Nickel-hydrogen battery configuration for grid-scale energy storage

Abstract

According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, a metal hydrogen battery according to an embodiment of the present disclosure comprises: a container; a plurality of electrode stacks arranged in the container, in which each of the plurality of electrode stacks includes a plurality of electrode layers, the electrode layers including alternating cathode and anode electrodes, the anode electrodes being formed of transition metal anodes with a catalyst; one or more isolators separating the electrode layers; and an electrolyte immersing each of the plurality of electrode stacks.

Description

[0001] Related Applications

[0002] This disclosure claims priority to non-provisional patent application No. 17 / 898,098, filed on August 29, 2023, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Technical Field

[0003] The present disclosure relates generally to metal hydride batteries and, more particularly, to configurations of metal hydride batteries for grid-scale energy storage. Background Art

[0004] In order for renewable energy sources such as wind and solar to compete with traditional fossil fuels, large-scale energy storage systems are needed to mitigate their inherent intermittency. To build large-scale energy storage, cost and long service life are the most important considerations. Currently, pumped hydro dominates the grid energy storage market because it is an inexpensive way to store large amounts of energy for a long period of time (about 50 years), but it is limited by the lack of suitable sites and environmental footprint. Other technologies such as compressed air and flywheel energy storage show some different advantages, but their relatively low efficiency and high cost for grid energy storage should be significantly improved. Rechargeable batteries provide an excellent opportunity to achieve large-scale energy storage systems with low cost, high capacity and high reliability. Improving the reliability of rechargeable batteries and reducing the cost of these batteries have become important issues in achieving large-scale energy storage.

[0005] A large factor in the cost of providing a metal hydride cell is the cost of the container that holds the cell. Therefore, there is interest in providing a container and cell configuration with fewer parts, which reduces the overall cost and simplifies the manufacture of the metal hydride cell. Summary of the invention

[0006] According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, a metal hydrogen battery according to an embodiment of the present disclosure includes: a container; a plurality of electrode stacks arranged in the container, wherein each electrode stack of the plurality of electrode stacks includes a plurality of electrode layers, the electrode layers include alternating cathode electrodes and anode electrodes, and the anode electrodes are formed by transition metal anodes with catalysts; one or more separators separating the electrode layers; and an electrolyte immersing each electrode stack of the plurality of electrode stacks.

[0007] Other embodiments are considered and explained below. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0008] Some features of various embodiments of the present technology are described in detail in the appended claims. The features and advantages of the present technology will be better understood by referring to the following detailed description and its accompanying drawings, which set forth illustrative embodiments utilizing the principles of the present disclosure, wherein:

[0009] Figure 1 Depicted is a schematic diagram of a metal hydride battery according to some embodiments.

[0010] Figures 2A to 2G An example of a common pressure vessel (CPV) cell according to aspects of the present disclosure is shown.

[0011] Figure 3A and Figure 3B Examples of electrode stacks that may be used in embodiments of the present disclosure are shown.

[0012] Figure 3C Shows Figure 3A and Figure 3B Bridge conductor plates of the example electrode stack shown in FIG.

[0013] Figure 3D Shows Figure 3A and Figure 3B An assembly of multiple electrode stacks as shown in .

[0014] Figure 3E and Figure 3F Shows Figure 3A and Figure 3B Welding of multiple electrode stacks is shown.

[0015] Figure 3G and Figure 3H Shows the use of Figures 3D to 3F An assembly of a battery with multiple electrode stacks is shown.

[0016] Fig. 3I , Figure 3J , Figure 3K and Figure 3L Shows Figure 3G and Figure 3H The performance characteristics of the battery shown in . DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0017] In the following description, certain specific details are set forth to provide a complete understanding of the various embodiments of the present disclosure. However, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the present disclosure may be implemented without these details. In addition, although various embodiments of the present disclosure are disclosed herein, many adjustments and modifications may be made within the scope of the present disclosure according to the general knowledge of those skilled in the art. Such modifications include replacing any aspect of the present disclosure with a known equivalent so as to achieve the same result in substantially the same manner.

[0018] Unless the context requires otherwise, throughout this specification and claims, the word "include" and variations thereof (such as "including" and "comprising") are to be interpreted in an open, inclusive sense, i.e., "including, but not limited to." Throughout this specification, the recitation of numerical ranges is intended to serve as a convenient notation that each individual value falling within the range is individually referred to, including the values ​​defining the range, and each individual value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein. Accordingly, the singular forms "a," "an," and "the" include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

[0019] Throughout the specification, references to "one embodiment" or "an embodiment" mean that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the present disclosure. Thus, the phrases "in one embodiment" or "in an embodiment" appearing in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment, but may do so in some cases. Furthermore, particular features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments.

[0020] Metal hydride cells can be configured in a variety of ways. In each case, the cell itself includes one or more electrode stacks, each having a series of electrodes (alternating layers of cathode material and anode material) separated by an electrically isolating separator. The electrode stacks are immersed in an electrolyte and are contained in one or more pressure vessels. The electrode stacks can provide arrays of cells (i.e., pairs of cathode electrodes and anode electrodes) that can be electrically coupled in series or in parallel. Each electrode stack can be arranged so that the cells formed in the electrode array are coupled in parallel. According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, pressure vessels, each containing one or more electrode stacks, can be contained in a common pressure vessel (CPV).

[0021] Figure 1 A schematic diagram of a single pressure vessel (IPV) metal hydride battery 100 is depicted. The metal hydride battery 100 includes an electrode stack assembly 101, which includes stacked electrodes separated by a separator 106. The electrodes include a cathode 102, an anode 104. The separator 106 is disposed between the cathode 102 and the anode 104. Each pair of cathode 102 and anode 104 electrodes can be considered a battery cell. The electrode stack 101 may also include a frame 110 that secures the cathode 102, the anode 104, and the separator 106 in place. Figure 1 In the particular example shown in A, there are anodes 104 on both the top and bottom of the stack 101, adjacent to the frame 106, but other arrangements can also be formed.

[0022] The electrode stack 101 can be housed in a pressure vessel 108. The pressure vessel 108 can contain an electrolyte 126 and hydrogen gas. The cathode 102, the anode 104, and the separator 106 are porous to allow the electrolyte 126 to flow between the cathode 102 and the anode 104. The electrode stack 101 is immersed in the electrolyte 126. In some embodiments, the separator 106 can be omitted as long as the cathode 102 and the anode 104 can be electrically isolated from each other. For example, the space occupied by the separator 106 can be filled with the electrolyte 126. The metal hydrogen battery 100 may also include a filling tube 122, which is configured to introduce an electrolyte or a gas (e.g., hydrogen) into the pressure vessel 108.

[0023] like Figure 1 As shown, the electrode stack 101 includes a plurality of stacked layers of alternating cathodes 102 and anodes 104 separated by separators 106. The stack 101 includes at least one pair of cathodes 102 and anodes 104. A battery cell may be formed from a pair of cathode 102 layers and anode 104 layers. Although the battery cells in the electrode stack assembly 101 may be coupled in parallel or in series, in Figure 1 In the example of battery 100 shown in A, the cells are coupled in parallel. Specifically, each of cathodes 102 is coupled to conductor 118, and each of anodes 104 is coupled to bridge conductor 116. Figure 1 A shows the fill tube 122 located on the side of the anode bridge conductor 116, but alternatively it can be placed on the side of the cathode bridge conductor 118, or in the side wall of the pressure vessel 108. The fill tube 122 can include one or more valves (not shown) or can be otherwise sealed after the pressure vessel 108 is filled with a working level of electrolyte 126.

[0024] Additionally, in Figure 1 In the example of A, the pressure vessel 108 is shown as a cylindrical container containing a single electrode stack 101. According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the pressure vessel 108 can be any shape that is large enough to accommodate multiple electrode stacks 101 and maintain the pressure involved during operation. Figure 1 In the embodiment of the present invention, the electrode stack 101 is shown as being oriented along the length of the pressure vessel 108. However, the electrode stack 101 can be arranged so that the electrodes are oriented transversely. Therefore, the electrode stack 101 can be any shape, have any number of cells, and have any orientation relative to the pressure vessel 108.

[0025] like Figure 1As further shown, the bridge conductor 116 coupled to the anode 104 is electrically coupled to an anode feed-through terminal 120, which may present a negative terminal of the battery 100. The terminal 120 may include a feed-through to allow the terminal 120 to extend to the exterior of the pressure vessel 108, or the bridge conductor 116 may be directly connected to the pressure vessel 102. Similarly, the cathode conductor 118 coupled to the cathode 102 may be coupled to a cathode feed-through terminal 124, which represents the positive side of the battery 100. The terminal 124 also passes through an insulating feed-through to allow the terminal 124 to extend to the exterior of the pressure vessel 108.

[0026] As described above, each cell included in the electrode stack 101 includes a cathode 102 and an anode 104 separated by a separator 106. The electrode stack 101 is located in a pressure vessel 108, wherein an electrolyte 126 can flow between the cathode 102 and the anode 104. As discussed further below, the cathode 102 is formed by a conductive substrate coated with a metal compound. Similarly, the anode 104 is formed by a porous conductive substrate coated with a porous catalyst. The separator 106 is a porous insulator that can separate the alternating layers of the cathode 102 and the anode 104 and allow the electrolyte 126 to flow between the cathode 102 and the anode 104. In some embodiments, the electrolyte 126 is an alkaline (pH value greater than 7) aqueous electrolyte. Each of the anode 104 and the cathode 102 can be formed as an electrode assembly having a multilayer structure.

[0027] Figure 1 A schematic diagram of a metal hydrogen battery 100 including an electrode stack 101 is depicted, which may be included in various aspects of the present disclosure. The electrode stack 101 includes at least one layer, the layer including a cathode 102, an anode 104, and a separator 106 disposed between the cathode 102 and the anode 104. The layer 101 is contained in a housing 108. An electrolyte 126 is disposed in the housing 108. The cathode 102, the anode 104, and the separator 106 are porous to allow the electrolyte 126 to be transferred between the cathode 102 and the anode 104. The metal hydrogen battery 100 pressure vessel 108 also includes a fill tube 122, which is configured to exchange hydrogen gas and the electrode 126 with the interior of the housing 108.

[0028] like Figure 1As shown and described above, each layer 101 includes one or more layers of cathode 102 and anode 104 separated by separator 106. The electrode stack 101 is located in a container 108, wherein an electrolyte 126 can flow between the cathode 102 and the anode 104. As discussed further below, the cathode 102 is formed by one or more material layers, each of which is formed by a porous conductive substrate coated with a porous catalyst. Similarly, the anode 104 is formed by one or more material layers, each of which is formed by a porous conductive substrate coated with a porous catalyst. In some embodiments, the electrolyte 126 is an alkaline (pH value greater than 7) aqueous electrolyte. Each of the anode 104 and the cathode 102 can be formed as an electrode assembly having a multilayer structure.

[0029] According to some embodiments, configurations of battery layers are presented, all of which are contained within a common container. As discussed further below, some embodiments may include a Ni-H2 cell, which may include a nickel hydroxide cathode immersed in 26% potassium hydroxide, an H2 catalytic anode, and a porous separator, all sealed within a metal pressure vessel, although other configurations are possible as described above. A typical cell design includes multiple pairs of cathodes and anodes separated by a porous separator, and each pair is connected in parallel, such as Figure 1 This configuration is called a single pressure vessel (or IPV) design. The IPV design allows for high energy capacity but only achieves a nominal voltage of 1.25V under typical conditions. The pressure vessel 108 is leak-free and is capable of withstanding pressures in excess of 1000 psi, which is the primary cost factor for Ni-H2 cells.

[0030] Embodiments of the electrode stack 101 described above for use in a single pressure vessel (IPV) configuration are described in more detail in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17 / 830,193, filed on June 1, 2022, entitled “Electrode Stack Assembly for a Metal Hydrogen Battery,” which is incorporated herein by reference. Another embodiment of the electrode stack 101 is described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17 / 687,527, filed on March 4, 2022, entitled “Electrode Stack Assembly for a Metal Hydrogen Battery,” which is also incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. These electrode stacks and other electrode stacks may be used in embodiments of the present disclosure, as described below.

[0031] The common pressure vessel (CPV) described herein is a large battery in which multiple electrode stacks connected in series or in parallel or in series and in parallel are enclosed in a common pressure vessel. Figure 1Compared to the IPV or IPV collection shown, a CPV with the same energy capacity has fewer components (end caps, feedthroughs, fill ports, busbars, wires, BMS, etc.), fewer welds, and exhibits lower weight and cost. At the same time, compared to batteries with similar capacity combined with a single IPV, the CPV according to some embodiments of the present disclosure generally has better performance because the CPV improves the stack-to-stack connection. In some examples, as discussed further below, adjacent stacks can be welded together instead of connected by wiring, which improves the electrical connection from stack to stack.

[0032] Some embodiments of the present disclosure include multiple stacks 101 arranged in a CPV arrangement as described above. In other words, the battery configuration includes cells, each cell being formed from multiple electrode stacks 101 arranged within a single pressure vessel, each electrode stack 101 having multiple layers as described above.

[0033] Figure 2A and Figure 2B The advantages of the CPV configuration 200 over the IPV configuration 208 are shown according to some aspects of the present disclosure. Figure 2A Single pressure vessels (IPVs) 202 are shown, each having a stack 204 to form a battery. The stack 204 may be, for example, Figure 1 An embodiment of a stack 101 is shown. Each of the stacks 204 is coupled to terminals 206 and 208. As described above, the IPVs 202 may be connected in series or in parallel via the terminals 206 and 208 to form a larger battery system. However, each IPV includes its own pressure vessel surrounding each stack.

[0034] Figure 2B An example of a CPV configuration 200 is shown. Figure 2B In the example shown, each of the CPV configurations 200 includes a combination of multiple stacks 210 coupled in series and enclosed in a single pressure vessel 212. Figure 2B As shown, each CPV configuration 200 includes N stacks 210. Figure 2B The stacks 210 are shown coupled in series, but some embodiments may include stacks 210 coupled in parallel.

[0035] like Figure 2BAs further shown, each CPV configuration 200 includes terminals 214 and 216. The stacks 210 can be welded together at weld points 218 such that only the stacks at the ends of the stacks 210 are coupled to one of the terminals 214 or 216. Thus, the CPV configuration 200 can include energy storage of multiple single stacks 210, all of which are enclosed within a single pressure vessel 212. The stacks 210 are welded, which provides a better electrical and physical connection than a similar number of stacks 204. In addition, since there is only a single pressure vessel, there is only a pair of end caps to close the pressure vessel, which reduces the amount of material required for construction.

[0036] Figure 2B A plurality of CPV configurations 200 are further shown. Figure 2B The multiple CPV configurations 200 shown in FIG. 2 can themselves be electrically coupled in series or in parallel to form a larger battery system.

[0037] Figure 2C An example of a CPV configuration 200 is shown. The CPV configuration 200 includes electrode stacks 210-1 to 210-N coupled between end plates 220 and 222. As shown, the electrode stacks 210-1 to 210-N are welded together at weld points 218. Electrode 216 extends through end plate 220 (e.g., using a feed-through) and is connected to electrode stack 210-N. Similarly, terminal rod 214 ( Figure 2B ) extends through end plate 222 (e.g., using a feed-through) and is connected to electrode stack 210-1. In some embodiments, the container walls can be connected by end plates 222 and 220 to form pressure vessel 212. Figure 2C In the configuration shown, transfer of electrolyte and hydrogen gas can occur between the CPV configuration 200 and its environment unless a separate pressure vessel wall is included between the end plates 220 and 222. In some embodiments, a covering can be provided between the plates 220 and 222 that allows hydrogen transfer between the CPV configuration 200 and its environment but does not allow electrolyte transfer.

[0038] Figure 2D Relative sizes of various embodiments of CPV configurations 200 are shown for different values ​​of N (i.e., the number of electrode stacks 210): for example, CPV configuration 232 includes two (2) stacks 210 (N=2); CPV configuration 234 may include four (4) stacks 210 (N=4); CPV configuration 236 may include five (5) stacks 210 (N=5); CPV configuration 238 may include six (6) stacks 210 (N=6); configuration 240 may include seven (7) stacks 210 (N=7); and configuration 242 may include eight (8) stacks 210 (N=8). As shown, the size of CPV configuration 200 is determined by the number of stacks 210 included.

[0039] Figure 2E , Figure 2F and Figure 2G An example of an arrangement of a CPV configuration 200 is shown. Figure 2E Shows Figure 2C A parallel arrangement 250 of the CPV configuration 200 is shown. Figure 2F Another parallel arrangement 252 of CPV configurations 200 is shown, wherein each of the CPV configurations 200 is enclosed in a cover 260 that allows hydrogen transport but blocks electrolyte. Figure 2G An arrangement 254 is shown in which a parallel arrangement 258 of the CPV configuration 200 is enclosed in a barrel-shaped pressure vessel 256. The parallel arrangement 258 may be, for example, Figure 2E The arrangement 252 shown or as Figure 2F Arrangement 258 is shown. The barrel-shaped pressure vessel 256 can then form a common pressure vessel for the parallel arrangement 258.

[0040] FIG. 3A to FIG. 3K 632 according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. Figure 1 The electrode stacks 101 shown are electrically coupled in series and housed in a pressure vessel 634 to form a battery 632 (see FIG. 6E ). Specifically, each of the electrode stacks 101 includes bridge conductors that are easily welded to corresponding bridge conductors of adjacent electrode stacks 101 when the stacks 101 are aligned. These bridge conductors between adjacent stacks 101 serve as bipolar plates (i.e., the anode bridge of one stack is connected to the cathode bridge of the adjacent stack). FIG. 3A to FIG. 3K An embodiment is shown in which the electrode stack 200 is Figure 1 An embodiment of an electrode stack 101 is shown, however other stacking arrangements may be used.

[0041] Figure 3A An electrode stack 101 is shown, such as described above with respect to Figure 1 The electrode stack 101 may be, for example, Figure 2B-2F The electrode stack 200 shown. Figure 3A and Figure 1 As shown, the electrode stack 101 is formed of alternating layers of anodes 104 and cathodes 102 separated by separators 106, all of which are housed in a frame 110. Figure 3AIn the illustrated embodiment, each of the separators 106 includes a wicking sheet that, when engaged with the inner wall of the pressure vessel, wicks any electrolyte 126 back into the electrode stack 101. This design greatly improves electrolyte recovery and redistribution between components within the stack, thereby increasing the life of a CPV formed using the electrode stack 101. The anode conductor 116 and cathode conductor 118 are each Figure 3A The bridge conductors 302 and 304 are shown formed. Figure 3A In the example shown, the terminal 306 is connected to the bridge conductor 302. The bridge conductor 304 may be connected to the bridge conductor 302 of an adjacent electrode stack 101.

[0042] like Figure 3A As further shown, each of the anode 104 and the cathode 102 includes a tab. Figure 3A 1 and 2. The tabs 308 and 310 are shown in FIG. One of the tabs 308 and 310 is part of the anode 104, and the other is part of the cathode 102. The tabs 308 and 310 are connected to bridge conductors 304 and 302, respectively. The bridge conductors 302 and 304 may be coupled to bridge conductors of adjacent electrode stacks 101, or may be coupled to terminal bars (such as Figure 3A Terminals 306 shown) to form a stacked arrangement.

[0043] Figure 3B Shows Figure 3A Exploded view of an example electrode stack 101 is shown. Separators 312 are mechanically attached to the frame 110 of the electrode stack 101. Bridge conductors 304 can be mechanically attached to separators 312. Tabs 308 of the electrode stack 101 are connected to bridge conductors 304. Separators 316 are attached to the frame 110, and bridge conductors 302 are connected to separators 316.

[0044] Figure 3C A bridge conductor 320 is shown, which is an example of one of the bridge conductors 304 or the bridge conductors 302. In the example embodiment shown here, the bridge conductor 320 includes a bridge frame 324 configured to cooperate with the separator 312 or the separator 316. Additionally, the bridge frame 324 is configured to be mechanically connected (e.g., welded) to the bridge frame 324 or terminal rod (such as a metal strip) of the adjacent electrode stack 101. Figure 3A In some embodiments, the bridge frames 324 are formed to be stacked against other bridge frames 324 .

[0045] exist Figure 3CIn the illustrated embodiment of the bridge conductor 320, slots 322 are formed in the bridge conductor 320. The slots 322 are configured to receive the tabs 308 or 310. In some embodiments, the slots 322 may have the same arrangement in the bridge conductor 302 and the bridge conductor 304. In some embodiments, the slots 322 may be different for the anode electrode and the cathode electrode.

[0046] Figure 3D 1 shows the alignment of N electrode stacks 101 (electrode stacks 101 - 1 to 101 -N) according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. Figure 3D As shown, electrode stacks 101-1 to 101-N are arranged to be coupled in series to form a stack arrangement 326, wherein the anode of one of the electrode stacks 101 is coupled to the cathode of an adjacent electrode stack 101. Bridge 304-1 is coupled to terminal rod 328. Bridge 302-N is coupled to terminal rod 306.

[0047] Figure 3E An assembled battery 332 is shown according to some embodiments. As shown, after each of the electrode stacks 101-1 to 101-N is connected in series, the stack arrangement 326 is enclosed in a pressure vessel 334 to form the battery 332. Terminals 328 and 306 extend through the pressure vessel 334, for example using a feed-through. A fill tube 336 is provided to charge the pressure vessel 334 with hydrogen and electrolyte for operation. The electrode stacks 101-1 to 101-N are coupled at the bridge conductors 304 and 302 of each of the electrode stacks 101-1 to 101-N.

[0048] Figure 3F Any adjacent pair of electrode stacks 101 ( Figure 3E The connection between the electrode stack 101 -j and the electrode stack 101 -(j+1)) at the connection in the region 330 shown in FIG. Figure 3F As shown, bridge conductor 304 of electrode stack 101 - j is coupled to bridge conductor 302 of electrode stack 101 - (j+1). Specifically, tab 308 of electrode stack 101 - j and tab 310 of electrode stack - (j+1) are coupled and welded to both bridge conductors 304 and 302 .

[0049] Figure 3G An example formation of a CPV cell 332 is shown. As shown, the CPV cell 332 includes a cylindrical portion 340 and two end portions 338 and 342. Figure 3G As shown, electrode stack assembly 326 is positioned within cylindrical portion 340 and end caps 338 and 342 are mechanically attached to form cell 332 . Figure 3H An assembled battery 332 is shown.

[0050] FIG. 3A to FIG. 3HThe electrode stack configuration shown in Figures 2A to 2G In any of the configurations shown in . Figures 2A to 2G In the configuration shown, configuration 200 may include FIG. 3A to FIG. 3H An electrode stack 101 is shown.

[0051] Fig. 3I 1 shows the relationship between the efficiency and cycle of a CPV cell according to some embodiments of the present disclosure for a cell 332 having N=6 series coupled electrode stacks 101. Specifically, Fig. 3I The coulombic efficiency (CE), voltage efficiency (VE), and energy efficiency (EE) versus cycling are shown. Fig. 3I The excellent stability of the battery having multiple electrode stacks 101 in operation according to some embodiments is shown (more than 250 cycles without noticeable efficiency decay).

[0052] Figure 3J The charge / discharge capacity versus cycles is shown for an embodiment of a battery 332 having N=6 series coupled electrode stacks 101 according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. Figure 3J It further shows the excellent stability of the battery with multiple electrode stacks 101 in operation (more than 250 cycles without noticeable capacity fade) according to some embodiments.

[0053] Figure 3K The relationship between the battery capacity retention ability and the cycle of two separate CPV batteries according to embodiments of the present disclosure is shown, wherein, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure, the two separate CPV batteries have N=6 series coupled electrode stacks 101. As shown, both charging and discharging are performed at a constant current of 40A (C / 4). As shown, the two batteries show almost the same performance for about 300 cycles without any capacity loss, further illustrating the stability of the battery according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0054] Figure 3L The voltage and capacity curves of a CPV cell 332 with N=6 series coupled electrode stacks 101 according to some embodiments of the present disclosure are shown. The charge and discharge curves of the 20th cycle and the 250th cycle overlap. As shown, there is almost no difference between the two curves, further demonstrating the stability of the cell according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0055] The above description of the present disclosure has been provided for the purpose of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the precise form of the present disclosure. The breadth and scope of the present disclosure should not be limited by any of the above exemplary embodiments. Many modifications and variations will be obvious to those of ordinary skill in the art. These modifications and variations include any relevant combination of the disclosed features. The selection and description of the embodiments are to best explain the principles of the present disclosure and its practical application, so that other technical personnel in the art can understand the various embodiments of the present disclosure and the various modifications suitable for the intended specific use. It is intended that the scope of the present disclosure is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. A metal hydrogen battery, comprising: container; A plurality of electrode stacks are arranged in the container, wherein each electrode stack in the plurality of electrode stacks comprises: a plurality of electrode layers, the electrode layers comprising alternating cathode electrodes and anode electrodes, the anode electrodes being formed of transition metal anodes with catalysts, one or more separators separating the electrode layers, and An electrolyte is immersed in each electrode stack of the plurality of electrode stacks.

2. The metal hydride battery according to claim 1, wherein: The catalyst is a nickel-molybdenum-cobalt alloy.

3. The metal hydride battery according to claim 1, wherein: The electrolyte is KOH.

4. The metal hydride battery according to claim 1, wherein: The multiple layers in each cell are electrically coupled in parallel.

5. The metal hydride battery according to claim 1, wherein: The plurality of electrode stacks are arranged in a planar manner in the container.

6. The metal hydride battery according to claim 1, wherein: The plurality of electrode stacks are arranged to form an assembly.

7. The metal hydride battery according to claim 1, wherein: The plurality of electrode stacks are electrically coupled in series.

8. The metal hydride battery according to claim 1, wherein: Each of the plurality of electrode stacks is formed with alternating layers of anode electrodes and cathode electrodes separated by separators, each of the anode electrodes being coupled to an anode bridge, and each of the cathode electrodes being coupled to a cathode bridge.

9. The metal hydride battery according to claim 8, wherein: The plurality of electrode stacks are arranged in series such that an anode bridge conductor is coupled to a cathode bridge conductor of an adjacent electrode stack.

10. The metal hydride battery according to claim 1, wherein: The metal hydride cell is coupled to one or more other metal hydride cells.

11. The metal hydride battery according to claim 10, wherein: The metal hydride cell is coupled in series with the one or more other metal hydride cells.

12. The metal hydride battery according to claim 10, wherein: The metal hydride battery is coupled in parallel with the one or more other metal hydride batteries.

13. The metal hydride battery according to claim 10, wherein: The metal hydride battery and the one or more other metal hydride batteries are enclosed in a barrel-shaped pressure container.

14. The metal hydride battery according to claim 13, wherein: The container is a cover that allows hydrogen exchange between the metal hydride battery enclosed in the barrel-shaped pressure vessel and the one or more other metal hydride batteries.

15. The metal hydride battery according to claim 1, wherein: The container is a pressure vessel.

16. A method for providing a metal hydride battery, comprising: Assembling a plurality of electrode stacks in a container, wherein each electrode stack of the plurality of electrode stacks comprises: a plurality of electrode layers, the electrode layers comprising alternating cathode electrodes and anode electrodes, the anode electrodes being formed of transition metal anodes with catalysts, and one or more separators separating the electrode layers; and The container is filled with an electrolyte that immerses each of the plurality of electrode stacks.

17. The method according to claim 16, wherein: The catalyst is a nickel-molybdenum-cobalt alloy.

18. The method according to claim 16, wherein: The electrolyte is KOH.

19. The method according to claim 16, wherein: The multiple layers in each cell are electrically coupled in parallel.

20. The method according to claim 16, wherein: Assembling the plurality of electrode stacks includes arranging the plurality of electrode stacks in a planar manner in the container.

21. The method according to claim 16, wherein: Assembling the plurality of electrode stacks includes connecting the plurality of electrode stacks in series.

22. The method according to claim 21, wherein: Connecting the plurality of electrode stacks in series includes welding adjacent electrode stacks among the plurality of electrode stacks.

23. The method according to claim 22, wherein: Each of the plurality of electrode stacks is formed with alternating layers of anode electrodes and cathode electrodes separated by separators, wherein each of the anode electrodes is coupled to an anode bridge and each of the cathode electrodes is coupled to a cathode bridge.

24. The method according to claim 23, wherein: The plurality of electrode stacks are arranged in series such that an anode bridge conductor is coupled to a cathode bridge conductor of an adjacent electrode stack.

25. The method of claim 16, further comprising: The metal hydride cell is coupled to one or more other metal hydride cells.

26. The method according to claim 25, wherein: Coupling the metal hydride battery includes coupling the metal hydride battery in series with the one or more other metal hydride batteries.

27. The method according to claim 25, wherein: Coupling the metal hydride battery includes coupling the metal hydride battery in parallel with the one or more other metal hydride batteries.

28. The method of claim 25, further comprising: The metal hydride battery and the one or more other metal hydride batteries are enclosed in a barrel-shaped pressure container.

29. The method according to claim 28, wherein: The container is a cover that allows hydrogen exchange between the metal hydride battery enclosed in the barrel-shaped pressure vessel and the one or more other metal hydride batteries.

30. The method of claim 16, wherein: The container is a pressure vessel.

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