Production of nitrogen, potassium, sulfur nutrients by decarburization and utilization of calcium sulfate

Abstract

Methods and systems for capturing carbon dioxide and utilizing calcium sulfate to produce useful products are disclosed.

Description

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0002] This application claims priority to and the benefit of European Application No. 22182215.8, filed on June 30, 2022, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Background Art

[0003] I. Technical field

[0004] The present disclosure generally relates to methods of producing fertilizer using carbon dioxide and phosphogypsum.

[0005] II. Background Technology

[0006] Over the past decade, the world has become increasingly aware of the adverse environmental impacts of processing waste gypsum, such as phosphogypsum (PG) or red gypsum (RG). Waste gypsum is disposed of by dumping it on land or discharging it into the sea. However, both methods of disposal can have adverse effects on the environment.

[0007] Furthermore, reducing CO2 emissions is currently a top priority for many industries. Chemical utilization of CO2 by reducing it to CO and participating in chemical reactions requires excessive energy consumption. This is one of the reasons why many chemical companies are currently working to reduce CO2 emissions by storing CO2 deep underground.

[0008] Other methods are needed to reduce CO2 as well as waste gypsum. Summary of the invention

[0009] Solutions to at least some of the above problems have been found, including the efficient utilization of gypsum and carbon dioxide such as waste gypsum. In one aspect, the solution is to react calcium sulfate (CaSO4), carbon dioxide (CO2), one or both of an ammonia source such as ammonia (NH3) and ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) and a potassium source. The reaction can be carried out in a reaction vessel, or the reaction that occurs can be carried out separately. In some cases, the ammonium sulfate generated can be reduced. Non-limiting examples of reactions (1) and (2) are shown below, respectively. The reaction scheme provides the benefits of utilizing carbon dioxide including from a waste source and gypsum including from a waste source and a regeneration source. This can reduce the carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere while producing useful products. The utilization of carbon dioxide and gypsum can involve the generation of fertilizers, such as calcium carbonate (CaCO3) or ammonium sulfate ((NH4)2SO4), or potassium sulfate (K2SO4) and / or the generation of acids, such as sulfuric acid (H2SO4) that can be used to produce phosphoric acid (H3PO4). When other potassium sources or ammonia sources are used, different products or additional products can be produced. For example, when the potassium source is KCl, K2CO3, K3PO4 and / or KNO3, for example, hydrochloric acid (HCl), carbonic acid (H2CO3), phosphoric acid (H3PO4) and / or nitric acid (HNO3) can be produced, respectively.

[0010] (1)2CaSO4.2H2O+2CO2+2NH3+2KOH→2CaCO3+(NH4)2SO4+K2SO4+2H2O

[0011] (2) (NH4)2SO4→2NH3+H2SO4

[0012] In some cases, the reaction of calcium sulfate (CaSO ), carbon dioxide (CO ), ammonia source and potassium source includes two reactions, three reactions or more than three reactions occurring in the same reaction vessel or a separate container. As a non-limiting example, the reaction of calcium sulfate (CaSO ), carbon dioxide (CO ), ammonia source and potassium source is three reactions, such as non-limiting example reaction (3), reaction (4) and reaction (5).

[0013] (3)CaSO4.2H2O+CO2+2NH3→CaCO3+(NH4)2SO4+H2O

[0014] (4)CaSO4+2KOH→Ca(OH)2+K2SO4

[0015] (5)Ca(OH)2+CO2→CaCO3+H2O

[0016] Certain aspects relate to a final product containing a mixture comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of any of the above chemicals, including CaCO 3. Embodiments of the present disclosure are improvements over known methods of producing fertilizers, including fertilizers comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of CaCO 3, including by methods involving the use of CO 2 and / or gypsum, such as phosphogypsum.

[0017] Certain embodiments provide for utilizing (eg, by recycling) large amounts of CO2 to synthesize complex nutrients, such as (NH4)2SO4 / K2SO4.

[0018] Certain aspects relate to a method for capturing CO2 and preparing sulfuric acid using calcium sulfate. The method may include steps (a), (b) and / or (c). In step (a), calcium sulfate (CaSO4), carbon dioxide (CO2), an ammonia source and a potassium source are reacted to produce a first product comprising calcium carbonate (CaCO3), potassium sulfate (K2SO4) and ammonium sulfate ((NH4)2SO4). In step (b), ((NH4)2SO4 in the first product is decomposed into NH3 and sulfuric acid (H2SO4) by contacting (NH4)2SO4 with a catalyst such as another acid. In step (c), the H2SO4 produced in step (b) is contacted with calcium phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2) to produce phosphoric acid (H3PO4) and CaSO4.

[0019] In some aspects, the additional acid in step (b) comprises H2SO4 or consists of H2SO4. In some aspects, the source of CaSO4 in step (a) includes waste gypsum and / or regenerated gypsum. In some aspects, the source of CO2 in step (a) includes waste gas and / or flue gas from factory facilities. In some aspects, the source of CaSO4 in step (a) includes phosphogypsum and / or red gypsum. In some aspects, the ammonia source is a solution of ammonium hydroxide, ammonium, ammonium carbonate, ammonia, succinimide and / or phthalimide. In some aspects, the potassium source is potassium hydroxide (KOH), potassium chloride (KCl), potassium carbonate (K2CO3), potassium phosphate (K3PO4) and / or potassium nitrate (KNO3). In some aspects, step (a) is carried out at about 50°C to 70°C. In some aspects, CaCO3 is separated from the first product before step (b). In some aspects, the method includes step (d). In step (d), the separated CaCO is combined with plant nutrients to form fertilizer. In some aspects, the separated CaCO is dried. In some aspects, at least a portion of the NH produced in step (b) is used as at least a portion of the NH used in step (a). In some aspects, at least a portion of the H2SO4 produced in step (b) is used as at least a portion of the H2SO4 for producing phosphogypsum. In some aspects, at least a portion of the phosphogypsum produced is used as the source of the CaSO4 of step (a).

[0020] Certain aspects relate to a system for capturing CO2 and preparing sulfuric acid (H2SO4) using calcium sulfate (CaSO4). In some aspects, the system includes or is composed of element (a), element (b) and / or element (c). Element (a) may include a first reactor that can receive CaSO4, CO2, an ammonia source and a potassium source and provide conditions to produce a product comprising CaCO3, K2SO4 and (NH4)2SO4. Element (b) may include a second reactor that can decompose the (NH4)2SO4 produced by reactor (a) into H2SO4 and NH3. Element (c) may include a device capable of separating CaCO3 from the product produced in the first reactor. In some aspects, the system includes element (a) and element (b), excluding element (c). In some aspects, the system includes element (a), element (b) and element (c). In some aspects, the first reactor is the same reactor as the second reactor. In other aspects, the first reactor is a different reactor from the second reactor. In some cases, the first reactor is two or three independent reactors. In some embodiments, the system includes a device connecting a first reactor and a second reactor. In some aspects, the system includes a third reactor capable of receiving H2SO4 and calcium phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2) and providing conditions to produce CaSO4 and phosphoric acid (H3PO4). The first reactor, the second reactor, and the third reactor can be the same reactor, or, in some aspects, they can be different reactors. In some aspects, the first reactor is the same reactor as the third reactor. In some aspects, the second reactor is the same reactor as the third reactor. In some aspects, the first reactor can receive CO2 from flue gas and / or waste gas of a factory facility and react it. In some aspects, the first reactor can receive CO2 from flue gas and / or waste gas of a factory facility and react it, wherein the CO2 from flue gas and / or waste gas is not purified before reacting to form CaCO3, to separate or concentrate the CO2 in flue gas and / or waste gas.

[0021] The following aspects 1 to 34 of the present invention are also disclosed.

[0022] Aspect 1 is a method for capturing CO2 and using calcium sulfate (CaSO4) to prepare nitrogen (N) fertilizer, potassium (K) fertilizer, and sulfur (S) fertilizer, the method comprising the following steps: (a) contacting calcium sulfate (CaSO4) with carbon dioxide (CO2), a potassium source, and one or two of ammonia (NH3) and ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) to produce a first product comprising calcium carbonate (CaCO3), ammonium sulfate ((NH4)2SO4) and potassium sulfate (K2SO4).

[0023] Aspect 2 is a method according to aspect 1, which further comprises: (b) decomposing (NH4)2SO4 in the first product into NH3 and sulfuric acid (H2SO4) by contacting (NH4)2SO4 with a catalyst.

[0024] Aspect 3 is a method according to aspect 2, which further comprises: (c) contacting the H2SO4 produced in step (b) with calcium phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2) to produce phosphoric acid (H3PO4) and CaSO4.

[0025] Aspect 4 is a method according to aspects 1 to 3, wherein the catalyst is another acid, preferably H2SO4.

[0026] Aspect 5 is a method according to any one of aspects 1 to 4, wherein the source of CaSO4 in step (a) comprises waste gypsum and / or recycled gypsum.

[0027] Aspect 6 is a method according to any one of aspects 1 to 5, wherein the source of CO2 in step (a) comprises waste gas and / or flue gas from a factory facility.

[0028] Aspect 7 is a method according to any one of aspects 1 to 6, wherein the source of CaSO4 in step (a) comprises phosphogypsum and / or red gypsum.

[0029] Aspect 8 is a method according to any one of Aspects 1 to 7, wherein the potassium source in step (a) comprises potassium hydroxide (KOH), potassium chloride (KCl), potassium carbonate (K2CO3), potassium phosphate (K3PO4) and / or potassium nitrate (KNO3).

[0030] Aspect 9 is a method according to any one of aspects 1 to 8, wherein the first product further comprises water, hydrochloric acid (HCl), carbonic acid (H2CO3), phosphoric acid (H3PO4) and / or nitric acid (HNO3).

[0031] Aspect 10 is a method according to any one of aspects 1 to 9, wherein step (a) is performed at about 50°C to 70°C.

[0032] Aspect 11 is a method according to any one of aspects 1 to 10, which also includes separating CaCO3 from the first product.

[0033] Aspect 12 is a method according to aspect 11, further comprising combining the separated CaCO3 with plant nutrients to form a fertilizer.

[0034] Aspect 13 is a method according to any one of aspects 11 and 12, further comprising drying the separated CaCO3.

[0035] Aspect 14 is a method according to any one of aspects 2 to 13, wherein at least a portion of the NH3 produced in step (b) is used as at least a portion of the NH3 used in step (a).

[0036] Aspect 15 is a method according to any one of aspects 2 to 14, wherein at least a portion of the H 2 SO 4 produced in step (b) is used as at least a portion of the H 2 SO 4 for producing phosphogypsum.

[0037] Aspect 16 is a method according to aspect 15, wherein at least a portion of the produced phosphogypsum is used as a source of CaSO4 in step (a).

[0038] Aspect 17 is a system for capturing CO2 and using calcium sulfate (CaSO4) to prepare nitrogen (N) fertilizer, potassium (K) fertilizer, and sulfur (S) fertilizer, the system comprising: (a) a first reactor capable of receiving CaSO4, CO2, a potassium source, and an ammonia source, and providing conditions to produce a product comprising calcium carbonate (CaCO3), ammonium sulfate ((NH4)2SO4), and potassium sulfate (K2SO4).

[0039] Aspect 18 is a system according to Aspect 17, which further includes: (b) a second reactor capable of decomposing the (NH4)2SO4 produced by reactor (a) into H2SO4 and NH3.

[0040] Aspect 19 is a system according to any one of aspects 17 or 18, which further includes: (c) optionally, a device capable of separating CaCO3 from the product produced in the first reactor.

[0041] Aspect 20 is a system according to any one of aspects 18 or 19, wherein the first reactor and the second reactor are the same reactor.

[0042] Aspect 21 is a system according to any one of aspects 18 or 19, wherein the first reactor and the second reactor are different reactors.

[0043] Aspect 22 is a system according to aspect 21, further comprising a device connecting the first reactor and the second reactor.

[0044] Aspect 23 is a system according to any one of aspects 17 to 22, which also includes a third reactor capable of receiving H2SO4 and calcium phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2) and providing conditions to produce CaSO4 and phosphoric acid (H3PO4).

[0045] Aspect 24 is a system according to aspect 23, wherein the third reactor and the second reactor are the same reactor.

[0046] Aspect 25 is a system according to any one of aspects 23 to 24, wherein the third reactor, the second reactor, and the first reactor are the same reactor.

[0047] Aspect 26 is a system according to aspect 23, wherein the third reactor, the second reactor, and the first reactor are different reactors.

[0048] Aspect 27 is a system according to any one of aspects 17 to 26, wherein the first reactor is capable of receiving and reacting CO2 in flue gas and / or exhaust gas from a factory facility.

[0049] Aspect 28 is a system according to any one of Aspects 17 to 27, wherein the first reactor is capable of receiving and reacting CO2 from flue gas and / or exhaust gas from a factory facility, wherein the CO2 from the flue gas and / or exhaust gas is not purified before reacting to form CaCO3 to separate or concentrate the CO2 in the flue gas and / or exhaust gas.

[0050] Aspect 29 is a fertilizer product comprising calcium carbonate (CaCO3), ammonium sulfate ((NH4)2SO4) and potassium sulfate (K2SO4), which is produced by the method according to any one of aspects 1 to 16.

[0051] Aspect 30 is the fertilizer product according to aspect 29, further comprising one or more of water, hydrochloric acid (HCl), carbonic acid (H2CO3), phosphoric acid (H3PO4) and / or nitric acid (HNO3).

[0052] Aspect 31 is a fertilizer product according to any one of aspects 29 and 30, wherein CaCO3 encapsulates at least a portion of (NH4)2SO4 and K2SO4.

[0053] Aspect 32 is a fertilizer composition comprising calcium carbonate (CaCO3), ammonium sulfate ((NH4)2SO4), and potassium sulfate (K2SO4).

[0054] Aspect 33 is the fertilizer composition according to aspect 32, further comprising one or more than one of water, hydrochloric acid (HCl), carbonic acid (H2CO3), phosphoric acid (H3PO4) and / or nitric acid (HNO3).

[0055] Aspect 34 is a fertilizer composition according to any one of aspects 32 and 33, wherein CaCO3 encapsulates at least a portion of (NH4)2SO4 and K2SO4.

[0056] The term "fertilizer" is defined as a material applied to soil or plant tissue to provide one or more plant nutrients necessary for or beneficial to plant growth, and / or a stimulant or enhancer that promotes or enhances plant growth.

[0057] The term "granule" may include solid materials. Granules may have a variety of shapes, non-limiting examples of which include spheres, discs, ellipses, rods, oblongs, or random shapes.

[0058] The term "particle" may include solid material having a largest dimension less than a millimeter.

[0059] The term "particulate" or "powder" may include a plurality of particles.

[0060] As used herein, the term "about" or "approximately" is defined as close to the degree understood by those of ordinary skill in the art. In a non-limiting embodiment, these terms are defined as within 10% deviation, preferably within 5%, more preferably within 1% deviation and most preferably within 0.5%.

[0061] The terms "weight %", "volume %" or "mole %" refer to the weight percent, volume percent or mole percent of a component based on the total weight of the material containing the component, the total volume of the material or the total number of moles of the material, respectively. In a non-limiting example, 10 grams of a component in 100 grams of material is 10 weight %.

[0062] When an element is preceded by an indefinite number and used with the term "comprising", it can mean "a", but it is also consistent with the meaning of "one or more", "at least one", and "one or more than one".

[0063] The phrase "and / or" means "and" or "or". For example, A, B, and / or C includes: A alone, B alone, C alone, a combination of A and B, a combination of A and C, a combination of B and C, or a combination of A, B, and C. In other words, "and / or" is used as an inclusive "or".

[0064] The words "comprising," "having," "including," or "containing" are inclusive or open-ended and do not exclude additional, unrecited elements or method steps.

[0065] Compositions and methods of use thereof may "comprise," "consist essentially of," or "consist of" any of the ingredients or steps disclosed throughout the specification. Compositions and methods consisting "consist essentially of" any of the disclosed ingredients or steps limit the scope of the claims to the specific materials or steps that do not materially affect the basic and novel features of the claimed invention.

[0066] It is contemplated that any embodiment discussed in this specification can be implemented with respect to any method or composition of the present invention, and vice versa.In addition, the compositions of the present invention can be used to implement the methods of the present invention.

[0067] Other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description. However, it should be understood that the detailed description and specific examples, although indicating specific embodiments of the present invention, are given by way of illustration only, because various changes and modifications within the spirit and scope of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art based on the detailed description. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0068] The following drawings constitute part of this specification and further illustrate certain aspects of the present invention. The present invention may be better understood by referring to one or more of these drawings in conjunction with the detailed description of specific embodiments given in this specification.

[0069] Figure 1 : Schematic diagram of a system and method for capturing CO2 and using calcium sulfate in conjunction with a phosphoric acid production process, according to a non-limiting example of the systems and methods disclosed herein.

[0070] Figure 2 : Schematic diagram of systems and methods for capturing CO2 and using calcium sulfate, according to non-limiting examples of systems and methods disclosed herein. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0071] Certain aspects of the present disclosure provide benefits over existing carbon dioxide capture technologies, including through the efficient use of gypsum such as waste gypsum. In one aspect, the solution is to react calcium sulfate (CaSO4) with carbon dioxide (CO2), an ammonia source and a potassium source. In some cases, the reaction produces ammonium sulfate, potassium sulfate and / or calcium carbonate. In some cases, the step includes decomposing the resulting ammonium sulfate. The reaction scheme provides the benefits of utilizing carbon dioxide including from waste sources and gypsum including from waste sources and regenerated sources such as phosphogypsum. This can reduce the emission of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. The use of carbon dioxide and gypsum may involve the production of fertilizers such as calcium carbonate (CaCO3) or ammonium sulfate ((NH4)2SO4) or potassium sulfate (K2SO4) and / or the production of acids such as sulfuric acid (H2SO4), which can be used for the production of phosphoric acid (H3PO4). When other potassium sources or ammonia sources are used, different or additional products can be produced, such as hydrochloric acid (HCl), carbonic acid (H2CO3), phosphoric acid (H3PO4) and / or nitric acid (HNO3). Additionally, certain aspects exclude and / or include the production of calcium urea phosphate, urea phosphate, and / or urea calcium sulfate.

[0072] I. Fertilizer

[0073] Certain embodiments herein relate to fertilizers comprising CaCO 3. Certain aspects relate to using natural sources of the fertilizer ingredients to synthesize nutrient complexes, wherein natural sources are such as CaSO 4 and CO 2. In some embodiments, in addition to these feed sources, ammonia sources and potassium sources are also used.

[0074] The fertilizer may be a fertilizer granule and may contain calcium (Ca) and carbon (C) in the form of carbonates. The ratio of the elements in the fertilizer may be adjusted according to the specific application. In some embodiments, the Ca in the fertilizer may be present in the form of calcium carbonate in the following weight % at least any one, at most any one, equal to any one or between any two: 1 weight %, 2 weight %, 3 weight %, 4 weight %, 5 weight %, 6 weight %, 7 weight %, 8 weight %, 9 weight %, 10 weight %, 11 weight %, 12 weight %, 13 weight %, 14 weight %, 15 weight %, 16 weight %, 17 weight %, 18 weight %, 19 weight %, 20 weight %, 21 weight %, 22 weight %, 23 weight %, 24 weight %, 25 weight %, 26 weight %, 27 weight %, 28 weight %, 29 weight %, 30 weight %, 31 weight %, 32 weight %, 33 weight %, 34 weight %, 35 weight %, 36 weight %, 37 weight %, 38 weight %, 39 weight %, 40 weight %, 41 weight %, 42 weight %, 43 weight %, 44 weight %, 45 weight %, 46 weight %, 47 weight %, 48 weight %, 49 weight %, 50 weight %, 51 weight %, 52 weight %, 53 weight %, 54 weight %, 55 weight %, 56 weight %, 57 weight %, 58 weight %, 59 weight %, 60 weight %, 61 weight %, 62 weight %, 63 weight %, 64 weight %, 65 weight %, 66 weight %, 67 weight %, 68 weight %, 69 weight %, 70 weight %, 71 weight %, 72 weight %, 0 wt%, 21 wt%, 22 wt%, 23 wt%, 24 wt%, 25 wt%, 26 wt%, 27 wt%, 28 wt%, 29 wt%, 30 wt%, 31 wt%, 32 wt%, 33 wt%, 34 wt%, 35 wt%, 36 wt%, 37 wt%, 38 wt%, 39 wt%, 40 wt%, 41 wt%, 42 wt%, 43 wt%, 44 wt%, 45 wt%, 46 wt%, 47 wt%, %, 48 wt%, 49 wt%, 50 wt%, 51 wt%, 52 wt%, 53 wt%, 54 wt%, 55 wt%, 56 wt%, 57 wt%, 58 wt%, 59 wt%, 60 wt%, 61 wt%, 62 wt%, 63 wt%, 64 wt%, 65 wt%, 66 wt%, 67 wt%, 68 wt%, 69 wt%, 70 wt%, 71 wt%, 72 wt%, 73 wt%, 74 wt%, 75 weight %, 76 weight %, 77 weight %, 78 weight %, 79 weight %, 80 weight %, 81 weight %, 82 weight %, 83 weight %, 84 weight %, 85 weight %, 86 weight %, 87 weight %, 88 weight %, 89 weight %, 90 weight %, 91 weight %, 92 weight %, 93 weight %, 94 weight %, 95 weight %, 96 weight %, 97 weight %, 98 weight %, 99 weight %, 99.5 weight % and 100 weight %.

[0075] In some aspects, the fertilizer comprises Ca, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sulfur (S), and / or C. i) The Ca content of the fertilizer can be at least any one, at most any one, equal to any one, or between any two of the following weight %: 1 weight %, 2 weight %, 3 weight %, 4 weight %, 5 weight %, 6 weight %, 7 weight %, 8 weight %, 9 weight %, 10 weight %, 11 weight %, 12 weight %, 13 weight %, 14 weight %, 15 weight %, 16 weight %, 17 weight %, 18 weight %, 19 weight %, 20 weight %, 21 weight %, 22 weight %, 23 weight %, 24 weight %, 25 weight %, 26 weight %, 27 weight %, 28 weight %, 29 weight %, 30 weight %, 31 weight %, 32 weight %, 33 weight %, 34 weight %, 35 weight %, 36 weight %, 37 weight %, 38 weight %, 39 weight %, 40 weight %, 41 weight %, 42 weight %, 43 weight %, 44 weight %, 45 weight %, 46 weight %, 47 weight %, 48 weight %, 49 weight %, 50 weight %, 51 weight %, 52 weight %, 53 weight %, 54 weight %, 55 weight %, 56 weight %, 57 weight %, 58 weight %, 59 weight %, 60 weight %, 61 weight %, 62 weight %, 63 weight %, 64 weight %, 65 weight %, 66 weight %, 67 weight %, 68 weight %, 69 weight %, 70 weight %, 71 weight %, 72 weight %, 73 weight %, 74 weight %, 75 weight %, 22 wt%, 23 wt%, 24 wt%, 25 wt%, 26 wt%, 27 wt%, 28 wt%, 29 wt%, 30 wt%, 31 wt%, 32 wt%, 33 wt%, 34 wt%, 35 wt%, 36 wt%, 37 wt%, 38 wt%, 39 wt%, 40 wt%, 41 wt%, 42 wt%, 43 wt%, 44 wt%, 45 wt%, 46 wt%, 47 wt% %, 48 wt%, 49 wt%, 50 wt%, 51 wt%, 52 wt%, 53 wt%, 54 wt%, 55 wt%, 56 wt%, 57 wt%, 58 wt%, 59 wt%, 60 wt%, 61 wt%, 62 wt%, 63 wt%, 64 wt%, 65 wt%, 66 wt%, 67 wt%, 68 wt%, 69 wt%, 70 wt%, 71 wt%, 72 wt%, 73 wt%, 74 wt%, 4 wt%, 75 wt%, 76 wt%, 77 wt%, 78 wt%, 79 wt%, 80 wt%, 81 wt%, 82 wt%, 83 wt%, 84 wt%, 85 wt%, 86 wt%, 87 wt%, 88 wt%, 89 wt%, 90 wt%, 91 wt%, 92 wt%, 93 wt%, 94 wt%, 95 wt%, 96 wt%, 97 wt%, 98 wt%, 99 wt%, 99.5 wt % and 100 wt %, ii) the N content in the fertilizer may be at least any one, at most any one, equal to any one, or between any two of the following wt %: 1 wt %, 2 wt %, 3 wt %, 4 wt %, 5 wt %, 6 wt %, 7 wt %, 8 wt %, 9 wt %, 10 wt %, 11 wt %, 12 wt %, 13 wt %, 14 wt %, 15 wt %, 16 wt %, 17 wt %, 18 wt %, 19 wt % %, 20 wt%, 21 wt%, 22 wt%, 23 wt%, 24 wt%, 25 wt%, 26 wt%, 27 wt%, 28 wt%, 29 wt%, 30 wt%, 31 wt%, 32 wt%, 33 wt%, 34 wt%, 35 wt%, 36 wt%, 37 wt%, 38 wt%, 39 wt%, 40 wt%, 41 wt%, 42 wt%, 43 wt%, 44 wt%, 45 wt%, 46 wt%, %, 47 wt%, 48 wt%, 49 wt%, 50 wt%, 51 wt%, 52 wt%, 53 wt%, 54 wt%, 55 wt%, 56 wt%, 57 wt%, 58 wt%, 59 wt%, 60 wt%, 61 wt%, 62 wt%, 63 wt%, 64 wt%, 65 wt%, 66 wt%, 67 wt%, 68 wt%, 69 wt%, 70 wt%, 71 wt%, 72 wt%, 73 wt%, %, 74 wt%, 75 wt%, 76 wt%, 77 wt%, 78 wt%, 79 wt%, 80 wt%, 81 wt%, 82 wt%, 83 wt%, 84 wt%, 85 wt%, 86 wt%, 87 wt%, 88 wt%, 89 wt%, 90 wt%, 91 wt%, 92 wt%, 93 wt%, 94 wt%, 95 wt%, 96 wt%, 97 wt%, 98 wt%, 99 wt%, 99.5 wt % and 100 wt %, iii) the P content in the fertilizer may be at least any one, at most any one, equal to any one, or between any two of the following wt %: 1 wt %, 2 wt %, 3 wt %, 4 wt %, 5 wt %, 6 wt %, 7 wt %, 8 wt %, 9 wt %, 10 wt %, 11 wt %, 12 wt %, 13 wt %, 14 wt %, 15 wt %, 16 wt %, 17 wt %, 18 wt %, 19 wt %, %, 20 wt%, 21 wt%, 22 wt%, 23 wt%, 24 wt%, 25 wt%, 26 wt%, 27 wt%, 28 wt%, 29 wt%, 30 wt%, 31 wt%, 32 wt%, 33 wt%, 34 wt%, 35 wt%, 36 wt%, 37 wt%, 38 wt%, 39 wt%, 40 wt%, 41 wt%, 42 wt%, 43 wt%, 44 wt%, 45 wt%, 46 wt%, %, 47 wt%, 48 wt%, 49 wt%, 50 wt%, 51 wt%, 52 wt%, 53 wt%, 54 wt%, 55 wt%, 56 wt%, 57 wt%, 58 wt%, 59 wt%, 60 wt%, 61 wt%, 62 wt%, 63 wt%, 64 wt%, 65 wt%, 66 wt%, 67 wt%, 68 wt%, 69 wt%, 70 wt%, 71 wt%, 72 wt%, 73 wt%, %, 74 wt%, 75 wt%, 76 wt%, 77 wt%, 78 wt%, 79 wt%, 80 wt%, 81 wt%, 82 wt%, 83 wt%, 84 wt%, 85 wt%, 86 wt%, 87 wt%, 88 wt%, 89 wt%, 90 wt%, 91 wt%, 92 wt%, 93 wt%, 94 wt%, 95 wt%, 96 wt%, 97 wt%, 98 wt%, 99 wt%, 99.5 wt % and 100 wt %, iv) based on the total weight of the fertilizer, the K content in the fertilizer may be at least any one, at most any one, equal to any one, or between any two of the following wt %: 1 wt %, 2 wt %, 3 wt %, 4 wt %, 5 wt %, 6 wt %, 7 wt %, 8 wt %, 9 wt %, 10 wt %, 11 wt %, 12 wt %, 13 wt %, 14 wt %, 15 wt %, 16 wt %, 17 wt %, 18 wt %, %, 19 wt%, 20 wt%, 21 wt%, 22 wt%, 23 wt%, 24 wt%, 25 wt%, 26 wt%, 27 wt%, 28 wt%, 29 wt%, 30 wt%, 31 wt%, 32 wt%, 33 wt%, 34 wt%, 35 wt%, 36 wt%, 37 wt%, 38 wt%, 39 wt%, 40 wt%, 41 wt%, 42 wt%, 43 wt%, 44 wt%, 45 wt%, 46 wt%, 47 wt%, 48 wt%, 49 wt%, 50 wt%, 51 wt%, 52 wt%, 53 wt%, 54 wt%, 55 wt%, 56 wt%, 57 wt%, 58 wt%, 59 wt%, 60 wt%, 61 wt%, 62 wt%, 63 wt%, 64 wt%, 65 wt%, 66 wt%, 67 wt%, 68 wt%, 69 wt%, 70 wt%, 71 wt%, 72 wt%, 73 wt%, 3 wt%, 74 wt%, 75 wt%, 76 wt%, 77 wt%, 78 wt%, 79 wt%, 80 wt%, 81 wt%, 82 wt%, 83 wt%, 84 wt%, 85 wt%, 86 wt%, 87 wt%, 88 wt%, 89 wt%, 90 wt%, 91 wt%, 92 wt%, 93 wt%, 94 wt%, 95 wt%, 96 wt%, 97 wt%, 98 wt%, 99 wt%, 99.5 wt % and 100 wt %, v) based on the total weight of the fertilizer, the S content in the fertilizer may be at least any one, at most any one, equal to any one, or between any two of the following wt %: 1 wt %, 2 wt %, 3 wt %, 4 wt %, 5 wt %, 6 wt %, 7 wt %, 8 wt %, 9 wt %, 10 wt %, 11 wt %, 12 wt %, 13 wt %, 14 wt %, 15 wt %, 16 wt %, 17 wt %, 18 wt % %, 19 wt%, 20 wt%, 21 wt%, 22 wt%, 23 wt%, 24 wt%, 25 wt%, 26 wt%, 27 wt%, 28 wt%, 29 wt%, 30 wt%, 31 wt%, 32 wt%, 33 wt%, 34 wt%, 35 wt%, 36 wt%, 37 wt%, 38 wt%, 39 wt%, 40 wt%, 41 wt%, 42 wt%, 43 wt%, 44 wt%, 45 wt%, 46 wt%, 47 wt%, 48 wt%, 49 wt%, 50 wt%, 51 wt%, 52 wt%, 53 wt%, 54 wt%, 55 wt%, 56 wt%, 57 wt%, 58 wt%, 59 wt%, 60 wt%, 61 wt%, 62 wt%, 63 wt%, 64 wt%, 65 wt%, 66 wt%, 67 wt%, 68 wt%, 69 wt%, 70 wt%, 71 wt%, 72 wt%, 73 wt%, 3 wt%, 74 wt%, 75 wt%, 76 wt%, 77 wt%, 78 wt%, 79 wt%, 80 wt%, 81 wt%, 82 wt%, 83 wt%, 84 wt%, 85 wt%, 86 wt%, 87 wt%, 88 wt%, 89 wt%, 90 wt%, 91 wt%, 92 wt%, 93 wt%, 94 wt%, 95 wt%, 96 wt%, 97 wt%, 98 wt%, 99 wt%, 99.%, 12 wt %, 13 wt %, 14 wt %, 15 wt %, 16 wt %, 17 wt %, 18 wt %, 19 wt %, 20 wt %, 21 wt %, 22 wt %, 23 wt %, 24 wt %, 25 wt %, 26 wt %, 27 wt %, 28 wt %, 29 wt %, 30 wt %, 31 wt %, 32 wt %, 33 wt %, 34 wt %, 35 wt %, 36 wt %, 37 wt %, 38 wt %, 39 wt %, 40 wt %, 41 wt %, 42 wt %, 43 wt %, 44 wt %, 45 wt %, 46 wt %, 47 wt %, 48 wt %, 49 wt %, 50 wt %, 51 wt %, 52 wt %, 53 wt %, 54 wt %, 55 19 wt%, 20 wt%, 21 wt%, 22 wt%, 23 wt%, 24 wt%, 25 wt%, 26 wt%, 27 wt%, 28 wt%, 29 wt%, 30 wt%, 31 wt%, 32 wt%, 33 wt%, 34 wt%, 35 wt%, 36 wt%, 37 wt%, 38 wt%, 39 wt%, 40 wt%, 41 wt%, 42 wt%, 43 wt%, 44 wt%, 45 wt%, 46 wt% %, 47 wt%, 48 wt%, 49 wt%, 50 wt%, 51 wt%, 52 wt%, 53 wt%, 54 wt%, 55 wt%, 56 wt%, 57 wt%, 58 wt%, 59 wt%, 60 wt%, 61 wt%, 62 wt%, 63 wt%, 64 wt%, 65 wt%, 66 wt%, 67 wt%, 68 wt%, 69 wt%, 70 wt%, 71 wt%, 72 wt%, 73 wt%, 74 wt %, 75 wt%, 76 wt%, 77 wt%, 78 wt%, 79 wt%, 80 wt%, 81 wt%, 82 wt%, 83 wt%, 84 wt%, 85 wt%, 86 wt%, 87 wt%, 88 wt%, 89 wt%, 90 wt%, 91 wt%, 92 wt%, 93 wt%, 94 wt%, 95 wt%, 96 wt%, 97 wt%, 98 wt%, 99 wt%, 99.5 wt% and 100 wt%.

[0076] Ca, N, P, K, S and / or C can exist as one or more than one water-soluble compound or water-insoluble compound and / or be derived from one or more than one water-soluble compound or water-insoluble compound. In some cases, Ca, N, P, K, S and / or C can exist in the form of a salt. In some cases, Ca, N, P, K, S and / or C can exist in the form of one or more than one water-soluble salt. One or more than one salt of Ca, N, P, K, S and / or C can be in the form of a non-hydrate and / or one or more than one hydrate.

[0077] The moisture content of the dried fertilizer can be less than 1 wt %, such as 0.1 wt % to 0.9 wt %, or any one or two of 0.1 wt %, 0.2 wt %, 0.3 wt %, 0.4 wt %, 0.5 wt %, 0.6 wt %, 0.7 wt %, 0.8 wt %, 0.9 wt % or 1 wt %, or any range thereof, based on the weight of the fertilizer, such as fertilizer granules. As a non-limiting example, the moisture content can be determined by drying the sample at 50° C. for 25 minutes and determining the amount of mass loss of the fertilizer after drying.

[0078] In some specific aspects, the CaSO4 can contain phosphogypsum and / or red gypsum and / or can be obtained from phosphogypsum and / or red gypsum.

[0079] Fertilizer can be any suitable shape.Non-limiting shape comprises sphere, cube, cylinder, disc, ellipse and oblong.In some respects, fertilizer can be the cylinder with circle, ellipse, ellipse, triangle, square, rectangle, pentagon or hexagon cross section, although also can manufacture the cylindrical core with other shape cross section.In some respects, the widest dimension of fertilizer can be 0.5 millimeter to 6 millimeter or 0.5 millimeter to 5 millimeter, is preferably 1 millimeter to 4 millimeter, or in the following size at least any one, at most any one, equal any one or any two between: 0.5 millimeter, 1 millimeter, 1.5 millimeter, 2 millimeter, 2.5 millimeter, 3 millimeter, 3.5 millimeter, 4 millimeter, 4.5 millimeter, 5 millimeter, 5.5 millimeter and 6 millimeter. In some specific aspects, the fertilizer can have a substantially spherical shape with an average diameter of 0.5 mm to 6 mm, or 0.5 mm to 5 mm, preferably 1 mm to 4 mm, or at least any one of the following diameters, at most any one of the following diameters, equal to any one of the following diameters, or between any two of the following diameters: 0.5 mm, 1 mm, 1.5 mm, 2 mm, 2.5 mm, 3 mm, 3.5 mm, 4 mm, 4.5 mm, 5 mm, 5.5 mm and 6 mm.

[0080] The fertilizer can be water dispersible and / or soil dispersible. In some aspects, at ambient temperature, within 1 minute of adding the fertilizer to water at a pH of 7, stirring at a rate of 90 rpm to 110 rpm, the fertilizer having fertilizer particles of 2 mm to 4 mm in size before being added to the water can be decomposed into particles of less than 1 mm, less than 0.9 mm, less than 0.8 mm, less than 0.7 mm, less than 0.6 mm, less than 0.5 mm, less than 0.4 mm, or less than 0.3 mm in size.

[0081] The fertilizer can have a substantially uniform composition. In some cases, the composition of a 1 mm × 1 mm × 1 mm cube at any position of the mixture is similar to the composition of a 1 mm × 1 mm × 1 mm cube at any other position of the mixture (within ± 20%, or ± 10%, or ± 5%, or ± 3%, or ± 2%, or ± 1%, or ± 0.5%). In some cases, CaCO3 encapsulates, coats, or is coated with another fertilizer such as ammonium sulfate ((NH4)2SO4) and / or potassium sulfate (K2SO4). As a non-limiting example, CaCO3 can encapsulate (NH4)2SO4 and / or K2SO4. In some cases, the fertilizer also includes hydrochloric acid (HCl), carbonic acid (H2CO3), phosphoric acid (H3PO4) and / or nitric acid (HNO3).

[0082] In some aspects, the products of the reaction and / or the starting materials of the reaction can be adjusted to suit the needs of consumers, plants, soil, water, or a combination thereof. As a non-limiting example, the nitrogen, phosphorus, potash, and sulfur (NPK+S) levels can be 15:0:16+22. However, the ratio of CaSO4 to KOH can be reduced from 10 / 1 to 15 / 1, which will reduce the concentration of S from 22% to 13.5% and the concentration of potassium from 13.5% to 9%.

[0083] In some respects, the fertilizer may include or not include other fertilizer materials. If other fertilizer materials are included, other fertilizers can be selected according to the special needs of certain types of soil, climate or other growth conditions to maximize the effectiveness of fertilizers in enhancing plant growth and crop yield. Other additives may also be included or not included in the fertilizer. Non-limiting examples of additives that may be included in the fertilizer of the present invention or that may be excluded from the fertilizer of the present invention include other nitrogen nutrients, other phosphorus nutrients, other potassium nutrients, other trace nutrients and / or other secondary nutrients. Trace nutrients may be copper, iron, chloride, manganese, molybdenum or nickel, or any combination thereof. Nitrogen nutrients may be urea, ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, diammonium phosphate, monoammonium phosphate, urea-formaldehyde, ammonium chloride and potassium nitrate. In some respects, other secondary nutrients may include lime and / or superphosphate. In some cases, other fertilizer materials and / or other additives are included in the optional coating that at least partially covers the fertilizer.

[0084] In some cases, the inhibitor includes a nitrification inhibitor and / or a urease inhibitor. Suitable nitrification inhibitors include, but are not limited to, 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP), dicyandiamide (DCD), thiourea (TU), 2-chloro-6-(trichloromethyl)-pyridine (chlorpyrifos), commercially available from OHP Inc., USA under the trade name 5-ethoxy-3-trichloromethyl-1,2,4-thiadiazole, 2-amino-4-chloro-6-methylpyrimidine (AM), 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT) or 2-sulfathiazole (ST) sold herein and any combination thereof. In one aspect, the nitrification inhibitor may include DMPP, DCD, TU, chlorpyrifos, 5-ethoxy-3-trichloromethyl-1,2,4-thiadiazole, AM, MBT or ST or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the fertilizer composition may include NBTPT, DMPP, TU, DCD, PPDA, chlorpyrifos, 5-ethoxy-3-trichloromethyl-1,2,4-thiadiazole, AM, MBT, ST or a combination thereof.

[0085] In some cases, the adhesive includes phosphate, polyphosphate, biodegradable polymer, or wax, or a combination thereof. Suitable waxes include, but are not limited to, vegetable wax, high melting point wax, ethylene bis (stearamide) wax, paraffin, polyethylene wax, and olefin wax. Suitable phosphates include, but are not limited to, diammonium phosphate and monoammonium phosphate. Suitable polyphosphates include, but are not limited to, ammonium polyphosphate. Suitable biodegradable polymers include, but are not limited to, polyacrylamide, polyacrylic acid, polyacrylonitrile, biodegradable polylactic acid, and other biodegradable polymeric materials, such as polylactic acid, poly (3-hydroxypropionic acid), polyvinyl alcohol, poly-ε-caprolactone, poly-L-lactide, polybutylene succinate, and biodegradable starch-based polymers. The adhesive may include plaster of Paris, flour, starch, gluten, kaolin, bentonite, colloidal silicon dioxide, or a combination thereof. Suitable flour includes, but is not limited to, rice flour, wheat flour, and bleached wheat flour. Suitable starch includes, but is not limited to, dextrin-modified starch.

[0086] In some cases, the pH buffer includes MgO, KH2PO4, NaHCO3, chalk powder, aluminum, magnesium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide / magnesium hydroxide coprecipitate, aluminum hydroxide / sodium bicarbonate coprecipitate, calcium acetate, calcium bicarbonate, calcium borate, calcium carbonate, calcium bicarbonate, calcium citrate, calcium gluconate, calcium hydroxide, dibasic sodium phosphate, dipotassium hydrogen phosphate, dipotassium phosphate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, phosphate), magnesium acetate, magnesium borate, magnesium bicarbonate, magnesium carbonate, magnesium hydroxide, magnesium lactate, magnesium oxide, magnesium phosphate, magnesium silicate, magnesium succinate, magnesium tartrate, potassium acetate, potassium carbonate, potassium bicarbonate, potassium borate, potassium citrate, potassium metaphosphate, potassium phthalate, potassium phosphate, potassium polyphosphate, potassium pyrophosphate, potassium succinate, potassium tartrate, sodium acetate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium borate, sodium carbonate, sodium citrate, sodium gluconate, sodium hydrogenphosphate, sodium hydroxide, sodium lactate, sodium phthalate, sodium phosphate, sodium polyphosphate, sodium pyrophosphate, sodium tartrate, sodium tripolyphosphate, synthetic hydrotalcite, tetrapotassium pyrophosphate, tetrasodium pyrophosphate, tripotassium phosphate, trisodium phosphate and tromethamine, and combinations thereof.

[0087] Fertilizer as herein described can be included in the composition for being applied to soil.In some respects, except fertilizer as herein described, the composition can include other fertilizer compounds, trace nutrients, major nutrients, urea, other nitrogen nutrients, pesticides, herbicides or fungicides or its combination.Fertilizer as herein described can also be included in the mixed composition comprising other fertilizers.Other fertilizers can be urea, monoammonium phosphate (MAP), diammonium phosphate (DAP), potassium chloride (MOP), monopotassium phosphate (MKP), triple superphosphate (TSP), phosphate rock powder, single superphosphate (SSP), ammonium sulfate etc.

[0088] The fertilizer forming the fertilizer granules can have desired physical properties, such as desired wear resistance, granule strength, granulation, hygroscopicity, granule shape and particle size distribution. In some aspects, the fertilizer granules can have a compressive strength higher than 1.5 kgf, such as higher than 1.8 kgf, such as 2 kgf to 6 kgf, or at least any one of the following compressive strengths, equal to any one, or between any two: 2 kgf, 2.5 kgf, 3 kgf, 3.5 kgf, 4 kgf, 4.5 kgf, 5 kgf, 5.5 kgf and 6 kgf. The bulk density of the fertilizer granules can be 1 g / cm3 to 1.2 g / cm3, or at least any one, at most any one, equal to any one, or between two of the following densities: 1 g / cm3, 1.02 g / cm3, 1.04 g / cm3, 1.06 g / cm3, 1.08 g / cm3, 1.1 g / cm3, 1.12 g / cm3, 1.14 g / cm3, 1.16 g / cm3, 1.18 g / cm3 and 1.2 g / cm3. In some aspects, 10 mg or more of the fertilizer, for example 10 mg to 40 mg of the fertilizer, or at least any one of, at most any one, equal to any one, or between two of the following weights of fertilizer can be dissolved in 1 ml of water at a pH of 7 at a stirring rate of 90 rpm to 110 rpm and at ambient temperature within 5 minutes of adding 100 mg of the fertilizer to the water. In some aspects, in an attrition loss test, the fertilizer can lose less than 0.13 wt%, such as 0.02 wt% to 0.12 wt%, or at most any one of, equal to any one of, or between two of the following wt%s: 0.02 wt%, 0.03 wt%, 0.04 wt%, 0.05 wt%, 0.06 wt%, 0.07 wt%, 0.08 wt%, 0.09 wt%, 0.1 wt%, 0.11 wt%, and 0.12 wt%. Attrition loss can be measured using the following attrition loss test.

[0089] Abrasion loss test: A number of sieved fertilizer granules with individual sizes ranging from 2 mm to 4 mm and a total volume of 100 cm3 are weighed (W1) and placed in a test drum together with 50 stainless steel balls with a total weight of 100 g. The test drum is sealed and rotated at 30 rpm for 10 minutes. The steel balls are then separated from the sample and the material is sieved on a 2 mm sieve using a vibrating sieve shaker. The total weight of the granules above 2 mm is then reweighed (W2). The results are calculated in terms of weight loss % using the following formula:

[0090]

[0091] II. Methods of Capturing Carbon Dioxide and Using Calcium Sulfate

[0092] In some cases, industrial phosphoric acid production is achieved by the reaction of calcium phosphate with sulfuric acid, which also produces calcium sulfate in the form of phosphogypsum. The weight of calcium sulfate produced is greater than the weight of phosphoric acid produced. The production of phosphogypsum from calcium phosphate and sulfuric acid is described by the following stoichiometric equation:

[0093] Ca3(PO4)2+3H2SO4→2H3PO4+3CaSO4

[0094] Certain aspects of the present invention utilize calcium sulfate, such as phosphogypsum, to produce calcium carbonate (CaCO3), ammonium sulfate ((NH4)2SO4), potassium sulfate (K2SO4) and / or produce acids, such as sulfuric acid (H2SO4), that can be used to produce phosphoric acid (H3PO4). In some cases, CaCO3 can be used as a fertilizer or fertilizer component for acidic soils. In certain embodiments, CO2 is used for the production of calcium carbonate. Therefore, certain aspects allow the use of calcium sulfate and CO2 to simultaneously produce CaCO3, (NH4)2SO4), K2SO4, H2SO4 and / or H3PO4.

[0095] In some embodiments, the reaction of CaSO4 and CO2 includes a step of reacting gypsum with CO2+ammonia source+potassium source, such as the non-limiting example reaction (1)

[0096] (1)2CaSO4.2H2O+2CO2+2NH3+2KOH→2CaCO3+(NH4)2SO4+K2SO4+2H2O

[0097] In some cases, the reaction of calcium sulfate (CaSO ), carbon dioxide (CO ), ammonia source and potassium source includes two reactions, three reactions or more than three reactions occurring in the same reaction vessel or in an independent container. As a non-limiting example, the reaction of calcium sulfate (CaSO ), carbon dioxide (CO ), ammonia source and potassium source is three reactions, such as non-limiting example reaction (3), reaction (4) and reaction (5).

[0098] (3)CaSO4.2H2O+CO2+2NH3→CaCO3+(NH4)2SO4+H2O

[0099] (4)CaSO4+2KOH→Ca(OH)2+K2SO4

[0100] (5)Ca(OH)2+CO2→CaCO3+H2O

[0101] Then, in another step, namely step (2), the reaction product (NH4)2Sv4 may include catalytic decomposition of (NH4)2SO4 in the presence of a catalyst.

[0102] (2) (NH4)2SO4→2NH3+H2SO4

[0103] In some cases, the catalyst may be an acid.

[0104] In some cases, the acid catalyst may be sulfuric acid.

[0105] Reaction (1) and / or reaction (2) may occur at ambient temperature or at any temperature between, above, below or within the range of -20°C, -19°C, -18°C, -17°C, -16°C, -15°C, -14°C, -13°C, -12°C, -11°C, -10°C, -9°C, -8°C, -7°C, -6°C, -5°C, -4°C, -3°C, -2°C, -1°C, 0°C, 1°C, 2°C, 3°C, 4°C, 5°C, 6°C, 7°C, 8°C, 9°C, 10°C, 11°C, 12°C, 13°C, 14°C ℃、15℃、16℃、17℃、18℃、19℃、20℃、21℃、22℃、23℃、24℃、25℃、26℃、27℃、28℃、29℃、30℃、31℃、32℃、33℃、34℃、35℃、36℃、37℃、38℃、39℃、40℃、41℃、42℃、43℃、44℃、45℃、46℃、47℃、48℃、49℃、50℃、51℃、52℃、53℃、54℃、55℃、56℃、57℃、58℃、59℃、60℃、61℃、62℃、63℃、6 4℃、65℃、66℃、67℃、68℃、69℃、70℃、71℃、72℃、73℃、74℃、75℃、76℃、77℃、78℃、79℃、80℃、81℃、82℃、83℃、84℃、85℃、86℃、87℃、88℃、89℃、90℃、91℃、92℃、93℃、94℃、95℃、96℃、97℃、98℃、99℃、100℃、101℃、102℃、103℃、104℃、105℃、106℃、107℃、108℃、109℃、110℃、1 ℃, 110 ℃, 112 ℃, 113 ℃, 114 ℃, 115 ℃, 116 ℃, 117 ℃, 118 ℃, 119 ℃, 120 ℃, 121 ℃, 122 ℃, 123 ℃, 124 ℃, 125 ℃, 126 ℃, 127 ℃, 128 ℃, 129 ℃, 130 ℃, 131 ℃, 132 ℃, 133 ℃, 134 ℃, 135 ℃, 136 ℃, 137 ℃, 138 ℃, 139 ℃, 140 ℃, 141 ℃, 142 ℃, 143 ℃, 144 ℃, 145 ℃, 146 ℃, 147 ℃, 148 ℃, 149 ℃ or 150 ℃. In some cases, reaction (1) is carried out at about 50 ℃ to 70 ℃. Reaction (1) and / or reaction (2) can be carried out continuously or in batches. Reaction (1) and / or reaction (2) can be carried out for the following time, between the following times, above the following times, below the following times, or within the following time range: 1 minute, 2 minutes, 3 minutes, 4 minutes, 5 minutes, 6 minutes, 7 minutes, 8 minutes, 9 minutes, 10 minutes, 11 minutes, 12 minutes, 13 minutes, 14 minutes, 15 minutes, 16 minutes, 17 minutes, 18 minutes, 19 minutes, 20 minutes, 21 minutes, 22 minutes,23 minutes, 24 minutes, 25 minutes, 26 minutes, 27 minutes, 28 minutes, 29 minutes, 30 minutes, 31 minutes, 32 minutes, 33 minutes, 34 minutes, 35 minutes, 36 minutes, 37 minutes, 38 minutes, 39 minutes, 40 minutes, 41 minutes, 42 minutes, 43 minutes, 44 minutes, 45 minutes, 46 minutes, 47 minutes, 48 ​​minutes, 49 minutes, 50 minutes, 51 minutes, 52 minutes, 53 minutes, 54 minutes, 55 minutes, 56 minutes, 57 minutes minutes, 58 minutes, 59 minutes, and / or 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, 5 hours, 6 hours, 7 hours, 8 hours, 9 hours, 10 hours, 11 hours, 12 hours, 13 hours, 14 hours, 15 hours, 16 hours, 17 hours, 18 hours, 19 hours, 20 hours, 21 hours, 22 hours, 23 hours, and / or 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, 6 days, 7 days, 8 days, 9 days, 10 days, 11 days, 12 days, 13 days, 14 days. Feeds, reactants, products, etc. may be delivered or moved into, out of, and / or through the system at the following rates: 1 g / min, kg / min, ton / min; 2 g / min, kg / min, ton / min; 3 g / min, kg / min, ton / min; 4 g / min, kg / min, ton / min; 5 g / min, kg / min, ton / min; 6 g / min, kg / min, ton / min; 7 g / min, kg / min, ton / min; 8 g / min, kg / min, ton / min / minute, tons / minute; 9 grams / minute, kilograms / minute, tons / minute; 10 grams / minute, kilograms / minute, tons / minute; 11 grams / minute, kilograms / minute, tons / minute; 12 grams / minute, kilograms / minute, tons / minute; 13 grams / minute, kilograms / minute, tons / minute; 14 grams / minute, kilograms / minute, tons / minute; 15 grams / minute, kilograms / minute, tons / minute; 16 grams / minute, kilograms / minute, tons / minute; 17 grams / minute, kilograms / minute 18g / min, kg / min, ton / min; 19g / min, kg / min, ton / min; 20g / min, kg / min, ton / min; 21g / min, kg / min, ton / min; 22g / min, kg / min, ton / min; 23g / min, kg / min, ton / min; 24g / min, kg / min, ton / min; 25g / min, kg / min, ton / min; 26g / min, kg / min , tons / minute; 27 g / minute, kilograms / minute, tons / minute; 28 g / minute, kilograms / minute, tons / minute; 29 g / minute, kilograms / minute, tons / minute; 30 g / minute, kilograms / minute, tons / minute; 31 g / minute, kilograms / minute, tons / minute; 32 g / minute, kilograms / minute, tons / minute; 33 g / minute, kilograms / minute, tons / minute; 34 g / minute, kilograms / minute, tons / minute; 35 g / minute, kilograms / minute,ton / minute; 36 g / minute, kilogram / minute, ton / minute; 37 g / minute, kilogram / minute, ton / minute; 38 g / minute, kilogram / minute, ton / minute; 39 g / minute, kilogram / minute, ton / minute; 40 g / minute, kilogram / minute, ton / minute; 41 g / minute, kilogram / minute, ton / minute; 42 g / minute, kilogram / minute, ton / minute; 43 g / minute, kilogram / minute, ton / minute; 44 g / minute, kilogram / minute, ton / minute; 45 g / minute, kilogram / minute, ton / minute; 46 g / minute, kilogram / minute, ton / minute; 47 g / minute, kilogram / minute, ton / minute; 48 g / minute, kilogram / minute, ton / minute; 49 g / minute, kilogram / minute, ton / minute g / min, ton / min; 50 g / min, kilogram / min, ton / min; 51 g / min, kilogram / min, ton / min; 52 g / min, kilogram / min, ton / min; 53 g / min, kilogram / min, ton / min; 54 g / min, kilogram / min, ton / min; 55 g / min, kilogram / min, ton / min; 56 g / min, kilogram / min, ton / min; 57 g / min, kilogram / min, ton / min; 58 g / min, kilogram / min, ton / min; 59 g / min, kilogram / min, ton / min; 60 g / min, kilogram / min, ton / min; 61 g / min, kilogram / min, ton / min; 62 g / min, kilogram / min, ton / min; 63 g / : 64 g / min, kilograms / min, tons / min; 65 g / min, kilograms / min, tons / min; 66 g / min, kilograms / min, tons / min; 67 g / min, kilograms / min, tons / min; 68 g / min, kilograms / min, tons / min; 69 g / min, kilograms / min, tons / min; 70 g / min, kilograms / min, tons / min; 71 g / min, kilograms / min, tons / min; 72 g / min, kilograms / min, tons / min; 73 g / min, kilograms / min, tons / min; 74 g / min, kilograms / min, tons / min; 75 g / min, kilograms / min, tons / min; 76 g / min, kilograms / min, tons / min ; 77 g / min, kg / min, ton / min; 78 g / min, kg / min, ton / min; 79 g / min, kg / min, ton / min; 80 g / min, kg / min, ton / min; 81 g / min, kg / min, ton / min; 82 g / min, kg / min, ton / min; 83 g / min, kg / min, ton / min; 84 g / min, kg / min, ton / min; 85 g / min, kg / min, ton / min; 86 g / min, kg / min, ton / min; 87 g / min, kg / min, ton / min; 88 g / min, kg / min, ton / min; 89 g / min, kg / min, ton / min; 90 g / min, kg / min,Tons / minute; 91 g / minute, kilograms / minute, tons / minute; 92 g / minute, kilograms / minute, tons / minute; 93 g / minute, kilograms / minute, tons / minute; 94 g / minute, kilograms / minute, tons / minute; 95 g / minute, kilograms / minute, tons / minute; 96 g / minute, kilograms / minute, tons / minute; 97 g / minute, kilograms / minute, tons / minute; 98 g / minute, kilograms / minute, tons / minute; 99 g / minute, kilograms / minute, tons / minute; 100 g / minute, kilograms / minute, tons / minute; 110 g / minute, kilograms / minute, tons / minute; 120 g / minute, kilograms / minute, tons / minute; 130 g / minute, kilograms / minute, tons / minute; 140 g / minute 150 g / min, kg / min, ton / min; 160 g / min, kg / min, ton / min; 170 g / min, kg / min, ton / min; 180 g / min, kg / min, ton / min; 190 g / min, kg / min, ton / min; 200 g / min, kg / min, ton / min; 210 g / min, kg / min, ton / min; 220 g / min, kg / min, ton / min; 230 g / min, kg / min, ton / min; 240 g / min, kg / min, ton / min; 250 g / min, kg / min, ton / min; 260 g / min, kg / min, ton / min; 270 g / min, kg / min, ton g / min, ton / min; 280 g / min, kilogram / min, ton / min; 290 g / min, kilogram / min, ton / min; 300 g / min, kilogram / min, ton / min; 310 g / min, kilogram / min, ton / min; 320 g / min, kilogram / min, ton / min; 330 g / min, kilogram / min, ton / min; 340 g / min, kilogram / min, ton / min; 350 g / min, kilogram / min, ton / min; 360 g / min, kilogram / min, ton / min; 370 g / min, kilogram / min, ton / min; 380 g / min, kilogram / min, ton / min; 390 g / min, kilogram / min, ton / min; 400 g / min, kilogram / min, ton : 410 g / min, kg / min, ton / min; 420 g / min, kg / min, ton / min; 430 g / min, kg / min, ton / min; 440 g / min, kg / min, ton / min; 450 g / min, kg / min, ton / min; 460 g / min, kg / min, ton / min; 470 g / min, kg / min, ton / min; 480 g / min, kg / min, ton / min; 490 g / min, kg / min, ton / min; 500 g / min, kg / min, ton / min; 510 g / min, kg / min, ton / min; 520 g / min, kg / min, ton / min; 530 g / min, kg / min,Tons / minute; 540 g / min, kg / min, tons / minute; 550 g / min, kg / min, tons / minute; 560 g / min, kg / min, tons / minute; 570 g / min, kg / min, tons / minute; 580 g / min, kg / min, tons / minute; 590 g / min, kg / min, tons / minute; 600 g / min, kg / min, tons / minute; 610 g / min, kg / min, tons / minute; 620 g / min, kg / min, tons / minute; 630 g / min, kg / min, tons / minute; 640 g / min, kg / min, tons / minute; 650 g / min, kg / min 100 g / min, 100 kg / min, ton / min; 100 g / min, 100 kg / min, ton / min; 100 g / min, 100 kg / min, ton / min; 100 g / min, 100 kg / min, ton / min; 100 g / min, 100 kg / min, ton / min; 100 g / min, 100 kg / min, ton / min; 100 g / min, 100 kg / min, ton / min; 100 g / min, 100 kg / min, ton / min; 100 g / min, 100 kg / min, ton / min; 100 g / min, 100 kg / min, ton / min; 100 g / min, 100 kg / min, ton / min; 100 g / min, 100 kg / min, ton / min; 100 g / min, 100 kg / min, ton / min; 100 g / min, 100 kg / min, ton / min; 100 g / min, 100 kg / min, ton / min; 100 g / min, 100 kg / min, ton / min; 100 g / min, kg / min, ton / min; 780 g / min, kg / min, ton / min; 790 g / min, kg / min, ton / min; 800 g / min, kg / min, ton / min; 810 g / min, kg / min, ton / min; 820 g / min, kg / min, ton / min; 830 g / min, kg / min, ton / min; 840 g / min, kg / min, ton / min; 850 g / min, kg / min, ton / min; 860 g / min, kg / min, ton / min; 870 g / min, kg / min, ton / min; 880 g / min, kg / min, ton / min; 890 g / min minute, kilograms / minute, tons / minute; 900 g / minute, kilograms / minute, tons / minute; 910 g / minute, kilograms / minute, tons / minute; 920 g / minute, kilograms / minute, tons / minute; 930 g / minute, kilograms / minute, tons / minute; 940 g / minute, kilograms / minute, tons / minute; 950 g / minute, kilograms / minute, tons / minute; 960 g / minute, kilograms / minute, tons / minute; 970 g / minute, kilograms / minute, tons / minute; 980 g / minute, kilograms / minute, tons / minute; 990 g / minute, kilograms / minute, tons / minute; or 1000 g / minute, kilograms / minute, tons / minute. It can be 0.1 bar, 0.2 bar, 0.3 bar, 0.4 bar, 0.5 bar, 0.6 bar, 0.7 bar, 0.8 bar, 0.9 bar, 1 bar, 2 bar, 3 bar, 4 bar, 5 bar, 6 bar, 7 bar, 8 bar, 9 bar, 10 bar, 11 bar, 12 bar, 13 bar, 14 bar, 15 bar,16 bar, 17 bar, 18 bar, 19 bar, 20 bar, 21 bar, 22 bar, 23 bar, 24 bar, 25 bar, 26 bar, 27 bar, 28 bar, 29 bar, 30 bar, 31 bar, 32 bar, 33 bar, 34 bar, 35 bar, 36 bar, 37 bar, 38 bar, 39 bar, 40 bar, 41 bar, 42 bar, 43 bar, 44 bar, 45 bar, 46 bar, 47 bar, 48 bar, 49 bar and / or 50 bar pressure to provide, obtain and / or transport feed, reactants, products, etc.

[0106] In a further step, the sulfuric acid can be recycled for phosphoric acid production.

[0107] Ca3(PO4)2+3H2SO4→3CaSO4+2H3PO4

[0108] In some cases, the ammonia source can be one or more than one of a solution of ammonium hydroxide, ammonium, ammonium carbonate, ammonia, succinimide and / or phthalimide. In some cases, the potassium source can be one or more than one of potassium hydroxide (KOH), potassium chloride (KCl), potassium carbonate (K2CO3), potassium phosphate (K3PO4) and / or potassium nitrate (KNO3). In some cases, the reaction product of calcium sulfate (CaSO4), carbon dioxide (CO2), ammonia source and potassium source can also produce water, hydrochloric acid (HCl), carbonic acid (H2CO3), phosphoric acid (H3PO4) and / or nitric acid (HNO3).

[0109] See also Figure 1, the disclosed embodiments show the simultaneous use of CO2 and CaSO4 to produce useful products, such as H2SO4, CaCO3, NH3, K2SO4 and H3PO4. The recycling of sulfuric acid to phosphoric acid production eliminates or reduces the consumption of other H2SO4 resources. In some cases, calcium carbonate can be removed during processing and can be used as a starting material for other products including fertilizers, and / or mixed with other compositions including compositions for generating fertilizers. System 100 may include a first reactor 102, a second reactor 104, and a third reactor 106. Feed mixture components 108 may include calcium phosphate and sulfuric acid, which may be added to the first reactor 102 individually or in combination. All or part of the feed mixture 108 may react in the first reactor 102 to produce a reaction product, which may include calcium sulfate and / or phosphoric acid. In some cases, phosphoric acid 119 may be separated from calcium sulfate. In some cases, separation occurs in a separator (not shown). Mixture 110 may include reaction products and / or calcium sulfate that has been at least partially purified by removing at least some phosphoric acid. Reactant stream 120 may include carbon dioxide, ammonia source, and potassium source, and may be transported to second reactor 104 with all or part of mixture 110. All or part of mixture 110 may react in second reactor 104 to produce a second reaction product including calcium carbonate, ammonium sulfate, and potassium sulfate. In some cases, calcium carbonate 121 may be separated from ammonium sulfate and potassium sulfate. In some cases, ammonium sulfate is separated from calcium carbonate and potassium sulfate. In some cases, potassium sulfate is separated from calcium carbonate and ammonium sulfate. In some cases, calcium carbonate, ammonium sulfate, and potassium sulfate are not separated. In some cases, separation occurs in a separator, such as a second separator (not shown). Mixture 112 may include a second reaction product or ammonium sulfate that has been at least partially purified by removing at least part of calcium carbonate and / or potassium sulfate. Catalyst stream 122 may include a catalyst, such as an acid, which may be sulfuric acid, which may optionally be transported to third reactor 106 with all or part of mixture 112. All or a portion of mixture 112 may be catalytically decomposed in third reactor 106 to produce sulfuric acid composition 116 and ammonia composition 118 or a mixture 114 of the two. All or a portion of sulfuric acid composition 116 may be combined with feed mixture 108. All or a portion of ammonia composition 118 may be combined with mixture 110. All or a portion of mixture 114 may be removed from the system. All or a portion of sulfuric acid composition 116 may be removed from the system (not shown). All or a portion of ammonia composition 118 may be removed from the system (not shown).

[0110] See also Figure 2, shows a schematic diagram of a system and method for capturing carbon dioxide and utilizing calcium sulfate according to one embodiment of the present invention. System 200 may include a first reactor 202 and a second reactor 204. A feed mixture 206 containing any raw material disclosed herein may be fed separately or co-fed into the first reactor 202. The first reactor 202 may have conditions suitable for the reaction described herein to produce one or more than one reaction product 208. All reaction products 208 or a portion of reaction products 208 may be transferred to the second reactor 204, separated (not shown), and / or removed from the system (not shown). The second reactor may have conditions suitable for the reaction described herein to produce reaction products 210. In some cases, the second reactor receives additional or different reactant products (not shown) suitable for the reaction described herein found in 206. All reaction products 210 or a portion of reaction products 210 may be transferred to the first reactor 202 (not shown), transferred to the second reactor 204 (not shown), separated (not shown) and / or removed from the system. In some cases, feed mixture 206 may include calcium sulfate, carbon dioxide, ammonia source and / or potassium source, calcium phosphate and / or sulfuric acid. Reaction product 208 may include calcium sulfate, carbon dioxide, ammonia source, potassium source, phosphoric acid, calcium carbonate, ammonium sulfate, hydrochloric acid, carbonic acid, phosphoric acid and / or nitric acid. Reaction product 210 may include calcium sulfate, carbon dioxide, ammonia source, calcium carbonate, ammonium sulfate, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, carbonic acid and / or nitric acid.

[0111] In some cases, the disclosed embodiments do not include the production of sulfuric acid by the decomposition of ammonium sulfate. In some cases, the disclosed embodiments do not include the production of phosphoric acid by the reaction of sulfuric acid and calcium phosphate. In some cases, the disclosed embodiments do not include the production of phosphogypsum or gypsum.

[0112] III. How to use fertilizer

[0113] The fertilizers disclosed herein, including fertilizer granules, compositions comprising the fertilizers, and fertilizer mixtures comprising the fertilizers, can be used to increase the amount of one or more plant nutrients in the soil and promote plant growth. This method can include applying an effective amount of a composition and / or mixture containing the fertilizer of the present invention to the soil. The method can include increasing the growth and yield of crops, trees, ornamental plants, etc., such as the growth and yield of palm, coconut, rice, wheat, corn, barley, oats, and / or soybeans. The method can include applying the fertilizer mixture of the present invention to at least one of soil, organisms, liquid carriers, liquid solvents, etc. One or more compositions containing fertilizers and / or one or more fertilizer mixtures can be applied to plants and / or soil as topdressing fertilizers, base fertilizers, and / or by any suitable application method.

[0114] Non-limiting examples of plants that can benefit from the fertilizer of the present invention include lianas, trees, shrubs, stem plants, ferns, etc. Plants can include orchard crops, vines, ornamental plants, food crops, timber, and harvested plants. Plants can include gymnosperms, angiosperms, and / or ferns.

[0115] The effectiveness of a composition comprising the fertilizer of the present invention can be determined by measuring the amount of calcium and optionally other nutrients in the soil at various times after the fertilizer composition is applied to the soil. It is understood that different soils have different properties that can affect the stability of nutrients in the soil. The effectiveness of a fertilizer composition can also be directly compared to other fertilizer compositions by making a side-by-side comparison in the same soil under the same conditions.

[0116] Example

[0117] The present invention will be described in more detail by specific examples. The following examples are for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit the present invention in any way. Those skilled in the art will easily recognize various non-critical parameters that can be changed or altered to produce substantially the same results.

[0118] Example 1

[0119] 100 grams of CaSO4.2H2O and 10 grams of KOH can be loaded into the Parr reactor, with the CO2 and NH3 gas reaction introduced by the Parr reactor at a flow rate of 25 ml / min at 5 bar. The reactor interior can be heated to 60 ° C, and the reaction can last for 5 hours. The reactor can be cooled to room temperature. The reaction can form a product in a suspended form. The suspension can be dried to form a product containing 58 grams of CaCO3, 76 grams of (NH4)2SO4 and 31.4 grams of K2SO4. In some cases, the suspension can be filtered to separate CaCO3 and (NH4)2SO4 and / or K2SO4. In some cases, separate CaCO3 to form a product comprising CaCO3 and a product comprising (NH4)2SO4 and K2SO4. The product containing (NH4)2SO4 and K2SO4 can be formed into a fertilizer containing 14.9% nitrogen (N), 22.3% sulfur (S) and 13.5% potassium (K) and / or an NPK+S grade of 15:0:16+22.

[0120] The liquid containing the (NH4)2SO4 filtrate can be dried at 120°C for 8 hours. The dried product containing the (NH4)2SO4 can be reacted with a decomposition catalyst of 5 grams of 60% sulfuric acid in a U-shaped quartz reactor. The reactor can be heated to 45°C to decompose the ammonium sulfate. The generated ammonia can be discharged through the reaction. After 1 hour, the reactor can be cooled and the remaining sulfuric acid catalyst and the generated sulfuric acid can be collected.

[0121] ***

[0122] In light of the present disclosure, all methods disclosed and claimed herein can be prepared and implemented without undue experimentation. Although the compositions and methods of the present invention have been described according to preferred embodiments, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the steps or sequence of steps of the methods and methods described herein may be changed without departing from the concept, spirit and scope of the present invention. More specifically, it will be apparent that certain chemically and physiologically related reagents may replace the reagents described herein while achieving the same or similar results. All such similar substitutions and modifications apparent to those skilled in the art are considered to be within the spirit, scope and concept of the present invention as defined by the appended claims.

Claims

1. A method for capturing CO2 and using calcium sulfate (CaSO4) to prepare nitrogen (N) fertilizer, potassium (K) fertilizer, and sulfur (S) fertilizer, the method comprising the following steps: (a) contacting calcium sulfate (CaSO4) with carbon dioxide (CO2), a potassium source, and an ammonia source to produce a first product comprising calcium carbonate (CaCO3), ammonium sulfate ((NH4)2SO4) and potassium sulfate (K2SO4).

2. The method according to claim 1, further comprising: (b) decomposing (NH4)2SO4 in the first product into NH3 and sulfuric acid (H2SO4) by contacting (NH4)2SO4 with a catalyst, preferably, the catalyst is another acid, preferably, the other acid is H2SO4; and / or (c) decomposing the (NH4)2SO4 in the first product into NH3 and sulfuric acid (H2SO4) by contacting the (NH4)2SO4 with a catalyst, and contacting the H2SO4 produced in step (b) with calcium phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2) to produce phosphoric acid (H3PO4) and CaSO4.

3. The method according to any one of claims 1 and 2, wherein: The CaSO4 is waste gypsum and / or recycled gypsum, preferably, the CaSO4 is phosphogypsum and / or red gypsum; The ammonia source is one or both of ammonia (NH3) and ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH); The source of the CO2 in step (a) includes waste gas and / or flue gas from industrial facilities; and / or The potassium source includes potassium hydroxide (KOH), potassium chloride (KCl), potassium carbonate (K2CO3), potassium phosphate (K3PO4) and / or potassium nitrate (KNO3).

4. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the first product further comprises water, hydrochloric acid (HCl), carbonic acid (H2CO3), phosphoric acid (H3PO4) and / or nitric acid (HNO3).

5. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein step (a) is carried out at about 50°C to 70°C.

6. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 5, further comprising: separating CaCO3 from the first product; and / or The CaCO3 is separated from the first product and the separated CaCO3 is combined with plant nutrients to form a fertilizer and / or the separated CaCO3 is dried.

7. The method according to any one of claims 2 to 6, wherein: At least a portion of the NH3 produced in step (b) is used as at least a portion of the NH3 used in step (a); wherein at least a portion of the H2SO4 produced in step (b) is used as at least a portion of the H2SO4 used to produce phosphogypsum; and / or wherein at least a portion of the H2SO4 produced in step (b) is used as at least a portion of the H2SO4 for producing phosphogypsum, and at least a portion of the produced phosphogypsum is used as a source of CaSO4 for step (a).

8. A system for capturing CO2 and preparing nitrogen (N) fertilizer, potassium (K) fertilizer, and sulfur (S) fertilizer using calcium sulfate (CaSO4), the system comprising: (a) A first reactor capable of receiving one or both of ammonia (NH3) and ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH), CaSO4, CO2, a potassium source, and providing conditions to produce a product comprising calcium carbonate (CaCO3), ammonium sulfate ((NH4)2SO4) and potassium sulfate (K2SO4).

9. The system according to claim 8, further comprising: (b) a second reactor capable of decomposing the (NH4)2SO4 produced in reactor (a) into H2SO4 and NH3; (c) a device capable of separating CaCO3 from the product produced in the first reactor; and / or (d) A third reactor capable of receiving H2SO4 and calcium phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2) and providing conditions to produce CaSO4 and phosphoric acid (H3PO4).

10. The system of claim 9, wherein: The first reactor and the second reactor are the same reactor; The first reactor and the second reactor are different reactors; The third reactor is the same reactor as the second reactor; The third reactor, the second reactor and the first reactor are the same reactor; and / or The third reactor, the second reactor and the first reactor are different reactors.

11. A system according to any one of claims 8 to 10, wherein: The first reactor is capable of receiving CO2 in flue gas and / or waste gas from a plant facility and reacting and / or The first reactor is capable of receiving and reacting CO2 from flue gas and / or exhaust gas from a factory facility, wherein the CO2 from the flue gas and / or exhaust gas is not purified before reacting to form CaCO3 to separate or concentrate the CO2 in the flue gas and / or exhaust gas.

12. A fertilizer product comprising calcium carbonate (CaCO3), ammonium sulfate ((NH4)2SO4) and potassium sulfate (K2SO4) produced according to the method of any one of claims 1 to 7.

13. The fertilizer product of claim 12, further comprising one or more than one of water, hydrochloric acid (HCl), carbonic acid (H2CO3), phosphoric acid (H3PO4) and / or nitric acid (HNO3), and / or wherein the CaCO3 encapsulates at least a portion of the (NH4)2SO4 and K2SO4.

14. A fertilizer composition comprising calcium carbonate (CaCO3), ammonium sulfate ((NH4)2SO4) and potassium sulfate (K2SO4).

15. The fertilizer composition of claim 14, further comprising one or more than one of water, hydrochloric acid (HCl), carbonic acid (H2CO3), phosphoric acid (H3PO4) and / or nitric acid (HNO3), and / or wherein the CaCO3 encapsulates at least a portion of the (NH4)2SO4 and K2SO4.

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