Perovskite solar cell, photovoltaic module, photovoltaic system and power utilization device

Abstract

The invention provides a perovskite solar cell. The perovskite solar cell comprises a transparent electrode layer; the perovskite layer is arranged on the surface of the transparent electrode layer; the insertion layer is arranged on the surface, away from the transparent electrode layer, of the perovskite layer, the insertion layer comprises an organic material, and the molecular structure of the organic material contains benzoheterocycle; the metal electrode is arranged on the surface, deviating from the perovskite layer, of the insertion layer; the invention also relates to a photovoltaic module, a photovoltaic system and an electric device. The perovskite solar cell provided by the invention has good stability.

Description

Perovskite solar cells, photovoltaic modules, photovoltaic systems and electrical devices Technical Field

[0001] The present application relates to the technical field of solar cells, and in particular to a perovskite solar cell, a photovoltaic module, a photovoltaic system and an electrical device. Background Art

[0002] With the rapid development of new energy fields, solar cells have been widely used in many fields such as industry, commerce, agriculture and communications.

[0003] Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are devices that convert solar energy into electrical energy using the photoelectric conversion mechanism of perovskite-type crystal materials. They are currently the third generation of solar cells and have many advantages, such as high photoelectric conversion efficiency, simple manufacturing process, and low production cost. They have been widely studied in recent years.

[0004] Despite this, there is still some distance to go before perovskite solar cells can be commercialized and applied on a large scale. Among them, how to improve the stability of perovskite solar cells is one of the key issues that needs to be solved urgently.

[0005] Summary of the Invention

[0006] The present application is made in view of the above-mentioned problems, and one of its purposes is to provide a perovskite solar cell with good stability.

[0007] In order to achieve the above objectives, the first aspect of the present application provides a perovskite solar cell, comprising:

[0008] a transparent electrode layer;

[0009] a perovskite layer, disposed on the surface of the transparent electrode layer;

[0010] an insertion layer, disposed on a surface of the perovskite layer facing away from the transparent electrode layer, the insertion layer comprising an organic material, the molecular structure of the organic material containing a benzoheterocycle; and

[0011] The metal electrode is disposed on a surface of the insertion layer facing away from the perovskite layer.

[0012] The aforementioned perovskite solar cell incorporates an insertion layer between the perovskite layer and the metal electrode. The insertion layer is constructed from an organic material containing a benzoheterocyclic ring in its molecular structure. The heterocyclic rings in the benzoheterocyclic rings can bind to the metal electrode through chemical adsorption and coordination, protecting it and inhibiting the reaction between the halogens in the perovskite layer and the metal electrode. The benzene rings increase the hydrophobicity of the insertion layer material molecules, preventing moisture from affecting the device. The benzoheterocyclic ring structure exhibits good coplanarity, resulting in closer molecular spacing, which can slow the migration of halogen ions in the perovskite layer. The perovskite solar cell exhibits excellent stability.

[0013] In any embodiment, the benzoheterocycle includes any one of a benzo five-membered heterocycle and a benzo six-membered heterocycle. This can further delay the migration of halogen ions in the perovskite layer and further delay the reaction of halogen ions with the metal electrode, thereby further improving the stability of the device.

[0014] In any embodiment, the heteroatom in the benzoheterocycle includes one or more of a nitrogen atom, an oxygen atom and a sulfur atom.

[0015] In any embodiment, the heterocyclic ring in the benzoheterocycle forms a conjugated structure with the benzene ring. This can effectively slow the migration of halide ions in the perovskite layer, thereby further improving the stability of the device. It is also more conducive to the transmission of electrons, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the device.

[0016] In any embodiment, the heteroatom in the benzoheterocycle forms a conjugated structure with the benzene ring, thereby further improving the stability of the device.

[0017] In any embodiment, the benzoheterocycle has at least one substituent R1 attached to the phenyl ring, each of which independently includes any one of phenyl, -N(R2)2, -NHR2, -NH2, trimethylamino, triethylamino, tripropylamino, pyridyl, alkyl, halogen, alkoxy, hydroxyl, carboxyl, naphthyl, -NHCOR2, and -OCOR2; wherein R2 represents a C1-C5 alkyl group. Thus, the first substituent on the phenyl ring can reduce the distance between molecules, making the material of the insertion layer more compact, further improving the effect of preventing the metal electrode from reacting with the perovskite layer, and further improving the effect of blocking moisture and oxygen, thereby further improving the stability of the device.

[0018] In any embodiment, at least one substituent R3 is attached to the heterocyclic ring of the benzoheterocyclic ring. The substituent R3 includes any one of phenyl, -N(R4)2, -NHR4, -NH2, trimethylamino, triethylamino, tripropylamino, pyridyl, alkyl, halogen, alkoxy, hydroxyl, carboxyl, naphthyl, -NHCOR4, and -OCOR4; wherein R4 represents a C1-C5 alkyl group. This can further improve the stability of the device.

[0019] In any embodiment, the organic material comprises one or more compounds having the following structural formula:

[0020] Wherein, A on each ring in the above general formula independently includes any one of C, N, O and S, and at least one A on a ring is any one of N, O and S; R5 to R 12 Each independently includes a benzene ring, hydrogen, -N(R 13 )2, -NHR 13 , -NH2, trimethylamino, triethylamino, tripropylamino, pyridyl, alkyl, halogen, hydroxyl, carboxyl, naphthyl, -NHCOR 13 and-OCOR 13 Any one of R 13 It is a C1-C5 alkyl group.

[0021] In any embodiment, the organic material comprises one or more of the following compounds:

[0022] In any embodiment, the thickness of the insertion layer is 0.5 nm to 50 nm. In this way, the stability of the perovskite solar cell can be improved.

[0023] In any embodiment, the thickness of the insertion layer is 5 nm to 20 nm. In this way, the perovskite solar cell can obtain better stability while further improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the perovskite solar cell.

[0024] In any embodiment, the perovskite solar cell further includes an electron transport layer disposed between the perovskite layer and the insertion layer, or between the insertion layer and the metal electrode. Thus, the electron transport layer can effectively extract and transport electrons generated by the perovskite layer, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the perovskite solar cell.

[0025] In any embodiment, the material of the electron transport layer includes [6,6]-phenyl C 61 Methyl butyrate, [6,6]-phenyl C 71One or more of methyl butyrate, fullerene C60, fullerene C70, tin dioxide and zinc oxide.

[0026] In any embodiment, the solar cell further comprises a hole transport layer disposed between the perovskite layer and the transparent electrode layer. This can increase the hole extraction and transport capabilities of the perovskite solar cell and improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the perovskite solar cell.

[0027] In any embodiment, the material of the hole transport layer includes one or more of NiOx, PTAA, PEDOT:PSS and phosphonic acid carbazole compounds; wherein x represents the number of oxygen atoms.

[0028] In any embodiment, the device further comprises a passivation layer disposed between the perovskite layer and the hole transport layer, thereby passivating the perovskite layer and further improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the device.

[0029] In any embodiment, the material of the transparent electrode layer includes one or more of FTO, ITO, AZO, BZO and IZO.

[0030] In any embodiment, the perovskite layer comprises at least one of a material having a chemical formula of ABX3 and a material having a chemical formula of A2CDX6;

[0031] Among them, A includes methyl amidino, methylamino and Cs + One or more of; B includes Pb 2+ and Sn 2+ One or more of; C includes Ag + ; D includes Bi 3+ 、Sb 3+ and In 3+ One or more of; X includes Br - and I - One or more of .

[0032] In any embodiment, the band gap of the perovskite layer is 1.20 eV to 2.30 eV, and the thickness of the perovskite layer is 200 nm to 1000 nm.

[0033] In any embodiment, the material of the metal electrode includes one or more of Ag, Cu, Au and Al.

[0034] A second aspect of the present application provides a photovoltaic module, comprising the perovskite solar cell of the first aspect of the present application. The photovoltaic module of the present application has good stability by adopting the perovskite solar cell of the first aspect of the present application.

[0035] A third aspect of the present application provides a photovoltaic system, comprising the photovoltaic assembly of the second aspect of the present application.

[0036] In a fourth aspect, the present application provides an electrical device comprising the perovskite solar cell of the first aspect of the present application.

[0037] The perovskite solar cell of this application employs an insertion layer between the perovskite layer and the metal electrode. The insertion layer is made of an organic material containing a benzoheterocycle in its molecular structure. This insertion layer effectively inhibits the reaction between the halogens in the perovskite layer and the metal electrode, and prevents moisture and oxygen from entering the cell and affecting the perovskite layer, thereby ensuring good stability of the perovskite solar cell. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0038] In order to better describe and illustrate the embodiments and / or examples of the present application, reference may be made to one or more of the accompanying drawings. The additional details or examples used to describe the accompanying drawings should not be considered as limiting the scope of the disclosed application, the presently described embodiments and / or examples, and any of the best modes currently understood for these applications.

[0039] Moreover, in all the drawings, the same reference numerals are used to denote the same parts. In the drawings:

[0040] FIG1 is a schematic structural diagram of a perovskite solar cell according to an embodiment of the present application;

[0041] FIG2 is a schematic structural diagram of a perovskite solar cell according to another embodiment of the present application;

[0042] FIG3 is a schematic structural diagram of an electrical device according to an embodiment of the present application.

[0043] Explanation of the accompanying symbols: 1. Perovskite solar cell; 11. Transparent electrode layer; 12. Perovskite layer; 13. Insertion layer; 14. Metal electrode; 15. Electron transport layer; 16. Hole transport layer; 17. Passivation layer; 2. Electrical device. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0044] Below, the embodiments of the perovskite solar cell, photovoltaic module, photovoltaic system and electrical device of the present application are described in detail with appropriate reference to the accompanying drawings. However, there may be cases where unnecessary detailed descriptions are omitted. For example, there may be cases where detailed descriptions of well-known matters and repeated descriptions of actually the same structures are omitted. This is to avoid the following description from becoming unnecessarily lengthy and to facilitate the understanding of those skilled in the art. In addition, the drawings and the following description are provided for those skilled in the art to fully understand the present application and are not intended to limit the subject matter described in the claims.

[0045] The "ranges" disclosed herein are defined in terms of lower and upper limits, where a given range is defined by selecting a lower limit and an upper limit, and the selected lower and upper limits define the boundaries of the particular range. Ranges defined in this manner can be inclusive or exclusive of the end values ​​and can be combined arbitrarily, i.e., any lower limit can be combined with any upper limit to form a range. For example, if ranges of 60 to 120 and 80 to 110 are listed for a particular parameter, it is understood that ranges of 60 to 110 and 80 to 120 are also contemplated. Furthermore, if minimum range values ​​of 1 and 2 are listed, and if maximum range values ​​of 3, 4, and 5 are listed, the following ranges are all contemplated: 1 to 3, 1 to 4, 1 to 5, 2 to 3, 2 to 4, and 2 to 5. In this application, unless otherwise indicated, the numerical range "a to b" is a shorthand representation of any combination of real numbers between a and b, where a and b are both real numbers. For example, a numerical range of "0-5" indicates that all real numbers between "0-5" are listed herein, and "0-5" is simply an abbreviation for these numerical combinations. Furthermore, when a parameter is expressed as an integer ≥ 2, this is equivalent to disclosing that the parameter is, for example, an integer of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, etc.

[0046] Unless otherwise specified, all embodiments and optional embodiments of the present application can be combined with each other to form a new technical solution.

[0047] Unless otherwise specified, all technical features and optional technical features of this application can be combined with each other to form a new technical solution.

[0048] Unless otherwise specified, all steps of the present application may be performed sequentially or randomly, preferably sequentially. For example, the method includes steps (a) and (b), indicating that the method may include steps (a) and (b) performed sequentially, or may include steps (b) and (a) performed sequentially. For example, the method may further include step (c), indicating that step (c) may be added to the method in any order, for example, the method may include steps (a), (b) and (c), or may include steps (a), (c) and (b), or may include steps (c), (a) and (b), etc.

[0049] Unless otherwise specified, the terms "include" and "comprising" used in this application may be open-ended or closed-ended. For example, "include" and "comprising" may mean that other components not listed may also be included or that only the listed components are included.

[0050] Unless otherwise specified, the term "or" is used in this application to be inclusive. For example, the phrase "A or B" means "A, B, or both A and B." More specifically, the condition "A or B" is satisfied if any of the following conditions are met: A is true (or exists) and B is false (or does not exist); A is false (or does not exist) and B is true (or exists); or both A and B are true (or exist).

[0051] In this application, unless otherwise specified, A (such as B) means that B is a non-limiting example of A, and it can be understood that A is not limited to B.

[0052] In this application, "a plurality of" or "a plurality of" refers to a number greater than or equal to 2 unless otherwise specified. For example, "one or more" means one or more than or equal to two.

[0053] As used herein, "combination thereof", "any combination thereof", "any combination thereof" and the like include all suitable combinations of any two or more of the listed items.

[0054] Herein, the “suitable” mentioned in “suitable combination”, “suitable method”, “any suitable method”, etc. shall be based on the technical solution that can implement the present application.

[0055] Herein, the terms "preferred," "better," "more preferred," and "suitable" are used solely to describe preferred implementations or examples and should not be construed as limiting the scope of protection of this application. If multiple "preferred" terms appear in a technical solution, each "preferred" term is considered independent unless otherwise specified and there are no contradictions or mutual constraints.

[0056] In this application, "further", "further", "particularly" and the like are used for descriptive purposes to indicate differences in content, but should not be understood as limiting the scope of protection of this application.

[0057] In this application, the terms "first," "second," "third," "fourth," etc. in "the first aspect," "the second aspect," "the third aspect," "the fourth aspect," etc. are used for descriptive purposes only and should not be understood as indicating or implying relative importance or quantity, nor should they be understood as implicitly indicating the importance or quantity of the indicated technical features. Furthermore, "first," "second," "third," "fourth," etc. serve only as non-exhaustive enumeration and description, and should be understood not to constitute a closed-ended limitation on quantity.

[0058] In this application, the term "room temperature" generally refers to 4°C to 35°C, and may refer to 20°C ± 5°C. In some embodiments of this application, room temperature refers to 20°C to 30°C.

[0059] In this application, when referring to a data range, if the unit is only after the right endpoint, it means that the units of the left and right endpoints are the same. For example, 3h~5h or 3h~5h both mean that the units of the left endpoint "3" and the right endpoint "5" are both hours.

[0060] The weights of the relevant components mentioned in the examples of this application may not only refer to the content of each component, but also represent the weight ratio between the components. Therefore, as long as the content of the relevant components is proportionally enlarged or reduced according to the examples of this application, it is within the scope disclosed in the examples of this application. Furthermore, the weights mentioned in the examples of this application may be mass units known in the chemical industry, such as μg, mg, g, and kg.

[0061] As used herein, unless otherwise specified, "alkyl" refers to a monovalent residue derived from a saturated hydrocarbon containing a primary (normal) carbon atom, a secondary carbon atom, a tertiary carbon atom, a quaternary carbon atom, or a combination thereof, by the loss of one hydrogen atom. Phrases containing this term, such as "C1-9 alkyl," refer to an alkyl group containing 1 to 9 carbon atoms, and each occurrence may independently be a C1 alkyl, a C2 alkyl, a C3 alkyl, a C4 alkyl, a C5 alkyl, a C6 alkyl, a C7 alkyl, a C8 alkyl, or a C9 alkyl group. Suitable examples include, but are not limited to, methyl (Me, -CH3), ethyl (Et, -CH2CH3), 1-propyl (n-Pr, n-propyl, -CH2CH2CH3), 2-propyl (i-Pr, i-propyl, -CH(CH3)2), 1-butyl (n-Bu, n-butyl, -CH2CH2CH2CH3), 2-methyl-1-propyl (i-Bu, i-butyl, -CH2CH(CH3)2), 2-butyl (s-Bu, s-butyl, -CH(C H3)CH2CH3), 2-methyl-2-propyl (t-Bu, t-butyl, -C(CH3)3), 1-pentyl (n-pentyl, -CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3), 2-pentyl (-CH(CH3)CH2CH2CH3), 3-pentyl (-CH(CH2CH3)2), 2-methyl-2-butyl (-C(CH3)2CH2CH3), 3-methyl-2-butyl (-CH(CH3)CH(CH3)2), 3-methyl-1-butyl (- CH2CH2CH(CH3)2), 2-methyl-1-butyl (-CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH3), 1-hexyl (-CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3), 2-hexyl (-CH(CH3)CH2CH2CH2CH3), 3-hexyl (-CH(CH2CH3)(CH2CH2CH3)), 2-methyl-2-pentyl (-C(CH3)2CH2CH2CH3), 3-methyl-2-pentyl (-CH(CH3)CH( )2), 2-methyl-3-pentyl (-CH(CH2CH3)CH(CH3)2), 2,3-dimethyl-2-butyl (-C(CH3)2CH(CH3)2), 3,3-dimethyl-2-butyl (-CH(CH3)C(CH3)3 and octyl (-(CH2)7CH3).

[0062] As used herein, unless otherwise specified, "heteroalkyl" refers to an alkyl group in which at least one carbon atom is replaced by a non-carbon atom, such as an N atom, an O atom, an S atom, a P atom, or the like. O, N, and S are used as examples for illustration. For example, if the carbon atom connected to an adjacent group in an alkyl group is replaced by a non-carbon atom O, N, or S, the resulting heteroalkyl group is an alkoxy group (e.g., -OCH3, etc.), an amino group (e.g., -NHCH3, -N(CH3)2, etc.), or a thioalkyl group (e.g., -SCH3). If the carbon atom not directly connected to an adjacent group in an alkyl group is replaced by a non-carbon atom O, N, or S, the resulting heteroalkyl group is an alkoxyalkyl group (e.g., -CH2CH2-O-CH3, etc.), an alkylaminoalkyl group (e.g., -CH2NHCH3, -CH2N(CH3)2, etc.), or an alkylthioalkyl group (e.g., -CH2-S-CH3). If the terminal carbon atom of an alkyl group is replaced by a non-carbon atom, the resulting heteroalkyl group can be a hydroxyalkyl group (e.g., -CH2CH2-OH), an aminoalkyl group (e.g., -CH2NH2), or a mercaptoamino group (e.g., -CH2CH2-SH). Phrases containing the term "heteroalkyl" such as "C1-C9 heteroalkyl" or "C1-9 heteroalkyl" refer to heteroalkyl groups containing from 1 to 9 carbon atoms, each occurrence of which can be independently C1 heteroalkyl, C2 heteroalkyl, C3 heteroalkyl, C4 heteroalkyl, C5 heteroalkyl, C6 heteroalkyl, C7 heteroalkyl, C8 heteroalkyl, or C9 heteroalkyl.

[0063] In this article, unless otherwise specified, "cycloalkyl" has the same meaning as "non-aromatic cycloalkyl", which refers to a monovalent residue formed by a non-aromatic hydrocarbon (saturated hydrocarbon or unsaturated hydrocarbon) containing a ring carbon atom losing a hydrogen atom on the ring, that is, a monovalent connection site is formed directly on the ring. Cycloalkyl derived from non-aromatic saturated hydrocarbons can be recorded as saturated cycloalkyl, and cycloalkyl derived from non-aromatic unsaturated hydrocarbons can be recorded as unsaturated cycloalkyl. Cycloalkyl can be a monocyclic alkyl, a spirocyclic alkyl, or a bridged cycloalkyl. Phrases containing this term, for example, "C3-C9 cycloalkyl" or C 3-9 "Cycloalkyl" refers to a cycloalkyl group containing 3 to 9 carbon atoms, each occurrence of which can be independently C3 cycloalkyl, C4 cycloalkyl, C5 cycloalkyl, C6 cycloalkyl, C7 cycloalkyl, C8 cycloalkyl or C9 cycloalkyl. Suitable examples include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl Cyclobutyl Cyclopentyl Cyclohexyl In addition, "cycloalkyl" may also contain one or more double bonds, and representative examples of cycloalkyl containing double bonds include cyclopentenyl (including but not limited to ), cyclohexenyl (including but not limited to ), cyclohexadiene (including but not limited to ) group, cyclopentadienyl (including but not limited to ) and cyclobutadienyl (including but not limited to ).

[0064] As used herein, unless otherwise specified, "heterocycloalkyl" refers to a cycloalkyl group in which at least one carbon atom is replaced by a non-carbon atom, which may be a N atom, an O atom, an S atom, or the like, and may be a saturated ring or a partially unsaturated ring. Phrases containing this term, for example, "C4-C9 heterocyclyl" refers to a heterocyclyl group containing 4 to 9 carbon atoms, which, at each occurrence, may be independently C4 heteroalkyl, C5 heteroalkyl, C6 heteroalkyl, C7 heteroalkyl, C8 heteroalkyl, or C9 heteroalkyl. Suitable examples include, but are not limited to, dihydropyridyl, tetrahydropyridyl (piperidyl), tetrahydrothienyl, sulfur-oxidized tetrahydrothienyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, and dihydroindole.

[0065] In this article, unless otherwise specified, "aryl" refers to an aromatic hydrocarbon group derived from an aromatic hydrocarbon compound by losing a hydrogen atom, that is, a monovalent linking site formed directly on the ring. It can be a monocyclic aromatic group, a condensed aromatic group, or a polycyclic aromatic group. For polycyclic aromatic groups, at least one is an aromatic ring system. For example, "C6-C 10 "Aryl" refers to an aromatic group containing 6 to 10 carbon atoms, each occurrence of which can be independently C6 aryl, C8 aryl, C9 aryl or C 10 Aryl. For example, "C6~C 20 "Aryl" refers to an aromatic group containing 6 to 20 carbon atoms, each occurrence of which can be independently but not limited to C6 arylaryl (such as phenyl), C6 arylaryl (such as benzocyclobutenyl), C8 aryl (such as phenylcyclobutenyl), C9 aryl (such as indenyl), C 10 Aryl (such as naphthyl), C 12 Aryl (such as acenaphthenyl, biphenyl), C 13 Aryl (such as fluorenyl), C 14 Aryl (such as anthracenyl, phenanthrenyl), C 18 Aryl (such as triphenylene) or C 20 Aryl (eg, perylene). Examples of suitable aromatic cyclic hydrocarbon compounds include, but are not limited to, benzene, stycyclobutene, biphenyl, indene, naphthalene, acenaphthene, fluorene, anthracene, phenanthrene, triphenylene, perylene, and derivatives thereof.

[0066] In this article, unless otherwise specified, "heteroaryl" refers to a heterocyclic group with aromaticity, which can be a monovalent group formed by replacing at least one carbon atom of an aryl group with a non-carbon atom, or a monovalent group formed by replacing at least one carbon atom of a cyclopentadienyl group with a non-carbon atom, wherein the non-carbon atom can be, but is not limited to, a nitrogen atom, an oxygen atom, or a sulfur atom. For example, "C1-C 10 The term "heteroaryl" refers to a heteroaryl group containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, which can be independently C1 heteroaryl (such as tetrazolyl, etc.), C2 heteroaryl (such as triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, etc.), C3 heteroaryl (such as imidazolyl, etc.), C4 heteroaryl (such as furyl, etc.), C5 heteroaryl (such as pyridyl, etc.), C6 heteroaryl, C7 heteroaryl (such as benzimidazole, etc.), C8 heteroaryl (such as indolyl, etc.), C9 heteroaryl (such as quinolyl, etc.) or C 10 Heteroaryl (such as pyrrolobipyridinyl). Also for example, "C3~C 20 "Heteroaryl" refers to a heteroaryl group containing 3 to 20 carbon atoms, each occurrence of which can be independently but not limited to C2 heteroaryl, C3 heteroaryl, C4 heteroaryl, C5 heteroaryl, C6 heteroaryl, C8 heteroaryl, C9 heteroaryl, C 10 Heteroaryl, C 12 Heteroaryl, C 13 Heteroaryl, C 14 Heteroaryl, C 18 Heteroaryl or C 20 Heteroaryl. Suitable examples include, but are not limited to, heteroaryl groups derived from the following heteroaromatic rings (number of carbon atoms is indicated in brackets): furan (C4), benzofuran (C8), thiophene (C4), benzothiophene (C8), pyrrole (C4), pyrazole (C3), triazole (C2), imidazole (C3), oxazole (C3), oxadiazole (C2), thiazole (C3), tetrazole (C1), indole (C8), carbazole (C 12 ), pyrroloimidazole (C5), pyrrolopyrrole (C6), thienopyrrole (C6), thienothiophene (C6), furopyrrole (C6), furofuran (C6), thienofuran (C6), thienopyridine (C7), furopyridine (C7), benzoxazole (C7), benzisoxazole (C7), benzothiazole (C7), benzisothiazole (C7), benzimidazole (C7), pyridine (C5), pyrazine (C4), pyridazine (C4), pyrimidine (C4), triazine (C3), quinoline (C9), isoquinoline (C9), naphthyridine (C8, such as o-naphthyridine), quinoxaline (C8), phenanthridine (C 13 ), primary pyridine (C 11 ), quinazoline (C8) and quinazolinone (C8).

[0067] As used herein, unless otherwise specified, "alkylene" refers to a hydrocarbon group having two monovalent radical centers derived from an alkane by removing two hydrogen atoms (or derived from an alkyl group by losing another hydrogen atom), which may be a saturated branched alkyl group or a saturated straight-chain alkyl group. For example, "C1-C9 alkylene" means that the alkyl portion contains 1 to 9 carbon atoms, and each occurrence may be independently C1 alkylene, C2 alkylene, C3 alkylene, C4 alkylene, C5 alkylene, C6 alkylene, C7 alkylene, C8 alkylene or C9 alkylene. Suitable examples include, but are not limited to, methylene (-CH2-), 1,1-ethyl (-CH(CH3)-), 1,2-ethyl (-CH2CH2-), 1,1-propyl (-CH(CH2CH3)-), 1,2-propyl (-CH2CH(CH3)-), 1,3-propyl (-CH2CH2CH2-) and 1,4-butyl (-CH2CH2CH2CH2-)

[0068] As used herein, "halogen" or "halo" refers to F, Cl, Br or I, unless otherwise specified.

[0069] Herein, unless otherwise specified, "amino" may be a primary amino group (-NH2), a secondary amino group (>NH), a tertiary amino group (>N-) or a quaternary amino group (>N + <).

[0070] Herein, unless otherwise specified, a hydroxyl group is -OH, a carboxyl group is -COOH, a cyano group is -CN, a hydrazine group is -NHNH2, a sulfinic acid group is -S(=O)OH, a phosphinic acid group is (*-)2P(=O)OH, a sulfonic acid group is -S(=O)2OH, a phosphate group is (*-)P(=O)(OH)2, and a boronic acid group is (*-)B(OH)2. The * in the phosphinic acid group indicates that the group is connected to a carbon atom or H and at least one of the groups is connected to a carbon atom, the * in the phosphonic acid group indicates that the group is connected to a carbon atom, and the * in the boronic acid group indicates that the group is connected to a carbon atom.

[0071] Currently, perovskite solar cells generally suffer from poor device stability, which limits their large-scale commercial application. Therefore, improving the device stability of perovskite solar cells is an important research direction in this field. To this end, the present application provides a perovskite solar cell that effectively improves device stability by providing an insertion layer composed of a special material between the perovskite layer and the metal electrode of the perovskite solar cell.

[0072] Referring to Figures 1 and 2 , a first aspect of the present application provides a perovskite solar cell 1, comprising a transparent electrode layer 11, a perovskite layer 12, an insertion layer 13, and a metal electrode 14. The perovskite layer 12 is disposed on a surface of the transparent electrode layer 11; the insertion layer 13 is disposed on a surface of the perovskite layer 12 facing away from the transparent electrode layer 11, the insertion layer 13 comprising an organic material having a benzoheterocycle in its molecular structure; and the metal electrode 14 is disposed on a surface of the insertion layer 13 facing away from the perovskite layer 12.

[0073] The halogen in the perovskite layer 12 of the perovskite solar cell 1 is easily ion-migrated and reacts with the metal electrode 14 , causing damage to the metal electrode 14 and decomposition of the components of the perovskite layer 12 , thereby resulting in poor device stability of the perovskite solar cell 1 .

[0074] The perovskite solar cell 1 described above in the present application has an insertion layer 13 disposed between the perovskite layer 12 and the metal electrode 14 of the perovskite solar cell 1. The insertion layer 13 is made of an organic material containing a benzoheterocycle in its molecular structure. The heterocycles in the benzoheterocycle matrix can bind to the metal electrode 14 through chemical adsorption and coordination, protecting the metal electrode 14, thereby inhibiting the reaction of halogens in the perovskite layer 12 with the metal electrode 14 and improving device stability. The benzene rings in the benzoheterocycle matrix can increase the hydrophobicity of the molecules in the insertion layer 13 material, preventing moisture from affecting the device (especially the perovskite layer 12) and improving device stability. The benzoheterocycle structure has good coplanarity, resulting in closer molecular spacing during material molecular stacking. The smaller vacancies between molecules can slow the migration of halogen ions in the perovskite layer 12. The high concentration of halogen on the side of the insertion layer 13 close to the perovskite layer 12 also inhibits halogen migration, thereby improving device stability.

[0075] In addition, since the intermolecular distance of the benzoheterocycle is relatively close, it is also conducive to the transmission of electrons. During the carrier extraction process, the electron transmission is smoother, and the holes can be blocked to prevent the holes from recombining with electrons through the metal electrode 14 side, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the perovskite solar cell 1.

[0076] It is understood that the organic material's molecular structure containing a benzoheterocycle means that the organic material's molecular structure contains at least one benzene ring and one heterocycle fused together. Furthermore, there may be multiple benzene rings and heterocycles fused together.

[0077] In some embodiments, the benzoheterocycle includes any one of a benzo five-membered heterocycle and a benzo six-membered heterocycle. The structures of the benzo five-membered heterocycle and the benzo six-membered heterocycle are relatively stable, and the five-membered heterocycle and the six-membered heterocycle are well coplanar with the benzene ring, which can further delay the migration of halogen ions in the perovskite layer 12 and further delay the reaction of the halogen ions with the metal electrode 14, thereby further improving the stability of the device.

[0078] In some embodiments, the heteroatoms in the benzoheterocycle include one or more of a nitrogen atom, an oxygen atom, and a sulfur atom. In other words, the heteroatoms in the benzoheterocycle may be a nitrogen atom, an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, or may contain two or more of the above heteroatoms simultaneously; the number of heteroatoms in the benzoheterocycle may be one or more; when the number of heteroatoms in the benzoheterocycle is more than one, the types of the multiple heteroatoms may be the same or different.

[0079] In some embodiments, the heterocyclic ring in the benzoheterocyclic ring forms a conjugated structure with the benzene ring. Specifically, the heterocyclic ring and the benzene ring form a large conjugated system. This can further improve the coplanarity of the molecular structure of the insertion layer 13 material, further reduce the spacing and vacancies between molecules, and better slow the migration of halide ions in the perovskite layer 12, thereby further improving the stability of the device. It also facilitates electron transport, thereby improving the device's photoelectric conversion efficiency.

[0080] In some embodiments, the heteroatom in the benzoheterocycle forms a conjugated structure with the benzene ring, that is, the lone electron pair on the heteroatom in the heterocycle can be conjugated with the benzene ring.

[0081] In some embodiments, at least one substituent R1 is attached to the benzene ring of the benzoheterocycle. Each substituent R1 independently comprises any one of phenyl, amino, alkyl, halogen, alkoxy, hydroxy, carboxyl, naphthyl, -NHCOR2, and -OCOR2; wherein R2 represents a C1-C5 alkyl group. The substituent R1 on the benzene ring can reduce the distance between molecules, making the material of the insertion layer 13 more compact, further improving the ability to block the reaction between the metal electrode 14 and the perovskite layer 12, and further enhancing the ability to block moisture and oxygen, thereby further improving the stability of the device.

[0082] In some embodiments, at least one substituent R3 is attached to the heterocyclic ring of the benzoheterocyclic ring. Each substituent R3 independently includes any one of phenyl, amino, alkyl, halogen, alkoxy, hydroxy, carboxyl, naphthyl, -NHCOR4, and -OCOR4; wherein R4 represents a C1-C5 alkyl group. Thus, the substituent R3 on the heterocyclic ring can further reduce the distance between molecules, making the material of the insertion layer 13 more dense, further improving the ability to block the reaction between the metal electrode 14 and the perovskite layer 12, and further improving the ability to block moisture and oxygen, thereby further improving the stability of the device.

[0083] In some embodiments, the material of the insertion layer 13 has the following molecular structure:

[0084] In the above molecular structure, the A position on each ring can be a C, N, O or S atom, and at least one A position on a ring can be a N, O or S atom; R5 to R 12 can be independently a benzene ring, hydrogen, -N(R 13 )2, -NHR 13 , -NH2, trimethylamino, triethylamino, tripropylamino, pyridyl, alkyl, halogen, hydroxyl, carboxyl, naphthyl, -NHCOR 13 and-OCOR 13 Any one of R 13 It is a C1-C5 alkyl group.

[0085] In some embodiments, the material of the insertion layer 13 may be 4,7-dimethoxy-1,10-phenanthroline. 4,7-Diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline 5,6-Diamino-1,10-phenanthroline (1,10-Phenanthroline)(trifluoromethyl)copper(I) 3,8-(Bis-2-thienyl)-1,10-phenanthroline 3,8-Bis([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-1,10-phenanthroline 1,10-Phenanthroline-4-carboxylic acid 6,7-Dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline 4-(2,3-Dihydro-1H-indol-3-yl)butan-2-amine 2,3-Dihydro-1-benzothiophene-2-carboxylic acid dibenzothiopyran 2,3-Dihydrobenzofuran-5-carboxylic acid One or more of .

[0086] In some embodiments, the thickness of the insertion layer 13 is 0.5 nm to 50 nm. The thickness of the insertion layer 13 is within the range of 0.5 nm to 50 nm, which can improve the stability of the perovskite solar cell 1. It is understood that the thickness of the insertion layer 13 can be, but is not limited to, 0.5 nm, 1 nm, 3 nm, 5 nm, 7 nm, 9 nm, 11 nm, 13 nm, 15 nm, 17 nm, 19 nm, 21 nm, 23 nm, 25 nm, 27 nm, 29 nm, 31 nm, 33 nm, 35 nm, 37 nm, 39 nm, 41 nm, 43 nm, 45 nm, 47 nm, 49 nm, or 50 nm.

[0087] In some embodiments, the thickness of the insertion layer 13 is 5 nm to 20 nm. In this way, the perovskite solar cell can obtain better stability while further improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the perovskite solar cell.

[0088] Referring to FIG. 1 , in some embodiments, the perovskite solar cell 1 further includes an electron transport layer 15 , which is disposed between the perovskite layer 12 and the insertion layer 13 .

[0089] Referring to FIG. 2 , in some embodiments, the perovskite solar cell 1 further includes an electron transport layer 15 , which is disposed between the insertion layer 13 and the metal electrode 14 .

[0090] In both structures of the perovskite solar cell 1, the insertion layer 13 can effectively inhibit the reaction between the halogen in the perovskite layer 12 and the metal electrode 14, thereby effectively improving the stability of the device. The electron transport layer 15 can effectively extract and transport electrons generated by the perovskite layer 12, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the perovskite solar cell 1.

[0091] It should be noted that, compared with the perovskite solar cell 1 in which the electron transport layer 15 is disposed between the insertion layer 13 and the metal electrode 14 , the perovskite solar cell 1 in which the electron transport layer 15 is disposed between the perovskite layer 12 and the insertion layer 13 can achieve higher photoelectric conversion efficiency.

[0092] In some embodiments, the material of the electron transport layer 15 includes [6,6]-phenyl C 61 Methyl butyrate (PC 61 BM), [6,6]-phenyl C 71 Methyl butyrate (PC 71 One or more of BM, fullerene C60, fullerene C70, tin dioxide and zinc oxide. Derivatives of the above materials or materials obtained by doping or passivation of the above materials can also be used.

[0093] In some embodiments, the perovskite solar cell 1 further includes a hole transport layer 16, which is disposed between the perovskite layer 12 and the transparent electrode layer 11. Providing the hole transport layer 16 between the perovskite layer 12 and the transparent electrode layer 11 can increase the hole extraction and transport capabilities and improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the perovskite solar cell 1.

[0094] In some embodiments, the material of the hole transport layer 16 includes one or more of nickel oxide (NiOx, where x represents the number of oxygen atoms), poly(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine) (PTAA), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene:polystyrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), and phosphonic acid carbazole compounds. Methods for preparing the hole transport layer 16 of nickel oxide include, but are not limited to, sol-gel deposition, sputtering, spin coating of nickel oxide nanoparticles, blade coating, and slit coating. Methods for preparing the hole transport layer 16 of organic materials include, but are not limited to, spin coating, blade coating, and slit coating.

[0095] In some embodiments, the perovskite solar cell 1 further includes a passivation layer 17, which is disposed between the perovskite layer 12 and the hole transport layer 16. The passivation layer 17 can be provided to passivate the perovskite layer 12, thereby further improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the device.

[0096] In some embodiments, the material of the transparent electrode layer 11 includes one or more of fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), indium tin oxide (ITO), aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO), boron-doped zinc oxide (BZO), and indium-doped zinc oxide (IZO).

[0097] In some embodiments, the perovskite layer 12 includes a material having a chemical formula of ABX3 or A2CDX6; wherein A includes a formamidine group (FA), a methylamine group (MA), and a Cs + One or more of; B includes Pb 2+ and Sn 2+ One or more of; C includes Ag + ; D includes Bi 3+ 、Sb 3+ and In 3+ One or more of; X includes Br - and I - One or more of .

[0098] In some embodiments, the band gap of the perovskite layer 12 is 1.20 eV to 2.30 eV, and the thickness of the perovskite layer 12 is 200 nm to 1000 nm. It is understood that the band gap of the perovskite layer 12 may be, but is not limited to, 1.20 eV, 1.3 eV, 1.4 eV, 1.5 eV, 1.6 eV, 1.7 eV, 1.8 eV, 1.9 eV, 2.0 eV, 2.1 eV, 2.2 eV, or 2.30 eV; and the thickness of the perovskite layer 12 may be, but is not limited to, 200 nm, 300 nm, 400 nm, 500 nm, 600 nm, 700 nm, 800 nm, 900 nm, or 1000 nm.

[0099] In some embodiments, the material of the metal electrode 14 includes one or more of Ag, Cu, Au, and Al.

[0100] In some embodiments, the method for preparing the perovskite solar cell 1 as shown in FIG1 includes the following steps:

[0101] A transparent conductive glass substrate is etched and cleaned, and blown dry to form a transparent electrode layer 11; a hole transport layer 16 is prepared on the transparent electrode layer 11; a passivation layer 17 is prepared on the hole transport layer 16; a perovskite layer 12 is prepared on the passivation layer 17; an electron transport layer 15 is prepared on the perovskite layer 12; an insertion layer 13 is prepared on the electron transport layer 15; the edges are cleaned, and a metal electrode 14 is prepared on the insertion layer 13 to obtain a perovskite solar cell 1.

[0102] In some embodiments, the method for preparing the perovskite solar cell 1 as shown in FIG2 includes the following steps:

[0103] A transparent conductive glass substrate is etched and cleaned, and blown dry to form a transparent electrode layer 11; a hole transport layer 16 is prepared on the transparent electrode layer 11; a passivation layer 17 is prepared on the hole transport layer 16; a perovskite layer 12 is prepared on the passivation layer 17; an insertion layer 13 is prepared on the perovskite layer 12; an electron transport layer 15 is prepared on the insertion layer 13; and a metal electrode 14 is prepared on the electron transport layer 15 to obtain a perovskite solar cell 1.

[0104] The second aspect of the present application provides a photovoltaic module, which includes the perovskite solar cell 1 of the first aspect of the present application. The photovoltaic module of the present application has good stability by adopting the perovskite solar cell 1 of the first aspect of the present application.

[0105] The above-mentioned photovoltaic module includes one or more perovskite solar cells 1, which can be selected according to the specific application scenario; further, the above-mentioned photovoltaic module includes multiple perovskite solar cells 1, and multiple perovskite solar cells 1 are connected in series or in parallel to form a cell sheet.

[0106] In some embodiments, the photovoltaic module further includes a photovoltaic glass layer, an adhesive layer, and a back sheet.

[0107] Adhesive layers are provided on both surfaces of the cell, a back plate is provided on the surface of one of the adhesive layers away from the cell, and a photovoltaic glass layer is provided on the surface of the other adhesive layer away from the cell.

[0108] The photovoltaic glass layer and the back plate are used to protect the perovskite solar cell 1, and have the functions of sealing, insulation and waterproofing; the adhesive layer plays the role of bonding the photovoltaic glass layer and the cell, and bonding the back plate and the cell.

[0109] Optionally, the photovoltaic glass layer is made of tempered glass, the back panel is made of TPT (polyvinyl fluoride) or TPE (thermoplastic elastomer), and the adhesive layer is made of EVA (polyethylene-polyvinyl acetate copolymer).

[0110] Furthermore, the photovoltaic module also includes a junction box and an outer frame.

[0111] The junction box is used to protect the power generation system of the entire photovoltaic module. It is equivalent to a current transfer station. When a battery cell short-circuits, the junction box will automatically disconnect the short-circuited battery string.

[0112] The outer frame can support and protect the entire photovoltaic module. The frame can be made of aluminum alloy, which has excellent strength and corrosion resistance.

[0113] Furthermore, silicone is used to bond and seal the connection between the frame and other parts of the photovoltaic module. Photovoltaic modules can convert solar energy into electrical energy, which can be stored in batteries or used to drive loads.

[0114] In some embodiments, the photovoltaic component is a solar panel.

[0115] A third aspect of the present application provides a photovoltaic system, comprising the above-mentioned photovoltaic assembly.

[0116] The photovoltaic system utilizes the perovskite solar cell 1 in the above photovoltaic module to directly convert solar radiation energy into electrical energy with high efficiency and good stability; further, the above photovoltaic system is a photovoltaic power generation system.

[0117] Photovoltaic modules are the core part of photovoltaic power generation systems. The above photovoltaic system includes one or more photovoltaic modules, which can be selected according to the specific application scenario; further, when the above photovoltaic system includes multiple photovoltaic modules, the multiple photovoltaic modules form a photovoltaic array.

[0118] The above photovoltaic system can be an independent photovoltaic power generation system or a grid-connected photovoltaic power generation system.

[0119] An independent photovoltaic power generation system consists of a photovoltaic array, a battery pack, a charge controller, a power electronic converter (inverter), and a load. Its operating principle is that solar radiation energy is first converted into electrical energy by the photovoltaic array, then converted by the power electronic converter to power the load. Meanwhile, excess electrical energy is stored as chemical energy in an energy storage device after passing through the charge controller. In this way, when sunlight is insufficient, the energy stored in the battery can be converted into 220V, 50Hz AC electricity after passing through the power electronic inverter, filtering, and power frequency transformer to supply the AC load.

[0120] A grid-connected photovoltaic power generation system consists of a photovoltaic array, a high-frequency DC / DC boost circuit, a power electronic converter (inverter), and system monitoring. Its operating principle is that solar radiation energy is converted by the photovoltaic array, then converted to high-voltage DC through high-frequency DC conversion. This is then inverted by a power electronic inverter and output to the grid as a sinusoidal AC current with a frequency consistent with the grid voltage.

[0121] The above two photovoltaic power generation systems have their own characteristics and can be selected according to specific application scenarios.

[0122] A fourth aspect of the present application provides an electrical device, comprising the perovskite solar cell 1 of the first aspect of the present application.

[0123] In some embodiments, the power-consuming device is a common device that includes the solar cell of the present application, such as those used in the fields of communications, transportation, industry, agriculture, and lighting. Examples of such devices include satellites, communications equipment, traffic lights, lighthouses, wireless phone booths, oil drilling monitoring equipment, power supply systems, camping lanterns, electric vehicles, electronic device chargers, and building curtain walls. Figure 3 is a schematic diagram of the structure of an electric vehicle as a specific example of the power-consuming device 2.

[0124] Below, the embodiment of the present application is described. The embodiment described below is exemplary and is only used to explain the present application, and is not to be construed as limiting the present application. Where specific techniques or conditions are not specified in the embodiments, the techniques or conditions described in the literature in this area or the product specifications are used. Reagents or instruments used that do not specify the manufacturer are conventional products that can be obtained commercially.

[0125] 1. Perovskite Solar Cells

[0126] Example 1:

[0127] 1) Take 20 pieces of 2.0 cm x 2.0 cm FTO conductive glass and remove 0.35 cm of FTO at each end by laser etching to expose the glass substrate; ultrasonically clean the etched FTO conductive glass several times with water, acetone, and isopropyl alcohol in sequence; blow the FTO conductive glass dry with a nitrogen gun and place it in a UV ozone machine for further cleaning; use it as a transparent electrode layer;

[0128] 2) Spin coating 10 mg / mL nickel oxide nanoparticles (in aqueous solution) on the transparent electrode layer at a rate of 4000 rpm, followed by annealing on a hot plate at 100°C for 30 minutes to obtain a hole transport layer;

[0129] 3) Weigh 600 mg of lead iodide (PbI2), 158 mg of iodomethane (FAI), 5 mg of chloromethylamine (MACl), and 23.4 mg of cesium iodide (CsI) and dissolve them in a mixed solution of DMF (N,N-dimethylformamide) and DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide), wherein the volume ratio of DMF to DMSO is 1:4 and the total volume of the solvent is 1 mL; stir for 3 hours, filter with a 0.22 μm organic filter membrane to obtain a perovskite precursor solution; spin-coat the perovskite precursor solution on the obtained self-assembled molecular layer at a rate of 3000 rpm, anneal at 100°C for 30 minutes, and cool to room temperature to obtain a perovskite layer; wherein the active substance of the perovskite layer is an ABX3 type compound of the CsFAMA system;

[0130] 4) spin coating an electron transport layer material PCBM on the perovskite layer at a rate of 1500 rpm / s and annealing at 100° C. for 10 min to obtain an electron transport layer;

[0131] 5) Spin-coat the insertion layer material 4,7-dimethoxy-1,10-phenanthroline on the electron transport layer PCBM at a rate of 5000 rpm / s (CAS No.: 92149-07-0), wherein the solvent in the spin-coating solution is isopropyl alcohol and the concentration of 4,7-dimethoxy-1,10-phenanthroline is 0.5 mg / mL; after cleaning, the solvent is further evaporated to obtain an insertion layer, and the thickness of the insertion layer is 5 nm;

[0132] 6) The wafer after the insertion layer is placed in a vapor deposition machine to vapor-deposit metal electrode Ag to obtain a perovskite solar cell.

[0133] Example 2:

[0134] This embodiment is basically the same as embodiment 1, except that the material of the insertion layer is different. The material of the insertion layer in this embodiment is 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline. (CAS No.: 1662-01-7).

[0135] Example 3:

[0136] This embodiment is basically the same as embodiment 1, except that the material of the insertion layer is different. The material of the insertion layer in this embodiment is 5,6-diamino-1,10-phenanthroline. (CAS No.: 168646-54-6).

[0137] Example 4:

[0138] This embodiment is basically the same as embodiment 1, except that the material of the insertion layer is different. The material of the insertion layer in this embodiment is (1,10-phenanthroline)(trifluoromethyl)copper(I) (CAS No.: 1300746-79-5).

[0139] Example 5:

[0140] This embodiment is basically the same as embodiment 1, except that the material of the insertion layer is different. The material of the insertion layer in this embodiment is 3,8-(bis-2-thienyl)-1,10-phenanthroline (CAS No.: 753491-32-6).

[0141] Example 6:

[0142] This embodiment is basically the same as embodiment 1, except that the material of the insertion layer is different. The material of the insertion layer in this embodiment is 3,8-bis([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-1,10-phenanthroline (CAS No.: 1363543-83-2).

[0143] Example 7:

[0144] This embodiment is basically the same as embodiment 1, except that the material of the insertion layer is different. The material of the insertion layer in this embodiment is 1,10-phenanthroline-4-carboxylic acid. (CAS No.: 31301-27-6).

[0145] Example 8:

[0146] This embodiment is basically the same as embodiment 1, except that the material of the insertion layer is different. The material of the insertion layer in this embodiment is 6,7-dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (CAS No.: 1745-07-9).

[0147] Example 9:

[0148] This embodiment is basically the same as embodiment 1, except that the material of the insertion layer is different. The material of the insertion layer in this embodiment is 4-(2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-3-yl)butan-2-amine (CAS No.: 2089257-12-3).

[0149] Example 10:

[0150] This embodiment is basically the same as embodiment 1, except that the material of the insertion layer is different. The material of the insertion layer in this embodiment is 2,3-dihydro-1-benzothiophene-2-carboxylic acid. (CAS No.: 27916-82-1).

[0151] Example 11:

[0152] This embodiment is basically the same as embodiment 1, except that the material of the insertion layer is different. (CAS No.: 261-31-4).

[0153] Example 12:

[0154] This embodiment is basically the same as embodiment 1, except that the material of the insertion layer is different. The material of the insertion layer in this embodiment is 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-5-carboxylic acid (CAS No.: 76429-73-7).

[0155] Example 13:

[0156] This embodiment is substantially the same as embodiment 1, with the only difference being that the insertion layer is disposed at a different position. In this embodiment, the insertion layer is disposed between the electron transport layer and the perovskite layer.

[0157] Example 14:

[0158] This example is essentially the same as Example 2, differing only in the thickness of the insertion layer and the preparation process. In this example, the concentration of the insertion layer material in the spin-coating solution is 0.1 mg / mL, the spin coating rate is 5000 rpm / s, and the resulting insertion layer has a thickness of 1 nm.

[0159] Example 15:

[0160] This example is essentially the same as Example 2, differing only in the thickness of the insertion layer and the preparation process. In this example, the concentration of the insertion layer material in the spin-coating solution containing the insertion layer material is 1 mg / mL, the spin coating rate is 5000 rpm / s, and the resulting insertion layer has a thickness of 10 nm.

[0161] Example 16:

[0162] This example is essentially the same as Example 2, differing only in the thickness of the insertion layer and the preparation process. In this example, the concentration of the insertion layer material in the spin-coating solution is 5 mg / mL, the spin coating rate is 3000 rpm / s, and the resulting insertion layer has a thickness of 20 nm.

[0163] Example 17:

[0164] This example is essentially the same as Example 2, differing only in the thickness of the insertion layer and the preparation process. In this example, the concentration of the insertion layer material in the spin-coating solution is 10 mg / mL, the spin coating rate is 2500 rpm / s, and the resulting insertion layer has a thickness of 50 nm.

[0165] Comparative Example 1:

[0166] This embodiment is basically the same as the embodiment 1, with the only difference being that no insertion layer is provided.

[0167] Comparative Example 2:

[0168] This embodiment is basically the same as embodiment 1, except that the material of the insertion layer is different. In this embodiment, the insertion layer is made of 3-phenyl-pyrrolidine. (CAS No.: 936-44-7).

[0169] 2. Performance Testing

[0170] The photoelectric conversion efficiency (IV) test of perovskite solar cells was conducted using a Guangyan solar simulator, which complies with the national standard IEC61215. The light intensity was calibrated to the intensity of one sun (AM 1.5) using a crystalline silicon solar cell. The cell was connected to a digital source meter and its photoelectric conversion efficiency was measured under illumination. Specifically, the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the perovskite solar cell was tested three and 30 days after preparation to examine its stability.

[0171] The photoelectric conversion efficiency of the perovskite solar cells of various embodiments and comparative examples was tested, and the test results are shown in Table 1.

[0172] Table 1

[0173] Comparing the various embodiments of the present application with Comparative Examples 1 and 2, it can be seen that the present application provides an insertion layer between the perovskite layer and the metal electrode of the perovskite solar cell, and the insertion layer includes an organic material containing a benzoheterocycle in its molecular structure, which can effectively improve the stability of the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the perovskite solar cell. The 3-day efficiency and 30-day efficiency of the perovskite solar cell in each embodiment of the present application remain basically stable; while the cell without an insertion layer in Comparative Example 1 and the cell using 3-phenyl-pyrrolidine as the insertion layer material in Comparative Example 2 have a 30-day efficiency that is significantly lower than the 3-day efficiency, indicating poor stability.

[0174] The thickness of the insertion layer in Examples 2, 15, and 16 was 5 nm to 20 nm, and the thickness of the insertion layer in Examples 14 and 17 was 1 nm and 50 nm, respectively, while other conditions were the same; the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the perovskite solar cells in Examples 2, 15, and 16 was higher than that in Examples 14 and 17. This indicates that setting the thickness of the insertion layer to 5 nm to 20 nm is beneficial for achieving better stability while further improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the perovskite solar cell.

[0175] Comparing Example 1 with Example 13, it can be seen that in Example 1, the electron transport layer is arranged between the perovskite layer and the insertion layer (that is, the insertion layer is arranged between the electron transport layer and the metal electrode), and in Example 13, the electron transport layer is arranged between the insertion layer and the metal electrode (that is, the insertion layer is arranged between the electron transport layer and the perovskite layer), both of which can enable the perovskite solar cell to obtain better stability. However, relatively speaking, in Example 1, the electron transport layer is arranged between the perovskite layer and the insertion layer, which can further improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the perovskite solar cell.

[0176] It should be noted that the present application is not limited to the above-mentioned embodiments. The above-mentioned embodiments are merely examples, and within the scope of the technical solution of the present application, embodiments having substantially the same structure as the technical concept and exerting the same effects are all included in the technical scope of the present application. In addition, within the scope of the subject matter of the present application, various modifications that can be conceived by those skilled in the art to the embodiments, and other methods constructed by combining some of the constituent elements in the embodiments are also included in the scope of the present application.

Claims

1. A perovskite solar cell, comprising: A transparent electrode layer; A perovskite layer, disposed on the surface of the transparent electrode layer; An insertion layer is disposed on a surface of the perovskite layer away from the transparent electrode layer, wherein the insertion layer comprises an organic material, and a molecular structure of the organic material contains a benzoheterocycle; as well as The metal electrode is arranged on the surface of the insertion layer away from the perovskite layer.

2. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 1, characterized in that The benzoheterocycle includes any one of a benzo five-membered heterocycle and a benzo six-membered heterocycle.

3. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that: The heteroatom in the benzoheterocycle includes one or more of a nitrogen atom, an oxygen atom and a sulfur atom.

4. The perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that The heterocyclic ring in the benzoheterocyclic ring forms a conjugated structure with the benzene ring.

5. The perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that The heteroatom in the benzoheterocycle forms a conjugated structure with the benzene ring.

6. The perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that At least one substituent R1 is connected to the benzene ring of the benzoheterocycle, and the R1 independently includes any one of phenyl, -N(R2)2, -NHR2, -NH2, trimethylamino, triethylamino, tripropylamino, pyridyl, alkyl, halogen, alkoxy, hydroxyl, carboxyl, naphthyl, -NHCOR2 and -OCOR2; wherein R2 represents an alkyl group of C1 to C5.

7. The perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that At least one substituent R3 is connected to the heterocyclic ring of the benzoheterocyclic ring, and the R3 independently includes any one of phenyl, -N(R4)2, -NHR4, -NH2, trimethylamino, triethylamino, tripropylamino, pyridyl, alkyl, halogen, alkoxy, hydroxyl, carboxyl, naphthyl, -NHCOR4 and -OCOR4; wherein R4 represents an alkyl group of C1 to C5.

8. The perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that The organic material includes one or more compounds having the following structural formula: Wherein, A on each ring in the above general formula independently includes any one of C, N, O and S, and at least one A on a ring is any one of N, O and S; R5~R 12 Each independently includes a benzene ring, hydrogen, -N(R 13 2. -NHR 13 , -NH2, trimethylamino, triethylamino, tripropylamino, pyridyl, alkyl, halogen, hydroxyl, carboxyl, naphthyl, -NHCOR 13 and-OCOR 13 Any one of R 13 It is a C1-C5 alkyl group.

9. The perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that: The organic material includes one or more of the following compounds:

10. The perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that The thickness of the insertion layer is 0.5nm to 50nm; Optionally, the insertion layer has a thickness of 5 nm to 20 nm.

11. The perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 10, characterized in that Also includes: An electron transport layer is provided between the perovskite layer and the insertion layer, or between the insertion layer and the metal electrode.

12. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 11, characterized in that: The material of the electron transport layer includes [6,6]-phenyl C 61 Butyric acid methyl ester, [6,6]-phenyl C 71 One or more of methyl butyrate, fullerene C60, fullerene C70, tin dioxide and zinc oxide.

13. The perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 12, characterized in that Also includes: A hole transport layer is provided between the perovskite layer and the transparent electrode layer.

14. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 13, characterized in that: The material of the hole transport layer includes one or more of NiOx, PTAA, PEDOT:PSS and phosphonic acid carbazole compounds; wherein x represents the number of oxygen atoms.

15. The perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 14, characterized in that The material of the transparent electrode layer includes one or more of FTO, ITO, AZO, BZO and IZO.

16. The perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 15, characterized in that The perovskite layer includes at least one of a material having a chemical formula of ABX3 and a material having a chemical formula of A2CDX6; Among them, A includes methyl amidino, methylamino and Cs + One or more of; B includes Pb 2+ and Sn 2+ One or more of; C includes Ag + ; D includes Bi 3+ , Sb 3+ andIn 3+ One or more of; X includes Br - and I - One or more of .

17. The perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 16, characterized in that The band gap of the perovskite layer is 1.20 eV to 2.30 eV, and the thickness of the perovskite layer is 200 nm to 1000 nm.

18. The perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 17, characterized in that The material of the metal electrode includes one or more of Ag, Cu, Au and Al.

19. A photovoltaic module comprising the perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 18.

20. A photovoltaic system comprising the photovoltaic module according to claim 19.

21. An electrical device comprising the perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 18.

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