isolated load battery charging circuit system using three batteries, Battery A, Battery B, and Battery C, is provided. It should be noted that the number of batteries indicated is not limiting and the same principles can be applied to any number of batteries. In this example, in a first cycle, the batteries are connected in parallel to a renewable power source, and in a second cycle, the same battery (or any number of batteries) can be arranged in series to power the desired load.

[0111] This embodiment can implement two hosts, Host 1 and Host 2. Host 1 is the plate connected to the positive pole of the battery, and Host 2 is the plate connected to the negative pole of each battery. In addition, each positive pole (A+, B+ and C+) is a single logic switch, and each negative pole (A-, B- and C-) is a single logic switch.

[0112] In this embodiment, the A+ logic switch can turn on, off, or connect any other positive switch or negative switch, the positive or negative terminal of a renewable energy source, or to a load.

[0113] Table 3 shows 6 possible switch connections of the positive electrode A+ in this embodiment. Table 3

[0114] Table 4 shows 6 possible switching connections of the negative electrode A- in this embodiment. Table 4

[0115] Table 5 illustrates nine possible programming algorithms that can be executed by combining Host 1 and Host 2 of a 3-BESS system / device, where individual logic switches are controlled by the user or software code. Table 5

[0116] The software control unit executing the corresponding software code or machine instructions can determine the most efficient method of delivering the load. For example, the software control unit can determine that the most efficient method is to supplement the second or third system, etc., so that the load can receive a stable charge depending on the duty cycle, for example, the software control unit uses a comparator circuit to determine any input voltage of each battery cell to determine whether there is a battery in a separate compartment. Once the software control unit confirms the presence of a battery, the software control unit can prepare for the discharge phase by matching individual batteries with the same voltage and current to determine whether each battery is ready for discharge and charge mode to drive the load or balance unbalanced batteries in the battery storage. Similarly, the software control unit can determine whether the battery voltage when combined is sufficient to power the entire load. If the voltage is not large enough, the software control unit can select additional batteries to change the voltage to provide a sufficiently large voltage. Through the switching network, hardware and software can be combined to ensure that there is enough power to drive the load.

[0117] In an embodiment, the switch may be a transistor, such as a Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor (MOSFETs), and may have an I 2 C capability so that each switch can become a controller. The software controller can change the mode of all other controllers at the same time. Embodiments can implement a multi-controller system that allows multiple controllers to communicate with a host through, for example, a smartphone application, IoT device, cloud, etc.

[0118] In an embodiment, multiple connected batteries can be balanced. In a series configuration, once the output voltage of the series circuit matches the load voltage, current will not flow. This embodiment provides a method and configuration for balancing batteries to maximize the capacity and service life of the battery by maintaining an equivalent state of charge of each battery over the largest possible range. DC to AC output

[0119] From the isolated load battery charging method that produces a square wave, a sinusoidal waveform can be generated. In embodiments using multiple batteries, each individual battery, when connected to the load, can be connected in series or in parallel with the other batteries so that the load voltage forms a sinusoidal waveform at a specified time. This is done by switching different numbers of batteries at the correct time to produce a sine wave. The remaining batteries do not contribute to the AC waveform during the second cycle when connected to the load, either connected in parallel or not connected.

[0120] Table 6 shows a multi-battery example, including a 12V battery, where 10 cells can be used in a series configuration in a timed step: step time Number of batteries in series Voltage 0 0.000000 0 0 1 0.000319 1 12 2 0.000641 2 24 3 0.000970 3 36 4 0.001310 4 48 5 0.001667 5 60 6 0.002048 6 72 7 0.002468 7 84 8 0.002952 8 96 9 0.003564 9 108 10 0.005000 10 120 Table 6

[0121] Using an H-bridge with a time switch can form the correct negative voltage waveform generation time, thereby generating a combined voltage in the negative range.

[0122] In the United States, the AC power from the power grid is a 60 Hz sinusoidal waveform, generating 120 V AC power, i.e., the root mean square value (RMS) corresponds to a peak value of 168 V. In an embodiment, in a multi-battery pack composed of 10 24 V batteries, 7 batteries are connected through a timing circuit to generate a 168 V sine wave in the second cycle, such as Fig. 10A As shown, phase A is a positive voltage, phase B is a negative voltage, and an H-bridge connection is adopted.

[0123] Fig. 10B shows a sinusoidal waveform generated using logic switches.

[0124] Fig. 10C An example circuit diagram showing the use of 7 24V batteries, where the blocks marked "Batteries in Series" can each contain multiple batteries, for example 20 batteries in series, each battery 1.2V. AC input to charge the battery

[0125] Renewable energy sources such as solar and wind are only available during certain periods, resulting in intermittent electricity generation from renewable energy sources. During intermittent periods, it is beneficial to efficiently charge batteries using AC power from the grid.

[0126] Fig. 10DThe circuit diagram in shows a sinusoidal AC power supply realized from the grid that can be used to charge seven 24V batteries in several steps using a 120V RMS sinusoidal waveform. Thus, the incoming AC voltage follows a synchronous waveform of the sinusoidal waveform to charge a single battery or a group of batteries. Using a voltage comparator, 1 24V battery is charged when the incoming AC voltage is 24V. Similarly, 3, 5, and 7 batteries are charged when the incoming AC voltage is 72V, 120V, and 168V, respectively.

[0127] During the duration of a single step in the sequence, the voltage reaching the battery varies by a certain amount due to following the AC waveform output by the power supply, for example, at the beginning of the first step or stage, the voltage is 24V, but at the end it is 48V, so the average voltage is 36V. Generally speaking, it is best to charge at a voltage slightly higher than the battery supply. If this voltage level is too high, the switch timing can be adjusted to set the battery to a lower point in the waveform.

[0128] In one embodiment, 100 batteries may be configured in a system or battery box using Host 1 and Host 2. In this embodiment, the batteries may be 4V and 4Ah, the power source may be a 6V 60A solar panel, and the output load may be 400V 60A, providing 24,000 watts. When charging in parallel, the batteries may be charged at 0.6Ah (60A divided by 100 batteries), thereby fully charging each 4Ah battery in 6.7h (4.0Ah divided by 0.6Ah). When discharging in series, the load may be as high as 400V (4V per battery times 100 batteries). In this embodiment, each battery has 0.6Ah. Therefore, the system can continuously power the load for approximately 30 seconds in the second stage.

[0129] Table 7 illustrates 12 scenarios for a battery box using 100 4V4Ah batteries: Table 7

[0130] In the isolated load battery charging embodiment, the increase in the number of batteries in series in Case 4, Case 8 and Case 12 increases the discharge to the load, thereby draining the battery faster. In Case 1, Case 5 and Case 8, there are fewer batteries in series with the load, and the battery discharge is correspondingly lower.

[0131] The ampere-hour rating of the battery depends on the intended use of the battery. When using the battery for heavy loads, a higher ampere-hour rating is generally better. Battery manufacturers generally recommend charging the battery at a current of about one-tenth of the ampere-hour rating, so a 40 ampere-hour battery is charged at 4A. In an embodiment, the battery can be configured according to the manufacturer's requirements, and the control unit can be programmed to achieve this through software code.

[0132] Fig.11A An embodiment of a multi-battery isolated load charging method using a renewable power source is shown. A solar photovoltaic cell 1102 can provide a direct current input (DC input 1108) to the system, which includes a rechargeable battery 1110 with a single logic switch and a control unit 1112 with a voltage comparator, which compares the voltage of the battery and controls the corresponding switch to balance the system. The voltage comparator can be used on the input and output as an input and output comparator. Fig. 11B Another embodiment of a method for charging multiple isolated battery loads using grid AC power supply is shown, using the grid 1104 as the AC input (AC input 1106). Fig.11A and 11B As shown in the embodiment of FIG. 1 , exemplary embodiments may include an AC input 1106 and a DC input 1108 as well as an AC output (AC output 1116) and a DC output (DC output 1118), depending on the use case. Solar Photovoltaic

[0133] Improvements in solar panel efficiency often depend on the diversity of materials used to make solar panels. Different materials require different amounts of photon energy to produce an electric current. Hybrid panels can cover multiple different electron volt values ​​to maximize the amount of energy captured. One problem with this approach is the cost of manufacturing. Standard solar panels are made of silicon, a material that is well known and widely used. As the materials used in solar panels become more rare and specialized, the cost of manufacturing is rising.

[0134] Solar cells generate electricity when electrons in their atoms are excited by energy from sunlight. The outermost electrons in an atom exist at an energy level called the valence band. When they get enough energy from sunlight, the electrons jump to an energy level called the conduction band. When the cell is heated, the difference between the valence band and the conduction band decreases. So while electrons are more likely to be freed at higher temperatures, they don't carry as much energy when they are freed.

[0135] The cells in a solar panel can be connected in series or in parallel to obtain a variety of voltage and current combinations, resulting in a variety of output power ratings. Similar to avoiding cell balancing issues when cells are connected in parallel, solar panels are connected in parallel to avoid shading issues. If a shaded cell is connected in series with other cells, the solar panel may become unbalanced. In extreme cases, the power imbalance may damage the solar panel. For this reason, panels are often equipped with bypass diodes that redirect the current flow around the shaded or damaged cell.

[0136] In an embodiment, a solar panel can house a host of all cells (host 1 and host 2 combined), where the cells in the solar panel can be connected to the control unit via a logic switch so that the solar cells can be connected in series to another solar cell in one cycle and connected in parallel in the next cycle. In a further embodiment, when one cell in the solar panel is shaded, the control unit can be programmed to switch to parallel to make the solar panel more efficient.

[0137] For example, solar panel manufacturers can use an average of 1,000 watts of available solar energy per square meter. The power output of a solar panel depends on the voltage and current produced by its individual cells. Typical silicon solar cells produce a voltage of 0.5 to 0.6 V. The output current varies depending on the size of the cell. Commercially available silicon cells typically produce between 28 and 35 milliamps per square centimeter.

[0138] refer to Figure 3 A prior art example is shown, with a 16V 8A (128 Watt) solar panel, the load is 12V 8A (96 Watt), and the battery is 12V 8Ah (96 Watt / Hour). Therefore, the solar panel is designed to be higher than the load, with an additional power of 32 Watts.

[0139] In one embodiment, the solar panel can be sized to 12V 8A (96 watts) with two 6V 4Ah batteries connected and switched by the control unit, during the first cycle, the batteries are connected in parallel to the 12V solar panel to charge each 6V battery; in the second cycle, the batteries are connected in series to provide 12V voltage to the load. In a further solar panel embodiment, the batteries are configured in parallel and connected to the control unit through a logic switch, so that the solar panel can provide the required ambient voltage and current using software code and algorithms.

[0140] Solar cells release some of their energy as heat, and depending on how the panel is mounted and the surrounding air conditions, this heat can affect the panel's operating temperature. For example, a panel mounted on a roof will not dissipate heat as well as a freestanding panel. This will increase the heating of the panel and therefore reduce efficiency. On the other hand, wind helps to carry heat away from the cells. Therefore, cold, windy days are ideal for solar power generation. This will increase the panel's power output and dissipate the panel's own heat. Battery box for 100 batteries

[0141] One embodiment may implement an arrangement of batteries connected to a switch. For example, an arrangement of 100 Lithium Ion 18650 batteries may be charged by a 6V and 300A power source. The energy from the batteries may be consumed by a load, such as 120V AC used in the United States and 300A 220V used in India. In an embodiment, the battery may be connected in parallel with the energy source during half of the cycle and in series with the load during the other half of the cycle. The cycle may switch between series and parallel at any desired frequency, such as 60Hz used in the United States, or 50Hz used in India. In order to achieve an AC output, the batteries may be connected to the load one by one, gradually, in series to achieve an approximate sine wave. When the battery is not connected to the load, it may be connected in parallel to the power source for charging. In an embodiment, an H-bridge configuration may be connected to the load and used to reverse the polarity of the voltage during the negative half cycle of operation.

[0142] Fig.13 An example circuit diagram is shown, which includes three load positive switches LPS1 / LPS2 / LPS3 and three load negative switches LNS1 / LNS2 / LNS3, as well as three batteries BT1 / BT2 / BT3 and three battery switches BS1, BS2 and BS3. Fig.13 The example circuit diagram in can generate a modified sine wave at the load. Each quarter of the pseudo-sine wave cycle can be divided into any number of sub-sections depending on the number of batteries. Each sub-section may gradually increase the voltage applied to the load. For example, in an embodiment with three batteries, each quarter of the cycle can be divided into three equal parts, and each battery can then be connected to the load. If the cycle time is 1 unit, each sub-section (one third of a quarter of the cycle) will be 1 / 4×1 / 3=1 / 12 units. Each sub-section can also be divided into two halves, where each half is 1 / 24 of a time unit, or 1 / 24 of a cycle.

[0143] Still reference Fig.13 In the embodiment, the load can be connected using switches S1 and S4 in the first half of the cycle. During the first 1 / 24 of the cycle, no battery is connected to the load. During the next 1 / 24 of the cycle, the load can be connected to BT1 by connecting LPS1 and LNS1 and switching BS1. During the next 1 / 24 unit time, BT1 remains connected to the load. By switching BS2 and LNS2 and turning off LNS1, BT2 is connected in series to the load, and LPS1 remains unchanged. This state is maintained for 1 / 12 unit time.

[0144] Next, BT3 is connected to the load in series by switching BS3 and LNS3 and turning off LNS2. LPS1 remains unchanged, and this state is maintained for 1 / 12 unit time. At this time, all three batteries are connected to the load and reach the peak voltage. Now, BT1 is disconnected from the load by switching BS1 and LPS1, LPS2 is turned on, and LNS3 remains unchanged, and this state is maintained for 1 / 12 unit time. BT2 is disconnected from the load by switching BS2 and LPS2, LPS3 is turned on, and LNS3 remains unchanged, and this state is maintained for 1 / 12 unit time. BT3 is disconnected from the load by switching BS3 and LPS3, and LNS3 is also turned off, and this state is maintained for 1 / 24 unit time. Now to reverse the load polarity, the load can be connected to switches S2 and S3. Repeating the above cycle can generate a negative mirror step wave, such as Fig.14 shown.

[0145] The charge balance equation finds the charge in the two-phase battery of the circuit. In an embodiment, multiple identical batteries can be implemented to output a constant voltage across their terminals. It can be assumed that the batteries and solar panels have no efficiency, the voltage and current supplied by the power source and consumed by the load are constant, and the resistance of all connecting wires is negligible. In this example embodiment, the circuit can be governed by the following equation: Among them, q i (t) is the charge of battery i at time t (i∈(1,2,3…n)); i R is the electric current provided by renewable energy sources; i L is the current consumed by the load; n is the number of batteries connected to renewable energy sources / loads at any given moment.

[0146] When the battery is being charged, the electricity supplied by the renewable energy source can be stored in the form of charge according to the above equation. The supplied charge is evenly distributed among all n batteries.

[0147] When batteries are connected in series to a load, each battery can release an equal amount of charge to power the load and can pass the required current based on the following equation:

[0148] Implementing the above equations, simulations performed in MATLAB can illustrate some effects of the embodiments. For example, in a simulation of 46 cells, 60 Hz frequency, and an initial full charge of the battery, the battery is exhausted after 1104 seconds without connecting to a power source, and the RMS load voltage is 120.349574V. Fig.15A illustrates the graphical output of the battery's charge versus time for this example simulation.

[0149] In another example simulation, simulating a US use case, a 46-cell battery, 60Hz frequency, and an initial 50% charge of the battery was simulated. The battery in this example simulation was depleted after 552 seconds, and the RMS load voltage was 219.349574. Fig. 15B illustrates the graphical output of the battery's charge versus time for this example simulation.

[0150] In the third example simulation, simulating the Indian use case, using 84 cells, 50 Hz, and an initial full charge of the battery, the battery in this example simulation is depleted after 2016 seconds, with an RMS load voltage of 219.768788. Fig. 15C illustrates the graphical output of the example simulation of battery charge versus time.

[0151] In the fourth example simulation, simulating the Indian use case, using 84 cells, 50 Hz frequency, and an initial 50% charge of the battery, the battery in this example simulation is depleted after 1008 seconds and the RMS load voltage is 120.768788. Fig.15D illustrates the graphical output of the example simulation of battery charge versus time.

[0152] like Fig.15A As shown in Figure 1-D, the charge of the battery can change continuously throughout the cycle, possibly decreasing when the battery is connected to a load and increasing when the battery is connected to a power source. The rate of change of charge can also change continuously depending on the number of batteries connected to the load and the power source.

[0153] In another embodiment, a load is supplied to the battery pack in an example actual test scenario. In this embodiment, the load may be a 70W ceiling fan and an 18W LED light bulb. Based on these values, the battery pack may supply power to the load at 220V and 1512000 seconds before the battery is exhausted. Fig.16 A graphical output showing the battery charge over time.

[0154] The foregoing description and accompanying drawings illustrate the principles, preferred embodiments and modes of operation of the present invention. However, the present invention should not be construed as being limited to the specific embodiments discussed above. Those skilled in the art will appreciate additional variations of the above embodiments.

[0155] Therefore, the above embodiments should be regarded as illustrative rather than restrictive.It should be appreciated that modifications may be made to these embodiments by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the present invention as defined by the following claims.

Claims

1. A computer-readable medium storing a system for connecting a battery in a circuit, the computer-readable medium being a non-transitory computer-readable medium containing program code, characterized in that: When the program code is executed, the processor performs the following steps: connecting a plurality of first batteries to an input source and a plurality of second batteries to an output load in a first stage; In the second stage, a plurality of the first batteries are switched to be connected to the output load, and a plurality of the second batteries are switched to be connected to the input source; varying the duration of the first phase relative to the second phase such that the first phase and the second phase form a cycle, wherein the first phase includes 0% to 100% of the cycle and the second phase includes the remainder of the cycle; wherein the output of the output load is a square wave direct current and the input of the input source is a sinusoidal wave alternating current; The output of square wave direct current is converted into an alternating current output, and the input of sine wave alternating current is converted into a direct current input, wherein the direct current input is used to charge the first battery and the second battery.

2. The computer-readable medium according to claim 1, wherein: Also includes Comparing the output of each battery, Switching the batteries into a series configuration to increase the combined voltage, Switch the batteries into a parallel configuration to increase the combined current, Switch the batteries to a series-parallel configuration, Disconnect batteries when not in use.

3. The computer-readable medium according to claim 1, wherein: Also includes: comparing the outputs of a plurality of solar photovoltaic cells within the input source, converting the solar photovoltaic cells into a series configuration to increase the combined current, switching the solar photovoltaic cells into a parallel configuration to increase the combined voltage, Switching the solar photovoltaic cells into a series-parallel configuration, De-energize the solar photovoltaic system whose output is not required.

4. The computer-readable medium of claim 1, wherein: Also includes: The voltage is converted by coupling the input source with a plurality of additional batteries to supplement the energy delivered to the load.

5. The computer-readable medium of claim 1, wherein: Also includes: The battery, the input source, and the output load that are not in use are powered down.

6. The computer-readable medium of claim 1, wherein: Also includes: compare the charge associated with each battery, and Switching one or more batteries into a series configuration to increase the combined current, Switching one or more batteries into a parallel configuration to increase the combined voltage, Switch one or more batteries into a series-parallel configuration.

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