Feed premix for promoting growth of nibea albiflora and improving quality of swim bladder

Abstract

The invention discloses a feed premix for promoting the growth of nibea albiflora and improving the quality of swimming bladders. The feed premix is prepared by mixing alanine, leucine, taurine and xanthophyll according to the mass ratio of (0 to 625.0): (150.0 to 785.0): (75.0 to 310.0): (0 to 135.0). The feed premix prepared from the leucine, the alanine, the taurine and the xanthophyll according to a proper ratio not only can promote the growth of the nibea albiflora, but also can increase the content of collagen in swimming bladders, so that the quality of the swimming bladders is further improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention relates to the field of fish feed, and in particular to a feed premix capable of promoting the growth of light-colored yellow croaker and improving the quality of fish bladder. Background Art

[0002] Fish maw is one of the organs of fish. Fish maw is a dried product of fish maw. Fish maw is processed into a high-end and precious tonic, which is as famous as bird's nest and shark fin. It is one of the "Eight Treasures of the Sea" and is a famous banquet dish and is very popular (Chen Lianghui et al., 2023). Fish maw is known for being rich in collagen and is a high-protein, low-calorie, and low-fat food. The main nutrients of fish maw include collagen, amino acids, and glycosaminoglycans. As an important nutrient of fish maw, collagen has laid a good foundation for its beauty, kidney-tonifying, blood-nourishing, and hemostasis functions. In addition, collagen is one of the main nutritional components and quality evaluation indicators of fish maw. In recent years, with the rapid economic growth, people have paid more and more attention to healthy eating, and the consumption of fish maw industry has increased year by year. It is estimated that the market size will reach 5.432 billion yuan by 2025 (Zhu Kaiyue et al., 2022).

[0003] Nibea coibor, commonly known as white croaker and golden croaker, is a fish of the Sciaenidae family. It has delicious meat and thick swim bladder. It is a special farmed fish for producing white fish maw, which is one of the four famous fish maws (the market price of high-quality fish maw is 10,000 yuan / kg-20,000 yuan / kg) and has high economic value. Nibea coibor is suitable for marine cage farming. It has many advantages such as fast growth, large size, large swim bladder, and strong disease resistance, and has great farming prospects. However, not only is the farming cost high, but it is also easy to cause a series of problems such as water pollution and increased risk of fish disease infection, which is not conducive to the growth of Nibea coibor. At the same time, due to the unstable quality of iced fish, there is a lack of effective control over the production of high-quality fish maw. Taurine is a β-sulfur amino acid in animals. It mainly exists in the interstitial fluid and intracellular fluid of various tissues and organs of animals in a free state. It is an important substance for regulating the normal physiological functions of the body. It participates in endocrine activities, can improve immunity, promote the digestion and absorption of proteins and lipids, promote the growth and development of animals, and improve feed utilization. In the breeding of aquatic animals, lutein not only plays a role in coloring and anti-oxidation, but also has many other biological functions: such as improving immunity, promoting growth and maturation (Zhao Dianhui et al., 2019). In aquatic animal research, leucine plays an important role in protein synthesis, energy metabolism, glucose balance, etc. (Zhang Yuanyuan et al., 2020). Alanine, as an amino acid required by the body, can promote animal growth, enhance immunity and sugar production. Adding a certain amount of alanine to the feed can promote animal growth, improve feed utilization, and improve digestion and absorption capacity and intestinal immune function. Therefore, each component of the premix plays an important role in the growth, health and immunity of fish. While ensuring the health of the light-colored yellow croaker, if the growth rate of the fish can be further increased and the quality of its swim bladder can be improved, it will also play an important role in the long-term development of the light-colored yellow croaker farming industry. Therefore, developing a feed premix that can effectively promote the growth of light-colored yellow croaker and improve the quality of its swim bladder is of great significance in the development of the light-colored yellow croaker farming industry.

[0004] However, at present, the research and development of light-colored yellow croaker feed premixes is still in its infancy, especially the impact on fish bladder collagen deposition needs further study. Summary of the invention

[0005] The purpose of the present invention is to propose a feed premix for promoting the growth of light-colored yellow croaker and improving the quality of the fish bladder, which can provide a theoretical basis for the aquaculture of light-colored yellow croaker, thereby updating the breeding technology of light-colored yellow croaker.

[0006] In order to solve the above technical problems, the present invention adopts the following technical solutions:

[0007] A feed premix for promoting the growth of light-colored yellow croaker and improving the quality of its swim bladder comprises alanine, leucine, taurine and lutein mixed in a mass ratio of 0-625.0:150.0-785.0:75.0-310.0:0-135.0.

[0008] Preferably, the mass ratio of the alanine, the leucine, the taurine and the lutein comprises 312.5:468.75:156.25:62.5.

[0009] Preferably, the mass ratio of the leucine, the taurine, and the lutein comprises 588.2:294.2:117.6

[0010] An application of the feed premix for promoting the growth of light-colored yellow croaker and improving the quality of the swim bladder is used for preparing feed.

[0011] Preferably, it is used to improve the quality of fish maw.

[0012] Preferably, the fish maw quality includes one or more of fish maw weight and collagen content.

[0013] Preferably, the added amount of the composite protein source accounts for 1.7-3.2% by weight of the dry matter of the feed.

[0014] When each kilogram of the feed premix includes: 312.5g of alanine, 468.75g of leucine, 156.25g of taurine and 62.5g of lutein, the added amount of the premix accounts for 3.2% of the feed weight percentage.

[0015] When each kilogram of the feed premix includes: 0.0 g alanine, 588.2 g leucine, 294.2 g taurine and 117.6 g lutein, the added amount of the premix accounts for 1.7% of the feed weight percentage.

[0016] A feed obtained by the above application.

[0017] Preferably, the raw materials include: the feed premix, fish meal, soy protein concentrate, puffed soybean meal, chicken meal, corn gluten meal, hydrolyzed feather meal, shrimp meal, brewer's yeast powder, fish oil, soybean oil, soybean lecithin, cassava starch, α-starch, multivitamin and mineral premix, squid paste, choline chloride, calcium dihydrogen phosphate, and betaine.

[0018] Preferably, the feed comprises light-colored yellow croaker feed; the light-colored yellow croaker feed comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 1.7-3.2 parts of the feed premix, 25-40 parts of Peruvian fish meal, 10 parts of concentrated soy protein, 4 parts of puffed soybean meal, 2 parts of chicken meal, 3-12 parts of corn protein meal, 2-7 parts of hydrolyzed feather meal, 1 part of shrimp meal, 1 part of brewer's yeast powder, 5-7 parts of fish oil, 0-2 parts of soybean oil, 0-2 parts of soybean lecithin, 14.3-15.8 parts of cassava starch, 5 parts of α-starch, 2 parts of multivitamin and mineral premix, 3 parts of cuttlefish paste, 0.5 parts of choline chloride, 1 part of monocalcium phosphate, and 1 part of betaine.

[0019] A method for preparing the above feed premix comprises the steps of crushing alanine, leucine, taurine and lutein components in advance, passing them through a 60-80 mesh sieve, and mixing them manually or automatically to obtain the feed premix.

[0020] The implementation of the present invention has the following beneficial effects:

[0021] The feed premix prepared by the present invention through appropriately proportioned leucine, alanine, taurine and lutein can not only promote the growth of light-colored yellow croaker, reduce the breeding feed coefficient, increase the weight of fish bladder, but also increase the content of collagen in the fish bladder, thereby further improving the quality of the fish bladder. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0022] In order to make the objectives, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more clear, the present invention will be further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0023] Example 1

[0024] A feed premix for promoting the growth of light-colored yellow croaker and improving the quality of its swim bladder. The premix addition amount accounts for 4.0% of the dry matter weight percentage. Each kilogram of the premix comprises the following raw materials: 0-550.0g of alanine, 175.0-725.0g of leucine, 56.0-298.0g of taurine and 0-158.0g of lutein.

[0025] Example 2

[0026] A feed premix for promoting the growth of light-colored yellow croaker and improving the quality of its swim bladder. The premix addition amount accounts for 3.6% of the dry matter weight percentage. Each kilogram of the premix comprises the following raw materials: 0-583.3g of alanine, 166.7-750.0g of leucine, 69.4-305.0g of taurine and 0-138.8g of lutein.

[0027] Example 3

[0028] A feed premix for promoting the growth of light-colored yellow croaker and improving the quality of its swim bladder. The premix addition amount accounts for 3.2% of the dry matter weight percentage. Each kilogram of the premix comprises the following raw materials: 0-625.0g of alanine, 150.0-785.0g of leucine, 75.0-310.0g of taurine and 0-135.0g of lutein.

[0029] Example 4

[0030] A feed premix for promoting the growth of light-colored yellow croaker and improving the quality of its swim bladder. The premix addition amount accounts for 2.4% of the dry matter weight percentage. Each kilogram of the premix comprises the following raw materials: 0-708.3g of alanine, 75.0-833.0g of leucine, 100.0-330.0g of taurine and 0-133.3g of lutein.

[0031] Example 5

[0032] A feed premix for promoting the growth of light-colored yellow croaker and improving the quality of its swim bladder. The premix addition amount accounts for 1.7% of the dry matter weight percentage. Each kilogram of the premix comprises the following raw materials: 0-529.4g of alanine, 176.5-588.2g of leucine, 117.6-294.1g of taurine and 0-129.4g of lutein.

[0033] Control group

[0034] Mainly composed of fresh frozen fish raised by local fishermen.

[0035] Effect Example 1

[0036] Effect test of feed of the present invention

[0037] According to the formula of Example 3, the premix addition amount is 3.2%, and it is added to the feed according to different proportions of the components of the premix.

[0038] The feed formula prepared by adding the above feed premix to the feed is shown in Table 1

[0039] Table 1

[0040]

[0041]

[0042] Among them, the multivitamin and multimineral premix is ​​a mixture of multivitamins and multiminerals in a 1:1 ratio; each kilogram of multivitamins includes: vitamin A: 1,000,000-3,000,000IU, vitamin D3: 500,000-1,000,0001U, vitamin E: 4,500-15,000mg, vitamin K3: 1,350-4,500mg, vitamin B1: 270-900mg, vitamin B2: 432-1,440mg, vitamin B6: 2,700-9,000mg, vitamin B12: 5-10mg, niacinamide: 5,000-21,000mg, Folic acid: 450-1,500mg, calcium pantothenate: 2,700-9,000mg, vitamin C: 3,000-10,000mg, biotin: 10-30mg, inositol: 3,600-12,000mg; each kilogram of multi-minerals includes: amino acid copper complex: 3,000-12,000mg, amino acid iron complex: 5,000-20,000mg, amino acid zinc complex: 8,000-32,000mg, amino acid manganese complex: 10,000-40,000mg, calcium iodate: 200-800mg, sodium selenite: 100-400mg.

[0043] The nutritional components of the feed in the above-mentioned Effect Example 1 are shown in Table 2.

[0044] Table 2

[0045]

[0046] Note: In Table 2, data are mean ± standard error (n = 3); in the same data, those without the same lowercase letters in the superscripts indicate significant differences (P < 0.05).

[0047] The breeding experiment was conducted in the offshore fish cages of Nan'ao Linhai Experimental Station of Shantou University in Wupingzhai Village, Nan'ao County, Shantou City, Guangdong Province. The fry were purchased from local fry in Nan'ao County, Shantou City, Guangdong Province, and the purchased fry were transported to the breeding fish cages of Nan'ao Linhai Experimental Station of Shantou University by live water boat. The experimental fry were transferred to 3m×3m×2m seawater cages and fasted for 24h, and then fed with Yuequn brand marine fish seedling commercial feed for 2 weeks. The total daily feed amount of 5.0% of body weight was fed three times at 7:00, 12:00 and 18:00, and healthy, uniform-sized light-colored yellow croaker was selected as the experimental fish. The seawater temperature was recorded regularly every day, and dead fish were fished out in time.

[0048] The feed of Effect Example 1 was used as experimental feed for a breeding test, with three repeated experimental cages in each group, and a breeding test lasting 10 weeks was carried out.

[0049] After two weeks of domestication, the experimental fish were fasted for 24 hours before the formal experiment. The uniform and healthy temporary fish were fished out from the 3m×3m×2m seawater cage and placed in a trawl cage. 25 fish (initial weight 8.35±0.42g) were randomly selected from the trawl cage and placed in a small drum containing 0.02% 2-phenoxyethanol seawater for anesthesia. The surface moisture of the fish was wiped with a semi-dry towel, and each fish was weighed and placed in the corresponding experimental cage. Three parallels were set for each group, each of which corresponded to a 1m×1m×2m small cage, and 25 light-colored yellow croakers were placed in each small cage. A total of 15 cages and 375 light-colored yellow croakers were used. The weight was recorded according to the group mark. If the experimental fish died two days before the formal experiment, new fish could be added after weighing, and the weight of the dead fish and the weight of the newly added fish were recorded.

[0050] After the formal experiment began, the light-colored yellow croaker was fed with experimental feeds. Feed was given at 3% of body weight every day, twice at 7:00 and 17:30 respectively. The amount of feed was adjusted once a week according to the prediction of the daily weight gain rate of the light-colored yellow croaker. The total weekly feed amount of each cage was recorded. The seawater temperature was recorded regularly every week, and dead fish were fished out in time. The sea area temperature during the breeding period was 22.4-27.5℃; the salinity was 30.5-32.5ppt; the pH value was 8.07-8.14; the dissolved oxygen was 7.34-7.54mg / L; the ammonia nitrogen content was <0.05mg / L; the nitrite content was <0.005mg / L; and the sulfide content was <0.005mg / L.

[0051] After the breeding experiment, all the experimental fish were fasted for 24 hours and anesthetized in seawater containing 0.02% 2-phenoxyethanol. The surface moisture of the fish was wiped with a semi-dry towel, and the weight and body length of each fish were measured. The growth performance index was calculated. The test results are shown in Table 3.

[0052] Table 3 shows the effect of feed premix of Effect Example 1 on the growth performance of light-colored yellow croaker.

[0053] Table 3

[0054]

[0055]

[0056] Note: In Table 3, data are mean ± standard error (n = 3); in the same data, those without the same lowercase letters in the superscripts indicate significant differences (P < 0.05).

[0057] It can be seen from the basic growth indicators in Table 3 that in the effect example 1 group, that is, when the premix was added at 3.2%, Group 3 had the largest final weight, weight gain rate, specific growth rate and the smallest feed coefficient, while Group 4 had the largest swim bladder weight; from the final weight, weight gain rate, specific growth rate and other indicators, it can be seen that the addition of 3.2% feed premix can significantly promote the growth of light-colored yellow croaker and improve other basic growth indicators.

[0058] At the same time as sampling, the swim bladder tissue of each group of tests was taken, weighed and stored in a refrigerator at -20℃ for the determination of the content of fish bladder collagen. Test method for fish bladder collagen content: The hydroxyproline content of the swim bladder of light-colored yellow croaker was determined using a hydroxyproline (Hyp) assay kit (Nanjing Jiancheng, A030-2-1). The assay principle is: the oxidation product produced by hydroxyproline under the action of an oxidant reacts with dimethylaminobenzaldehyde to present a purple-red color, and its content can be calculated based on the depth of its color. The test steps can be tested according to the instructions on the hydroxyproline (Hyp) assay kit: 1. Take 30-100mg of light-colored yellow croaker swim bladder and put it into a test tube, accurately add 1mL of hydrolysis solution, and mix well. After covering, hydrolyze at 95℃ or in a boiling water bath for 20 minutes (mix once every 10 minutes of hydrolysis to make the hydrolysis more complete). 2. After cooling the running water in the test tube, add 10uL of the indicator and shake well; then accurately add 1.0mL of pH adjustment solution A and mix well (the solution should be red at this time); then use a 200uL pipette to draw pH adjustment solution B and add it drop by drop into the tube, mix well after each drop, until the color of the indicator in the liquid turns yellow-green (that is, when the red disappears), and the pH value is 6.0-6.8 (add about 100uL-500uL of pH adjustment solution B). 3. Add double distilled water to 10mL and mix well; take 3-4mL of the diluted hydrolyzate and add an appropriate amount of activated carbon (20-30mg, based on the clear and colorless supernatant after centrifugation), mix well, centrifuge at 3500 rpm for 10 minutes, and take 1mL of the supernatant for detection. 4. Take 1mL of supernatant, 1mL of 5ug / mL standard application solution and 1mL of double distilled water respectively, add 0.5mL of reagent 1 to each and mix well, let stand for 10 minutes, then add 0.5mL of reagent 2 to each and mix well, let stand for 5 minutes, then add 0.5mL of reagent 3 to each and mix well, water bath at 60℃ for 15 minutes, cool, centrifuge at 3500 rpm for 10 minutes, take the supernatant at a wavelength of 550nm, 1cm optical path, adjust to zero with double distilled water, and measure the absorbance value of each tube. The hydrolyzate, pH adjustment solution A, pH adjustment solution B, standard application solution, etc. used in the test method are all related reagents in the hydroxyproline (Hyp) determination kit.

[0059] Due to the special properties of hydroxyproline, in fish, hydroxyproline accounts for 11.1% of collagen, a very small amount of elastin, and does not exist in other proteins. Therefore, the content of fish bladder collagen can be calculated based on the content of hydroxyproline in the fish bladder.

[0060] The test results of groups 1-5 in effect example 1 are shown in Table 4.

[0061] Table 4

[0062] Fish Maw Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5 Wet weight HYP content (g / kg wet weight) 10.75±0.54 11.26±0.16 12.1±0.23 10.57±0.12 10.87±0.19 Collagen content by wet weight (g / kg wet weight) 89.5±6.42 95.77±1.41 99.42±2.92 95.23±1.05 94.09±1.35

[0063] Note: In Table 4, data are mean ± standard error (n = 3); in the same data, those without the same lowercase letters in the superscripts indicate significant differences (P < 0.05).

[0064] As can be seen from Table 4, in effect example 1, adding 3.2% of the premix can increase the content of hydroxyproline and collagen in the fish bladder. Among groups 1-5, group 3 has the largest content of hydroxyproline and collagen, indicating that the premix can significantly improve fish growth and fish bladder weight, increase the collagen content of the fish bladder, and thus improve the quality of the fish bladder.

[0065] Effect Example 2

[0066] According to the formulation of Example 5, the amount of premix added is 1.7%.

[0067] The above feed premix feed formula is shown in Table 5.

[0068] Table 5

[0069]

[0070]

[0071] The nutritional composition of the feed in the above-mentioned Effect Example 2 is shown in Table 6.

[0072] Table 6

[0073]

[0074] Effect Example 2: 3 parallels were set up for the experimental group and the control group (surimi group), where each parallel corresponded to a 1m×1m×2m small cage, and 25 light-colored yellow croakers were placed in each small cage. A total of 6 cages and 150 light-colored yellow croakers were used.

[0075] The preliminary preparations for the breeding test were the same as those for effect 1. The premix of effect example 2 was added to the feed as experimental feed for the breeding test. Three repeated experimental cages were used for each group to carry out a 10-week breeding test.

[0076] Table 7 shows the effect of experimental feed premixes in Effect Example 2 on the growth performance of light-colored yellow croaker.

[0077] Table 7

[0078] index Experimental Group Control group Initial weight / g 8.52±0.10 8.61±0.01 Final weight / g <![CDATA[72.63±1.20 b ]]> <![CDATA[66.92±1.17 a ]]> Weight gain rate / % <![CDATA[752.84±10.18 b ]]> <![CDATA[677.13±12.61 a ]]> Specific growth rate <![CDATA[3.06±0.02 b ]]> <![CDATA[2.93±0.02 a ]]> Survival rate / % 77.78±2.22 84.44±2.22 Feed Coefficient <![CDATA[1.31±0.11 a ]]> <![CDATA[7.81±0.83 b ]]> Fullness <![CDATA[3.95±0.04 b ]]> <![CDATA[3.61±0.04 a ]]> Swim bladder weight <![CDATA[0.346±0.0019 b ]]> <![CDATA[0.303±0.0013 a ]]> Swim bladder to body ratio / % 0.477±0.014 0.452±0.020 Liver to body ratio <![CDATA[0.027±0.001 b ]]> <![CDATA[0.016±0.002 a ]]> Visceral Index 0.0532±0.0028 0.0505±0.0011

[0079] Note: In Table 7, data are mean ± standard error (n = 3); in the same data, those without the same lowercase letters in the superscripts indicate significant differences (P < 0.05).

[0080] It can be seen from the basic growth indicators in Table 7 that in Effect Example 2, the feed premix of the experimental group has the largest final weight, weight gain rate, specific growth rate, swim bladder weight and a smaller feed coefficient; from the final weight, weight gain rate, specific growth rate and other indicators, it can be seen that the feed premix, that is, the addition of 1.7% of the premix can significantly promote the growth of light-colored yellow croaker, and can improve other basic growth indicators.

[0081] Effect Example 2 The testing method for the hydroxyproline and collagen content in the swim bladder tissue of the experimental group and the control group is consistent with Effect 1.

[0082] Effect Example 2 The test results of the experimental group and the control group are shown in Table 8.

[0083] Table 8

[0084] Fish Maw Experimental Group Control group Hydroxyproline (g / kg wet weight) <![CDATA[12.36±0.32 b ]]> <![CDATA[11.66±0.33 a ]]> Collagen (g / kg wet weight) <![CDATA[92.22±2.40 b ]]> <![CDATA[87.02±2.49 a ]]>

[0085] Note: In Table 8, data are mean ± standard error (n = 3); in the same data, those without the same lowercase letters in the superscripts indicate significant differences (P < 0.05).

[0086] As shown in Table 8, compared with the control group, the collagen content of the experimental group increased significantly, indicating that adding 1.7% of the feed premix can effectively increase the collagen content in the fish maw.

[0087] In summary, the feed premix made with appropriate proportions of leucine, alanine, taurine and lutein can not only promote the growth of light-colored yellow croaker, but also increase the content of collagen in the maw, further improving the quality of the maw. From the effect test of the feed premix of the present invention, the feed premix group of group 3 in effect example 1 and the feed premix group of the experimental group in effect example 2 have the effect of significantly promoting the growth of light-colored yellow croaker, increasing the weight of the maw and the content of collagen.

[0088] The above disclosure is only the preferred embodiment of the present invention, which certainly cannot be used to limit the scope of the present invention. Therefore, equivalent changes made according to the claims of the present invention are still within the scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A feed premix for promoting the growth of light-colored yellow croaker and improving the quality of its swim bladder, characterized in that: The invention comprises alanine, leucine, taurine and lutein which are mixed in a mass ratio of 0-625.0:150.0-785.0:75.0-310.0:0-135.

0.

2. The feed premix for promoting the growth of light-colored yellow croaker and improving the quality of fish maw according to claim 1, characterized in that: The mass ratios of the alanine, the leucine, the taurine and the lutein are 312.5:468.75:156.25:62.

5.

3. The feed premix for promoting the growth of light-colored yellow croaker and improving the quality of fish maw according to claim 1, characterized in that: The mass ratio of the leucine, the taurine and the lutein is 588.2:294.2:117.

6.

4. An application of the feed premix for promoting the growth of light-colored yellow croaker and improving the quality of its swim bladder according to claim 1, characterized in that: Used in preparing feed.

5. The application according to claim 4, characterized in that: Used to improve the quality of fish maw.

6. The use according to claim 4, characterized in that: The fish maw quality includes one or more of fish maw weight and collagen content.

7. The use according to claim 3, characterized in that: The added amount of the composite protein source accounts for 1.7-3.2% by weight of the dry matter of the feed.

8. A feed obtained according to the use of claim 3.

9. The feed according to claim 7, characterized in that: The raw materials include: the feed premix, fish meal, soybean protein concentrate, puffed soybean meal, chicken meal, corn protein powder, hydrolyzed feather meal, shrimp meal, brewer's yeast powder, fish oil, soybean oil, soybean lecithin, cassava starch, α-starch, multivitamin and mineral premix, squid paste, choline chloride, calcium dihydrogen phosphate and betaine.

10. The feed according to claim 7, characterized in that: The feed includes light-colored yellow croaker feed; the light-colored yellow croaker feed includes the following raw materials in parts by weight: 1.7 to 3.2 parts of the feed premix, 25 to 40 parts of Peruvian fish meal, 10 parts of concentrated soybean protein, 4 parts of puffed soybean meal, 2 parts of chicken meal, 3 to 12 parts of corn protein meal, 2 to 7 parts of hydrolyzed feather meal, 1 part of shrimp meal, 1 part of brewer's yeast powder, 5 to 7 parts of fish oil, 0 to 2 parts of soybean oil, 0 to 2 parts of soybean lecithin, 14.3 to 15.8 parts of cassava starch, 5 parts of α-starch, 2 parts of multivitamin and mineral premix, 3 parts of cuttlefish paste, 0.5 parts of choline chloride, 1 part of monocalcium phosphate, and 1 part of betaine.

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