Method for improving hydration or wetting effect of skin

Abstract

The present disclosure relates generally to methods for improving the absorption and retention of water by a skin surface. In particular, the present disclosure provides compositions and methods for preparing a mixture comprising an ethoxylated oil and water or a mixture comprising a micro or nano emulsion and water that provide enhanced skin hydration or wetting to a subject.

Description

[0001] This application is a divisional application of patent application No. 201680053982.8, filed on September 14, 2016, with the invention name “Method for improving hydration or moisturizing of skin”. Background Art Technical Field

[0002] The present disclosure generally relates to methods for improving moisture absorption and retention of the skin. In particular, the present disclosure provides compositions and methods for preparing mixtures that provide enhanced hydration and / or moisturization of the skin.

[0003] Related technical description

[0004] Skin covers the entire human body and provides a protective barrier against various external stimuli and damage. The skin also prevents water loss (called dehydration). Structurally, the skin is a multilayer membrane with a highly complex structure, and includes the epidermis, i.e. the outermost epithelial tissue of the skin. The epidermis is mainly composed of keratinocytes, and is composed of the following four layers: the stratum corneum, the stratum granulosum, the stratum spinosum, and the stratum basale. The outermost layer of the epidermis, i.e. the stratum corneum, is composed of dead cells (stratum corneum cells). The main function of the stratum corneum is to form a barrier to protect the underlying tissue from infection, dehydration, chemicals, and mechanical stress.

[0005] It has long been recognized that skin function depends largely on the amount of water available in the stratum corneum. Changes in the water content in the stratum corneum often have a significant impact on the functional properties of the skin. Therefore, providing adequate water in the stratum corneum is crucial for healthy skin.

[0006] In recent years, several studies have been reported and focused on supplying water to the skin from an external source or preventing water loss from the body in order to keep the skin's moisture content at a suitable level. As a result, various types of topical moisturizers with water-retaining capabilities have been developed and are mainly used in the fields of cosmetics, skin care products, personal care, and pharmaceuticals. However, a considerable number of people still have dry skin symptoms. Moreover, as people age, their skin loses elasticity and its ability to retain moisture decreases. Therefore, many people have dry skin when they age, and enhanced formulas and methods are needed to help moisture penetrate the skin more easily, more quickly, and more deeply, so as to reach moisture faster and maintain it for a longer time.

[0007] Thus, there remains a need for compositions and methods for improving the hydration or moisturization level of the skin to produce a rapid and long-lasting effect that can be achieved conveniently and effectively. Summary of the invention

[0008] It has been found that certain ethoxylated oils, preferably macadamia nut oil (having an average number of ethoxy groups per molecule of 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 or 19, or an average number of ethoxy groups per molecule within a range defined by any two of the foregoing values), when the ethoxylated oils are mixed with water and such mixtures are topically applied to the skin of a subject, promote, improve, accelerate and / or enhance the hydration or moisturization of the skin. Without being bound by any particular theory or mechanism of action, it is contemplated that certain ethoxylated oils have the ability to entrap water in an emulsion, and when the ethoxylated oil also contains fatty acids similar to those present on the skin of a subject (e.g., oleic acid), the ethoxylated oil and aqueous solution promote, improve, accelerate and / or enhance the hydration or moisturization of the skin.

[0009] Disclosed herein are methods for enhancing hydration or moisturizing of a subject's skin, comprising selecting or identifying a subject (e.g., a human or animal, such as a domestic animal or farm animal, such as a dog, cat, horse, cow, pig, or sheep) for enhanced skin hydration or moisturizing, and topically applying to the skin of the selected or identified subject a mixture comprising or consisting of an ethoxylated oil (such as macadamia oil) and water, wherein the average number of ethoxy groups per molecule in the ethoxylated oil is 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, or 19, or an average number of ethoxy groups per molecule within the range defined by any two of the above values; and, optionally, determining or measuring skin hydration or moisturizing in the subject after applying the mixture. In some alternatives, the ethoxylated oil is macadamia oil having 16 ethoxy groups per molecule. In some alternatives, the amount of ethoxylated oil in the mixture is 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24% or 25% (by volume or weight), or a percentage within the range defined by any two of the above percentages. In some alternatives, the mixture further comprises essential oils, pigments (such as mineral-based pigments) and / or fragrances.

[0010] In some alternatives, an ethoxylated oil (e.g., macadamia nut oil) (wherein the ethoxylated oil has an average number of ethoxy groups per molecule of 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, or 19, or an average number of ethoxy groups per molecule within the range defined by any two of the above values) is administered to a subject by adding the ethoxylated oil to stored water (stored water, for example, contained in a container, mixing container, mixing tank, mixing kettle, water softening system, water purification system, water filtration system, drinking water system, fountain, swimming pool, pool, whirlpool, steam room, sauna, water storage tank, sink, bathtub, tub, or shower) or by injecting the ethoxylated oil into flowing water by real-time online metering, mixing the ethoxylated oil with water to form a mixture, and then contacting the subject with the mixture. In some alternatives, the ethoxylated oil is macadamia nut oil having 16 ethoxy groups per molecule. In some alternatives, the amount of ethoxylated oil in the mixture is 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, or 25% (by volume or weight), or a percentage within the range defined by any two of the above percentages. In some alternatives, the mixture further includes essential oils, pigments (such as mineral-based pigments) and / or fragrances. In some alternatives, skin hydration or wetting is measured or observed, for example, by determining electromagnetic radiation, dielectric constant, permittivity, thermal conductivity, or elastic imaging parameters of the skin. In some alternatives, determining or measuring skin hydration or moisturization includes determining skin water evaporation gradients or electrical properties, such as by capacitance, conductivity, impedance, or AC conductivity on the skin surface, for example, by transepidermal water loss (TEWL), Fourier transform attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), confocal Raman spectroscopy, fiber near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, electron microscopy, or Fourier transform near infrared (FT-NIR) spectrophotometry. In some alternatives, determining or measuring skin hydration or moisturization includes analyzing with an instrument, such as 200 Hygrometer, Nova DPM 9003, Biox Epsilon, Biox AquaFlux, Evaporation tester, Hydration probes and modules or Probes and modules.

[0011] In some alternatives, the mixture comprises or consists of an ethoxylated oil (such as macadamia nut oil) and water, wherein the average number of ethoxy groups per molecule in the ethoxylated oil is 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 or 19, or an average number of ethoxy groups per molecule within the range defined by any two of the above values, and the mixture is formulated with or into a matrix, a functional ingredient, a functional ingredient mixture, an active ingredient, an active ingredient mixture, a bar soap, a liquid soap, a hand soap, a body soap, a shower gel, a gel shower gel, a bubble bath, a soluble bead (such as a bath bead), a shaving cream, a shaving gel, an aftershave, a deodorant, an antiperspirant, an acne treatment formulation, a lip a facial moisturizer, a facial cleanser, a facial cleanser, a facial toner, a facial astringent, a facial clarifier, a facial mist, a facial spray, a facial mask, a facial exfoliator, a makeup sponge, a makeup make-up, a makeup remover, a foundation, a concealer, or a spray makeup setting agent, a skin care formula, a sunscreen formula, an after-sun formula, a foot care formula, a hand care formula, a shampoo, a conditioner, a hair care formula, a hair spray, a hair styling product, a scalp care formula, a self-tanning formula, a body care formula (such as a body moisturizer, a body spray, a body scrub, a body cleanser, a body exfoliator, or a body wipe), wipe), hair remover, perfume, eau de toilette, eau de toilette, cologne, dishwashing soap, laundry detergent, pain relief formula, toothpaste, tooth cleaning formula, lozenge, mouthwash, first aid product, product for skin disorders, product for skin damage (e.g., to treat eczema, psoriasis, or rosacea), antibacterial product, insect bite product, blister relief product, cyst relief product, callus relief product, feminine care product, anti-itch product, anti-rash product, anti-fungal product, pet care product, pet grooming product, wound healing product, burn relief product, scar management product, stretch mark product, wart removal product, hand cleanser, cold pain care product, anti-cellulite product, eye drops or eye spray, nose drops or nose spray, ear drops or ear spray, oral drops or mouth spray, personal lubricant, diaper product, leave-on product, rinse-off or wash-off product, pharmaceutical preparation, dietary supplement, personal care preparation, or cosmetic preparation. In some alternatives, the ethoxylated oil is macadamia nut oil having 16 ethoxy groups per molecule. In some alternatives, the amount of ethoxylated oil in the mixture is 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, or 25% (by volume or weight), or a percentage within the range defined by any two of the above percentages.In some alternatives, the mixture further includes essential oils, pigments (such as mineral-based pigments), and / or fragrances.

[0012] Additional alternatives disclosed herein relate to methods for preparing a container, mixing container, mixing water tank, mixing kettle, water softening system, water purification system, water filtration system, drinking water system, fountain, swimming pool, pool, whirlpool, steam room, sauna, water storage tank, sink, bathtub, tub or shower that provides enhanced skin hydration or moisturizing to a subject, comprising: selecting a subject to receive enhanced skin hydration or moisturizing; providing a container, mixing container, mixing water tank, mixing kettle, water softening system, water purification system, water filtration system, drinking water system, fountain, swimming pool, pool, whirlpool, steam room, sauna, water storage tank, sink, bathtub or shower comprising water; and adding an ethoxylated oil (such as macadamia oil) to water in a container, mixing container, mixing water tank, mixing kettle, water softening system, water purification system, water filtration system, drinking water system, fountain, swimming pool, pool, whirlpool, steam room, sauna, water storage tank, sink, bathtub, tub or shower, wherein the average number of ethoxy groups per molecule in the ethoxylated oil is 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, or 19, or the average number of ethoxy groups per molecule within the range defined by any two of the above values, or metering the ethoxylated oil online in real time and injecting it into flowing water to mix the ethoxylated oil with water to form a mixture. In some alternatives, the ethoxylated oil is macadamia oil having 16 ethoxy groups per molecule. In some alternatives, the amount of ethoxylated oil in the mixture is 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, or 25% (by volume or weight), or a percentage within the range defined by any two of the above percentages. In some alternatives, the mixture further includes essential oils, pigments (such as mineral-based pigments) and / or spices. In some alternatives, the method also includes observing, determining or measuring skin hydration or wetting. In some alternatives, determining or measuring skin hydration or wetting includes determining electromagnetic radiation, dielectric constant, permittivity, thermal conductivity, or elastic imaging parameters of the skin. In some alternatives, determining or measuring skin hydration or moisturization includes determining skin water evaporation gradients or electrical properties, such as by capacitance, conductivity, impedance, or AC conductivity on the skin surface, for example, by transepidermal water loss (TEWL), Fourier transform attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), confocal Raman spectroscopy, fiber near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, electron microscopy, or Fourier transform near infrared (FT-NIR) spectrophotometry. In some alternatives, determining or measuring skin hydration or moisturization includes analyzing with an instrument, such as 200 Hygrometer, Nova DPM 9003, Biox Epsilon, BioxAquaFlux, Evaporation tester, Hydration probes and modules or Probes and modules. In some alternatives, the mixture is formulated with or into a base, a functional ingredient, a mixture of functional ingredients, an active ingredient, a mixture of active ingredients, a bar soap, a liquid soap, a hand soap, a body soap, a shower gel, a gel shower gel, a bubble bath, a soluble bead (such as bath beads), a shaving cream, a shaving gel, an aftershave, a deodorant, an antiperspirant, an acne treatment formulation, a lip care formulation, a lip plumper, a face care formulation (such as a facial moisturizer, a facial cleanser, a cleanser, a facial toner, a facial astringent, a facial clarifying water, a facial mist, a facial spray, a facial mask, a facial exfoliant, a cotton pad, a makeup cosmetic, a makeup remover, a foundation, a concealer, or a spray makeup setting agent), a skin care formulation, a sunscreen formulation, an aftersun formulation, a foot care formulation, a hand care formulation, a shampoo, a conditioner, a hair care formulation, a hair spray, a hair styling product, a scalp care formulation, a self-tanning formulation, a body care formulation (such as a body moisturizer, a body spray, a body scrub abrasive cream, body cleanser, body exfoliator, or body wipe), a depilatory, a perfume, an eau de toilette, an eau de toilette, a cologne, a dishwashing soap, a laundry detergent, a pain relief formula, a toothpaste, a tooth cleaning formula, a lozenge, a mouthwash, a first aid product, a skin disease product, a skin damage product (e.g., to treat eczema, psoriasis, or rosacea), an antibacterial product, an insect bite product, a blister relief product, a cyst relief product, a callus relief product, a feminine care product, an anti-itch product, an anti-rash product, an anti-fungal product, a pet care product, a pet grooming product, a wound healing product, a burn relief product, a scar management product, a stretch mark product, a wart removal product, a hand cleanser, a cold pain care product, an anti-cellulite product, an eye drop or eye spray, a nose drop or nose spray, an ear drop or ear spray, an oral drop or oral spray, a personal lubricant, a diaper product, a leave-on product, a rinse-off or wash-off product, a pharmaceutical preparation, a dietary supplement, a personal care preparation, or a cosmetic preparation.

[0013] Some alternatives disclosed herein relate to methods of preparing a micro- or nano-emulsion or mixture comprising non-ethoxylated macadamia oil and water by subjecting a first fluid jet comprising non-ethoxylated macadamia oil and a second fluid jet comprising water to ultrasonic treatment, wherein the ultrasonic treatment is performed by positioning the tip of an ultrasonic probe within a gap defined by a first fluid nozzle emitting the first fluid jet and a second fluid nozzle emitting the second fluid jet, the first fluid nozzle and the second fluid nozzle being positioned such that the fluid jets from the first fluid nozzle and the second fluid nozzle impinge in the gap, creating a point of high turbulence at the impact point of the fluid jets, and each fluid jet has a sufficient linear velocity to achieve high intensity micromixing of the macadamia oil and water, and the ultrasonic probe provides ultrasonic energy in the immediate vicinity of the impacting jets, thereby producing a micro- or nano-emulsion or mixture comprising macadamia oil and water. In some alternatives of this and other aspects of the disclosure, the macadamia oil is ethoxylated. In some alternatives, the average number of ethoxy groups per molecule of ethoxylated macadamia oil is 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 or 19, or the average number of ethoxy groups per molecule in the range defined by any two of the above values. In some alternatives, the ethoxylated oil is the macadamia oil with 16 ethoxy groups per molecule. In some alternatives, the amount of ethoxylated oil in the mixture is 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24% or 25% (by volume or weight), or the amount in the range defined by any two of the above amounts. In some alternatives, the ultrasonic treatment is performed at a temperature above the freezing point of water but below or equal to ambient temperature, such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 degrees Celsius, or a temperature within a range defined by any two of the above temperatures. In some alternatives, the temperature of the first fluid jet and / or the second fluid jet is above the freezing point of water but below or equal to ambient temperature, such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 degrees Celsius, or a temperature within a range defined by any two of the above temperatures. In some alternatives, the micro- or nanoemulsion or mixture further comprises essential oils, pigments (such as mineral-based pigments), and / or fragrances.

[0014] In some alternatives, the method for preparing the micro or nano emulsion or mixture disclosed herein further comprises adding the micro or nano emulsion or mixture to stored water, such as contained in a container, a mixing container, a mixing water tank, a mixing kettle, a water softening system, a water purification system, a water filtration system, a drinking water system, a fountain, a swimming pool, a pool, a whirlpool, a steam room, a sauna, a water tank, a sink, a bathtub, a tub or a shower, or injecting the micro or nano emulsion or mixture into flowing water by real-time online metering of the micro or nano emulsion or mixture, thereby mixing the micro or nano emulsion or mixture with water to form a mixture, and then contacting the subject with the mixture consisting of the micro or nano emulsion and water. In some alternatives, the method disclosed herein further comprises observing, determining or measuring skin hydration or wetting. In some alternatives, determining or measuring skin hydration or wetting comprises determining electromagnetic radiation, dielectric constant, permittivity, thermal conductivity, or elastic imaging parameters of the skin. In some alternatives, determining or measuring skin hydration or moisturization includes determining skin water evaporation gradients or electrical properties, such as by capacitance, conductivity, impedance, or AC conductivity on the skin surface, for example, by transepidermal water loss (TEWL), Fourier transform attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), confocal Raman spectroscopy, fiber near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, electron microscopy, or Fourier transform near infrared (FT-NIR) spectrophotometry. In some alternatives, determining or measuring skin hydration or moisturization includes analyzing with an instrument, such as 200 Hygrometer, Nova DPM 9003, Biox Epsilon, BioxAquaFlux, Evaporation tester, Hydration probes and modules, or Probes and modules. In some alternatives, the methods disclosed herein further include introducing a mixture consisting of a micro- or nano-emulsion and water and forming the following substances: a matrix, a functional ingredient, a functional ingredient mixture, an active ingredient, an active ingredient mixture, a bar soap, a liquid soap, a hand soap, a body soap, a shower gel, a gel shower gel, a bubble bath, a soluble bead (such as a bath bead), a shaving cream, a shaving gel, an aftershave, a deodorant, an antiperspirant, an acne treatment formulation, a lip care formulation, a lip plumper, a facial care formulation (such as facial moisturizers, facial cleansers, cleansing milk, facial toners, facial astringents, facial clarifying water, facial mists, facial sprays, facial masks, facial exfoliants, cotton pads, makeup cosmetics, makeup removers, foundations, concealers, or spray makeup setting agents), skin care formulations, sunscreen formulations, after-sun formulations, foot care formulations, hand care formulations, shampoos, conditioners, hair care formulations, hair sprays, hair styling products, scalp care formulations, self-tanning formulations, body care formulations (such as body moisturizers , body sprays, body scrubs, body cleansers, body exfoliants, or body wipes), depilatories, perfumes, eau de toilette, eau de toilette, cologne, dish soap, laundry detergent, pain relief formulas, toothpaste, tooth cleaning formulas, lozenges, mouthwashes, first aid products, products for skin disorders, products for skin damage (such as for eczema, psoriasis, or rosacea), antibacterial products, products for insect bites, blister relief products, cyst relief products, callus relief products, feminine care products, anti-itch products, Anti-rash products, anti-fungal products, pet care products, pet grooming products, wound healing products, burn relief products, scar management products, stretch mark products, wart removal products, hand cleansers, cold and pain care products, anti-cellulite products, eye drops or eye sprays, nasal drops or nasal sprays, ear drops or ear sprays, oral drops or oral sprays, personal lubricants, diaper products, leave-on products, rinse-off or wash-off products, pharmaceutical preparations, dietary supplements, personal care preparations, or cosmetic preparations.

[0015] Some alternatives disclosed herein also relate to a method for preparing an ethoxylated oil comprising macadamia oil and water, the method comprising: transesterifying a non-ethoxylated macadamia oil in the presence of water to produce an ethoxylated macadamia oil; and adding the resulting ethoxylated macadamia oil to stored water to form a mixture. In some alternatives, the ethoxylated macadamia oil has an average number of ethoxy groups per molecule of 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, or 19, or an average number of ethoxy groups per molecule within the range defined by any two of the above values. In some alternatives, the ethoxylated oil is a macadamia oil having 16 ethoxy groups per molecule. In some alternatives, the amount of ethoxylated oil in the mixture is 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, or 25% (by volume or weight), or an amount within the range defined by any two of the above amounts. In some alternatives, the methods disclosed herein further include adding essential oils, pigments (such as mineral-based pigments) and / or fragrances to the mixture. In some alternatives, the methods disclosed herein further include adding the ethoxylated oil to stored water, such as contained in a container, a mixing container, a mixing tank, a mixing kettle, a water softening system, a water purification system, a water filtration system, a drinking water system, a fountain, a swimming pool, a pool, a whirlpool, a steam room, a sauna, a water storage tank, a sink, a bathtub, a tub, or a shower, or injecting the ethoxylated oil into flowing water by real-time online metering of the ethoxylated oil, thereby mixing the ethoxylated oil with water to form a mixture, and then contacting the subject with the mixture. In some alternatives, the methods disclosed herein further include observing, determining or measuring skin hydration or wetting. In some alternatives, determining or measuring skin hydration or wetting includes determining electromagnetic radiation, dielectric constant, permittivity, thermal conductivity, or elastic imaging parameters of the skin. In some alternatives, determining or measuring skin hydration or moisturization includes determining skin water evaporation gradients or electrical properties, such as by capacitance, conductivity, impedance, or AC conductivity on the skin surface, for example, by transepidermal water loss (TEWL), Fourier transform attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), confocal Raman spectroscopy, fiber near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, electron microscopy, or Fourier transform near infrared (FT-NIR) spectrophotometry. In some alternatives, determining or measuring skin hydration or moisturization includes analyzing with an instrument, such as 200 Hygrometer, NovaDPM 9003, Biox Epsilon, Biox AquaFlux, Evaporation tester, Hydration probes and modules or Probes and modules. In some alternatives, the methods disclosed herein further include introducing the mixture into the following substances: a matrix, a functional ingredient, a functional ingredient mixture, an active ingredient, an active ingredient mixture, a bar soap, a liquid soap, a hand soap, a body soap, a shower gel, a gel shower gel, a bubble bath, a soluble bead (such as a bath bead), a shaving cream, a shaving gel, an aftershave, a deodorant, an antiperspirant, an acne treatment formulation, a lip care formulation, a lip plumper, a facial care formulation (such as a facial moisturizer, a facial cleanser, a facial cleanser, a facial lotion, a facial astringent, a facial clarifying water, a facial mist, a facial spray, a facial mask, a facial exfoliant, a cotton pad, a makeup cosmetic, a makeup remover, a foundation, a concealer, or a spray makeup setting agent), a skin care formulation, a sunscreen formulation, an aftersun formulation, a foot care formulation, a hand care formulation, a shampoo, a conditioner, a hair care formulation, a hair spray, a hair styling product, a scalp care formulation, a self-tanning formulation, a body care formulation (such as a body moisturizer, a body spray, a body a scrub, a body cleanser, a body exfoliator, or a body wipe), a hair remover, a perfume, an eau de toilette, an eau de toilette, a cologne, a dish soap, a laundry detergent, a pain relief formula, a toothpaste, a tooth cleaning formula, a lozenge, a mouthwash, a first aid product, a product for skin disorders, a product for skin damage (e.g., to treat eczema, psoriasis, or rosacea), an antibacterial product, a product for insect bites, a product for blister relief, a product for cyst relief, a product for callus relief, a feminine care product, an anti-itch product, an anti-rash product, an anti-fungal product, a pet care product, a pet grooming product, a wound healing product, a burn relief product, a scar management product, a product for stretch marks, a wart removal product, a hand cleanser, a cold and pain care product, an anti-cellulite product, an eye drop or eye spray, a nose drop or nose spray, an ear drop or ear spray, an oral drop or oral spray, a personal lubricant, a diaper product, a leave-on product, a rinse-off or wash-off product, a pharmaceutical preparation, a dietary supplement, a personal care preparation, or a cosmetic preparation.

[0016] In yet another aspect, some alternatives disclosed herein relate to a method of preparing a microemulsion or nanoemulsion or mixture comprising non-ethoxylated macadamia oil and water, comprising: providing a first fluid jet comprising non-ethoxylated macadamia oil and a second fluid jet comprising water, wherein the fluid jets are provided by a first fluid nozzle emitting the first fluid jet and a second fluid nozzle emitting the second fluid jet, the first fluid nozzle and the second fluid nozzle being positioned such that the fluid jets from the first fluid nozzle and the second fluid nozzle collide and create a high turbulence point at the impact point of the fluid jets, and each fluid jet has a sufficient linear velocity, such as 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, or 900 meters per second (m / s), or a line speed within a range defined by any two of the above line speeds, to achieve high intensity micron-scale mixing of macadamia oil and water, wherein the first and second fluid jets contact at a pressure of 25,000-50,000 pounds per square inch (psi) or within a range defined by any two values ​​within the range of 25,000-50,000 psi, and wherein after the first and second fluid jets contact under pressure, the resulting micro- or nano-emulsion or mixture (including macadamia oil and water) is placed under atmospheric pressure. In some of these alternatives, the macadamia oil is ethoxylated. In some alternatives, the ethoxylated macadamia oil has an average number of ethoxy groups per molecule of 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, or 19, or an average number of ethoxy groups per molecule within a range defined by any two of the above values. In some alternatives, the ethoxylated oil is macadamia nut oil having 16 ethoxy groups per molecule. In some alternatives, the amount of ethoxylated oil in the mixture is 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24% or 25% (by volume or weight), or an amount within the range defined by any two of the above amounts. In some alternatives, the first and second fluid jets contact at a temperature above the freezing point of water but less than or equal to ambient temperature, for example 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 degrees Celsius, or a temperature within a range defined by any two of the above temperatures.In some alternatives, the temperature of the first fluid jet and / or the second fluid jet is above the freezing point of water but below or equal to ambient temperature, for example 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 degrees Celsius, or a temperature within a range defined by any two of the above temperatures. In some alternatives, the methods disclosed herein further comprise adding an essential oil, a pigment (e.g., a mineral-based pigment), and / or a fragrance to the micro- or nanoemulsion. In some alternatives, the methods disclosed herein further include adding the micro or nanoemulsion to stored water, such as contained in a container, a mixing container, a mixing tank, a mixing kettle, a water softening system, a water purification system, a water filtration system, a drinking water system, a fountain, a swimming pool, a pool, a whirlpool, a steam room, a sauna, a water tank, a sink, a bathtub, a tub, or a shower, or injecting the micro or nanoemulsion into flowing water by real-time online metering of the micro or nanoemulsion, thereby mixing the micro or nanoemulsion with water to form a mixture, and then contacting the subject with the mixture. In some alternatives, the methods disclosed herein further include observing, determining or measuring skin hydration or wetting. In some alternatives, determining or measuring skin hydration or wetting includes determining electromagnetic radiation, dielectric constant, permittivity, thermal conductivity, or elastic imaging parameters of the skin. In some alternatives, determining or measuring skin hydration or moisturizing includes determining skin water evaporation gradients or electrical properties, such as by capacitance, conductivity, impedance, or AC conductivity on the skin surface, for example, by transepidermal water loss (TEWL), Fourier transform attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), confocal Raman spectroscopy, fiber near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, electron microscopy, or Fourier transform near infrared (FT-NIR) spectrophotometry. In some alternatives, determining or measuring skin hydration or moisturizing includes analyzing with an instrument, such as. 200 Hygrometer, Nova DPM 9003, Biox Epsilon, Biox AquaFlux, Evaporation tester, Hydration probes and modules, or In some alternatives, the methods disclosed herein further comprise introducing the mixture (consisting of the micro- or nano-emulsion and water) into the following substances: a matrix, a functional ingredient, a functional ingredient mixture, an active ingredient, an active ingredient mixture, a bar soap, a liquid soap, a hand soap, a body soap, a shower gel, a gel shower gel, a bubble bath, a soluble bead (such as a bath bead), a shaving cream, a shaving gel, an aftershave, a deodorant, an antiperspirant, an acne treatment formulation, a lip care formulation, a lip plumper, a facial care formulation (such as facial moisturizer, facial cleanser, facial cleanser, facial toner, facial astringent, facial clarifying water, facial mist, facial spray, facial mask, facial exfoliator, cotton pads, makeup cosmetics, makeup remover, foundation, concealer, or spray makeup setting agent), skin care formulas, sunscreen formulas, after-sun formulas, foot care formulas, hand care formulas, shampoo, conditioner, hair care formulas, hair spray, hair styling products, scalp care formulas, self-tanning formulas, body care formulas (such as body moisturizers, body body sprays, body scrubs, body cleansers, body exfoliants, or body wipes), depilatories, perfumes, eau de toilette, eau de toilette, cologne, dish soap, laundry detergent, pain relief formulas, toothpaste, tooth cleaning formulas, lozenges, mouthwashes, first aid products, products for skin disorders, products for skin damage (such as for eczema, psoriasis, or rosacea), antibacterial products, products for insect bites, blister relief products, cyst relief products, callus relief products, feminine care products, anti-itch products, anti- Rash products, antifungal products, pet care products, pet grooming products, wound healing products, burn relief products, scar management products, stretch mark products, wart removal products, hand cleansers, cold and pain care products, anti-cellulite products, eye drops or eye sprays, nasal drops or nasal sprays, ear drops or ear sprays, oral drops or oral sprays, personal lubricants, diaper products, leave-on products, rinse-off or wash-off products, pharmaceutical preparations, dietary supplements, personal care preparations, or cosmetic preparations.

[0017] In addition, disclosed herein are compositions and methods for enhancing the hydration or moisturization of the skin of a subject (e.g., a human or an animal, such as a domestic animal or farm animal, such as a dog, cat, horse, cow, pig, or sheep), comprising selecting or identifying a subject for improved skin hydration or moisturization, and topically applying to the skin of the selected or identified subject a mixture comprising or consisting of an ethoxylated oil (such as macadamia nut oil) and water, wherein the average number of ethoxy groups per molecule in the ethoxylated oil is 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, or 19, or an average number of ethoxy groups per molecule within the range defined by any two of the above values. In the mixture, the water is contacted with the ethoxylated oil, and then, optionally, the mixture is combined with one or more components or additional compounds, and, optionally, the hydration or moisturization in the subject's skin is determined or measured after the mixture is applied. Once the mixture is topically applied to the selected or identified subject's skin, the hydration or moisturization of the subject's skin can also be determined or measured. In some alternatives, the ethoxylated oil is macadamia nut oil having 16 ethoxy groups per molecule. In some alternatives, the amount of ethoxylated oil in the mixture is 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24% or 25% (by volume or weight), or a percentage within the range defined by any two of the above percentages.

[0018] In some alternatives, one or more components or additional compounds are selected from the group consisting of 0-5% w / w xanthan gum, 0-5% w / w zinc dioxide, 0-5% w / w titanium dioxide, 0-5% w / w talc, 0-5% w / w silica, and 0-3% w / w combination of phenoxyethanol, caprylyl glycol, ethylhexylglycerin and hexylene glycol (trade name Botanistat PF-64). In some alternatives, one or more components or additional compounds are selected from the group consisting of glycerin, urea, mineral oil, dimethicone, hyaluronic acid (sodium hyaluronate), gamma-polyglutamic acid (or gamma-polyglutamic acid), betaine, sodium PCA, sodium L-lactate, propylene glycol, isosorbide dioctanoate, lactic acid carbon 12-13 alkyl esters, malic acid dicarbon 12-13 alkyl esters, PPG in any combination. 15 stearyl ether, isostearyl isostearate, isopropyl isostearate, palmitamide MEA, helianthus annuus (sunflower) seed oil unsaponifiables, Brassica rapa (rapeseed) sterols, trehalose, hexylene glycol, pentylene glycol, polyquaternium-51, triacetin, caprylyl glycol, papaver somniferum callus extract, Tamarindus indica seed polysaccharide, oat beta glucan, Alnus macrophylla oil (Prasic oil), Brasilian pine oil (Patau oil), tetrahexyldecyl ascorbate, and / or ceramide. In some alternatives, the mixture further includes essential oils, pigments (such as mineral-based pigments) and / or fragrances.

[0019] In some alternatives, the ethoxylated oil or microemulsion or nanoemulsion is administered to a subject by first adding the ethoxylated oil or micro- or nanoemulsion to stored water, such as contained in a container, mixing container, mixing tank, mixing kettle, water softening system, water purification system, water filtration system, drinking water system, fountain, swimming pool, pool, whirlpool, steam room, sauna, water storage tank, sink, bathtub, tub, or shower, or by real-time online metering of the ethoxylated oil or micro- or nanoemulsion into flowing water, and then optionally, adding at least one component before the mixture is contacted with the subject.

[0020] In some alternatives, the water contacted with the ethoxylated oil or the microemulsion or nanoemulsion is selected from the group consisting of drinking water, bottled water, soda water, soda mineral water, alkaline water, glacier water, coconut water, carbonated water, purified drinking water, natural water, spring water, natural spring water, artesian water, natural artesian water, mineral water, natural mineral water, and / or any mixture thereof. In some alternatives, bottled water, soda water, soda mineral water, alkaline water, glacier water, coconut water, carbonated water, purified drinking water, natural water, spring water, natural spring water, artesian water, natural artesian water, mineral water, or natural mineral water is further selected from the group consisting of Water, Ice Mountain, Sparkletts, Zico, Vita Coco, Aquafina, Arrowhead Water, Deja Blue, Crystal Geyser, Evian, Glaceau Smartwater, Glaceau Vitaminwater, Iceland PureSpring Water, The group consisting of Aqua, Niagara, Poland Spring, Propel FitnessWater, San Pellegrino, Gerolsteiner, Ferrarelle, Perrier, Mountain Valley, Ty Nant, Volvic, Icelandic Glacial, Dasani, Deer Park, Ozarka, Voss, Vittel, Contrex, AcquaPanna, Sao Lourenco, and Sierra spring water and / or any mixture thereof.

[0021] In some alternatives, skin hydration or moisturizing is measured and observed by, for example, determining electromagnetic radiation, dielectric constant, permittivity, thermal conductivity, or elastography parameters of the skin. In some alternatives, determining skin hydration or moisturizing includes determining skin water evaporation gradients or electrical properties, such as by capacitance, conductivity, impedance, or AC conductivity on the skin surface, such as by transepidermal water loss (TEWL), Fourier transform attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), confocal Raman spectroscopy, fiber near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, electron microscopy, or Fourier transform near infrared (FT-NIR) spectrophotometry. In some alternatives, determining or measuring skin hydration or moisturizing includes analyzing with an instrument, such as 200 Hygrometer, Nova DPM 9003, BioxEpsilon, Biox AquaFlux, Evaporation tester, Hydration probes and modules, or Probes and modules.

[0022] In some alternatives, the mixture comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of water in contact with an ethoxylated oil (such as macadamia nut oil) (wherein the average number of ethoxy groups per molecule in the ethoxylated oil is 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, or 19, or an average number of ethoxy groups per molecule within the range defined by any two of the foregoing values), the water being provided as is or neat, and in some alternatives, the mixture is formulated with or into a matrix, a functional ingredient, a functional ingredient mixture, an active ingredient, an active ingredient mixture, a conditioner, or a pharmaceutical composition. soap, liquid soap, hand soap, body soap, shower gel, gel shower gel, bubble bath, soluble beads (such as bath beads), shaving cream, shaving gel, aftershave, deodorant, antiperspirant, acne treatment formula, lip care formula, lip plumper, facial care formula (such as facial moisturizer, facial cleanser, facial cleanser, facial toner, facial astringent, facial clarifying water, facial mist, facial spray, facial mask, facial exfoliant, cotton pads, makeup cosmetics, makeup remover, foundation, concealer, or spray makeup setting agent), skin care formula, sun protection formula, after sun formula, foot care formula, hand care formula, formulas, shampoos, conditioners, hair care formulas, hair sprays, hair styling products, scalp care formulas, self-tanning formulas, body care formulas (such as body moisturizers, body sprays, body scrubs, body cleansers, body exfoliants, or body wipes), depilatories, perfumes, eau de toilette, eau de toilette, cologne, dishwashing soap, laundry detergent, pain relief formulas, toothpaste, tooth cleaning formulas, lozenges, mouthwashes, first aid products, products for skin diseases, products for skin damage (such as for the treatment of eczema, psoriasis, or rosacea), antibacterial products, products for insect bites, blister relief products, Cyst relief products, callus relief products, feminine care products, anti-itch products, anti-rash products, anti-fungal products, pet care products, pet grooming products, wound healing products, burn relief products, scar management products, stretch mark products, wart removal products, hand cleansers, cold pain care products, anti-cellulite products, eye drops or eye sprays, nose drops or nose sprays, ear drops or ear sprays, oral drops or oral sprays, personal lubricants, diaper products, leave-on products, rinse-off or rinse-off products, pharmaceutical preparations, dietary supplements, personal care preparations, or cosmetic preparations. In some alternatives, the ethoxylated oil is macadamia oil having 16 ethoxy groups per molecule. In some alternatives, the amount of ethoxylated oil in the mixture is 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, or 25% (by volume or weight), or a percentage within a range defined by any two of the above percentages.In some alternatives, additional components in the mixture include 0-5% w / w xanthan gum, 0-5% w / w zinc dioxide, 0-5% w / w titanium dioxide, 0-5% w / w talc, 0-5% w / w silica, and 0-3% w / w combined phenoxyethanol, caprylyl glycol, ethylhexylglycerin, and hexylene glycol (trade name Botanistat PF-64). In some alternatives, the additional components include glycerin, urea, mineral oil, dimethicone, hyaluronic acid (sodium hyaluronate), gamma-polyglutamic acid (or gamma-polyglutamic acid), betaine, sodium PCA, sodium L-lactate, propylene glycol, isosorbide dioctanoate, C12-13 alkyl lactate, di-C12-13 alkyl malate, PPG 15 stearyl ether, isostearyl isostearate, isopropyl isostearate, palmitamide MEA, helianthus annuus (sunflower) seed oil unsaponifiables, Brassica rapa (rapeseed) sterols, trehalose, hexylene glycol, pentylene glycol, polyquaternium-51, triacetin, caprylyl glycol, papaver somniferum callus extract, Tamarindus indica seed polysaccharide, oat beta glucan, Alnus macrophylla oil (Prasicola oil), Elaeagnus brasiliensis oil (Argania spinosa oil), tetrahexyldecyl ascorbate, and / or ceramide. In some alternatives, the mixture further includes essential oils, pigments (such as mineral-based pigments), and / or fragrances.

[0023] In addition, some alternatives disclosed herein relate to methods for increasing the conductivity and capacitance of the skin of a subject (e.g., a human or an animal, such as a domestic animal or farm animal, such as a dog, cat, horse, cow, pig, or sheep) and reducing the impedance of the subject's skin, comprising selecting or identifying a subject for improved skin hydration or moisturizing, and topically applying to the skin of the selected or identified subject a mixture comprising or consisting of an ethoxylated oil (such as macadamia nut oil) and water, wherein the average number of ethoxy groups per molecule in the ethoxylated oil is 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, or 19, or an average number of ethoxy groups per molecule within the range defined by any two of the above values. In the mixture, water is contacted with the ethoxylated oil, and then, optionally, the mixture is combined with one or more components, and hydration or moisturizing in the subject's skin is determined or measured after applying the mixture. In some alternatives, the ethoxylated oil is macadamia nut oil having 16 ethoxy groups per molecule. In some alternatives, the amount of ethoxylated oil in the mixture is 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, or 25% (by volume or weight), or a percentage within a range defined by any two of the above percentages.

[0024] In some alternatives, one or more components or additional compounds are added selected from 0-5% w / w xanthan gum, 0-5% w / w zinc dioxide, 0-5% w / w titanium dioxide, 0-5% w / w talc, 0-5% w / w silica, and 0-3% w / w combination of phenoxyethanol, caprylyl glycol, ethylhexylglycerin and hexylene glycol (trade name Botanistat PF-64). In some alternatives, additional components include glycerin, urea, mineral oil, dimethicone, hyaluronic acid (sodium hyaluronate), γ-polyglutamic acid (or γ-polyglutamic acid), betaine, sodium PCA, sodium L-lactate, propylene glycol, isosorbide dioctanoate, lactic acid carbon 12-13 alkyl esters, malic acid dicarbon 12-13 alkyl esters, PPG 15 stearyl ether, isostearyl isostearate, isopropyl isostearate, palmitamide MEA, helianthus annuus (sunflower) seed oil unsaponifiables, Brassica rapa (rapeseed) sterols, trehalose, hexylene glycol, pentylene glycol, polyquaternium-51, triacetin, caprylyl glycol, papaver somniferum callus extract, Tamarindus indica seed polysaccharide, oat beta glucan, Alnus macrophylla oil (Prasic oil), Brasilian pine oil (Patau oil), tetrahexyldecyl ascorbate, and / or ceramide. In some alternatives, the mixture further includes essential oils, pigments (such as mineral-based pigments) and / or fragrances.

[0025] In some alternatives, the mixture comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of water that is first contacted with the ethoxylated oil, and the mixture is administered to a subject (e.g., a human or an animal, such as a domestic or farm animal, such as a dog, cat, horse, cow, pig, or sheep) by adding the ethoxylated oil to stored water, such as contained in a container, mixing container, mixing tank, mixing kettle, water softening system, water purification system, water filtration system, drinking water system, fountain, swimming pool, pool, whirlpool, steam room, sauna, water storage tank, sink, bathtub, tub, or shower, or by real-time in-line metering of the ethoxylated oil into running water to produce the mixture, and then optionally adding one or more components prior to contacting the mixture with the subject.

[0026] In some alternatives, the water contacted with the ethoxylated oil is selected from the group consisting of drinking water, bottled water, soda water, soda mineral water, alkaline water, glacier water, coconut water, carbonated water, purified drinking water, natural water, spring water, natural spring water, artesian water, natural artesian water, mineral water, natural mineral water, and / or any mixture thereof. In some alternatives, bottled water, soda water, soda mineral water, alkaline water, glacier water, coconut water, carbonated water, purified drinking water, natural water, spring water, natural spring water, artesian water, natural artesian water, mineral water, or natural mineral water is further selected from the group consisting of Water, Ice Mountain, Sparkletts, Zico, Vita Coco, Aquafina, Arrowhead Water, Deja Blue, Crystal Geyser, Evian, Glaceau Smartwater, Glaceau Vitaminwater, Iceland Pure Spring Water, Pure The group consisting of Aqua, Niagara, Poland Spring, Propel Fitness Water, SanPellegrino, Gerolsteiner, Ferrarelle, Perrier, Mountain Valley, Ty Nant, Volvic, Icelandic Glacial, Dasani, Deer Park, Ozarka, Voss, Vittel, Contrex, Acqua Panna, SaoLourenco, and Sierra Spring Water, and / or any mixture thereof.

[0027] In some alternatives, skin hydration or moisturizing is measured and observed by, for example, determining electromagnetic radiation, dielectric constant, permittivity, thermal conductivity, or elastography parameters of the skin. In some alternatives, determining skin hydration or moisturizing includes determining skin water evaporation gradients or electrical properties, such as by capacitance, conductivity, impedance, or AC conductivity on the skin surface, such as by transepidermal water loss (TEWL), Fourier transform attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), confocal Raman spectroscopy, fiber near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, electron microscopy, or Fourier transform near infrared (FT-NIR) spectrophotometry. In some alternatives, determining or measuring skin hydration or moisturizing includes analyzing with an instrument, such as 200 Hygrometer, Nova DPM 9003, BioxEpsilon, Biox AquaFlux, Evaporation tester, Hydration probes and modules, or Probes and modules.

[0028] In some alternatives, the mixture comprises or consists of water and an ethoxylated oil, the mixture being produced by first contacting water and an ethoxylated oil (such as macadamia nut oil) (wherein the average number of ethoxy groups per molecule in the ethoxylated oil is 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, or 19, or an average number of ethoxy groups per molecule within the range defined by any two of the above values), and the mixture being formed neat or as is, and in some alternatives, the mixture is formulated with or into a matrix, a functional ingredient, a functional ingredient mixture, an active ingredient, a active ingredient, a blend of active ingredients, a bar soap, a liquid soap, a hand soap, a body soap, a shower gel, a gel shower gel, a bubble bath, a soluble bead (such as a bath bead), a shaving cream, a shaving gel, an aftershave, a deodorant, an antiperspirant, an acne treatment formulation, a lip care formulation, a lip plumper, a facial care formulation (such as a facial moisturizer, a facial cleanser, a facial cleanser, a facial toner, a facial astringent, a facial clarifying water, a facial mist, a facial spray, a facial mask, a facial exfoliant, a cotton pad, a makeup cosmetic, a makeup remover, a foundation, a concealer, or a spray makeup setting agent), a skin care formulation, a sun protection formulation, an after sun formulation, a foot formulas for face care, hand care, shampoo, conditioner, hair care, hair spray, hair styling, scalp care, self-tanning, body care (such as body moisturizer, body spray, body scrub, body cleanser, body exfoliant, or body wipes), hair remover, perfume, eau de parfum, eau de toilette, cologne, dishwashing soap, laundry detergent, pain relief, toothpaste, tooth cleaning formulas, lozenges, mouthwash, first aid, products for skin diseases, products for skin damage (such as for eczema, psoriasis, or rosacea), antibacterial products, products for insect bites, blister relief, The ethoxylated oil is a product for treating a rash, a cyst, a callus, a feminine care product, an anti-itch product, an anti-rash product, an anti-fungal product, a pet care product, a pet grooming product, a wound healing product, a burn relief product, a scar management product, a stretch mark product, a wart removal product, a hand cleanser, a cold pain care product, an anti-cellulite product, an eye drop or eye spray, a nose drop or nose spray, an ear drop or ear spray, an oral drop or oral spray, a personal lubricant, a diaper product, a leave-on product, a rinse or wash-off product, a pharmaceutical preparation, a dietary supplement, a personal care preparation, or a cosmetic preparation. In some alternatives, the ethoxylated oil is a macadamia nut oil having 16 ethoxy groups per molecule.In some alternatives, the amount of ethoxylated oil in the mixture is 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, or 25% (by volume or weight), or a percentage within a range defined by any two of the above percentages. In some alternatives, additional components that may be added to the mixture include 0-5% w / w xanthan gum, 0-5% w / w zinc dioxide, 0-5% w / w titanium dioxide, 0-5% w / w talc, 0-5% w / w silica, and 0-3% w / w of a combination of phenoxyethanol, caprylyl glycol, ethylhexylglycerin, and hexylene glycol (trade name Botanistat PF-64). In some alternatives, the additional components include glycerin, urea, mineral oil, dimethicone, hyaluronic acid (sodium hyaluronate), gamma-polyglutamic acid (or gamma-polyglutamic acid), betaine, sodium PCA, sodium L-lactate, propylene glycol, isosorbide dioctanoate, C12-13 alkyl lactate, C12-13 alkyl malate, PPG 15 stearyl ether, isostearyl isostearate, isopropyl isostearate, palmitamide MEA, helianthus annuus (sunflower) seed oil unsaponifiables, Brassica rapa (rapeseed) sterols, trehalose, hexylene glycol, pentylene glycol, polyquaternium-51, triacetin, caprylyl glycol, papaver somniferum callus extract, Tamarindus indica seed polysaccharide, oat beta glucan, Alnus macrophylla oil (Prasicola oil), Elaeagnus brasiliensis oil (Argania spinosa oil), tetrahexyldecyl ascorbate, and / or ceramide. In some alternatives, the mixture further includes essential oils, pigments (such as mineral-based pigments), and / or fragrances.

[0029] Some alternatives disclosed herein relate to methods for preparing a composition for improving hydration or moisturizing of a subject (e.g., a human or an animal, such as a domestic animal or farm animal, such as a dog, cat, horse, cow, pig, or sheep), comprising mixing water and an ethoxylated oil (such as macadamia nut oil) to produce a mixture or emulsion, and then adding or mixing in additional compounds or components. That is, optionally, after mixing the hydrated ethoxylated oil, at least one additional compound or component (such as glycerin, urea, mineral oil, dimethicone, hyaluronic acid (sodium hyaluronate), gamma-polyglutamic acid (or gamma-polyglutamic acid), betaine, sodium PCA, sodium L-lactate, propylene glycol, isosorbide dioctanoate, C12-13 alkyl lactate, di-C12-13 alkyl malate, PPG 15 stearyl ether, isostearyl isostearate, isopropyl isostearate, palmitamide MEA, helianthus annuus (sunflower) seed oil unsaponifiables, Brassica rapa (rapeseed) sterols, trehalose, hexylene glycol, pentylene glycol, polyquaternium-51, triacetin, caprylyl glycol, papaver somniferum callus extract, tatarinowii seed polysaccharide, oat beta glucan, alnus macrophylla oil (Prasik oil), sarmentosum brasiliensis oil (Patau oil), tetrahexyldecyl ascorbate, and / or ceramide) can be added to the mixture. In some alternatives, one or more compounds or components that can be added to the mixture can be selected from the group consisting of xanthan gum, zinc dioxide, titanium dioxide, talc, silica, and a mixture of phenoxyethanol, caprylyl glycol, ethylhexylglycerin and hexylene glycol (trade name Botanistat PF-64).

[0030] In some alternatives, the ethoxylated oil is a macadamia nut oil with 16 ethoxy groups per molecule. In some alternatives, the amount of the ethoxylated oil in the mixture is 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24% or 25% (by volume or weight), or in the percentage within the range limited by any two of the above-mentioned percentages. In some alternatives, the mixture further includes essential oils, pigments (such as mineral-based pigments) and / or spices.

[0031] In some alternatives, the water contacted with the ethoxylated oil is selected from the group consisting of drinking water, bottled water, soda water, soda mineral water, alkaline water, glacier water, coconut water, carbonated water, purified drinking water, natural water, spring water, natural spring water, artesian water, natural artesian water, mineral water, natural mineral water, and / or any mixture thereof. In some alternatives, bottled water, soda water, soda mineral water, alkaline water, glacier water, coconut water, carbonated water, purified drinking water, natural water, spring water, natural spring water, artesian water, natural artesian water, mineral water, or natural mineral water is further selected from the group consisting of Water, Ice Mountain, Sparkletts, Zico, Vita Coco, Aquafina, Arrowhead Water, Deja Blue, Crystal Geyser, Evian, Glaceau Smartwater, Glaceau Vitaminwater, Iceland Pure Spring Water, The present invention relates to a water comprising the following: a water, Niagara, Poland Spring, Propel Fitness Water, SanPellegrino, Gerolsteiner, Ferrarelle, Perrier, Mountain Valley, Ty Nant, Volvic, Icelandic Glacial, Dasani, Deer Park, Ozarka, Voss, Vittel, Contrex, Acqua Panna, SaoLourenco, and Sierra spring water, and / or any mixture thereof. The foregoing summary is merely illustrative and is not intended to be limiting in any way. In addition to the illustrative aspects, alternatives, and features described herein, further aspects, alternatives, objects, and features of the present disclosure will become fully apparent from the accompanying drawings and the following detailed description and claims. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0032] Figure 1 is a flow chart illustrating a number of non-limiting methods for enhancing skin hydration or moisturization in a subject according to some alternatives of the methods disclosed herein.

[0033] Figure 2is a schematic diagram indicating selected skin test points on both legs of a single subject. Such skin test sites were selected by an independent clinical testing agency for an initial hydration or wetting study. In this initial study, a total of six (6) test points were selected based on a computer-generated test point random code. The random code was based on the locations of 6 possible test points, more specifically, 3 test points on each calf. Each test point was approximately 4 cm × 4 cm. The test point was placed in the center of the outside of the calf (at least 2 cm from the knee and at least 2 cm from the ankle). According to the random code, one point was used as a placebo control (deionized or DI water only) point and one point was used as a positive control point. The remaining four points were used to test four different experimental formulations. Figure 2 Corresponding to Examples 1 to 4 below.

[0034] Figure 3 is a schematic diagram indicating selected skin test points on both legs of a single subject. Such skin test points were selected by an independent clinical testing agency for a second hydration or moisturizing study. In this second study, a total of six (6) test points were selected based on a computer-generated test point randomization code. The randomization code was based on the location of 6 possible test points, more specifically, 3 test points on each calf. Each test point was approximately 4 cm×4 cm. The test point was placed in the center of the outer side of the calf (at least 2 cm from the knee and at least 2 cm from the ankle). According to the randomization code, one point was used as a placebo control (deionized or DI water only) point, one point was used as a positive control (DI water and 2% PEG-16 macadamia glycerides) point, and the third point was used as a second placebo control (DI water and some specified components, not including any PEG-16 macadamia glycerides) point. The remaining three points were used to test three different experimental formulations respectively. Figure 3 Corresponding to Examples 6 to 10 below.

[0035] Figure 4 is a schematic diagram indicating selected skin test points on both legs of a single subject. Such skin test points were selected by an independent clinical testing agency for a third hydration or wetting study. In this third study, a total of six (6) test points were selected based on a computer-generated test point randomization code. The randomization code was based on the location of 6 possible test points, more specifically, 3 test points on each calf. Each test point was approximately 4 cm x 4 cm. The test point was placed in the center of the outer side of the calf (at least 2 cm from the knee and at least 2 cm from the ankle). Based on the randomization code, one point was used as a placebo control (deionized or DI water only) point and one point was used as a second placebo control (only "Pure Life" bottled purified water) point, and the third point was used as the last placebo control (only Natural artesian bottled water) point. The remaining three points were used to test three different experimental formulas. Figure 4 Corresponding to Examples 11 to 14 below.

[0036] The foregoing and other features of the present disclosure will become more apparent from the following description and the appended claims in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. It should be understood that these drawings depict only several embodiments according to the present disclosure and are not to be considered as limiting the scope thereof; the present disclosure will be described with additional features and details through the use of the accompanying drawings. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0037] Those skilled in the art will appreciate that this discussion is merely a description of exemplary embodiments and is not intended to limit the broader aspects of the present disclosure, which are embodied in the exemplary constructions.

[0038] The present disclosure generally relates to methods and compositions for improving the level of water absorption and retention by the skin. Specifically, in one aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for enhancing the hydration or wetting of a subject (e.g., a human or animal, such as a domestic animal or farm animal, such as a dog, cat, horse, cattle, pig, or sheep) by topical application to the skin of a mixture comprising or consisting of an ethoxylated oil and water. On the other hand, the present disclosure provides a method for enhancing the hydration or wetting of the skin of a selected or identified subject (e.g., a human or animal, such as a domestic animal or farm animal, such as a dog, cat, horse, cattle, pig, or sheep) by topical application to the skin of the subject comprising water or a mixture consisting of water in contact with an ethoxylated oil, and optionally, additional components are added only after the water contacts the ethoxylated oil. In one aspect, a method for preparing a micro or nano emulsion is also provided, the emulsion comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of non-ethoxylated macadamia nut oil and water, wherein, for example, non-ethoxylated macadamia nut oil and water are active ingredients. In addition, in one aspect, a method for increasing skin conductivity and capacitance while reducing impedance is provided, by topically applying to the skin of a selected or identified subject a mixture or emulsion comprising or consisting of water in contact with an ethoxylated oil, and then adding additional components to the water-ethoxylated oil mixture or emulsion. In another aspect, a method for preparing a storage water is provided, by either adding an ethoxylated oil to water or adding a micro- or nano-emulsion to produce a mixture. In another aspect, a method for preparing a mixture comprising or consisting of water is provided, wherein the water is contacted with an ethoxylated oil, and then adding additional components or mixtures to the mixture.

[0039] definition

[0040] Unless otherwise defined, all technical terms, symbols and other scientific terms or words used herein are intended to represent the meanings commonly understood by those of ordinary skill in the art related to the present disclosure. In some cases, for clarity and / or for ease of reference, terms with commonly understood meanings are defined herein, and the inclusion of these definitions herein is not necessarily interpreted as representing a substantial difference from the meanings commonly understood in the art. Many of the techniques and procedures described or referenced herein are well understood and commonly employed by those of ordinary skill in the art using conventional methods.

[0041] Unless the context clearly dictates otherwise, nouns do not distinguish between the singular and the plural. For example, the term "cell" includes one or more cells, including mixtures thereof. "A and / or B" as used herein includes all of the following alternatives: "A", "B", "A or B", and "A and B".

[0042] As used herein, the term "comprise" is synonymous with "include," "comprising," or "characterized by," and is inclusive or open-ended and does not exclude additional, unrecited elements or method steps.

[0043] As used herein, "skin" means skin including the face, neck, scalp, underarms, chest, back, arms, hands, legs, feet, buttocks and abdomen (preferably the hands, neck, face and underarms). The present invention is applicable to any skin type.

[0044] As will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art, for any and all purposes, for example, in providing written description, all scopes disclosed herein also include any and all possible sub-ranges and combinations of sub-ranges.Any listed scope can be easily identified as fully describing and making the scope at least decomposed into equal half, one-third, one-quarter, ten-fifths, one-tenth, etc. As non-limiting example, each scope discussed herein can be easily decomposed into lower third, middle third and upper third, etc. As will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art, all languages ​​such as "at most", "at least", "greater than", "less than", etc. include the enumerated numbers and refer to the scope that can be subsequently decomposed into sub-ranges as described above.Finally, as will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art, scope includes each individual element.Therefore, for example, a group with 1-3 elements refers to a group with 1, 2 or 3 elements.Similarly, a group with 1-5 elements refers to a group with 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 elements, and so on.

[0045] Numbers, such as (a), (b), (i), etc., are provided merely to facilitate reading of the specification and claims. Unless otherwise indicated, the use of numbers in the specification or claims does not require that steps or elements be performed in alphabetical or numerical order or in the order in which they are presented.

[0046] Method for enhancing skin hydration or moisturizing

[0047] In one aspect, disclosed herein is a method for enhancing hydration or moisturization of the skin of a subject (e.g., a human or an animal, such as a domestic animal or farm animal, such as a dog, cat, horse, cow, pig, or sheep), comprising topically applying to the skin of a selected or identified subject a mixture of an ethoxylated oil and water, including a mixture of a micro- or nano-emulsion and water ( Figure 1 In some alternatives, the micro- or nano-emulsion comprises a non-ethoxylated oil and water. In some alternatives, the micro- or nano-emulsion comprises an ethoxylated oil and water. In some alternatives, the water is contacted with the ethoxylated oil and then, optionally, the mixture is mixed with one or more additional components ( Figure 1). In some alternatives, the ethoxylated oils useful in the methods described herein can be vegetable, crop, fruit, seed, aquatic, flower, nut, animal, or synthetic oils or fatty acids, fatty alcohols, or fatty amines, wherein the average number of ethoxy groups per molecule of the ethoxylated oil is 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, or 19, or within the range defined by any two of the above values. In some alternatives, the ethoxylated oil can be an unsaturated fatty acid. Preferred ethoxylated oils can be obtained or produced by, for example, oleic acid, palmitoleic acid, almond oil, avocado oil, evening primrose oil, grape seed oil, hazelnut oil, pumpkin seed oil, rose hip oil, safflower oil, sunflower seed oil, walnut oil, wheat germ oil, neem oil, mink oil, lanolin, argan oil, Abyssinian oil, Spanish sage oil (salvia oil), tamanu oil seed oil (inophelen oil), squalane, sea buckthorn oil, white meadowfoam oil, castor oil, jojoba oil, olive oil, corn oil, sesame oil, barnacle oil, Alnus macrophylla oil, or emu oil, or any combination thereof. In some alternatives, preferred oils can be macadamia oil, jojoba oil, or white meadowfoam oil, or any combination thereof. In some alternatives, ethoxylated oils useful for the methods described herein are obtained or produced by macadamia oil. Preferably, the average number of ethoxy groups per molecule in the ethoxylated macadamia nut oil is 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, or 19, or an average number of ethoxy groups per molecule within the range defined by any two of the above values. In a particularly preferred alternative, the ethoxylated oil is obtained from macadamia nut oil having 16 ethoxy groups per molecule. In some alternatives, the amount of non-ethoxylated macadamia oil or ethoxylated macadamia oil in the mixture is 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, or 25% (by volume or weight), or an amount within a range defined by any two of the above amounts.

[0048] The amount of ethoxylated oil in a mixture or micro- or nanoemulsion suitable for the methods described herein can vary depending on the intended application. For example, in some alternatives, the disclosed methods for enhancing skin hydration or moisturizing may include a mixture or micro- or nanoemulsion comprising between 0.1% and 50% (by volume or weight) of an ethoxylated oil. That is, some alternatives to the methods described herein may include a mixture or micro- or nanoemulsion comprising less than or equal to (but not zero) 0.1%, 0.15%, 0.2%, 0.25%, 0.3%, 0.35%, 0.4%, 0.45%, 0.5%, 0.55%, 0.6%, 0.65%, 0.7%, 0.75%, 0.8%, 0.85%, 0.9%, 0.95%, 1.0%, 1.25%, 1.5%, 1.75%, 2.0%, 2.25%, 2.5%, 2.75%, 3.0%, 3.2 5%, 3.5%, 3.75%, 4.0%, 4.25%, 4.5%, 4.75%, 5.0%, 5.25%, 5.5%, 5.75%, 6.0%, 6.25%, 6.5%, 6.75%, 7.0%, 7.25%, 7.5%, 7.75%, 8.0%, 8.25%, 8.5%, 8.75%, 9.0%, 9.25%, 9.5%, 9.75%, 10.0%, 10.25%, 10.5%, 10.75%, 11.0%, 11.25%, 11.5%, 11.75%, 12.0%, 12.25%, 12.5%, 12.75%, 13.0%, 13.25%, 13.5%, 13.75%, 14.0%, 14.25%, 14.5%, 14.75%, 15.0%, 15.5%, 16.0%, 16.5%, 17.0%, 17.5%, 18.0%, 18.5%, 19.0%, 19.5%, 20.0%, 20.5%, 21.0%, 21.5%, 22.0%, 22.5%, 23.0%, 23.5%, 24.0%, 24.5%, 25.0%, 25.5%, 26.0%, 26.5%, 2 %, 38.0%, 38.5%, 39.0%, 39.5%, 40.0%, 40.5%, or 50.0% (by volume or weight), or in an amount within the range defined by any two of the above amounts.In some preferred alternatives, the amount of ethoxylated oil in the mixture or micro or nanoemulsion is 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, or 25% (by volume or weight), or an amount within the range defined by any two of the above amounts. In some preferred alternatives, the amount of ethoxylated oil in the mixture or micro or nanoemulsion is 1%. In some preferred alternatives, the amount of ethoxylated oil in the mixture or micro or nanoemulsion is 2%. In some preferred alternatives, the amount of ethoxylated oil in the mixture or micro or nanoemulsion is 4%.

[0049] In some alternatives, the method for increasing skin hydration will have one or more components added after the water and ethoxylated oil are contacted or mixed, such as xanthan gum, zinc dioxide, titanium dioxide, talc, silica, and a combination of phenoxyethanol, caprylyl glycol, ethylhexylglycerin and hexylene glycol (trade name Botanistat PF-64). Other alternatives include one or more components such as glycerin, urea, mineral oil, dimethicone, hyaluronic acid (sodium hyaluronate), gamma-polyglutamic acid (or gamma-polyglutamic acid), betaine, sodium PCA, sodium L-lactate, propylene glycol, isosorbide dioctanoate, C12-13 alkyl lactate, di-C12-13 alkyl malate, PPG 15 stearyl ether, isostearyl isostearate, isopropyl isostearate, palmitamide MEA, helianthus annuus (sunflower) seed oil unsaponifiables, Brassica rapa (rapeseed) sterols, trehalose, hexylene glycol, pentylene glycol, polyquaternium-51, triacetin, caprylyl glycol, papaver somniferum callus extract, Tamarindus indica seed polysaccharide, oat beta glucan, Alnus macrophylla oil (Prasicaceae oil), Elaeagnus brasiliensis oil (Argania spinosa oil), tetrahexyldecyl ascorbate, and / or ceramide.

[0050] In some alternatives of the method described herein, the mixture is formulated for topical administration. As used herein, the terms "administration" and "application" refer to the delivery of the mixture by parenteral, intranasal, ocular, ear canal, sublingual, oral, mucosal, and / or oral administration routes. The term "topical administration" is used herein with its conventional meaning, and it refers to the delivery of active agents to body surfaces (such as skin), such as in the topical administration of drugs in the prevention or treatment of various skin diseases, in the application of cosmetics and cosmeceuticals (including moisturizers, face or body sprays, shower gels, facial cleansers, lotions, facial masks, sunscreens, etc.). Compared with transdermal administration, topical administration provides local rather than systemic effects. Thus, as used herein, "topical administration" is limited to the surface deposition of the mixture, and excludes any transdermal systemic delivery mechanism.

[0051] In some alternatives, the mixture formulated for topical administration comprises drinking water, bottled water, soda water, soda mineral water, alkaline water, glacier water, coconut water, carbonated water, purified drinking water, natural water, spring water, natural spring water, artesian water, natural artesian water, mineral water, natural mineral water, and / or any mixture thereof. In some alternatives, the mixture consists of, consists essentially of, or includes drinking water, bottled water, soda water, soda mineral water, alkaline water, glacier water, coconut water, carbonated water, purified drinking water, natural water, spring water, natural spring water, artesian water, natural artesian water, mineral water, or natural mineral water; the water is first contacted with the ethoxylated oil and comprises one or more of the following: Water, Ice Mountain, Sparkletts, Zico, Vita Coco, Aquafina, Arrowhead Water, Deja Blue, Crystal Geyser, Evian, Glaceau Smartwater, Glaceau Vitaminwater, Iceland PureSpring Water, Pure Aqua, Niagara, Poland Spring, Propel FitnessWater, San Pellegrino, Gerolsteiner, Ferrarelle, Perrier, Mountain Valley, Ty Nant, Volvic, Icelandic Glacial, Dasani, Deer Park, Ozarka, Voss, Vittel, Contrex, AcquaPanna, Sao Lourenco, and Sierra spring waters and / or any mixture thereof.

[0052] In general, in the methods described herein, any topical formulation can be used as known in the art, as long as the formulation maintains the wetting or hydration activity of the mixture. In some alternatives, the mixture described herein is applied in a form selected from the following: aqueous solution, spray, mist, liquid, cream, paint, emulsion (including water-in-oil emulsion, water-in-oil-in-water triple emulsion, oil-in-water emulsion, microemulsion or nanoemulsion), gel, semisolid, paste, ointment, serum and / or milk.

[0053] In some alternatives, the mixture is further formulated with or into a leave-on product, a rinse-off or wash-off product, a pharmaceutical formulation, a dietary supplement, a personal care formulation, or a cosmetic formulation. In some alternatives, the mixture of ethoxylated oil and water is further formulated with or into a matrix, a functional ingredient, a functional ingredient mixture, an active ingredient, or an active ingredient mixture. In some alternatives, the mixture is further formulated with or into a bar soap, a liquid soap, a hand soap, a body soap, a shower gel, a gel shower gel, or a bubble bath. In some alternatives, the mixture is further formulated with or into a shaving cream, shaving gel, aftershave, deodorant, antiperspirant, acne treatment formula, lip care formula, lip plumper, facial care formula (such as facial moisturizer, facial cleanser, facial cleanser, facial toner, facial astringent, facial clarifying water, facial mist, facial spray, facial mask, facial exfoliant, cotton pad, makeup cosmetics, makeup remover, foundation, concealer, or spray makeup fixative), or skin care formula. In some alternatives, the mixture is further formulated with or into a sunscreen formula, aftersun formula, foot care formula, or hand care formula. In some alternatives, the mixture is further formulated with or into a shampoo, conditioner, hair care formula, hair spray, hair styling product, or scalp care formula. In some alternatives, the mixture is further formulated with or into a self-tanning formula, a body care formula (such as a body moisturizer, a body spray, a body scrub, a body cleanser, a body exfoliant, or a body wipe). In some alternatives, the mixture is further formulated with or into a depilatory, a perfume, an eau de toilette, an eau de toilette, or a cologne. In some alternatives, the mixture is further formulated with or into a dish soap, a laundry detergent, or a pain relief formula. In some alternatives, the mixture is further formulated with or into a toothpaste, a tooth cleaning formula, a lozenge, or a mouthwash. In some alternatives, the mixture is further formulated with or into a first aid product, a skin disease product, a skin lesion product (e.g., to treat eczema, psoriasis, or rosacea), an antibacterial product, an insect bite product, a blister relief product, a cyst relief product, or a callus relief product. In some alternatives, the mixture is further formulated with or into a feminine care product, an anti-itch product, an anti-rash product, or an anti-fungal product. In some alternatives, the mixture is further formulated with or into a pet care product or a pet grooming product.In some alternatives, the mixture is further formulated with or formulated into a wound healing product, a burn relief product, a scar management product, a stretch mark product, a wart removal product, a hand cleanser, a cold pain care product, or a cellulite removal product. In some alternatives, the mixture is further formulated with or formulated into an eye drop or eye spray, a nose drop or nose spray, an ear drop or ear spray, or an oral drop or oral spray. In some alternatives, the mixture is further formulated with or formulated into a personal lubricant or diaper product. In some alternatives, the mixture is further formulated with or formulated into a soluble bead, such as a shampoo or conditioner bead, a moisturizing bead in a preparation for the face or body, or a bath bead. The art of making a soluble bead with an encapsulated oil that dissolves under predetermined conditions and is suitable for beauty and therapeutic purposes is known to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, it is contemplated that in some alternatives the mixture is further formulated into soluble beads having different dissolution rates to provide longer term delivery, stabilization or reduced oxidation of the ethoxylated oil.

[0054] In some alternatives, the topical formulations described herein may further comprise a cosmetically, dermatologically or pharmaceutically acceptable diluent, carrier or excipient.

[0055] In some alternatives, the topical formulations described herein further include additives that can be used in the fields of makeup, personal care, pharmacy and / or dermatology, including, but not limited to, fats, emulsifiers and co-emulsifiers, surfactants, co-surfactants, hydrophilic or lipophilic gelling agents, preservatives, solvents, co-solvents, emollients, humectants, stabilizers, fragrances, thickeners, fillers, hydrophilic and lipophilic filters, dyes, mineral pigments, as used in cosmetics, neutralizers, facial astringents, penetration enhancers and polymers. The amounts of these various additives are those commonly used in cosmetic, personal care, pharmaceutical and / or dermatological preparations, as known to those of ordinary skill in the art. In some alternatives, the topical formulations described herein further include essential oils, cosmetic pigments, tanning pigments or fragrances.

[0056] In some alternatives, the method for enhancing the hydration or wetting of the skin described herein further includes determining or measuring the skin hydration or wetting of the subject after applying the mixture. It will be readily understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that the improvement of skin hydration or wetting can be measured using known systems and techniques, and systems and techniques include various methods and instruments developed for studying skin physiology, biophysical properties, and skin barrier function. Generally, the skin hydration or wetting value can be determined by using any suitable technology known in the art, and can be determined by, for example, a technology developed for assessing skin hydration or wetting and based on one or more electrical properties of the skin, such as electrical properties, as an effective indicator of the level of skin hydration or wetting, measuring the resistance, AC conductivity (conductivity), capacitance, and impedance of the skin surface. For example, it will be readily understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that skin hydration or wetting can be determined by measuring electromagnetic radiation on the skin surface or by determining the change in dielectric constant or permittivity caused by the change in skin surface hydration or wetting. Other non-limiting examples of suitable techniques for measuring skin hydration or moisturization according to the methods described herein include determining skin hydration or moisturization by measuring thermal conductivity, or assessing skin hydration or moisturization based on at least one elastography parameter of the skin.

[0057] Various techniques and systems have been developed for measuring the conductivity of the skin surface as an indicator of the water content of the stratum corneum. Non-limiting examples of such systems and methods include (1) transepidermal water loss (TEWL), which measures the rate at which water evaporates from the skin surface; (2) Fourier transform attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) technology, which is dependent on environmental conditions and reported to be most effective when measuring the water content of the uppermost stratum corneum; (3) confocal Raman spectroscopy; (4) fiber optic near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy (Omar and MatJafri (2012); Optical Fiber Near Infrared Spectroscopy for Skin Moisture Measurement, Optical Topics on Optical Fiber Technology, Dr. Moh. Yasin (ed.)); (5) electron microscopy; and (6) Fourier transform near-infrared (FT-NIR) spectrophotometer.

[0058] As used herein, the phrase "transepidermal water loss" (TEWL) refers to water loss through the epidermis, which is often exacerbated by skin barrier damage caused by environmental factors associated with dry skin, such as detergents, soaps, solvents or ultraviolet light that tend to remove or damage the skin's protective lipids, leading to such water loss. Typically, this measurement is made using The device was used (Courage+Khazaka Electronic, Germany), and the measurement of water evaporation was based on the diffusion principle in an open chamber.

[0059] In some alternatives, attenuated total reflectance / Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR / FTIR) analysis can be used to determine or measure skin hydration, where the skin study is performed and analyzed based on energy reflection at the prism / skin interface. Generally speaking, ATR / FTIR studies involve contact of a skin sample and a prism. A hydration process is employed to increase the softness and flexibility of the skin surface, which results in reduced variability in the contact between the skin and the prism. Systems and procedures suitable for ATR / FTIR analysis of skin hydration are known in the art.

[0060] In some alternatives, when a constant frequency alternating current is applied to the skin, the conductivity can be measured as an indicator of skin hydration or moisturizing. Skin hydration or moisturizing can then be calculated based on the conductivity, which depends on the water content of the skin (see Woo et al., Anal. Chem, 73, pp. 4964-4971, 2001). It is reported that the conductivity is well correlated with the surface portion of the stratum corneum even though the electric field across the stratum corneum is non-homologous. Devices such as 200 hygrometer) to measure skin conductivity.

[0061] Other devices suitable for measuring skin surface capacitance as an indicator of skin hydration or moisturization according to some alternatives of the methods disclosed herein may include Liquid hydrometer (Courage+Khazaka Electronic, Germany), Evaporometer, Nova DPM 9003, and Hydration probe and module (Cortex Technology, Denmark). In addition to conventional stratum corneum measurements, other methods for measuring hydration or wetting may include nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR-5) spectroscopy and transient thermal transfer (TTT).

[0062] In some alternatives, Equipment (Courage+Khazaka Electronic, Germany), Evaporation meter, or The probe and module (Cortex Technology, Denmark) can be used to measure transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and as an assessment of skin hydration or moisturizing value. An increase in TEWL can generally be attributed to a decrease in skin barrier properties. A decrease in TEWL can generally be attributed to an improvement in the associated barrier properties (see Morrison, J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem. 43, 161-167, 1992).

[0063] Method for preparing stored water to produce a mixture

[0064] Some alternatives disclosed herein relate to methods of preparing a stored water that provides enhanced skin hydration or moisturization to a subject by adding an ethoxylated oil or a micro- or nanoemulsion to water to form a mixture ( Figure 1 ). One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that any appropriately constructed stored water will be sufficient to practice the methods described herein. In this regard, the term "storage" as used herein should be interpreted as any suitable body of water that can be used in conjunction with the method for enhancing the hydration or moisturizing of the skin of a subject in need thereof (e.g., a human or animal, such as a domestic animal or farm animal, such as a dog, cat, horse, cow, pig, or sheep). For example, such stored water can also be provided by water held in a tank or container that has an appropriate configuration for application to the skin.

[0065] In some alternatives, the stored water may be a container, a mixing container, a mixing tank, or a mixing kettle. In some alternatives, the stored water may be a water softening system, a water purification system, or a water filtration system. In some alternatives, the stored water may be a drinking water system or a fountain. In some alternatives, other suitable stored water may include, but is not limited to, a swimming pool, a pool, a whirlpool, a steam room, a sauna, a water storage tank, a sink, a bathtub, a tub, or a shower.

[0066] In some alternatives, the method described herein can include selecting a subject to receive enhanced skin hydration or moisturizing, providing storage water, and adding ethoxylated oil or micron or nanoemulsion to the storage water to form a mixture. Those of ordinary skill in the art will soon recognize that ethoxylated oil or micron or nanoemulsion can be added to static, sprayed or flowing water. Therefore, in some alternatives of the method described herein, ethoxylated oil or micron or nanoemulsion is added to a static body of water, then mixed to form a mixture for storage. In some alternatives, adding ethoxylated oil includes real-time online metering of ethoxylated oil to add to sprayed or flowing water and mixing ethoxylated oil with water to form a sprayable or flowing mixture. In some alternatives, adding micron or nanoemulsion includes real-time online metering of micron or nanoemulsion to add to sprayed or flowing water, and mixing micron or nanoemulsion with water to form a sprayable or flowing mixture.

[0067] In some alternatives of the method described herein, the ethoxylated oil can be vegetables, crops, fruits, seeds, aquatic products, flowers, nuts, animals, or synthetic oils or fatty acids, fatty alcohols or fatty amines. In some alternatives, the fatty acids are unsaturated fatty acids. In some alternatives, the ethoxylated oil that can be used in the method described herein is obtained or produced by macadamia oil. Preferably, the average number of ethoxy groups per molecule of the ethoxylated oil is 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 or 19, or the average number of ethoxy groups per molecule in the range limited by any two of the above values. In a particularly preferred alternative, the ethoxylated oil is obtained by macadamia oil having 16 ethoxy groups per molecule.

[0068] The amount of ethoxylated oil suitable for the methods described herein can vary depending on the intended application. For example, in some alternatives, the methods described herein for preparing stored water can include a mixture as described herein, the mixture including between 0.1% and 50% (by volume or weight) of ethoxylated oil and water. That is, some alternatives to the methods described herein can include a mixture that contains less than or equal to (but not zero) 0.1%, 0.15%, 0.2%, 0.25%, 0.3%, 0.35%, 0.4%, 0.45%, 0.5%, 0.55%, 0.6%, 0.65%, 0.7%, 0.75%, 0.8%, 0.85%, 0.9%, 0.95%, 1.0%, 1.25%, 1.5%, 1.75%, 2.0%, 2.25%, 2.5%, 2.75%, 3.0%, 3.25%, 3.5%, 3.75%, %, 4.0%, 4.25%, 4.5%, 4.75%, 5.0%, 5.25%, 5.5%, 5.75%, 6.0%, 6.25%, 6.5%, 6.75%, 7.0%, 7.25%, 7.5%, 7.75%, 8.0%, 8.25%, 8.5%, 8.75%, 9.0%, 9.25%, 9.5%, 9.75%, 10.0%, 10.25%, 10.5%, 10.75%, 11.0%, 11.25%, 11.5%, 11.75%, 12.0%, 12.25%, 12.5%, 12 .75%, 13.0%, 13.25%, 13.5%, 13.75%, 14.0%, 14.25%, 14.5%, 14.75%, 15.0%, 15.5%, 16.0%, 16.5%, 17.0%, 17.5%, 18.0%, 18.5%, 19.0%, 19.5%, 20.0%, 20.5%, 21.0%, 21.5%, 22.0%, 22.5%, 23.0%, 23.5%, 24.0%, 24.5%, 25.0%, 25.5%, 26.0%, 26.5%, 27.0% %, 27.5%, 28.0%, 28.5%, 29.0%, 29.5%, 30.0%, 30.5%, 31.0%, 31.5%, 32.0%, 32.5%, 33.0%, 33.5%, 34.0%, 34.5%, 35.0%, 35.5%, 36.0%, 36.5%, 37.0%, 37.5%, 38.0%, 38.5%, 39.0%, 39.5%, 40.0%, 40.5%, or 50.0% (by volume or weight), or in an amount within the range defined by any two of the above amounts.In some preferred alternatives, the amount of ethoxylated oil in the mixture is 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, or 25% (by volume or weight), or an amount within the range defined by any two of the above amounts. In some preferred alternatives, the amount of ethoxylated oil in the mixture is 1%. In some preferred alternatives, the amount of ethoxylated oil in the mixture is 2%. In some preferred alternatives, the amount of ethoxylated oil in the mixture is 4%.

[0069] In some alternatives, the stored water prepared by the method described herein further includes essential oils, pigments or spices. In some alternatives, additional wetting agents or hydrating agents can be added to the stored water of the present disclosure. For example, a wetting agent or hydrating agent can be added to one or more parts of a bath treatment preparation to prepare a moistening or hydration bath. This will provide a "hot spring-like" experience of relaxingly soaking in the moistening or hydrating components of the skin, and allow these users to easily and conveniently replace the topical application of skin lotion after the bath, while relieving pressure. Various components can be added to the stored water to provide this benefit, and various components include but are not limited to wetting agents and hydrating agents that give some moistening or hydration benefits to the skin. These include, but are not limited to, moisturizers such as glycerin, glycol, and sorbitol; synthetic oils such as mineral oil and petrolatum; natural oils such as jojoba oil, sunflower oil, and safflower oil; silicones such as dimethicone and cyclomethicone; esters such as isopropyl palmitate and caprylic or capric triglycerides; butters such as coffee butter, cocoa butter, and shea butter; barrier ingredients such as fatty acids (including unsaturated fatty acids), fatty alcohols, and waxes. In some alternatives, hyaluronic acid and / or urea are also added to the storage water.

[0070] In some alternatives, the methods for enhancing skin hydration or moisturization described herein further comprise observing, determining, or measuring skin hydration or moisturization in a subject after receiving the enhanced skin hydration or moisturization.

[0071] In some alternatives, the mixture is further formulated with or into a leave-on product, a rinse-off or wash-off product, a pharmaceutical formulation, a dietary supplement, a personal care formulation, or a cosmetic formulation. In some alternatives, the mixture of ethoxylated oil and water is further formulated with or into a matrix, a functional ingredient, a functional ingredient mixture, an active ingredient, or an active ingredient mixture. In some alternatives, the mixture is further formulated with or into a bar soap, a liquid soap, a hand soap, a body soap, a shower gel, a gel shower gel, or a bubble bath. In some alternatives, the mixture is further formulated with or into a shaving cream, shaving gel, aftershave, deodorant, antiperspirant, acne treatment formula, lip care formula, lip plumper, facial care formula (such as facial moisturizer, facial cleanser, facial cleanser, facial toner, facial astringent, facial clarifying water, facial mist, facial spray, facial mask, facial exfoliant, cotton pad, makeup cosmetics, makeup remover, foundation, concealer, or spray makeup fixative), or skin care formula. In some alternatives, the mixture is further formulated with or into a sunscreen formula, aftersun formula, foot care formula, or hand care formula. In some alternatives, the mixture is further formulated with or into a shampoo, conditioner, hair care formula, hair spray, hair styling product, or scalp care formula. In some alternatives, the mixture is further formulated with or into a self-tanning formula, a body care formula (such as a body moisturizer, a body spray, a body scrub, a body cleanser, a body exfoliant, or a body wipe). In some alternatives, the mixture is further formulated with or into a depilatory, a perfume, an eau de toilette, an eau de toilette, or a cologne. In some alternatives, the mixture is further formulated with or into a dish soap, a laundry detergent, or a pain relief formula. In some alternatives, the mixture is further formulated with or into a toothpaste, a tooth cleaning formula, a lozenge, or a mouthwash. In some alternatives, the mixture is further formulated with or into a first aid product, a skin disease product, a skin lesion product (e.g., to treat eczema, psoriasis, or rosacea), an antibacterial product, an insect bite product, a blister relief product, a cyst relief product, or a callus relief product. In some alternatives, the mixture is further formulated with or into a feminine care product, an anti-itch product, an anti-rash product, or an anti-fungal product. In some alternatives, the mixture is further formulated with or into a pet care product or a pet grooming product.In some alternatives, the mixture is further formulated with or into a wound healing product, a burn relief product, a scar management product, a stretch mark product, a wart removal product, a hand cleanser, a cold pain care product, or an anti-cellulite product. In some alternatives, the mixture is further formulated with or into an eye drop or eye spray, a nose drop or nose spray, an ear drop or ear spray, or an oral drop or oral spray. In some alternatives, the mixture is further formulated with or into a personal lubricant or a diaper product. In some alternatives, the mixture is further formulated with or into a soluble bead having a different dissolution rate to provide longer term delivery of the ethoxylated oil, stabilization, and / or reduced oxidation of the oil.

[0072] Process for making a microemulsion or nanoemulsion comprising macadamia oil and water

[0073] In one aspect, some alternatives of the present disclosure relate to methods of preparing a microemulsion or nanoemulsion comprising a non-ethoxylated oil and water ( Figure 1 ). As used herein, the term "micro- or nano-emulsion" refers to a dispersion of two incompatible liquids, one liquid phase being "dispersed" and the other being "continuous". In general, the micro- or nano-sized micelles in the micro- or nano-emulsion provide two very desirable qualities of cosmetics, personal care products, and drugs, namely, greater solubility and stability and higher bioavailability and higher dissolution rate. The micro- or nano-emulsion prepared by the method disclosed herein can be in the form of oil-in-water or water-in-oil, and the form can be appropriately selected according to the application and purpose.

[0074] Accordingly, in some alternatives, the microemulsions prepared by the methods described herein include micron-sized micelles having a mean micelle diameter of about 1 micron to about 5 microns (e.g., a diameter of 1.0 micron, 1.5 micron, 2.0 micron, 2.5 micron, 3.0 micron, 3.5 micron, 4.0 micron, 4.5 micron, or 5.0 micron, or a value within the range defined by any two of the foregoing diameters).

[0075] In some alternatives, the nanoemulsions prepared by the methods described herein include nanosized micelles, the diameter of the nanosized micelles preferably being greater than 0 microns but not exceeding 0.5 microns, preferably not exceeding 0.04 microns, and most preferably not exceeding 0.01 microns in diameter, or values ​​within the range defined by any two of the above diameters.

[0076] In some alternatives, the average micelle diameter of the micro- and nanoemulsions prepared by the methods described herein can be determined by a number of suitable techniques and systems, including, but not limited to, photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS), total intensity light scattering (TILS), static light scattering (SLS), dynamic light scattering (DLS), laser diffraction (LD), small angle neutron scattering (SANS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), spectrophotometry, and small angle X-ray scattering. These and other methods for characterizing emulsions are known in the art. Particularly suitable methods for determining micelle or particle size / diameter are laser diffraction or dynamic light scattering, using, for example, instruments manufactured by Malvern Instruments (Malvern, UK), such as the Malvern Zetasizer, or instruments manufactured by Horiba International (Kyoto, Japan), such as a particle size analyzer.

[0077] In some alternatives, the method for preparing micron or nanoemulsion disclosed herein relates to impinging fluid jet technology, in which two impinging jets are used to achieve high intensity mixing of fluids to form substantially homogeneous micron or nano micelles. The apparatus and method for the method for impinging jets to achieve high intensity mixing of non-ethoxylated oils and water are generally known in the art, and further details can be found in, for example, U.S. Patent Nos. 5,314,506 and 6,302,958 (both of which are incorporated herein by reference). Typically, the process for producing these micron or nano micelles involves two impinging liquid jets positioned in a well-stirred flask to achieve high intensity mixing. There is a very high level of supersaturation at the point where the two jets collide with each other. Due to this high supersaturation, extremely fast crystallization occurs in the small mixing volume at the collision point of the two liquids. Because new crystals are constantly nucleated at the collision point, a very large amount of crystals, i.e., micron or nano micelles, are produced.

[0078] Some alternatives disclosed herein relate to methods of preparing a micro- or nano-emulsion comprising oil and water, comprising: ultrasonically treating a first fluid jet comprising oil and a second fluid jet comprising water, wherein the ultrasonic treatment is performed by positioning the tip of an ultrasonic probe within a gap defined between a first fluid nozzle emitting the first fluid jet and a second fluid nozzle emitting the second fluid jet. The first and second fluid nozzles are positioned so that the fluid jets from the first fluid nozzle and the second fluid nozzle collide in the gap between the nozzles, thereby generating a high turbulence point at the impact point of the fluid jets. In the method, each fluid jet has a sufficient linear velocity to achieve high intensity mixing of oil and water (preferably non-ethoxylated macadamia oil or ethoxylated macadamia oil and water), and the ultrasonic probe provides ultrasonic energy in the immediate vicinity of the colliding fluid jets, thereby producing a micro- or nano-emulsion comprising oil and water.

[0079] In some alternatives of the methods described herein, the first fluid jet linear velocity is at least 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800 or 900 m / s, or a linear velocity in a range defined by any two of any of the above linear velocities. In some alternatives, the second fluid jet linear velocity is at least 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800 or 900 m / s, or a linear velocity in a range defined by any two of any of the above linear velocities. In some alternatives, the first jet and the second jet have the same linear velocity. In some alternatives, the first jet and the second jet have different linear velocities.

[0080] In some alternatives to the methods described herein, the first fluid jet and the second fluid jet are contacted at a pressure of 25,000-50,000 psi or at a pressure within a range defined by any two values ​​within the range of 25,000-50,000 psi, and after the first and second fluid jets are contacted under pressure, the resulting micro- or nano-emulsion (comprising oil and water, the oil preferably being non-ethoxylated macadamia oil or ethoxylated macadamia oil) is placed under atmospheric pressure.

[0081] In some alternatives, the ultrasonic treatment is performed at a temperature above the freezing point of water but below or equal to ambient temperature, for example 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 or 25 degrees Celsius, or a temperature within a range defined by any two of the above temperatures.

[0082] In some alternatives, the temperature of the first fluid jet is above the freezing point of water but below or equal to the ambient temperature, e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 degrees Celsius, or a temperature within a range defined by any two of the above temperatures.

[0083] In some alternatives, the temperature of the second fluid jet is above the freezing point of water but below or equal to the ambient temperature, e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 degrees Celsius, or a temperature within a range defined by any two of the above temperatures.

[0084] In some alternatives, the temperature of the first fluid jet is the same as the temperature of the second fluid jet. In some alternatives, the temperature of the first fluid jet is different than the temperature of the second fluid jet.

[0085] In some alternatives of this and other aspects of the disclosure, the micro- or nanoemulsion prepared by the methods disclosed herein comprises non-ethoxylated macadamia oil and water. In some alternatives, the macadamia oil is ethoxylated.

[0086] In some alternatives, the mixture prepared by the method disclosed herein is composed of ethoxylated oil and water. In some alternatives, ethoxylated oil can be vegetables, crops, fruits, seeds, aquatic products, flowers, nuts, animals or synthetic oils or fatty acids, unsaturated fatty acids, fatty alcohols or fatty amines, wherein the average per molecule ethoxy number of ethoxylated oil is 10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19 or more per molecule ethoxy number. Preferred ethoxylated oil can be obtained or produced by, for example, palmitoleic acid, neem oil, mink oil, sea buckthorn oil, castor oil, jojoba oil, corn oil or emu oil. In some alternatives, preferred oil can be macadamia nut oil, jojoba oil or white meadowfoam oil, or any combination thereof. In some alternatives, the ethoxylated oil that can be used in the method described herein is obtained or produced by macadamia nut oil. Preferably, the average number of ethoxy groups per molecule of the ethoxylated oil is 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, or 19, or an average number of ethoxy groups per molecule within the range defined by any two of the above values. In a particularly preferred alternative, the ethoxylated oil is obtained from macadamia nut oil having 16 ethoxy groups per molecule.

[0087] The amount of ethoxylated oil suitable for the methods described herein can vary depending on the intended application. For example, in some alternatives, the amount of non-ethoxylated macadamia oil or ethoxylated macadamia oil in the micro- or nano-emulsion or mixture is between 0.1% and 50%. That is, some alternatives to the methods described herein can include a micro- or nano-emulsion or mixture that contains less than or equal to (but not zero) 0.1%, 0.15%, 0.2%, 0.25%, 0.3%, 0.35%, 0.4%, 0.45%, 0.5%, 0.55%, 0.6%, 0.65%, 0.7%, 0.75%, 0.8%, 0.85%, 0.9%, 0.95%, 1.0%, 1.25%, 1.5%, 1.75%, 2.0%, 2.25%, 2.5%, 2.75%, 3.0%, 3.25%, %, 3.5%, 3.75%, 4.0%, 4.25%, 4.5%, 4.75%, 5.0%, 5.25%, 5.5%, 5.75%, 6.0%, 6.25%, 6.5%, 6.75%, 7.0%, 7.25%, 7.5%, 7.75%, 8.0%, 8.25%, 8.5%, 8.75%, 9.0%, 9.25%, 9.5%, 9.75%, 10.0%, 10.25%, 10.5%, 10.75%, 11.0%, 11.25%, 11.5%, 11.75%, 12.0%, 12.25%, 12. 5%, 12.75%, 13.0%, 13.25%, 13.5%, 13.75%, 14.0%, 14.25%, 14.5%, 14.75%, 15.0%, 15.5%, 16.0%, 16.5%, 17.0%, 17.5%, 18.0%, 18.5%, 19.0%, 19.5%, 20.0%, 20.5%, 21.0%, 21.5%, 22.0%, 22.5%, 23.0%, 23.5%, 24.0%, 24.5%, 25.0%, 25.5%, 26.0%, 26.5%, 27.0%, %, 38.0%, 38.5%, 39.0%, 39.5%, 40.0%, 40.5%, or 50.0% (by volume or weight), or in an amount within the range defined by any two of the above amounts, of a non-ethoxylated oil or an ethoxylated oil.In some preferred alternatives, the amount of non-ethoxylated oil or ethoxylated oil in the micro- or nano-emulsion or mixture is 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, or 25% (by volume or weight), or an amount within the range defined by any two of the above amounts. In some preferred alternatives, the amount of non-ethoxylated oil or ethoxylated oil in the mixture is 1%. In some preferred alternatives, the amount of non-ethoxylated oil or ethoxylated oil in the mixture is 2%. In some preferred alternatives, the amount of non-ethoxylated oil or ethoxylated oil in the mixture is 4%.

[0088] In some alternatives, the method for preparing the mixture described herein further comprises adding essential oils, pigments or spices to the mixture. In some alternatives, the mixture further comprises additives for cosmetics, personal care, pharmacy and / or dermatology, including but not limited to fats, emulsifiers and co-emulsifiers, surfactants, co-surfactants, hydrophilic or lipophilic gelling agents, preservatives, solvents, co-solvents, emollients, humectants, stabilizers, spices, thickeners, fillers, hydrophilic and lipophilic filters, dyes, mineral pigments, as used in cosmetics, neutralizers, facial astringents, penetration enhancers and polymers. The amount of these various additives is the amount commonly used in cosmetics, personal care, pharmacy and / or dermatology preparations, as known to those of ordinary skill in the art.

[0089] In some alternatives, the method of preparing a micro- or nano-emulsion described herein further comprises adding stored water to the micro- or nano-emulsion so that the subject is contacted with the mixture, the mixture being a mixture of the micro- or nano-emulsion and water ( Figure 1). Those of ordinary skill in the art will readily recognize that the micron or nanoemulsion can be added to static, sprayed or flowing water. Accordingly, in some alternatives of the methods described herein, the micron or nanoemulsion is added to a static body of water and then mixed to form a static mixture for storage. In some alternatives, the methods described herein further include contacting the static mixture storage with the subject. Suitable stored water includes, but is not limited to, water contained in a container, a mixing container, a mixing water tank, a mixing kettle, a water softening system, a water purification system, a water filtration system, a drinking water system, a fountain drinking fountain, a swimming pool, a pool, a whirlpool, a steam room, a sauna, a water storage tank, a sink, a bathtub, a tub, or a shower. In some alternatives, the micron or nanoemulsion is added to the sprayed or flowing water by real-time online metering, the micron or nanoemulsion is mixed with the sprayed or flowing water to produce a sprayable or flowable mixture, and then the subject is contacted with such a sprayable or flowable mixture.

[0090] In some alternatives, the methods of preparing a mixture described herein further comprise observing, determining, or measuring skin hydration or moisturization of the subject after contacting the subject with the mixture.

[0091] In some alternatives, the method for preparing the mixture described herein further comprises introducing the following into the mixture: a leave-on product, a rinse or wash-off product, a pharmaceutical preparation, a dietary supplement, a personal care preparation, or a cosmetic preparation. In some alternatives, the mixture of ethoxylated oil and water is further formulated with or formulated into the following: a matrix, a functional ingredient, a functional ingredient mixture, an active ingredient, or an active ingredient mixture. In some alternatives, the mixture is further formulated with or formulated into the following: a bar soap, a liquid soap, a hand soap, a body soap, a shower gel, a gel shower gel, or a bubble bath. In some alternatives, the mixture is further formulated with or into a shaving cream, shaving gel, aftershave, deodorant, antiperspirant, acne treatment formula, lip care formula, lip plumper, facial care formula (such as facial moisturizer, facial cleanser, facial cleanser, facial toner, facial astringent, facial clarifying water, facial mist, facial spray, facial mask, facial exfoliant, cotton pad, makeup cosmetics, makeup remover, foundation, concealer, or spray makeup fixative), or skin care formula. In some alternatives, the mixture is further formulated with or into a sunscreen formula, aftersun formula, foot care formula, or hand care formula. In some alternatives, the mixture is further formulated with or into a shampoo, conditioner, hair care formula, hair spray, hair styling product, or scalp care formula. In some alternatives, the mixture is further formulated with or into a self-tanning formula, a body care formula (such as a body moisturizer, a body spray, a body scrub, a body cleanser, a body exfoliant, or a body wipe). In some alternatives, the mixture is further formulated with or into a depilatory, a perfume, an eau de toilette, an eau de toilette, or a cologne. In some alternatives, the mixture is further formulated with or into a dish soap, a laundry detergent, or a pain relief formula. In some alternatives, the mixture is further formulated with or into a toothpaste, a tooth cleaning formula, a lozenge, or a mouthwash. In some alternatives, the mixture is further formulated with or into a first aid product, a skin disease product, a skin lesion product (e.g., to treat eczema, psoriasis, or rosacea), an antibacterial product, an insect bite product, a blister relief product, a cyst relief product, or a callus relief product. In some alternatives, the mixture is further formulated with or into a feminine care product, an anti-itch product, an anti-rash product, or an anti-fungal product. In some alternatives, the mixture is further formulated with or into a pet care product or a pet grooming product.In some alternatives, the mixture is further formulated with or into a wound healing product, a burn relief product, a scar management product, a stretch mark product, a wart removal product, a hand cleanser, a cold pain care product, or an anti-cellulite product. In some alternatives, the mixture is further formulated with or into an eye drop or eye spray, a nose drop or nose spray, an ear drop or ear spray, or an oral drop or oral spray. In some alternatives, the mixture is further formulated with or into a personal lubricant or a diaper product. In some alternatives, the mixture is further formulated with or into soluble beads having different dissolution rates to provide longer term delivery, stability, and / or reduced oxidation.

[0092] On the other hand, Figure 1 As shown in , some alternatives of the present disclosure relate to a method of preparing a micro- or nanoemulsion comprising non-ethoxylated macadamia oil and water, the method comprising: transesterifying the non-ethoxylated macadamia oil in the presence of water to produce an ethoxylated macadamia oil; and mixing the resulting ethoxylated macadamia oil with water to produce a mixture.

[0093] Methods for increasing the conductivity and capacitance of human skin

[0094] Some alternatives disclosed herein relate to methods for increasing the conductivity or capacitance in the skin of a subject (e.g., a human or an animal, such as a domestic or farm animal, such as a dog, cat, horse, cow, pig, or sheep) while simultaneously reducing the impedance of the skin of the same subject, the method comprising topically applying to the skin of a selected or determined subject a mixture comprising an ethoxylated oil and water, and then, optionally, adding one or more components or compounds, wherein the water contacts the ethoxylated oil, and then optionally mixing the mixture with one or more additional components or compounds ( Figure 1). In some alternatives, the ethoxylated oils useful in the methods described herein can be vegetable, crop, fruit, seed, aquatic, flower, nut, animal, or synthetic oils or fatty acids, fatty alcohols, or fatty amines, wherein the average number of ethoxy groups per molecule of the ethoxylated oil is 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, or 19, or within the range defined by any two of the above values. In some alternatives, the ethoxylated oil can be an unsaturated fatty acid. Preferred ethoxylated oils can be obtained or produced, for example, from oleic acid, palmitoleic acid, almond oil, avocado oil, evening primrose oil, grape seed oil, hazelnut oil, pumpkin seed oil, rose hip oil, safflower oil, sunflower seed oil, walnut oil, wheat germ oil, neem oil, mink oil, lanolin, argan oil, Abyssinian oil, Spanish sage oil (salvia oil), tamanu oil seed oil (inophyll oil), squalane, sea buckthorn oil, meadowfoam oil, castor oil, jojoba oil, olive oil, corn oil, sesame oil, arachis oil, alnus sibiricum oil, or emu oil, or any combination thereof. In some alternatives, the ethoxylated oil useful in the methods described herein is obtained or produced from macadamia nut oil. Preferably, the average number of ethoxy groups per molecule in the ethoxylated macadamia oil is 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 or 19, or an average number of ethoxy groups per molecule within the range defined by any two of the above values. In a particularly preferred alternative, the ethoxylated oil is obtained from macadamia oil having 16 ethoxy groups per molecule. In some alternatives, the amount of ethoxylated macadamia oil in the mixture is 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24% or 25% (by volume or weight), or an amount within the range defined by any two of the above amounts.

[0095] The amount of ethoxylated oil suitable for the methods described herein can vary depending on the intended application. For example, in some alternatives, the methods for increasing the skin conductivity or capacitance of the present disclosure can include a mixture comprising between 0.1% and 50% (by volume or weight) of an ethoxylated oil. That is, some alternatives to the methods described herein can include a mixture comprising less than or equal to (but not zero) 0.1%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5%, 3.0%, 3.5%, 4.0%, 4.5%, 5.0%, 5.5%, 6.0%, 6.5%, 7.0%, 7.5%, 8.0%, 8.5%, 9.0%, 9.5%, 10.0 ... .5%, 10.0%, 10.5%, 11.0%, 11.5%, 12.0%, 12.5%, 13.0%, 13.5%, 14.0%, 14.5%, 15.0%, 15.5%, 16.0%, 16.5%, 17.0%, 17.5%, 18.0%, 18.5%, 19.0%, 19.5%, 20.0%, 20.5%, 21.0 %, 21.5%, 22.0%, 22.5%, 23.0%, 23.5%, 24.0%, 24.5%, 25.0%, 25.5%, 26.0%, 26.5%, 27.0%, 27.5%, 28.0%, 28.5%, 29.0%, 29.5%, 30.0%, 30.5%, 31.0%, 31.5%, 32.0%, 32.5% , 33.0%, 33.5%, 34.0%, 34.5%, 35.0%, 35.5%, 36.0%, 36.5%, 37.0%, 37.5%, 38.0%, 38.5%, 39.0%, 39.5%, 40.0%, 40.5% or 50.0% (by volume or weight), or in an amount within the range defined by any two of the above amounts. In some preferred alternatives, the amount of ethoxylated oil in the mixture is 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24% or 25% (by volume or weight), or an amount within the range defined by any two of the above amounts.

[0096] In some alternatives, methods for increasing electrical conductivity or capacitance in the skin of a selected subject (e.g., a human or animal, such as a domestic or farm animal, like a dog, cat, horse, cow, pig, or sheep) add one or more components after contacting water with an ethoxylated oil such as xanthan gum, zinc dioxide, titanium dioxide, talc, silica, and a combination of phenoxyethanol, caprylyl glycol, ethylhexylglycerin, and hexylene glycol sold under the trade name Botanistat PF-64. Other alternative components include one or more components such as glycerin, urea, mineral oil, dimethicone, hyaluronic acid (sodium hyaluronate), gamma-polyglutamic acid (or gamma-polyglutamic acid), betaine, sodium PCA, sodium L-lactate, propylene glycol, isosorbide dioctanoate, C12-13 alkyl lactate, C12-13 alkyl malate, PPG 15 stearyl ether, isostearyl isostearate, isopropyl isostearate, palmitamide MEA, helianthus annuus (sunflower) seed oil unsaponifiables, Brassica rapa (rapeseed) sterols, trehalose, hexylene glycol, pentylene glycol, polyquaternium-51, triacetin, caprylyl glycol, papaver somniferum callus extract, Tamarindus indica seed polysaccharide, oat beta glucan, Alnus macrophylla oil (Prasicola oil), Elaeagnus brasiliensis oil (Argania spinosa oil), tetrahexyldecyl ascorbate, and / or ceramide.

[0097] In some alternatives of the method described herein, the mixture is formulated for topical administration. As used herein, the terms "administration" and "application" refer to the delivery of the mixture by parenteral, intranasal, ocular, ear canal, sublingual, oral, mucosal, and / or oral administration routes. The term "topical administration" is used herein with its conventional meaning, and it refers to the delivery of active agents to body surfaces (such as skin), such as in the topical administration of drugs in the prevention or treatment of various skin diseases, in the application of cosmetics and cosmeceuticals (including moisturizers, face or body sprays, shower gels, facial cleansers, lotions, facial masks, sunscreens, etc.). Compared with transdermal administration, topical administration provides local rather than systemic effects. Thus, as used herein, "topical administration" is limited to the surface deposition of the mixture, and excludes any transdermal systemic delivery mechanism.

[0098] In some alternatives, the mixture formulated for topical administration comprises drinking water, bottled water, soda water, soda mineral water, alkaline water, glacier water, coconut water, carbonated water, purified drinking water, natural water, spring water, natural spring water, artesian water, natural artesian water, mineral water, natural mineral water, and / or any mixture thereof. In some alternatives, the mixture consists of, consists essentially of, or includes drinking water, bottled water, soda water, soda mineral water, alkaline water, glacier water, coconut water, carbonated water, purified drinking water, natural water, spring water, natural spring water, artesian water, natural artesian water, mineral water, or natural mineral water; the water is first contacted with the ethoxylated oil and comprises one or more of the following: Water, Ice Mountain, Sparkletts, Zico, Vita Coco, Aquafina, Arrowhead Water, Deja Blue, Crystal Geyser, Evian, Glaceau Smartwater, Glaceau Vitaminwater, Iceland PureSpring Water, Pure Aqua, Niagara, Poland Spring, Propel FitnessWater, San Pellegrino, Gerolsteiner, Ferrarelle, Perrier, Mountain Valley, Ty Nant, Volvic, Icelandic Glacial, Dasani, Deer Park, Ozarka, Voss, Vittel, Contrex, AcquaPanna, Sao Lourenco, and Sierra spring waters and / or any mixture thereof.

[0099] Generally speaking, in the method described herein, any topical preparation can be used as known in the art, as long as the preparation keeps the hydration of the mixture or the wetting activity. In some alternatives, the mixture is further prepared with the following material or formulated into the following material: wash-free product, flushing or wash-off type product, pharmaceutical preparation, dietary supplement, personal care preparation or cosmetic preparation. In some alternatives, the mixture of ethoxylated oil and water is further prepared with the following material or formulated into the following material: matrix, functional ingredient, functional ingredient mixture, active ingredient or active ingredient mixture. In some alternatives, the mixture is further prepared with the following material or formulated into the following material: bar soap, liquid soap, hand soap, body soap, shower gel, gel shower gel or bubble bath. In some alternatives, the mixture is further formulated with or into a shaving cream, shaving gel, aftershave, deodorant, antiperspirant, acne treatment formula, lip care formula, lip plumper, facial care formula (such as facial moisturizer, facial cleanser, facial cleanser, facial toner, facial astringent, facial clarifying water, facial mist, facial spray, facial mask, facial exfoliant, cotton pad, makeup cosmetics, makeup remover, foundation, concealer, or spray makeup fixative), or skin care formula. In some alternatives, the mixture is further formulated with or into a sunscreen formula, aftersun formula, foot care formula, or hand care formula. In some alternatives, the mixture is further formulated with or into a shampoo, conditioner, hair care formula, hair spray, hair styling product, or scalp care formula. In some alternatives, the mixture is further formulated with or into a self-tanning formula, a body care formula (such as a body moisturizer, a body spray, a body scrub, a body cleanser, a body exfoliant, or a body wipe). In some alternatives, the mixture is further formulated with or into a depilatory, a perfume, an eau de toilette, an eau de toilette, or a cologne. In some alternatives, the mixture is further formulated with or into a dish soap, a laundry detergent, or a pain relief formula. In some alternatives, the mixture is further formulated with or into a toothpaste, a tooth cleaning formula, a lozenge, or a mouthwash. In some alternatives, the mixture is further formulated with or into a first aid product, a skin disease product, a skin lesion product (e.g., to treat eczema, psoriasis, or rosacea), an antibacterial product, an insect bite product, a blister relief product, a cyst relief product, or a callus relief product. In some alternatives, the mixture is further formulated with or into a feminine care product, an anti-itch product, an anti-rash product, or an anti-fungal product.In some alternatives, the mixture is further formulated with or formulated into: a pet care product or a pet grooming product. In some alternatives, the mixture is further formulated with or formulated into: a wound healing product, a burn relief product, a scar management product, a stretch mark product, a wart removal product, a hand cleaner, a cold pain care product, or an anti-cellulite product. In some alternatives, the mixture is further formulated with or formulated into: eye drops or eye sprays, nose drops or nose sprays, ear drops or ear sprays, or oral drops or oral sprays. In some alternatives, the mixture is further formulated with or formulated into: a personal lubricant or a diaper product. In some alternatives, the mixture is further formulated with or formulated into: a soluble bead, such as a shampoo or conditioner bead, a moisturizing bead in a preparation for the face or body, or a bath bead. Techniques for making soluble beads with encapsulated oils that dissolve under predetermined conditions and are suitable for cosmetic and therapeutic purposes are known to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, it is contemplated that in some alternatives, the mixture is further formulated into soluble beads with different dissolution rates to provide longer term delivery, stabilization or reduced oxidation of the ethoxylated oil.

[0100] In some alternatives, the topical formulations described herein may further comprise a cosmetically, dermatologically or pharmaceutically acceptable diluent, carrier or excipient.

[0101] In some alternatives, the topical formulations described herein further include additives that can be used in the field of makeup, personal care, pharmacy and / or dermatology, including, but not limited to, fats, emulsifiers and co-emulsifiers, surfactants, co-surfactants, hydrophilic or lipophilic gelling agents, preservatives, solvents, co-solvents, emollients, humectants, stabilizers, fragrances, thickeners, fillers, hydrophilic and lipophilic filters, dyes, mineral pigments, as used in makeup, cosmetics, neutralizers, facial astringents, penetration enhancers and polymers. The amounts of these various additives are those commonly used in cosmetic, personal care, pharmaceutical and / or dermatological preparations, as known to those of ordinary skill in the art. In some alternatives, the topical formulations described herein further include essential oils, cosmetic pigments, tanning pigments or fragrances.

[0102] As used herein, the term "storage" should be interpreted as any suitable water body that can be used in combination with the method for increasing the conductivity or capacitance of the selected or determined subject's skin. In some alternatives, the method described herein for increasing the conductivity or capacitance of the selected or determined subject's skin and reducing the impedance of the skin of the same subject further includes applying a mixture to the selected or determined subject's skin topically, the mixture including ethoxylated oil and water from storage. The storage water can be any water body, such as a container, a mixing container, a mixing water tank, or a mixing kettle. In some alternatives, the storage water can be a water softening system, a water purification system, or a water filtration system. In some alternatives, the storage water can be a drinking water system or a fountain. In some alternatives, other suitable storage waters can include, but are not limited to, a swimming pool, a pool, a whirlpool, a steam room, a sauna, a water storage tank, a sink, a bathtub, a tub, or a shower.

[0103] Those of ordinary skill in the art will quickly recognize that the ethoxylated oil can be added to static, sprayed or flowing water to produce a mixture. Accordingly, in some alternatives to the methods described herein, the ethoxylated oil is contacted with a static body of water and mixed to produce a static mixture. In some alternatives, the ethoxylated oil is metered in real time online to be added to the sprayed or flowing water to form a sprayable or flowable mixture.

[0104] In some alternatives, the method described herein for increasing the conductivity or capacitance of the skin of a subject (e.g., a human or animal, such as a domestic animal or farm animal, such as a dog, cat, horse, cow, pig, or sheep) and reducing the impedance of the subject's skin further includes determining or measuring the skin hydration or wetting of the subject after applying the mixture. It will be readily appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that improvements in skin hydration or wetting can be measured using known systems and techniques, including a variety of methods and instruments that have been developed for studying skin physiology, biophysical properties, and skin barrier function. Generally, skin hydration or wetting values ​​can be determined by using any suitable technique known in the art, and can be determined by, for example, techniques developed to assess skin hydration or wetting and based on one or more electrical properties of the skin (such as measuring the resistance, AC conductivity (conductivity), capacitance, and impedance of the skin surface). For example, it will be readily appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that skin hydration or wetting can be determined by measuring electromagnetic radiation on the skin surface or by determining changes in the dielectric constant or permittivity caused by changes in skin surface hydration or wetting. Other non-limiting examples of suitable techniques for measuring skin hydration or moisturization according to the methods described herein include determining skin hydration or moisturization by measuring thermal conductivity, or assessing skin hydration or moisturization based on at least one elastography parameter of the skin.

[0105] As used herein, the phrase "transepidermal water loss" (TEWL) refers to water loss through the epidermis, which is often exacerbated by skin barrier damage caused by environmental factors associated with dry skin, such as detergents, soaps, solvents or ultraviolet light that tend to remove or damage the skin's protective lipids, leading to such water loss. Therefore, measurement of TEWL is important for assessing the efficiency of the skin's water barrier. Typically, this measurement is made using The device was used (Courage+Khazaka Electronic, Germany), and the measurement of water evaporation was based on the diffusion principle in an open chamber.

[0106] In some alternatives, attenuated total reflectance / Fourier transform infrared (ATR / FTIR) spectroscopy can be used to determine or measure skin hydration or moisturizing, where the skin study is performed and analyzed based on energy reflection at the prism / skin interface. Generally speaking, ATR / FTIR studies involve contact of a skin sample and a prism. A hydration and moisturizing process is employed to increase the softness and flexibility of the skin surface, which results in reduced variability in the contact between the skin and the prism. Systems and procedures suitable for ATR / FTIR analysis of skin hydration and moisturizing are known in the art.

[0107] In some alternatives, when a constant frequency alternating current is applied to the skin, the conductivity can be measured as an indicator of skin hydration or moisturizing. Skin hydration or moisturizing can then be calculated based on the conductivity, which depends on the water content of the skin (see Woo et al., Anal. Chem, 73, pp. 4964-4971, 2001). It is reported that the conductivity is well correlated with the surface portion of the stratum corneum even though the electric field across the stratum corneum is non-homologous. Devices such as 200 hygrometer) to measure skin conductivity.

[0108] Other devices suitable for measuring skin surface capacitance as an indicator of skin hydration or moisturization according to some alternatives of the methods disclosed herein may include Liquid hydrometer (Coura-ge+Khazaka Electronic, Germany), Evaporation meter, Nova Dermal Phase Meter9003, and Hydration probe and module (Cortex Technology, Denmark). In addition to conventional stratum corneum measurements, other methods for measuring hydration or wetting may include nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and transient thermal transfer (TTT).

[0109] In some alternatives, Equipment (Courage+Khazaka Electronic, Germany), Evaporation meter, or The probe and module (Cortex Technology, Denmark) can be used to measure transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and as an assessment of skin hydration or moisturizing value. An increase in TEWL can generally be attributed to a decrease in skin barrier properties. A decrease in TEWL can generally be attributed to an improvement in the associated barrier properties (see Morrison, J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem. 43, pp. 161-167, 1992).

[0110] Method for producing a mixture for improving skin hydration or moisturization

[0111] In some alternatives, some alternatives of the present disclosure relate to a method of preparing a mixture for improving hydration or moisturizing of the skin of a subject (e.g., a human or an animal, such as a domestic animal or farm animal, such as a dog, cat, horse, cow, pig, or sheep), the method comprising mixing a hydrated ethoxylated oil to produce a mixture or emulsion, and then adding at least one additional component to the mixture or emulsion, such as glycerin, urea, mineral oil, dimethicone, hyaluronic acid (sodium hyaluronate), gamma-polyglutamic acid (or gamma-polyglutamic acid), betaine, sodium PCA, sodium L-lactate, propylene glycol, isosorbide dioctanoate, C12-13 alkyl lactate, di-C12-13 alkyl malate, PPG 15-stearyl ether, isostearyl isostearate, isopropyl isostearate, palmitamide MEA, helianthus annuus (sunflower) seed oil unsaponifiables, brassica rapa (rapeseed) seed sterols, trehalose, hexylene glycol, pentylene glycol, polyquaternium-51, triacetin, caprylyl glycol, papaver somniferum callus extract, tataricus chinensis seed polysaccharide, avena sativa beta-glucan, prasina oil (prasina oil), sarmentosum brasiliensis oil (barbet oil), tetrahexyldecyl ascorbate and / or ceramide ( Figure 1 ).

[0112] In some alternatives, methods of producing a mixture or emulsion for improving hydration or moisturization of a subject's skin include adding one or more components such as xanthan gum, zinc dioxide, titanium dioxide, talc, silica, and a combination of phenoxyethanol, caprylyl glycol, ethylhexylglycerin, and hexylene glycol (trade name Botanistat PF-64) after mixing water and ethoxylated oil.

[0113] In some alternatives, the ethoxylated oils useful in the methods described herein can be vegetable, crop, fruit, seed, aquatic, flower, nut, animal, or synthetic oils or fatty acids, fatty alcohols, or fatty amines, wherein the average number of ethoxy groups per molecule of the ethoxylated oil is 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, or 19, or an average number of ethoxy groups per molecule within the range defined by any two of the above values. In some alternatives, the ethoxylated oil can be an unsaturated fatty acid. Preferred ethoxylated oils can be obtained or produced, for example, from oleic acid, palmitoleic acid, almond oil, avocado oil, evening primrose oil, grape seed oil, hazelnut oil, pumpkin seed oil, rose hip oil, safflower oil, sunflower seed oil, walnut oil, wheat germ oil, neem oil, mink oil, lanolin, argan oil, Abyssinian oil, Spanish sage oil (salvia oil), tamanu oil seed oil (inophyll oil), squalane, sea buckthorn oil, meadowfoam oil, castor oil, jojoba oil, olive oil, corn oil, sesame oil, arachis oil, alnus sibiricum oil, or emu oil, or any combination thereof. In some alternatives, the ethoxylated oil useful in the methods described herein is obtained or produced from macadamia nut oil. Preferably, the average number of ethoxy groups per molecule in the ethoxylated macadamia oil is 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, or 19, or an average number of ethoxy groups per molecule within the range defined by any two of the above values. In a particularly preferred alternative, the ethoxylated oil is obtained from macadamia oil having 16 ethoxy groups per molecule. In some alternatives, the amount of ethoxylated macadamia oil in the mixture is 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, or 25% (by volume or weight), or an amount within the range defined by any two of the above amounts.

[0114] The amount of ethoxylated oil in a mixture suitable for the methods described herein can vary depending on the intended application. For example, in some alternatives, the disclosed methods for producing a mixture for improving skin hydration or moisturizing can include a mixture comprising between 0.1% and 50% (by volume or weight) of an ethoxylated oil. That is, some alternatives to the methods described herein can include a mixture comprising less than or equal to (but not zero) 0.1%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5%, 3.0%, 3.5%, 4.0%, 4.5%, 5.0%, 5.5%, 6.0%, 6.5%, 7.0%, 7.5%, 8.0%, 8.5%, 9.0%, 9. 5%, 10.0%, 10.5%, 11.0%, 11.5%, 12.0%, 12.5%, 13.0%, 13.5%, 14.0%, 14.5%, 15.0%, 15.5%, 16.0%, 16.5%, 17.0%, 17.5%, 18.0%, 18.5%, 19.0%, 19.5%, 20.0%, 20.5%, 21.0 %, 21.5%, 22.0%, 22.5%, 23.0%, 23.5%, 24.0%, 24.5%, 25.0%, 25.5%, 26.0%, 26.5%, 27.0%, 27.5%, 28.0%, 28.5%, 29.0%, 29.5%, 30.0%, 30.5%, 31.0%, 31.5%, 32.0%, 32.5%, 33.0%, 33.5%, 34.0%, 34.5%, 35.0%, 35.5%, 36.0%, 36.5%, 37.0%, 37.5%, 38.0%, 38.5%, 39.0%, 39.5%, 40.0%, 40.5%, or 50.0% (by volume or weight), or in an amount within a range defined by any two of the above amounts. In some preferred alternatives, the amount of ethoxylated oil in the mixture is 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24% or 25% (by volume or weight), or an amount within the range defined by any two of the above amounts.

[0115] In some alternatives of the method described herein, the mixture is formulated for topical administration. As used herein, the terms "administration" and "application" refer to the delivery of the mixture by parenteral, intranasal, ocular, ear canal, sublingual, oral, mucosal, and / or oral administration routes. The term "topical administration" is used herein with its conventional meaning, and it refers to the delivery of active agents to body surfaces (such as skin), such as in the topical administration of drugs in the prevention or treatment of various skin diseases, in the application of cosmetics and cosmeceuticals (including moisturizers, face or body sprays, shower gels, facial cleansers, lotions, facial masks, sunscreens, etc.). Compared with transdermal administration, topical administration provides local rather than systemic effects. Thus, as used herein, "topical administration" is limited to the surface deposition of the mixture, and excludes any transdermal systemic delivery mechanism. In some alternatives, topical preparations described herein further include essential oils, cosmetic pigments, tanning pigments or spices.

[0116] In some alternatives, the mixture formulated for topical administration comprises drinking water, bottled water, soda water, soda mineral water, alkaline water, glacier water, coconut water, carbonated water, purified drinking water, natural water, spring water, natural spring water, artesian water, natural artesian water, mineral water, natural mineral water, and / or any mixture thereof. In some alternatives, the mixture consists of, consists essentially of, or includes drinking water, bottled water, soda water, soda mineral water, alkaline water, glacier water, coconut water, carbonated water, purified drinking water, natural water, spring water, natural spring water, artesian water, natural artesian water, mineral water, or natural mineral water; the water is first contacted with the ethoxylated oil and comprises one or more of the following: Water, Ice Mountain, Sparkletts, Zico, Vita Coco, Aquafina, Arrowhead Water, Deja Blue, Crystal Geyser, Evian, Glaceau Smartwater, Glaceau Vitaminwater, Iceland PureSpring Water, Pure Aqua, Niagara, Poland Spring, Propel FitnessWater, San Pellegrino, Gerolsteiner, Ferrarelle, Perrier, Mountain Valley, Ty Nant, Volvic, Icelandic Glacial, Dasani, Deer Park, Ozarka, Voss, Vittel, Contrex, AcquaPanna, Sao Lourenco, and Sierra spring waters and / or any mixture thereof.

[0117] All publications and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

[0118] No admission is made that any reference cited herein constitutes prior art. The discussion of the references states what their authors assert, and applicants reserve the right to question the accuracy and relevance of the cited documents. It will be clearly understood that although a number of sources of information (including scientific journal articles, patent documents, and textbooks) are cited herein, such citation does not constitute an admission that any of these documents constitute part of the common general knowledge in the art.

[0119] The discussion of the general methods given herein is intended for illustrative purposes only. Other alternative methods and embodiments will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art after reading this disclosure.

[0120] Example

[0121] The present disclosure generally relates to methods and compositions for improving hydration or moisturizing of the skin. More specifically, the present disclosure provides methods for enhancing hydration or moisturizing of the skin of a subject (e.g., a human or an animal, such as a domestic animal or farm animal, such as a dog, cat, horse, cow, pig, or sheep), by topically applying to the skin a mixture comprising or consisting of an ethoxylated oil and water or a micro or nanoemulsion and water. Also provided is a method for preparing a body of water comprising an ethoxylated oil or a micro or nanoemulsion, wherein the body of water is used to enhance skin hydration or moisturizing of the subject. Further provided is a method for preparing a micro or nanoemulsion comprising non-ethoxylated macadamia oil or ethoxylated macadamia oil and water. In addition, the present disclosure provides a method for enhancing the hydration or moisturizing of the skin of a subject (e.g., a human or an animal, such as a domestic animal or farm animal, such as a dog, cat, horse, cow, pig, or sheep), by topically applying a mixture to the skin of a selected or identified subject, the mixture comprising, essentially consisting of, or consisting of water, the water being in contact with an ethoxylated oil or a microemulsion or nanoemulsion, and then adding another component or compound to the mixture. Also provided is a method for increasing skin conductivity and capacitance and reducing impedance, the method being performed by topically applying a mixture to the skin, the mixture comprising or consisting of water, the water being in contact with an ethoxylated oil or a microemulsion or nanoemulsion, and then adding another component or compound to the mixture. Further provided is a method for preparing a mixture for hydrating or moisturizing the skin, the mixture comprising or consisting of water, the water being in contact with an ethoxylated oil or a microemulsion or nanoemulsion, and then adding another component or compound to the mixture. In some alternatives, the mixture formulated for topical application comprises drinking water, bottled water, soda water, soda mineral water, alkaline water, glacier water, coconut water, carbonated water, purified drinking water, natural water, spring water, natural spring water, artesian water, natural artesian water, mineral water, natural mineral water, and / or any mixture thereof. In some alternatives, the mixture consists of, consists essentially of, or includes drinking water, bottled water, soda water, soda mineral water, alkaline water, glacier water, coconut water, carbonated water, purified drinking water, natural water, spring water, natural spring water, artesian water, natural artesian water, mineral water, or natural mineral water; the water is first contacted with the ethoxylated oil or micro- or nano-emulsion, and comprises one or more of the following: Water, Ice Mountain, Sparkletts, Zico, Vita Coco, Aquafina, Arrowhead Water, Deja Blue, Crystal Geyser, Evian, Glaceau Smartwater, GlaceauVitaminwater, Iceland Pure Spring Water, Pure Aqua, Niagara, PolandSpring, Propel Fitness Water, San Pellegrino, Gerolsteiner, Ferrarelle, Perrier, Mountain Valley, Ty Nant, Volvic, Icelandic Glacial, Dasani, Deer Park, Ozarka, Voss, Vittel, Contrex, Acqua Panna, Sao Lourenco, and Sierra Spring Water and / or any mixture thereof.

[0122] Additional alternatives are disclosed in further detail in the following examples, which do not in any way limit the scope of the claims.

[0123] Example 1

[0124] General Procedures for Human Clinical Trials

[0125] This example describes the general procedures developed for human clinical studies conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the mixtures described herein in improving skin hydration or moisturization.

[0126] Changes in skin conductivity, impedance or capacitance are used to study epidermal hydration in vivo. Measurements are made to determine differences in the permittivity of the skin. Typically, skin has a low permittivity, while water has a high permittivity of 81. When the skin is hydrated, the conductivity and / or capacitance increases and / or the impedance decreases. CM 825 (Courage+Khazaka Electronic, Germany) was used to measure changes in the capacitance of the subjects' skin, which reflects changes in the hydration or moisturizing level of the skin surface. The measurement is based on dielectric capacitance measurement. The measurement can detect small changes in the hydration or moisturizing level of the skin. At each measurement interval, three replicates were performed at each of the treatment points, positive control points, and placebo control points.

[0127] The skin point chosen for testing was an area on the lateral side of the calf.

[0128] The subjects were required to report to the research institution at least 3 days before the start of the study. For cleaning (i.e., bathing) the calves during a wash-out period lasting 3 days. Enrolled subjects were given specific instructions prohibiting the use of any personal care products (e.g., lotions, creams, moisturizers, cleansers) other than those provided by the test personnel at all test points (e.g., both calves) throughout the wash-out period and the study period. After the wash-out period, the subjects returned to the testing agency and were instructed to wear clothing that did not cover the calves on the day of the evaluation. The lateral surface of the calf was gently wiped with a damp disposable cloth by trained test personnel and patted dry with a paper towel. The trained test personnel marked 6 test points on each subject according to a computer-generated test point random code. The random code is based on the locations of 6 possible test points, specifically 3 points on each calf. Each test point is approximately 4 cm × 4 cm. A schematic diagram of the test points is shown in Figure 2 As shown. The test point is placed in the center of the outside of the calf (at least 2 cm from the knee and at least 2 cm from the ankle). According to the random code, one point is used as a placebo control point and one point is used as a positive control point. The remaining four points test four different experimental formulas respectively. The placebo control only includes deionized water (or "DI water"). The positive control used in this experiment is a serum finished formula, which contains more than 10 ingredients or ingredient mixtures (hereinafter referred to as "HA serum"), and HA serum contains 2.0% hyaluronic acid ("HA"), which is a common skin moisturizing ingredient known to ordinary technicians in the field. Before taking baseline (pre-treatment) measurements, the subjects remain seated in a room at 20-24°C and 30-50% relative humidity for at least thirty (30) minutes to reach equilibrium. During this period, the subjects were instructed to keep the calves uncovered / exposed.

[0129] Skin hydration or moisturization values ​​were determined as follows.

[0130] Baseline values ​​(before application of control or noncontrol test products) are established by taking multiple readings of skin hydration or moisturizing at each of the six test points (only one reading is required, but multiple values ​​are usually taken and averaged to help eliminate measurement error). Trained clinical staff then apply 2 mg / cm 2 The test product was applied to the designated test point and wiped to complete absorption. To avoid cross contamination, these clinical staff wore fresh finger cots before and during each application and pipetted the test product directly onto the appropriate site. The baseline post-(treatment) value was established by three readings of the skin conductivity value at each of the six test points at six different time points. The change in skin hydration or moisturizing value was determined by subtracting the average baseline skin conductivity value measured before treatment from the average baseline post-(treatment) skin conductivity value measured at the six different time points. The hydration or moisturizing value and percentage change can then be calculated.

[0131] Example 2

[0132] Clinical Evaluation of the Effects of a Test Product 1 Mixture Containing 1% PEG-16 Macadamia Glycerides and Water

[0133] The clinical study was conducted according to the general procedures described in Example 1 above. A total of 15 healthy female subjects aged 35-65 years completed the clinical study evaluating the effects of a mixture containing 1% PEG-16 macadamia glycerides oil and deionized water (or "DI water") under the study conditions. Table 1 lists a summary of the main clinical results.

[0134] Table 1. Mean post-treatment differences in skin hydration or moisturization relative to mean baseline values ​​- positive differences indicate an increase in skin hydration / moisturization.

[0135]

[0136] Clinical Results As shown in Table 1, for Test Product 1 (defined as 1% PEG-16 macadamia glycerides and DI water), after a single application to the treated subjects' skin, when compared to the average baseline values, the hydration / moisturization of the subjects' skin improved at time intervals of 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, and 8 hours after treatment. In particular, at the 15 minute, 30 minute, 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, and 8 hour time points, an average increase of 39.53%, 30.15%, 24.74%, 20.21%, 16.57%, and 12.84% in skin hydration / moisturization was observed, respectively.

[0137] For Test Product 1, many subjects demonstrated improvements in skin hydration / moisturization at time intervals of 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, and 3 hours after treatment. In particular, 100% of the treated subjects showed improvements in skin hydration / moisturization at 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, and 2 hours.

[0138] For Test Product 1, there was an improvement in skin hydration / moisturization at time intervals of 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, and 8 hours post-treatment compared to baseline.

[0139] For Test Product 1, many subjects demonstrated improvements in skin hydration / moisturization at time intervals of 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, and 3 hours post-treatment.

[0140] Table 2. Difference in skin hydration / moisturization following treatment with Test Product 1 versus DI water only (placebo control point) - A positive difference indicates that the treatment point (for Test Product 1) was more hydrated / moisturized than the placebo control (DI water only) point.

[0141]

[0142]

[0143] Clinical Results: As shown in Table 2, when the mean percent change in the control point values ​​was subtracted from the mean percent change in the treated point (treated with Test Product 1) values ​​at time intervals of 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, and 8 hours post-treatment, the treated points with Test Product 1 (also defined as 1% PEG-16 macadamia glycerides and DI water) had a greater hydration / moisturizing effect than the placebo control point (DI water only).

[0144] Example 3

[0145] Clinical Evaluation of the Effects of a Test Product 2 Mixture Containing 2% PEG-16 Macadamia Glycerides and Water

[0146] The clinical study was conducted according to the general procedures described in Example 1 above. A total of 15 healthy female subjects aged 35-65 years completed the clinical study evaluating the effects of a mixture containing 2% PEG-16 macadamia glycerides oil and DI water under the study conditions. Table 3 lists a summary of the main clinical results.

[0147] Table 3. Mean post-treatment differences in skin hydration or moisturization relative to mean baseline values ​​- positive differences indicate an increase in skin hydration / moisturization.

[0148]

[0149] Clinical Results As shown in Table 2, for Test Product 2 (defined as 2% PEG-16 macadamia glycerides and DI water), after a single application to the treated subjects' skin, the hydration / moisturization of the subjects' skin improved at time intervals of 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, and 8 hours after treatment when compared to the average baseline values. In particular, at the 15 minute, 30 minute, 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, and 8 hour time points, an average increase of 36.00%, 29.52%, 26.94%, 22.15%, 17.73%, and 12.75% in skin hydration / moisturization was observed, respectively.

[0150] For Test Product 2, many subjects demonstrated improvements in skin hydration / moisturization at time intervals of 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, and 8 hours post-treatment. In particular, 100% of the treated subjects showed improvements in skin hydration / moisturization at the 15 minute, 30 minute, 1 hour, and 2 hour time points.

[0151] For Test Product 2, there was an improvement in skin hydration / moisturization compared to baseline at all time points, ie, at time intervals of 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, and 8 hours post-treatment.

[0152] For Test Product 2, many subjects demonstrated improvements in skin hydration / moisturization at time intervals of 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, and 8 hours post-treatment.

[0153] Table 4. Difference in skin hydration / moisturization following treatment with Test Product 2 versus DI water only (placebo control point) - A positive difference indicates that the treatment point (for Test Product 2) was more hydrated / moisturized than the placebo control (DI water only) point.

[0154]

[0155] Clinical Results As shown in Table 4, when the mean percent change in the control point values ​​was subtracted from the mean percent change in the treated point (treated with Test Product 2) values ​​at time intervals of 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, and 8 hours post-treatment, the Test Product 2 (also defined as 2% PEG-16 macadamia glycerides and DI water) treated points had a greater hydration / moisturizing effect than the placebo control point (DI water only).

[0156] Example 4

[0157] Clinical Evaluation of the Effects of 3 Mixtures of Test Products Containing 4% PEG-16 Macadamia Glycerides and Water

[0158] The clinical study was conducted according to the general procedures described in Example 1 above. A total of 15 healthy female subjects aged 35-65 years completed the clinical study evaluating the effects of a mixture containing 4% PEG-16 macadamia glycerides oil and DI water under the study conditions. Table 3 lists a summary of the main clinical results.

[0159] Table 5. Mean post-treatment differences in skin hydration or moisturization relative to mean baseline values ​​- positive differences indicate an increase in skin hydration / moisturization.

[0160]

[0161] Clinical Results As shown in Table 5, for Test Product 3 (defined as 4% PEG-16 macadamia glycerides and DI water), after a single application to the treated subjects' skin, the hydration / moisturization of the subjects' skin improved at time intervals of 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, and 8 hours after treatment when compared to the average baseline values. In particular, at the 15 minute, 30 minute, 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, and 8 hour time points, an average increase of 44.70%, 31.91%, 28.59%, 21.52%, 17.35%, and 10.58% in skin hydration / moisturization was observed, respectively.

[0162] For Test Product 3, many subjects demonstrated improvements in skin hydration / moisturization at time intervals of 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, and 2 hours after treatment. In particular, 93.33% of the treated subjects showed improvements in skin hydration / moisturization at the 15 minute, 30 minute, 1 hour, and 2 hour time points.

[0163] For Test Product 3, there was an improvement in skin hydration / moisturization compared to baseline at all time points, ie, at time intervals of 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, and 8 hours post-treatment.

[0164] Table 6. Difference in Skin Hydration / Moisturization Following Treatment with Test Product 3 versus DI Water Only (Placebo Control Point) - A positive difference indicates that the treatment point (for Test Product 3) was more hydrated / moisturized than the placebo control (DI Water Only) point.

[0165]

[0166] Clinical Results As shown in Table 6, when the mean percent change in the control point values ​​was subtracted from the mean percent change in the treated point (treated with Test Product 3) values ​​at time intervals of 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, and 8 hours post-treatment, the Test Product 3 (also defined as 4% PEG-16 Macadamia Glycerides and DI Water) treated points had a greater hydration / moisturizing effect than the placebo control point (DI Water only).

[0167] Example 5

[0168] Micelle size analysis

[0169] This example describes an exemplary study that was conducted to characterize a number of oil-in-water (O / W) and water-in-oil (W / O) emulsions prepared according to some alternatives to the micromixing method disclosed herein. In this study, micelle or particle size distribution was measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS) (by using a Malvern Zetasizer instrument (Malvern, UK)), where the distribution of diffusion coefficients is determined by measurement and correlation of statistical fluctuations in light scattered from a particle diffusion system under the influence of Brownian motion. In emulsions, micelles move with a constant random Brownian motion, causing them to cause fluctuations in the intensity of scattered light as a function of time. Therefore, in these experiments, the size of micelles or particles was measured based on correlation functions established by the Dispersion Technology Software (DTS) using various algorithms.

[0170] All measurements described in this example were performed at 25°C using a Zetasizer apparatus equipped with a 4 mW helium / neon "red" laser at a wavelength of 633 nm, a measurement chamber, a photomultiplier, and a correlator. Serial dilutions of each emulsion sample were prepared with distilled or deionized water (1:2; 1:5; 1:50; 1:200; and 1:400) and placed in a vertical cylindrical cuvette (DTS0012; Sarstedt AG&Co, Numbrecht, Germany). The cuvette was then covered and shaken by hand until the sample was evenly dispersed in the cuvette and there were no bubbles. The scattered intensity was measured at an angle of 173° relative to the source using an avalanche photodiode detector set at 25°C. In order to determine the distribution of the translational Z-averaged diffusion coefficient of the particles, i.e., D T (m 2 s -1 ), and the intensity autocorrelation function was analyzed by a general algorithm (integrated into the Malvern Zetasizer software). T Parameters and hydrodynamic radius R h Through the Stokes-Einstein equation (D T =k B T / 6πηR h ). The refractive index (RI) and absorbance level were set to 1.471 and 0.01 at 25°C, respectively. The measurements were repeated at least three times and the average diameter of the micelles or particles could be calculated.

[0171] Example 6

[0172] General Procedures for Human Clinical Research

[0173] This example describes the general procedures developed for human clinical studies conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the mixtures described herein in improving skin hydration or moisturization.

[0174] Changes in skin conductivity, impedance or capacitance are used to study epidermal hydration in vivo. Measurements are made to determine differences in the permittivity of the skin. Typically, skin has a low permittivity, while water has a high permittivity of 81. When the skin is hydrated, the conductivity and / or capacitance increases and / or the impedance decreases. CM 825 (Courage+Khazaka Electronic, Germany) was used to measure changes in the capacitance of the skin, which reflects changes in the hydration or moisturizing level of the skin surface. The measurement is based on dielectric capacitance measurement. The measurement can detect small changes in the hydration or moisturizing level of the skin. At each measurement interval, three replicates were performed at each of the experimental formulation point, the positive control point, and the two placebo control points.

[0175] The skin point chosen for testing was an area on the lateral side of the calf.

[0176] The subjects were required to report to the institution at least 3 days before the start of the study. For cleaning (i.e., bathing) the calves during a washout period lasting 3 days. Enrolled subjects were given specific instructions prohibiting the use of any personal care products (e.g., lotions, creams, moisturizers, cleansers) other than those provided by the test site personnel at all test sites (e.g., both calves) throughout the washout period and the study period. After the washout period, subjects returned to the testing facility and were instructed to wear clothing that did not cover the calves on the day of the evaluation. The lateral surface of the calf was gently wiped with a damp disposable cloth by trained test site personnel and patted dry with a paper towel. The trained test site personnel marked 6 test points on each subject according to a computer-generated test point random code. The random code is based on the locations of 6 possible test points, specifically 3 points on each calf. Each test point is approximately 4 cm × 4 cm. A schematic diagram of the test points is shown in Figure 3As shown. The test point was placed in the center of the outer side of the calf (at least 2 cm from the knee and at least 2 cm from the ankle). According to the random code, one point served as the first placebo control, one point served as the positive control point, and one point served as the second placebo control. The remaining three points tested three different experimental formulations respectively. The first placebo control included only DI water. The positive control used in this experiment was Test Product 2 (refer to Example 3 above), which was a mixture comprising DI water and 4% PEG-16 macadamia glycerides. The second placebo control used in this experiment was a mixture comprising DI water and 6 additional components without ethoxylated oil. Prior to taking baseline (pre-treatment) measurements, the subjects remained seated in a room at 20-24°C and 30-50% relative humidity for at least thirty (30) minutes to reach equilibrium. During this period, the subjects were instructed to keep the calves uncovered / exposed.

[0177] Skin hydration or moisturization values ​​are determined as follows. A baseline value (before application of a control or non-control test product) is established by taking multiple readings of skin hydration or moisturization at each of the six test points (only one reading is required, but multiple values ​​are usually taken and averaged over several measurements to help eliminate measurement error). Trained clinical staff then apply 2 mg / cm 2 The test product is applied to the designated test point and wiped to complete absorption. To avoid cross contamination, clinical staff wear fresh finger cots before and during each application and pipette the test product directly onto the appropriate site. The baseline post-(treatment) value is established by three readings of the skin conductivity value at each of the six test points at six different time points. The change in skin hydration or moisturizing value is determined by subtracting the average baseline skin conductivity value measured before treatment from the average baseline post-(treatment) skin conductivity value measured at the six different time points. The hydration or moisturizing value and percentage change can then be calculated.

[0178] Example 7

[0179] Clinical Evaluation of the Effects of 4 Test Products Containing 100% PEG-16 Macadamia Glycerides

[0180] The clinical study was conducted according to the general procedures described in Example 6 above. A total of 18 healthy female subjects aged 35-65 years completed the clinical study evaluating the effects of PEG-16 macadamia glycerides alone under the study conditions. A description of the ingredients of the mixture used in this example is shown in Table 7. Table 8 shows a summary of the main clinical results.

[0181] Table 7. Composition of experimental mixtures.

[0182]

[0183] Table 8. Mean post-treatment differences in skin hydration / moisturization relative to mean baseline values ​​- Positive differences indicate an increase in skin hydration / moisturization.

[0184]

[0185] Clinical Results As shown in Table 8, for Test Product 4 (defined as PEG-16 macadamia glycerides only), after a single application to the skin of treated subjects, there was an improvement in skin hydration / moisturization at time intervals of 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, and 8 hours post-treatment when compared to the mean baseline values. In particular, at the 15 minute, 30 minute, 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, and 8 hour time points, an average increase in skin hydration / moisturization of 91.04%, 107.17%, 116.80%, 124.10%, 131.67%, and 137.27%, respectively, was observed.

[0186] For Test Product 4, all subjects demonstrated improvements in skin hydration / moisturization at time intervals of 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, and 8 hours post-treatment. In particular, 100% of the treated subjects showed improvements in skin hydration / moisturization at the 15 minute, 30 minute, 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, and 8 hour time points. Thus, Test Product 4 demonstrated that PEG-16 macadamia glycerides provided noteworthy double-digit or triple-digit high hydration / moisturization values.

[0187] As further shown in Table 8, for the positive control or Test Product 2 (defined as 2.0% PEG-16 macadamia glycerides and DI water), after a single application to the skin of treated subjects, there was an improvement in skin hydration / moisturization at time intervals of 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, and 8 hours post-treatment when compared to the mean baseline values. In particular, at the 15 minute, 30 minute, 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, and 8 hour time points, an average increase in skin hydration / moisturization of 29.70%, 38.54%, 27.77%, 25.51%, 33.68%, and 41.15%, respectively, was observed.

[0188] For the positive control or Test Product 2, many subjects demonstrated improvements in skin hydration / moisturization at time intervals of 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, and 8 hours after treatment. In particular, 94.44%, 88.89%, 88.89%, 83.33%, 88.89%, and 94.44% of the treated subjects demonstrated improvements in skin hydration / moisturization at time intervals of 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, and 8 hours after treatment, respectively.

[0189] These results demonstrate that mixtures containing PEG-16 macadamia glycerides hydrate / moisturize the skin and hydrate or moisturize the skin more effectively than DI water alone.

[0190] Table 9. Difference in skin hydration / moisturization after treatment with Test Product 4 versus placebo control (DI water only). A positive difference indicates that the Test Product 4 point had a greater hydration / moisturization effect than the placebo control point.

[0191]

[0192]

[0193] Clinical Results As shown in Table 9, when the mean percent change in the placebo control point values ​​was subtracted from the mean percent change in the Test Product 4 point values ​​at time intervals of 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, and 8 hours post-treatment, the Test Product 4 (also including only PEG-16 macadamia glycerides) treatment points had a greater hydration / moisturizing effect than the placebo control points (DI water only).

[0194] in conclusion : Thus, this Example 7 provides evidence that PEG-16 macadamia glycerides alone can hydrate / moisturize the skin more effectively than DI water alone. Example 7 also shows that a mixture of DI water and PEG-16 macadamia glycerides can hydrate / moisturize the skin more effectively.

[0195] Example 8

[0196] For DI water that has been in contact with PEG-16 macadamia glycerides prior to contact with other components or compounds Clinical evaluation of the effect of test product 5

[0197] The clinical study was conducted according to the general procedures described above in Example 6. A total of 18 healthy female subjects aged 35-65 years completed the clinical study evaluating the effects of experimental formulations containing DI water first contacted with PEG-16 macadamia glycerides and then combined with other components or compounds under the study conditions. A description of the ingredients of the relevant formulations tested in Example 8 is shown in Tables 10 and 11. A comparison of the percent change difference in the mean hydration / moisturization measurement between the test product 5 and the placebo control 5 points is shown in Table 12.

[0198] Table 10. Experimental mixture compositions.

[0199]

[0200]

[0201] *For a complete list of additional components, please refer to Table 11.

[0202] **Note: The additional ingredients used in Test Product 5 were identical in type and amount to the additional ingredients used in Placebo Control 5.

[0203] Table 11. Additional components included in Test Product 5 and Placebo Control 5.

[0204]

[0205] INCI = International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients

[0206] Table 12. Post-treatment differences in skin hydration / moisturization for Test Product 5 (DI water first contacted with PEG-16 macadamia glycerides, then combined with additional components) versus Placebo Control 5 (DI water and the same additional components, but without PEG-16 macadamia glycerides). A positive difference indicates that the Test Product 5 point has a greater hydration / moisturization effect than the Placebo Control 5 point.

[0207]

[0208] Clinical ResultsAs shown in Table 12, when the mean percent change in the placebo control point values ​​was subtracted from the mean percent change in the test product 5 point values ​​at time intervals of 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, and 8 hours post-treatment, the test product 5 (again, DI water first contacted with PEG-16 macadamia glycerides and then combined with the additional components) treatment points had double-digit greater hydration / moisturization than the placebo control 5 points (DI water and the same additional components, but no PEG-16 macadamia glycerides) at five post-treatment time intervals (e.g., at the 15 minute, 30 minute, 2 hour, 3 hour, and 8 hour time points, respectively), and the test product 5 treatment points had single-digit greater hydration / moisturization than the placebo control 5 points at the remaining post-treatment time interval (e.g., at the 1 hour time point).

[0209] in conclusion : Thus, this Example 8 provides evidence that DI water first contacted with PEG-16 macadamia glycerides prior to introducing additional components can hydrate / moisturize skin more effectively than DI water and the same additional components used at the same concentrations but without PEG-16 macadamia glycerides.

[0210] Example 9

[0211] For DI water that has been in contact with PEG-16 macadamia glycerides prior to contact with other components or compounds Clinical evaluation of the effect of test product 6

[0212] The clinical study was conducted according to the general procedures described above in Example 6. A total of 18 healthy female subjects aged 35-65 years completed the clinical study evaluating the effects of experimental formulations containing DI water first contacted with additional components or mixtures and then combined with PEG-16 macadamia glycerides introduced at the end of the manufacturing process under the study conditions. A description of the ingredients of the relevant formulations tested in Example 9 is shown in Tables 13 and 14. A comparison of the percent change difference in the mean hydration / moisturization measurement between the test product 6 and the placebo control 5 points is shown in Table 15.

[0213] Table 13. Experimental mixture compositions.

[0214]

[0215]

[0216] *For a complete list of additional components, please refer to Table 14.

[0217] **Note: Placebo Control 5 is identical in composition to Placebo Control 5 specified in Example 8.

[0218] ***Note: The additional ingredients used in Test Product 6 were identical in type and amount to the additional ingredients used in Placebo Control 5.

[0219] Table 14. Additional components included in Test Product 6 and Placebo Control 5.

[0220]

[0221] INCI = International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients

[0222] Table 15. Post-treatment differences in skin hydration / moisturization for Test Product 6 (DI water first contacted with additional components and then combined with PEG-16 macadamia glycerides at the end of the manufacturing process) versus Placebo Control 5 (DI water and the same additional components but no PEG-16 macadamia glycerides). A positive difference indicates that the Test Product 6 point has a stronger hydration / moisturization effect than the Placebo Control 5 point.

[0223]

[0224]

[0225] Clinical Results As shown in Table 15, when the test product 6 points were compared to the placebo control 5 points, there were no double-digit increases in skin hydration / moisturization at any post-treatment time interval (e.g., at the 15 minute, 30 minute, 1 hour, 2 hour, 3 hour, and 8 hour time points, respectively). However, when the test product 6 points were compared to the placebo control 5 points, single-digit increases in skin hydration / moisturization were shown at four post-treatment time intervals (e.g., at the 15 minute, 30 minute, 1 hour, and 3 hour time points, respectively), a fractional increase in skin hydration / moisturization was shown at one post-treatment time interval (e.g., at the 2 hour time point), and an actual decrease in skin hydration / moisturization was shown at the remaining post-treatment time interval (e.g., at the 8 hour time point).

[0226] in conclusion: Thus, this Example 9 provides that there is no double-digit hydration / moisturization difference between the experimental formulation of DI water that was first contacted with additional components and then combined with PEG-16 macadamia glycerides added at the end of the manufacturing process and the experimental formulation containing DI water and the same additional components used at the same concentrations but without any PEG-16 macadamia glycerides present. Thus, the addition of PEG-16 macadamia glycerides (which is a clinically proven hydration / moisturization ingredient, see Example 7, Table 8, Test Product 4) at the end of the manufacturing process provides evidence of multiple different hydration / moisturization effects when the test product 6 points are compared to the placebo control 5 at each of the six post-treatment time intervals.

[0227] Example 10

[0228] The method comprises first contacting with another component or compound and introducing PEG-16 Australia solid at the end of the manufacturing process Clinical evaluation of the effects of 6 test products containing glycerols in DI water compared to those containing additional ingredients or compounds in contact Clinical Evaluation of the Effects of 5 Test Products on DI Water Prior to Contact with PEG-16 Macadamia Glycerides

[0229] The clinical study was conducted according to the general procedures described in Example 6 above. A total of 18 healthy female subjects aged 35-65 years completed the comparative study evaluating the effects of two experimental formulations under the study conditions. The experimental formulations differed based on the order in which the components were added to the final experimental formulation. The first experimental formulation (Test Product 5) comprised DI water that was first contacted with PEG-16 macadamia glycerides and then combined with additional components added at the end of the manufacturing process. The second experimental formulation (Test Product 6) comprised DI water that was first contacted with the same additional components and then combined with PEG-16 macadamia glycerides added at the end of the manufacturing process. A description of the ingredients of the two experimental formulations of this Example 10 and the manufacturing process for each experimental formulation are shown in Table 16. A comparison of the Test Product 5 point with the Test Product 6 point with respect to the difference in the percentage change in the average hydration / moisturizing effect measurement is shown in Table 17.

[0230] Table 16. Components of experimental formulations and respective manufacturing procedures.

[0231]

[0232] INCI = International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients

[0233] QS = appropriate amount (or sufficient amount)

[0234] As shown in Table 16, Test Product 5 was being manufactured in the order in which the components were listed. Notably, the DI water was first contacted with the PEG-16 macadamia glycerides and then combined with the remaining six listed components in the order listed. Test Product 6 was being manufactured in the order in which the components were listed. Notably, the DI water was first contacted with the six components listed thereunder in the order listed and then combined with the PEG-16 macadamia glycerides at the end of the manufacturing process.

[0235] Table 17. Difference in skin hydration / moisturization after treatment for Test Product 5 (DI water contacted with PEG-16 macadamia glycerides first, then combined with additional components) versus Test Product 6 (DI water contacted with the same additional components first, then combined with PEG-16 macadamia glycerides at the end of the manufacturing process). A positive difference indicates that Test Product 5 had a stronger hydration / moisturization effect than Test Product 6.

[0236]

[0237] Clinical Results As shown in Table 17, when the average percent change in the test product 6 point value was subtracted from the average percent change in the test product 5 point value at time intervals of 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, and 8 hours after treatment, the test product 5 treatment points had a stronger hydration / wetting effect than the test product 6 treatment points.

[0238] in conclusion : Thus, this Example 10 provides strong evidence of a difference in the hydration / moisturization ability of an experimental formulation where DI water was first contacted with PEG-16 macadamia glycerides and then combined with the additional components, compared to the hydration / moisturization ability of an experimental formulation where DI water was first contacted with the same additional components and then combined with PEG-16 macadamia glycerides at the end of the manufacturing process. This is a surprising result because Example 7 - Test Product 4 (100% PEG-16 macadamia glycerides) teaches that PEG-16 macadamia glycerides is an ingredient that has been clinically demonstrated to hydrate / moisturize 100% of the subjects tested at every time point tested (see Table 8 for results). However, surprisingly, the order of addition was relevant: Test Product 5 was demonstrated to have an average greater hydration / moisturization effect than Test Product 6 at at least six different time points. Thus, this Example 10 demonstrates that the experimental formulations in which DI water was first contacted with PEG-16 macadamia glycerides and then combined with the additional components were more effective in hydrating / moisturizing than the experimental formulations in which DI water was first contacted with the same additional components and then combined with PEG-16 macadamia glycerides at the end of the manufacturing process.

[0239] Embodiment 11

[0240] Involving deionized water (DI water), Natural artesian (bottled) water, and Pure (Bottled) General Procedures for Human Clinical Studies of Water with or without Mixing PEG-16 Macadamia Glycerides

[0241] This example describes the general procedures developed for human clinical studies conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the mixtures described herein in improving skin hydration or moisturization.

[0242] Changes in skin conductivity, impedance or capacitance are used to study epidermal hydration in vivo. Measurements are made to determine differences in the permittivity of the skin. Typically, skin has a low permittivity, while water has a high permittivity of 81. When the skin is hydrated, the conductivity and / or capacitance increases and / or the impedance decreases. CM 825 (Courage+Khazaka Electronic, Germany) was used to measure changes in the capacitance of the subjects' skin, which reflects changes in the hydration or moisturizing level of the skin surface. The measurement is based on dielectric capacitance measurement. The measurement can detect small changes in the hydration or moisturizing level of the skin. At each measurement interval, three replicate measurements were performed at each of the three experimental formulations and three placebo control points.

[0243] The skin point chosen for testing was an area on the lateral side of the calf.

[0244] The subjects were required to report to the institution at least 3 days before the start of the study. For cleaning (i.e., bathing) the calves during a wash-out period lasting 3 days. Enrolled subjects were given specific instructions prohibiting the use of any personal care products (e.g., lotions, creams, moisturizers, cleansers) other than those provided by the test site personnel at all test sites (e.g., both calves) throughout the wash-out period and the study period. After the wash-out period, subjects returned to the testing facility and were instructed to wear clothing that did not cover the calves on the day of the evaluation. The lateral surface of the calf was gently wiped with a damp disposable cloth by trained test site personnel and patted dry with a paper towel. The trained test site personnel marked 6 test points on each subject according to a computer-generated test point random code. The random code is based on the locations of the 6 possible test points, specifically, 3 points on the outer side of each calf. Each test point is approximately 4 cm × 4 cm. A schematic diagram of the test points is shown in Figure 4The test site was placed in the center of the lateral calf (at least 2 cm from the knee and at least 2 cm from the ankle). According to the randomization code, one site was used as the placebo control site for Test Product 7, one site was used as the placebo control site for Test Product 8, and one site was used as the placebo control site for Test Product 9. The remaining three sites tested the three different experimental formulations. The placebo control for Test Product 7 consisted of only DI water. The placebo control for Test Product 8 consisted of only Purified (bottled) water. The placebo control for Test Product 8 consisted only of Natural artesian (bottled) water. Prior to baseline (pre-treatment) measurements, subjects remained seated in a room at 20-24°C and 30-50% relative humidity for at least thirty (30) minutes to reach equilibrium. During this time, subjects were instructed to keep their lower legs uncovered / exposed.

[0245] Skin hydration or moisturizing values ​​were determined as follows. Baseline values ​​(prior to application of control or non-control test products) were established three times to establish skin hydration or moisturizing at each of the six test sites. During the entire treatment step, each test subject's legs were kept parallel to the ground. Each test site was first rinsed with 5 ml of DI water by trained clinical staff using a 5 ml scrubber (only) to avoid flow of a test product from one test site to another. The trained clinical staff then applied 2 mg / cm 2 Each test product was applied to a designated test point and wiped inward using both clockwise and counterclockwise circular motions for 60.0 seconds. Each test point was then allowed to remain motionless and untouched for another 60.0 seconds. Each test point was then rinsed with 4.0 oz of DI water (only) and then with The test subject was then able to place his feet on the floor. To avoid cross contamination, trained clinical staff wore fresh finger cots before and during each application and pipetted the test product directly onto the appropriate site. The finger cots were checked after each application to ensure that the test product was not attached to the finger cots. Baseline post-(treatment) values ​​were established by taking three readings of the skin conductivity values ​​at each of the six test points at five different time points. The change in skin hydration or moisturizing value was determined by subtracting the average baseline skin conductivity value measured before treatment from the average baseline post-(treatment) skin conductivity value measured at five different time points. The hydration or moisturizing enhancement value and percentage change can then be calculated.

[0246] Example 12

[0247] Clinical Evaluation of the Effects of a Test Product 7 Mixture Containing 2% PEG-16 Macadamia Glycerides and DI Water

[0248] (Washing study)

[0249] The clinical study was conducted according to the general procedures described in Example 11 above. A total of 19 healthy female subjects aged 38-64 years completed the clinical study evaluating the effects of a mixture containing 2% PEG-16 macadamia glycerides oil and DI water under the study conditions. A description of the ingredients of the mixture used in this Example 12 is shown in Table 18. Table 19 shows a summary of the main clinical results.

[0250] Table 18. Experimental mixture compositions.

[0251]

[0252] Table 19. Mean post-treatment differences in skin hydration or moisturization relative to mean baseline values. Positive differences indicate an increase in skin hydration / moisturization.

[0253]

[0254] Clinical Results As shown in Table 19, for Test Product 7 (defined as 2% PEG-16 macadamia glycerides and 98% DI water), after a single application to the treated subjects' skin, when compared to the average baseline values, the hydration / moisturization of the subjects' skin improved at time intervals of 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours, and 8 hours after treatment. In particular, at the 30 minute, 1 hour, 2 hour, 4 hour, and 8 hour time points, an average increase of 27.61%, 35.79%, 29.80%, 20.60%, and 13.13% in skin hydration / moisturization was observed, respectively.

[0255] For Test Product 7, many subjects demonstrated improvements in skin hydration / moisturization at time intervals of 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours, and 8 hours after treatment. In particular, at time intervals of 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, and 4 hours after treatment, 100% of the treated subjects showed improvements in skin hydration / moisturization, and at a time interval of 8 hours after treatment, 84.21% of the treated subjects showed improvements in skin hydration / moisturization.

[0256] These results demonstrate that a mixture comprising 2% PEG-16 macadamia glycerides and 98% DI water is able to hydrate / moisturize the skin and does so more effectively than DI water alone.

[0257] Table 20. Difference in skin hydration / moisturization after treatment with Test Product 7 (2% PEG-16 Macadamia Glycerides and 98% DI Water) versus Placebo Control 7 (DI Water Only). A positive difference indicates that the Test Product 7 had a greater hydration / moisturization effect than the Placebo Control 7 (DI Water Only).

[0258]

[0259] Clinical Results As shown in Table 20, when the mean percent change in the placebo control 7-point values ​​was subtracted from the mean percent change in the test product 7-point values ​​at time intervals of 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours, and 8 hours post-treatment, the test product 7 (also defined as 2% PEG-16 macadamia glycerides and DI water) treatment points had a greater hydration / moisturizing effect than the placebo control 7-points (DI water only).

[0260] in conclusion : Thus, this Example 12 provides evidence that a mixture of DI water and PEG-16 macadamia glycerides can hydrate / moisturize the skin more effectively than DI water alone.

[0261] Example 13

[0262] Contains 2% PEG-16 Macadamia Glycerides and Test products for purified (bottled) water8 Clinical evaluation of the efficacy of the mixture (washout study)

[0263] The clinical study was conducted according to the general procedures described in Example 11 above. Under the study conditions, a total of 19 healthy female subjects aged 38-64 years completed the evaluation of a 1% PEG-16 macadamia glyceride oil and Clinical Study of the Effect of a Mixture of Purified (Bottled) Water. A description of the ingredients of the mixture used in this Example 13 is shown in Table 21. Table 22 shows a summary of the main clinical results.

[0264] Table 21. Experimental mixture compositions.

[0265]

[0266] Table 22. Mean post-treatment differences in skin hydration or moisturization relative to mean baseline values. Positive differences indicate an increase in skin hydration / moisturization.

[0267]

[0268] Clinical Results As shown in Table 22, for Test Product 8 (defined as 2% PEG-16 macadamia glycerides and 98% Purified (bottled) water), after a single application to the treated subjects' skin, improved hydration / moisturization of the subjects' skin at time intervals of 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours, and 8 hours after treatment when compared to the mean baseline values. In particular, at the 30 minute, 1 hour, 2 hour, 4 hour, and 8 hour time points, an average increase of 29.96%, 34.24%, 29.65%, 17.10%, and 10.71% in skin hydration / moisturization was observed, respectively.

[0269] For Test Product 8, a number of subjects demonstrated improvements in skin hydration / moisturization at time intervals of 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours, and 8 hours post-treatment. In particular, 100% of the treated subjects demonstrated improvements in skin hydration / moisturization at time intervals of 30 minutes, 1 hour, and 2 hours post-treatment, while 94.74% and 78.95% of the treated subjects demonstrated improvements in skin hydration / moisturization at time intervals of 4 hours and 8 hours post-treatment, respectively.

[0270] These results show that the inclusion of 2% PEG-16 macadamia glycerides and 98% A mixture of purified (bottled) water is able to hydrate / moisten the skin and is more effective than just Purified (bottled) water hydrates / moisturizes the skin more effectively.

[0271] Table 23. Test Product 8 (2% PEG-16 Macadamia Glycerides and 98% Pure (bottled) water) versus placebo control 8 points (100% A positive difference indicates that the test product is 8 points better than the placebo control by 8 points (only 100% Purified (bottled) water) has a stronger hydration / moistening effect.

[0272]

[0273] Clinical Results As shown in Table 23, when the mean percent change in the placebo control 8-point values ​​was subtracted from the mean percent change in the test product 8-point values ​​at time intervals of 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours, and 8 hours post-treatment, Test Product 8 (also defined as 2% PEG-16 macadamia glycerides and Pure (bottled) water) treatment points compared to placebo control 8 points (only Purified (bottled) water) has a stronger hydrating / moisturizing effect.

[0274] in conclusion : Therefore, this embodiment 13 provides A mixture of purified (bottled) water and PEG-16 macadamia glycerides is more Evidence that purified (bottled) water is more effective at hydrating / moisturizing the skin.

[0275] Embodiment 14

[0276] Contains 2% PEG-16 Macadamia Glycerides and Test product 9 mixture of natural artesian (bottled) water Clinical evaluation of efficacy (washout studies)

[0277] The clinical study was conducted according to the general procedures described in Example 11 above. Under the study conditions, a total of 19 healthy female subjects aged 38-64 years completed the evaluation of a 1% PEG-16 macadamia glyceride oil and Clinical Study of the Effect of a Mixture of Natural Artesian (Bottled) Water. A description of the ingredients of the mixture used in this Example 14 is shown in Table 24. Table 25 shows a summary of the main clinical results.

[0278] Table 24. Experimental mixture compositions.

[0279]

[0280] Table 25. Mean post-treatment differences in skin hydration or moisturization relative to mean baseline values. Positive differences indicate an increase in skin hydration / moisturization.

[0281]

[0282] Clinical Results As shown in Table 25, for Test Product 9 (defined as 2% PEG-16 macadamia glycerides and 98.0% Natural artesian (bottled) water), after a single application to the skin of treated subjects, improved hydration / moisturization of the subjects' skin at time intervals of 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours, and 8 hours after treatment when compared to the average baseline values. In particular, at the 30 minute, 1 hour, 2 hour, 4 hour, and 8 hour time points, an average increase of 37.21%, 35.82%, 29.70%, 22.04%, and 14.58% in skin hydration / moisturization was observed, respectively.

[0283] Table 26. Mean post-treatment differences in skin hydration or moisturization relative to mean baseline values ​​for Test Products 7-9. Positive differences indicate an increase in skin hydration / moisturization.

[0284]

[0285] As shown in Table 26, at three post-treatment time intervals (e.g., at 30 minutes, 4 hours, and 8 hours, respectively), the increase in skin hydration / moisturization of Test Product 9 was greater than that of Test Product 7, and was substantially equal at the other two post-treatment time intervals (e.g., at 1 hour and 2 hours, respectively). In addition, at four post-treatment time intervals (e.g., at 30 minutes, 1 hour, 4 hours, and 8 hours, respectively), the increase in skin hydration / moisturization of Test Product 9 was greater than that of Test Product 8, and was substantially equal at the remaining post-treatment time intervals (e.g., at the 2 hour time point).

[0286] As further shown in Table 25, for the Test Product 9 Points, many subjects demonstrated improvements in skin hydration / moisturization at time intervals of 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours, and 8 hours after treatment. In particular, at time intervals of 30 minutes and 1 hour after treatment, 100% of the treated subjects showed improvements in skin hydration / moisturization, while at time intervals of 2 hours, 4 hours, and 8 hours after treatment, 89.47%, 94.74%, and 89.47%, respectively, of the treated subjects showed improvements in skin hydration / moisturization.

[0287] These results show that the inclusion of 2% PEG-16 macadamia glycerides and 98% A mixture of natural artesian (bottled) water hydrates / moisturizes the skin and is more effective than just Natural artesian (bottled) water hydrated / moisturized the skin more effectively. Also, surprisingly, the type of water used was relevant: 2% PEG-16 macadamia glycerides and 98% The mixture of natural artesian (bottled) water hydrated / moisturized the skin more effectively than the mixture containing 2% PEG-16 macadamia glycerides and DI water, or the mixture containing 2% PEG-16 macadamia glycerides and .

[0288] Table 27. Test Product 9 (2% PEG-16 Macadamia Glycerides and 98% Natural artesian (bottled) water) versus placebo control by 9 points (only 100% A positive difference indicates that the test product is 9 points better than the placebo control by 9 points (only 100% Natural artesian (bottled) water) points have a stronger hydration / wetting effect.

[0289]

[0290] Clinical Results As shown in Table 27, when the mean percent change in the 9-point values ​​for the placebo control was subtracted from the mean percent change in the 9-point values ​​for the test products at time intervals of 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours, and 8 hours post-treatment, the Test Product 9 (also defined as 2% PEG-16 macadamia glycerides and Natural artesian (bottled) water) treatment points compared to placebo control 9 points (only Natural artesian (bottled) water) has a stronger hydrating / moistening effect.

[0291] in conclusion : Therefore, this embodiment 14 provides A blend of natural artesian (bottled) water and PEG-16 macadamia glycerides is more Evidence that natural artesian (bottled) water is more effective at hydrating / moisturizing the skin.

[0292] Embodiment 15

[0293] Evaluation of particle properties

[0294] This Example 15 describes the general procedures developed to evaluate various characteristics of the mixtures described herein. Test Products 7 to 9 and Placebo Controls 7 to 9 were identical to those described in Examples 11 to 14, respectively.

[0295] The properties of Test Product 7, Placebo Control 7, Test Product 8, Placebo Control 8, Test Product 9, and Placebo Control 9, and PEG-16 Macadamia Glycerides alone were evaluated. Specifically, the particle size, surface tension, and spreadability of Test Product 7, Placebo Control 7, Test Product 8, Placebo Control 8, Test Product 9, Placebo Control 9, and PEG-16 Macadamia Glycerides alone.

[0296] Particle size was determined using a Malvern NanoSizer 90Z. Each formulation was run three times and the data averaged. Sample count rate and duration were automatically set by the instrument.

[0297] Surface tension was measured by the pendant drop method (fitting using the LaPlace-Young equation) using a Kruss DSA 10. Each formulation was run four times and the data averaged.

[0298] The extent of diffusion was determined manually by microscope (Zeiss model standard 25 equipped with 40x objective). 20 μL of droplets of each preparation were placed on a horizontal anodized aluminum plate using an Eppendorf pipette. Photos were taken after time 0 and 5 minutes. Using the calibrated grid, the droplet diameter at each time point was determined. Each preparation was measured four times and the data was averaged. The average time error was determined to be + / - 4 seconds.

[0299] Example 16

[0300] Particle size measurement

[0301] Particle size measurements were measured for Test Products 7-9 and Placebo Controls 7-9. The results of the intensity-weighted particle size distribution (PSD) measurements are shown in Table 28.

[0302] Table 28. Intensity-weighted representative PSD results.

[0303]

[0304] *Main Mode

[0305] **N / A - Not Applicable: Count rate too low for measurement

[0306] result As shown in Table 28, Test Products 7 and 8 showed smaller Z values ​​relative to their respective placebo controls (Placebo Control 7 and Placebo Control 8, respectively). avg However, Test Product 9 showed a larger Z relative to its placebo control (Placebo Control 9). avg Particle size.

[0307] in conclusion : This Example 16 demonstrates that a mixture of PEG-16 macadamia glycerides and DI water contains more than PEG-16 macadamia glycerides and Similarly, Example 16 demonstrates that a mixture of PEG-16 macadamia glycerides and DI water contains smaller particles than a mixture of PEG-16 macadamia glycerides and DI water. The mixture of PEG-16 macadamia glycerides with natural artesian (bottled) water produced smaller particles. In addition, the mixture of PEG-16 macadamia glycerides with DI water contained smaller particles than the particles produced by DI water alone. Similarly, Example 16 demonstrates that the mixture of PEG-16 macadamia glycerides with The mixture of purified (bottled) water contains more Purified (bottled) water produced smaller particles. Example 16 further demonstrates that PEG-16 macadamia glycerides and The mixture of natural artesian (bottled) water contains more Large particles produced by natural artesian (bottled) water.

[0308] Embodiment 17

[0309] Surface tension measurement

[0310] Surface tension was measured for Test Products 7-9, Placebo Controls 7-9 and PEG-16 Macadamia Glycerides only. The results are shown in Table 29.

[0311] Table 29. Surface tension results.

[0312] Mixture type Surface tension (mN / m) Test product 7 38 Placebo controlled7 68 Test product 8 38 Placebo controlled8 63 Test product 9 37 Placebo controlled 9 70 PEG-16 Macadamia Glycerides 31

[0313] result As shown in Table 29, Test Products 7-9 exhibited lower surface tension values ​​relative to their respective placebo controls. For PEG-16 macadamia glycerides alone, the surface tension was slightly greater than that of Test Products 7-9.

[0314] in conclusion : This Example 17 demonstrates that DI water and PEG-16 macadamia glycerides, Purified (bottled) water with PEG-16 macadamia glycerides, or Natural artesian (bottled) water and PEG-16 macadamia glycerides relative to DI water, Purified (bottled) water, and Natural artesian (bottled) water has a lower surface tension. Example 17 further demonstrates that DI water and PEG-16 macadamia glycerides, Purified (bottled) water with PEG-16 macadamia glycerides, or Natural artesian (bottled) water and PEG-16 macadamia glycerides each had a slightly higher surface tension than PEG-16 macadamia glycerides alone.

[0315] Embodiment 18

[0316] Spreadability measurement

[0317] Test Products 7-9, Placebo Controls 7-9 and PEG-16 Macadamia Glycerides Only were tested for spreadability. Measurements were made at 0 minutes and 5 minutes. The results are shown in Table 30.

[0318] Table 30. Spreading onto flat surfaces results.

[0319]

[0320] resultAs shown in Table 30, Test Products 8 and 9 spread the fastest of all the blend types tested. Test Product 7 spread, but to a lesser extent than Test Products 8 and 9. Test Products 8 and 9 spread faster than PEG-16 macadamia glycerides alone, while Test Product 7 spread slower than PEG-16 macadamia glycerides alone. Placebo Controls 7 and 9 did not spread at all, while Placebo Control 8 spread to a very low degree.

[0321] in conclusion : This Example 18 proves that A mixture of purified (bottled) water and PEG-16 macadamia glycerides, or A mixture of natural artesian (bottled) water and PEG-16 macadamia glycerides spreads faster than a mixture of DI water and PEG-16 macadamia glycerides, and spreads faster than PEG-16 macadamia glycerides alone. This Example 18 further demonstrates that A mixture of purified (bottled) water and PEG-16 macadamia glycerides, or A mixture of natural artesian (bottled) water and PEG-16 macadamia glycerides was found to be more effective than DI water alone and PEG-16 macadamia glycerides alone. Purified (bottled) water, only Natural artesian (bottled) water, or PEG-16 macadamia glycerides alone spread faster.

[0322] Taken together, Examples 16 to 18 show A mixture of purified (bottled) water and PEG-16 macadamia glycerides, or A mixture of natural artesian (bottled) water and PEG-16 macadamia glycerides has an unexpected physical advantage over a mixture of DI water and PEG-16 macadamia glycerides, namely increased spreadability and therefore increased bioavailability of water to the skin.

Claims

1. A method for enhancing hydration or moisturization of a subject's skin, comprising: selecting or identifying subjects for enhanced skin hydration or moisturization; Topically applying to the skin of a selected or identified subject a mixture comprising or consisting of an ethoxylated oil and water, wherein the average number of ethoxy groups per molecule in the ethoxylated oil is 10-19; and, optionally, observing, determining or measuring skin hydration or moisturization of the subject after application of the mixture.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the ethoxylated oil is macadamia nut oil having 16 ethoxy groups per molecule.

3. The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein the amount of the ethoxylated oil in the mixture is 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24% or 25% by volume or weight, or a percentage within the range defined by any two of the above percentages.

4. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the mixture further comprises essential oils, pigments or fragrances.

5. The method of any one of claims 1-4, wherein the mixture is administered to the subject by adding the ethoxylated oil to stored water, such as contained in a container, mixing vessel, mixing tank, mixing kettle, water softening system, water purification system, water filtration system, drinking water system, fountain, swimming pool, pool, whirlpool, steam room, sauna, storage tank, sink, bathtub, tub or shower, or by metering the ethoxylated oil online in real time for injection into running water, mixing the ethoxylated oil with water to form a mixture, and then contacting the mixture with the subject.

6. The method according to any one of claims 1-5, wherein the observing, determining or measuring skin hydration or moisturizing comprises determining electromagnetic radiation, dielectric constant, permittivity, thermal conductivity or elastography parameters of the skin.

7. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein observing, determining or measuring skin hydration or moisturization comprises: The water evaporation gradient or electrical properties of the skin are determined, such as by capacitance, conductivity, impedance or AC conductivity on the skin surface, for example by transepidermal water loss (TEWL), Fourier transform attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), confocal Raman spectroscopy, fiber optic near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, electron microscopy or Fourier transform near infrared (FT-NIR) spectrophotometry.

8. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the observing, determining or measuring skin hydration or moisturizing comprises using an instrument such as Moisture meter, Nova Dermal PhaseMeter, Biox Epsilon, Biox AquaFlux, Evaporation tester, Hydration probes and modules or -TEWL probes and modules for analysis.

9. The method of any one of claims 1-8, wherein the mixture is formulated with or into a base, a functional ingredient, a mixture of functional ingredients, an active ingredient, a mixture of active ingredients, a bar soap, a liquid soap, a hand soap, a body soap, a shower gel, a gel shower gel, a bubble bath, a soluble bead (such as bath beads), a shaving cream, a shaving gel, an aftershave, a deodorant, an antiperspirant, an acne treatment formulation, a lip care formulation, a lip plumper, a facial care formulation (such as a facial moisturizer, a facial cleanser, a facial cleanser, a facial toner, a facial astringent, a facial clarifying water, a facial mist, a facial spray, a facial mask, a facial exfoliant, a cotton pad, a makeup cosmetic, a makeup remover, a foundation, a concealer, or a spray makeup fixative), a skin care formulation, a sunscreen formulation, an aftersun formulation, a foot care formulation, a hand care formulation, a shampoo, a conditioner, a hair care formulation, a hair spray, a hair styling product, a scalp care formulation, a self-tanning formulation, a body care formulation (such as a body moisturizer, a body a body spray, a body scrub, a body cleanser, a body exfoliator or a body wipe), a hair remover, a perfume, an eau de toilette, an eau de toilette, a cologne, a dishwashing soap, a laundry detergent, a pain relief formula, a toothpaste, a tooth cleaning formula, a lozenge, a mouthwash, a first aid product, a product for skin disorders, a product for skin damage (e.g., to treat eczema, psoriasis or rosacea), an antibacterial product, a product for insect bites, a blister relief product, a cyst relief product, a callus relief product, a feminine care product, an anti-itch product, an anti-rash product, an anti-fungal product, a pet care product, a pet grooming product, a wound healing product, a burn relief product, a scar management product, a stretch mark product, a wart removal product, a hand cleanser, a cold and pain care product, an anti-cellulite product, an eye drop or eye spray, a nose drop or nose spray, an ear drop or ear spray, an oral drop or oral spray, a personal lubricant, a diaper product, a leave-on product, a rinse-off or wash-off product, a pharmaceutical preparation, a dietary supplement, a personal care preparation or a cosmetic preparation.

10. A method for preparing a container, mixing container, mixing water tank, mixing kettle, water softening system, water purification system, water filtration system, drinking water system, drinking fountain, swimming pool, pool, whirlpool, steam room, sauna, water storage tank, sink, bathtub, tub or shower for providing enhanced skin hydration or moisturization to a subject, comprising: Subjects were selected to receive enhanced skin hydration or moisturization; A container, mixing container, mixing tank, mixing kettle, water softening system, water purification system, water filtration system, drinking water system, drinking fountain, swimming pool, pool, whirlpool, steam room, sauna, water storage tank, sink, bathtub, tub, or shower containing water; and Adding ethoxylated oil to the water in the container, mixing container, mixing water tank, mixing kettle, water softening system, water purification system, water filtration system, drinking water system, fountain, swimming pool, pool, whirlpool, steam room, sauna room, water storage tank, sink, bathtub, tub or shower or metering the ethoxylated oil online in real time to inject into the flowing water and mixing the ethoxylated oil with water to form a mixture, wherein the average number of ethoxy groups per molecule in the ethoxylated oil is 10-19.

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