Application of an amide compound in the control of golden apple snails

Abstract

This invention belongs to the field of pest control technology and discloses the application of an amide compound in controlling golden apple snails. The amide compound is 2-(4-chlorophenoxy)-N-{4-[9-(4-{[(4-chlorophenoxy)acetyl]amino}phenyl)-9H-fluorene-9-yl]phenyl}acetamide, which is used as the active ingredient to prepare an attractant. This attractant has a significant killing effect on golden apple snails. Experiments show that when the dosage of the amide compound is 4 mg, the cream flavoring is 4 g, and the allicin is 2 g, the attractant can attract golden apple snails to feed to the maximum extent and exert a killing effect. The amide compound used in this invention requires a small amount, and the preparation method of the attractant is simple and the raw material cost is low, making it suitable for practical field production.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of pest control technology, and in particular relates to the application of an amide compound in the control of golden apple snails. Background Technology

[0002] The golden apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata), also known as the apple snail or golden apple snail, belongs to the phylum Mollusca, class Gastropoda, order Mesogastropoda, family Pomacea, and genus Pomacea. It is an amphibian, freshwater mollusc, native to the Amazon River basin in South America. Golden apple snails are dioecious, with relatively large individuals and a complete spiral shell. The shell is yellowish-brown and smooth. The snail is dextral, with a nearly disc-shaped shell and an enlarged body whorl. The umbilicus is large and deep. The female snail has a thin aperture, a straight or slightly curved outer lip, and a flat operculum. The male snail has a thickened aperture, an outwardly upturned outer lip, a slightly raised middle section of the outer edge of the operculum, and concave upper and lower edges towards the soft body.

[0003] Golden apple snails are aquatic animals with a wide and varied diet, primarily feeding on plants. Rice (Oryzasativa) is their main crop of damage, mainly manifested by the consumption of seedlings and tillers, leading to a reduction in the number of tillers and insufficient effective panicles, which can cause rice yield losses of up to 90%. In addition to damaging rice, golden apple snails also damage other aquatic crops. Studies have confirmed that they can feed on common crops such as water chestnuts (Zizania latifolia), lotus roots (Nelumbo nucifera), and arrowhead (Sagittaria pygmaea). Golden apple snails prefer to eat water chestnuts (Euryaleferox), water caltrops (Trapabispinosa), water caltrops (Eleocharis dulcis), and other aquatic crops that grow in shady and damp environments. In lotus fields, golden apple snails prefer to feed on the tender parts of lotus leaves and buds that have just emerged from the water. They can also nibble on lotus leaves that float on the water surface from the bottom, causing the leaves to perforate. Golden apple snails can also nibble on the lotus stems at the base of the lotus pods underwater, causing the nibbled parts to break and eventually leading to the death of the entire plant.

[0004] Golden apple snails prefer to inhabit slow-moving or still water areas, such as ponds, rivers, lakes, and ditches. Their growth requires ample water and suitable water temperature, with the optimal range being 22–28℃. In practical production activities, golden apple snails are widely distributed in waterways and are adept at hiding. Traditional methods of controlling them using pesticides involve high dosages, easily causing environmental pollution and leading to pesticide resistance in the snails. Summary of the Invention

[0005] To reduce environmental pollution caused by chemical pesticides used to kill golden apple snails, and to prevent the occurrence and development of pesticide-resistant golden apple snails, the pesticide is added to an attractant that attracts the snails to feed on it. Once the snails ingest the attractant, it kills the snails, thus achieving the goal of controlling the golden apple snail population. Therefore, this invention provides the following technical solution.

[0006] First, the present invention provides an application of an amide compound in the control of golden apple snails, wherein the amide compound is: 2-(4-chlorophenoxy)-N-{4-[9-(4-{[(4-chlorophenoxy)acetyl]amino}phenyl)-9H-fluorene-9-yl]phenyl}acetamide.

[0007] Furthermore, in the above applications, the amide compounds are used as active ingredients to prepare attractants to lure golden apple snails to feed.

[0008] Based on the above applications, another aspect of the present invention provides an attractant for killing golden apple snails, wherein the active ingredient of the attractant is the aforementioned amide compound.

[0009] Furthermore, the attractant comprises the following components: cereal flour, fish meal, glucose, crop leaves, binder, and odorant. The cereal flour is selected from one or more of millet flour, rice flour, and corn flour. The crop leaves are selected from one or more of cabbage leaves, bok choy leaves, and rice leaves. The binder is selected from one or more of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, agar powder, and starch dextrin. The odorant is selected from one or two of allicin and butter flavoring.

[0010] Furthermore, the attractant comprises, by mass parts, 60-80 parts cereal powder, 3-6 parts fish meal, 1-5 parts glucose, 10-20 parts crop leaves, 0.5-2 parts binder, 4-20 parts odorant, and 0.001-0.008 parts amide compound.

[0011] Furthermore, the method for preparing the attractant is as follows:

[0012] S1. Weigh the following raw materials: by mass parts, 60-80 parts cereal flour, 3-6 parts fish meal, 1-5 parts glucose, 10-20 parts crop leaves, 0.5-2 parts binder, 4-20 parts flavoring agent, and 0.001-0.008 parts amide compounds.

[0013] S2. Add 300-500 parts of water to the weighed raw materials and mix well into a paste to obtain a mixture.

[0014] S3. Heat the mixture to a complete boil, pour it into a mold to set and cool, and form it into pellets or blocks to obtain the attractant.

[0015] Finally, the present invention also provides a method for controlling golden apple snails, the method comprising: preparing the above-mentioned amide compounds as active ingredients into an attractant to lure golden apple snails to feed.

[0016] Furthermore, in the above-mentioned method for controlling golden apple snails, the attractant components also include: cereal powder, fish meal, glucose, crop leaves, adhesive, and odorant. The cereal powder is selected from one or more of millet flour, rice flour, and corn flour. The crop leaves are selected from one or more of cabbage leaves, bok choy leaves, and rice leaves. The adhesive is selected from one or more of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, agar powder, and starch dextrin. The odorant is selected from one or two of allicin and butter flavoring.

[0017] Specifically, in the above-mentioned method for controlling golden apple snails, the attractant comprises the following components by mass: 60-80 parts cereal powder, 3-6 parts fish meal, 1-5 parts glucose, 10-20 parts crop leaves, 0.5-2 parts adhesive, 4-20 parts odorant, and 0.001-0.008 parts amide compound.

[0018] Furthermore, in the above-mentioned method for controlling golden apple snails, the method for preparing the attractant is as follows:

[0019] S1. Weigh the following raw materials: by mass parts, 60-80 parts cereal flour, 3-6 parts fish meal, 1-5 parts glucose, 10-20 parts crop leaves, 0.5-2 parts binder, 4-20 parts flavoring agent, and 0.001-0.008 parts amide compounds.

[0020] S2. Add 300-500 parts of water to the weighed raw materials and mix well into a paste to obtain a mixture.

[0021] S3. Heat the mixture to a complete boil, pour it into a mold to set and cool, and form it into pellets or blocks to obtain the attractant.

[0022] Compared with the prior art, the present invention, "the application of an amide compound in the control of golden apple snails," has the following beneficial effects:

[0023] This invention involves adding an amide compound with killing activity against golden apple snails to an attractant that attracts them to feed. The attractant exerts a stomach poison effect after the golden apple snails ingest the bait, thereby killing them. Specifically, when the dosage of the amide compound is 4 mg, the corrected mortality rate of the golden apple snails can reach 90%, demonstrating good efficacy.

[0024] The attractant provided by this invention has excellent attraction effect. Specifically, when the amount of cream flavoring is 4g and the amount of allicin is 2g, the attraction rate can reach more than 90%.

[0025] The method for controlling golden apple snails provided by this invention, compared with the traditional method of directly applying pesticides, uses a smaller amount of active ingredient to kill them, resulting in less environmental pollution. The snails are killed directly after feeding, thus reducing the likelihood of them developing pesticide resistance. Specifically, when the amount of the amide compound used is 4 mg, the amount of butter flavoring is 4 g, and the amount of allicin is 2 g, the corrected mortality rate of the attractant killing golden apple snails reaches over 80%.

[0026] The method for preparing the attractant described in this invention is simple and has low raw material costs, making it more suitable for actual production use. Attached Figure Description

[0027] Figure 1 Here is the chemical structural formula of the amide compound. Detailed Implementation

[0028] The present invention will now be described in conjunction with embodiments, providing a clear and complete description of the technical solutions in these embodiments. Obviously, the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of them. All other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of the present invention without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0029] Unless otherwise specified, the experimental methods used in the following examples are conventional methods, performed according to the techniques or conditions described in the literature in this field or according to the product instructions. Unless otherwise specified, the materials and reagents used in the following examples are commercially available.

[0030] In the following embodiments, the millet flour, fish meal, and cabbage leaves were purchased from the Aerospace Market in Wenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan Province; glucose was purchased from Tianjin Juhengda Chemical Co., Ltd.; agar powder was purchased from Nanjing Quanlong Biotechnology Co., Ltd.; and allicin and cream flavoring were purchased from Henan Jiahe Xuri Food Co., Ltd.

[0031] The amide compound is 2-(4-chlorophenoxy)-N-{4-[9-(4-{[(4-chlorophenoxy)acetyl]amino}phenyl)-9H-fluorene-9-yl]phenyl}acetamide, which was purchased from SPECS. Its chemical structure is shown below. Figure 1 .

[0032] In the following embodiments, the method for preparing the golden apple snail attractant is as follows:

[0033] S1. Weigh the raw materials according to the following proportions: by mass, 60-80 parts cereal powder, 3-6 parts fish meal, 1-5 parts glucose, 10-20 parts crop leaves, 0.5-2 parts binder, 4-20 parts flavoring agent, and 0.001-0.008 parts amide compounds.

[0034] In S1, the cereal flour is selected from one or more of millet flour, rice flour, and corn flour. The crop leaves are selected from one or more of cabbage leaves, bok choy leaves, and rice leaves. The binder is selected from one or more of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, agar powder, and starch dextrin. The flavoring agent is selected from one or two of allicin and butter flavoring.

[0035] In the preparation of the raw materials, cereal powder and fishmeal can increase the palatability of the attractant to golden apple snails, attracting them to feed. Glucose is used to provide feeding stimulation for the golden apple snails, which can enhance the attraction of the attractant. The binder is used to form a stable solid form, so that it can be directly spread in paddy fields. The odorant can attract golden apple snails from a distance to feed, improving the attraction efficiency.

[0036] S2. Add 300-500 parts of water to the weighed raw materials and mix well into a paste to obtain a mixture.

[0037] S3. Heat the mixture in a microwave oven until it boils completely, pour it into a mold to set and cool, and make it into pellets or blocks to obtain the golden apple snail attractant.

[0038] Example 1

[0039] This embodiment describes the determination of the optimal amount of the amide compound used in the golden apple snail attractant.

[0040] The amide compounds were added to the raw materials according to different dosages, and the killing effect of the attractant on golden apple snails was measured. The specific methods are as follows:

[0041] Golden apple snail attractants A, B, C, and D were prepared according to the raw material ratios in Table 1.

[0042] Table 1. Raw material ratio of golden apple snail attractant

[0043]

[0044] Take 50g each of the golden apple snail attractants A, B, C, and D, and place them separately in identical storage boxes (with a base area of ​​approximately 1m²). 2 In the experiment, water was added to a collection box to a height of approximately 5 cm, and 50 golden apple snails of similar size and activity were placed in each box (i.e., the ratio of the number of golden apple snails to the grams of attractant was 1:1). The number of dead golden apple snails was counted after 48 hours. The experiment was repeated three times, with an attractant without the aforementioned amide compound used as a blank control. The mortality rate and corrected mortality rate of the experimental and control groups were calculated, and the results are shown in Table 2.

[0045] Mortality rate (%) = Cumulative number of deaths / Total number of trials × 100%;

[0046] Corrected mortality rate (%) = [(treatment group mortality rate - control group mortality rate) / (1 - control group mortality rate)] × 100%.

[0047] Table 2. Mortality rate of golden apple snails in each group under indoor conditions

[0048] lures lure A lure B Attractant C lure D Blank control mortality rate 12.67％ 38.00％ 91.33％ 86.00％ 5.33％ Corrected mortality rate 7.75％ 34.51％ 90.84％ 85.21％ /

[0049] Table 2 shows that after 48 hours of treatment, attractant C was significantly more effective than attractants A and B in killing golden apple snails, and also more effective than attractant D, with a corrected mortality rate exceeding 90%, demonstrating a significant killing effect. Compared with the blank control, attractants A, B, and D all showed some toxicity towards golden apple snails.

[0050] Based on the experimental results of this embodiment, it is known that when the dosage of the amide compound is 4 mg, the corrected mortality rate of *Pomacea canaliculata* can reach 90%. However, when the dosage of the amide compound is 8 mg, the corrected mortality rate decreases slightly. This may be because a large dose of the amide compound reduces the palatability of the attractant, resulting in less consumption of the attractant by *Pomacea canaliculata*, thus affecting the effectiveness of the attractant. Therefore, in practical applications, by controlling the dosage of this compound in the attractant, it is possible to effectively kill *Pomacea canaliculata* while reducing the amount used, lowering costs, avoiding environmental pollution, and achieving the best control effect.

[0051] Example 2

[0052] This embodiment describes how to obtain the optimal ratio of odorant in a golden apple snail attractant.

[0053] The odorant was added to the raw materials according to different dosages, and the indoor attraction effect of the attractant on golden apple snails was measured. The specific methods are as follows:

[0054] Golden apple snail attractants E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, and M were prepared according to the raw material ratios in Table 3.

[0055] Table 3. Raw material ratio of golden apple snail attractant

[0056]

[0057] Take 50g each of the following attractants for golden apple snails: E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, and M. Place each attractant in an identical, commercially available funnel-shaped trapping device. Place the trapping devices in an identical storage box (approximately 1m² in area at the bottom). 2In the experiment, water was added to the collection boxes to completely submerge the trapping device (water level approximately 30 cm). Fifty golden apple snails of similar size and activity were placed in each collection box (i.e., the ratio of snails to attractant grams was 1:1). The number of golden apple snails in the device was counted after 48 hours. The experiment was repeated three times, with an attractant without any added odorant serving as a blank control. The experimental results are shown in Table 4.

[0058] Table 4. Number of golden apple snails captured in each device under indoor conditions

[0059]

[0060] Table 4 shows that the attraction rates of the attractants in the experimental groups were all higher than those in the blank control. Attractant M for golden apple snails showed the best attraction effect, with an attraction rate exceeding 90%. Specifically, the best attraction effect was achieved when the concentration of butter flavoring was 4g and allicin was 2g. While both allicin and butter flavoring alone could attract golden apple snails to some extent, their effects were not as good as the aforementioned ratio. This may be related to the complex olfactory sensory organs and unique odor attraction of golden apple snails.

[0061] Example 3

[0062] This embodiment describes the preparation method of golden apple snail attractant N.

[0063] The golden apple snail attractant N was prepared according to the optimal dosage of the amide compound (4 mg) and the optimal dosage of the flavoring agent (4 g of cream flavoring and 2 g of allicin):

[0064] S1. Weigh the following raw materials: 75g millet flour, 5g fish meal, 3g glucose, 15g cabbage leaves, 1g agar powder, 4g cream flavoring, 2g allicin, and 4mg of the amide compound.

[0065] S2. Add 400g of water to the weighed raw materials and mix well into a paste to obtain a mixture.

[0066] S3. Heat the mixture in a microwave oven until it boils completely, pour it into a mold to set and cool, and form it into pellets to obtain golden apple snail attractant N.

[0067] Example 4

[0068] This embodiment describes the field trial effects of the golden apple snail attractant N.

[0069] Experimental location: Rice experimental field in Huihe Village, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province.

[0070] Test date: July 2024.

[0071] Experimental method: Select an area of ​​approximately 20m² 2Before the experiment began, pesticides were applied to the rice paddies to kill the golden apple snails in the fields to prevent interference with subsequent experiments. Then, 50 healthy and vigorous golden apple snails of similar growth were introduced into the paddies, bringing the snail density to approximately 2.5 snails / m². 2 The density was slightly lower than the actual density of golden apple snails in the field, allowing for a better test of the attractant's killing effect. 100g of golden apple snail attractant N was placed in the center of the experimental field, and the number of dead snails was counted every 12 hours. The experiment lasted 48 hours and was repeated three times. The control group used a golden apple snail attractant that did not contain the aforementioned amide compounds; the remaining raw material ratios and preparation methods were the same as in Example 3. The mortality rates and corrected mortality rates of the experimental and control groups were calculated using the same method as in Example 1, and the results are shown in Table 5.

[0072] Table 5. Killing effect of golden apple snail attractant N under field conditions.

[0073] lures Attractant N Blank control mortality rate 83.33％ 5.00％ Corrected mortality rate 82.45％ /

[0074] Table 5 shows that after 48 hours of testing, the corrected mortality rate of the golden apple snail attractant N reached over 80%, significantly higher than that of the blank control group. The amide compounds, when used in combination with allicin and butter flavoring, significantly improved the attractant's attraction and killing effects.

[0075] In summary, this invention utilizes an attractant to kill golden apple snails using the amide compound. When the dosage of the amide compound is 4 mg, the cream flavoring is 4 g, and the allicin is 2 g, the prepared golden apple snail attractant can attract golden apple snails to feed to the greatest extent and exert a killing effect. The amide compound of this invention requires a small dosage, is simple to prepare, and has low raw material costs, making it suitable for practical field production.

[0076] The embodiments described above are only some, not all, of the embodiments of the present invention. The detailed description of the embodiments of the present invention is not intended to limit the scope of the claimed invention, but merely to illustrate selected embodiments. All other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art through related deductions and substitutions based on the inventive concept, without inventive effort, are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

Claims

1. The application of an amide compound in killing golden apple snails, characterized in that, The amide compound is: 2-(4-chlorophenoxy)-N-{4-[9-(4-{[(4-chlorophenoxy)acetyl]amino}phenyl)-9H-fluorene-9-yl]phenyl}acetamide; The chemical structural formula of this compound is: 。 2. The application according to claim 1, characterized in that, The amide compounds were used as the active ingredient to prepare an attractant to lure golden apple snails to feed.

3. An attractant for killing golden apple snails, characterized in that, The cytotoxic active ingredient of the attractant is an amide compound, specifically 2-(4-chlorophenoxy)-N-{4-[9-(4-{[(4-chlorophenoxy)acetyl]amino}phenyl)-9H-fluorene-9-yl]phenyl}acetamide; The chemical structural formula of this compound is: ； The attractant also includes: cereal powder, fish meal, glucose, crop leaves, adhesive, and odorant; The cereal flour is selected from one or more of the following: millet flour, rice flour, and corn flour; The crop leaves are selected from one or more of the following: Chinese cabbage leaves, cabbage leaves, and rice leaves; The adhesive is selected from one or more of the following: sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, agar powder, and starch dextrin; The flavoring agents are: allicin and cream flavoring; The attractant comprises, by mass, 60-80 parts cereal powder, 3-6 parts fish meal, 1-5 parts glucose, 10-20 parts crop leaves, 0.5-2 parts binder, 4-20 parts odorant, and 0.001-0.008 parts amide compound.

4. The attractant according to claim 3, characterized in that, The method for preparing the attractant is as follows: S1. Weigh the following raw materials: by mass parts, 60-80 parts cereal flour, 3-6 parts fish meal, 1-5 parts glucose, 10-20 parts crop leaves, 0.5-2 parts binder, 4-20 parts flavoring agent, and 0.001-0.008 parts amide compounds; S2. Add 300-500 parts of water to the weighed raw materials and mix well into a paste to obtain a mixture; S3. Heat the mixture to a complete boil, pour it into a mold to set and cool, and form it into pellets or blocks to obtain the attractant.

5. A method for controlling golden apple snails, characterized in that, The method includes: preparing an attractant by using amide compounds as the killing active ingredient to attract golden apple snails to feed; The amide compound is: 2-(4-chlorophenoxy)-N-{4-[9-(4-{[(4-chlorophenoxy)acetyl]amino}phenyl)-9H-fluorene-9-yl]phenyl}acetamide; The chemical structural formula of this compound is: 。 6. The method according to claim 5, characterized in that, The attractant also includes: cereal powder, fish meal, glucose, crop leaves, adhesive, and odorant; The cereal flour is selected from one or more of the following: millet flour, rice flour, and corn flour; The crop leaves are selected from one or more of the following: Chinese cabbage leaves, cabbage leaves, and rice leaves; The adhesive is selected from one or more of the following: sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, agar powder, and starch dextrin; The flavoring agents are: allicin and cream flavoring.

7. The method according to claim 5, characterized in that, The attractant comprises, by mass, 60-80 parts cereal powder, 3-6 parts fish meal, 1-5 parts glucose, 10-20 parts crop leaves, 0.5-2 parts binder, 4-20 parts odorant, and 0.001-0.008 parts amide compound.

8. The method according to claim 5, characterized in that, The method for preparing the attractant is as follows: S1. Weigh the following raw materials: by mass parts, 60-80 parts cereal flour, 3-6 parts fish meal, 1-5 parts glucose, 10-20 parts crop leaves, 0.5-2 parts binder, 4-20 parts flavoring agent, and 0.001-0.008 parts amide compounds; S2. Add 300-500 parts of water to the weighed raw materials and mix well into a paste to obtain a mixture; S3. Heat the mixture to a complete boil, pour it into a mold to set and cool, and form it into pellets or blocks to obtain the attractant.

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