Additive for reducing content of belly oil of fattening cattle as well as preparation method and application of additive

Abstract

The invention discloses an additive for reducing the content of abdominal oil of fattening cattle and a preparation method and application thereof, belongs to the technical field of feeds, and provides the additive for reducing the content of the abdominal oil of the fattening cattle, by adding the additive into daily ration, the content of the abdominal oil of the fattening cattle can be reduced under the condition that the growth of the fattening cattle is not affected. The content of abdominal grease is reduced to the maximum extent, and the fattening benefit is increased. After the fattening cattle are fed with the feed, fat decomposition can be promoted, the protein synthesis efficiency is improved, then muscle synthesis is promoted, the immunity and oxidation resistance of the fattening cattle are improved, and the content of abdominal oil of the fattening cattle is reduced.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention belongs to the technical field of feed, and particularly relates to an additive for reducing the belly fat content of fattening cattle, and a preparation method and application thereof. Background Art

[0002] In the process of fattening cattle breeding, high daily weight gain is pursued. Farmers usually add a high proportion of corn or raw materials with high oil content, such as by-products, cakes and whole cottonseed, into the daily diet of fattening cattle. The excess energy is converted into fat accumulation, resulting in a high fat content in the abdomen when the cattle are marketed. At the same time, the fat deposition rate of fattening cattle in the later stage is accelerated, and the muscle synthesis rate is slowed down. In addition, some feeding methods are tethered, and fattening cattle do not exercise enough, and energy consumption is reduced accordingly, which further promotes the deposition of abdominal oil, resulting in high abdominal oil content and lower market price, affecting the fattening benefits of farmers. Generally speaking, the feed nutrients required for fattening cattle to grow and synthesize 1 kilogram of fat can supply the synthesis of 3 kilograms of muscle, which also leads to a decrease in input-output ratio.

[0003] With the rapid development of animal husbandry, green, efficient and safe feed additives are becoming a hot topic of concern and research at home and abroad. Cysteamine is widely used in the breeding industry as an effective nutritional regulator due to its low production cost, abundant raw material sources, ability to promote animal growth and ease of use.

[0004] Studies have shown that betaine, methionine and choline have a certain effect on reducing the fat content of fattening cattle. Among them, betaine replacing methionine is a problem that people are currently paying close attention to. Virtanner et al. (1995) added 0, 0.05%, 0.1% and 0.15% betaine and methionine to corn and soybean meal diets for broilers (crude protein, methionine and choline for young chickens and large chickens were 21%, 19%, 0.37% and 0.31% respectively; 1420mg / kg and 1440mg / kg). The conclusion is that the weight gain of broilers with added betaine is higher than that of the methionine group. Rhone-Poulenc (1995) repeated Virtanner's experiment. Except for the addition of choline (600mg / kg and 500mg / kg were added to the diets of young chickens and large chickens respectively), the diet type and other nutrients used were basically similar. As a result, the weight gain of broilers with added methionine was higher than that of the group with added betaine. Schutte et al. (1995) added 0, 0.05% and 0.1% methionine to corn and soybean meal diets for broilers, respectively, and added 0.04% betaine and then 255 mg / kg choline at each methionine level. The conclusion is that the addition of betaine does not improve weight gain, and betaine cannot replace methionine when choline is sufficient. Schutte (1997) added 0, 0.06%, 0.12% and 0.18% methionine to corn and soybean meal diets for broilers (TSAA for young chickens and large chickens was 0.63% and 0.51%, respectively), and added 0, 0.05% and 0.10% betaine at the first two levels. The results showed that with the increase of methionine level, daily weight gain increased, while the feed-to-meat ratio decreased; the addition of betaine did not significantly improve the above indicators. Betaine has the effect of increasing breast meat yield, but it is not as obvious as methionine. Yuming Wang (1997) used betaine to replace methionine in corn and soybean meal diets for broiler chickens (the nutritional components of the control diet in the early and late stages were 3.10 and 3.15 Mcal / kg of metabolizable energy; 22% and 20% crude protein; 0.85% and 0.84% ​​of total sulfur amino acids, respectively). The conclusion was that when the dietary methionine meets 88% of the requirement or the total sulfur amino acids meet more than 90% of the requirement, betaine can replace methionine, and the replacement amount should be 1 / 2 or 1 / 3 of the methionine added.

[0005] People have also studied the rational use of choline, betaine and methionine in the diet. If the molecular weight and purity conversion coefficient are taken into account, 1kg betaine is equivalent to 2.31kg 50% choline chloride, 1.93kg 60% choline chloride, 1.65kg 70% choline chloride or 1.25kg 99% methionine. For mammals, adding methionine can reduce the amount of choline added. In poultry (especially chicks), the ability of excess methionine to save choline is small. On the contrary, Lowry (1987) believed that excessive protein may increase the need for choline. Although broiler chickens are rich in choline in the basic diet, they also respond to the addition of choline. Reducing abdominal fat and preventing tibiae require higher choline than maximum growth rate and feed efficiency. Generally, growing pigs do not respond to the addition of choline. Pregnant sows and high-yielding dairy cows need to add choline. Betaine can promote the secretion of growth hormone (GH), and GH can enhance the activity of DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase, promote DNA transcription, increase mRNA synthesis, and increase the number of ribosomes. GH can also increase the permeability of cell membranes to amino acids, allowing amino acids to enter cells more easily and provide sufficient raw materials for protein synthesis. Betaine can promote RNA processing and modification by enhancing the methyl metabolism of body tissues. Even though researchers have done a lot of research as above, there is still an urgent need for an additive that can reduce the belly fat content of fattened cattle. Summary of the invention

[0006] The purpose of the present invention is to provide an additive for reducing the belly fat content of fattening cattle and a preparation method and application thereof, so as to solve the problems existing in the above-mentioned prior art.

[0007] One of the technical solutions provided by the present invention:

[0008] An additive for reducing the belly fat content of fattening cattle comprises, by weight, 15-25 parts of guanidinoacetic acid, 10-14 parts of cysteamine hydrochloride, 6-10 parts of antioxidants, 3-5 parts of microbial agents, 2-4 parts of methionine, 4-6 parts of betaine, 6-10 parts of L-carnitine and 26-54 parts of carriers.

[0009] The additive for reducing the belly fat content of fattening cattle includes, by weight, 20 parts of guanidinoacetic acid, 12 parts of cysteamine hydrochloride, 8 parts of antioxidant, 4 parts of microbial agent, 3 parts of methionine, 5 parts of betaine, 8 parts of L-carnitine and 40 parts of carrier.

[0010] The effects and functions of cysteamine: (1) Increase the daily weight gain of livestock and poultry and improve feed conversion rate; (2) Increase the level of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor in animals to promote skeletal muscle growth and protein precipitation; (3) Increase lean meat rate and reduce carcass fat, which can increase lean meat rate by 3%-5% and have a significant improvement on meat quality; (4) Improve the body's non-specific immune function, enhance B cell immunity and humoral immunity. Improve the internal environment to prevent and treat diarrhea; (5) Enhance the activity of the main digestive enzymes of rumen microorganisms to regulate rumen digestion and metabolism.

[0011] Functions of methionine: (1) Increase muscle production: As the first limiting amino acid, methionine can promote muscle growth and development by regulating the expression of myogenic family genes, promote protein synthesis and inhibit protein degradation to cause protein deposition in the body, thereby increasing livestock and poultry muscle production. (2) As a methyl donor: The methionine molecule contains a methyl group and is also a one-carbon unit. It does not require FH4 as a carrier and can directly participate in the reaction. The methionine metabolite S-adenosylmethionine is also called active methionine because it is an active methyl donor. The main physiological functions of one-carbon units are as follows: one-carbon units play an important role in nucleotide biosynthesis because they are the raw materials for the synthesis of purine and pyrimidine and participate in the synthesis and modification reactions of DNA and RNA; SAM provides methyl groups that can participate in the synthesis of various biologically active substances in the body, such as adrenaline, choline, bile acid, etc. Metabolic disorders of one-carbon units can cause certain diseases, such as megaloblastic anemia; (3) Antioxidation: Excessive levels of reactive oxygen in animals can lead to an imbalance between oxidation and antioxidant effects, tending to oxidation, thereby causing lipid peroxidation and oxidative damage to proteins and DNA, and then generating oxidative stress. Since oxidative stress can damage cells and cause functional disorders, it can reduce the production performance of animals. Methionine and its metabolites have antioxidant capacity because methionine residues are extremely sensitive to oxidation and can be modified by almost all types of reactive oxygen species. (4) Improving animal immunity: The effects of methionine on animal immunity are divided into humoral immunity and cellular immunity. The mechanism of methionine's effect on immunity is mainly its participation in the normal growth and development of immune cells, immune tissues and immune organs, and its participation in the synthesis of immune molecules (cytokines, antibodies, complement, etc.). In particular, under immune stress and disease conditions, a large amount of amino acids in the body are required to be mobilized. This process is mainly that methionine provides raw materials for various proteins and peptides required by the normal immune system. In addition, methionine metabolites, such as glutathione and taurine, can also affect the inflammatory response of the immune response. (5) Protecting the liver: A series of methionine metabolites have a protective effect on the liver. For example, taurine can resist liver lipid peroxidation and liver fibrosis, and has a therapeutic effect on fatty alcoholic liver disease. If the body does not take in enough methionine, the urea and non-protein nitrogen in the blood will increase, causing fat to easily deposit in the liver, and eventually cirrhosis and some liver tumors will occur. Adding an appropriate amount of methionine to the diet can prevent the occurrence of liver diseases; (6) Improving digestive enzyme activity: Methionine mainly affects the digestive and absorptive function of the intestine by improving the development of the intestinal mucosal structure and increasing the activity of intestinal digestive enzymes. High doses of different methionine sources (methionine hydroxy analogs and methionine hydroxy analog calcium salts) can significantly increase the enzymatic activity of digestive tract lipase and amylase.

[0012] Functions of L-carnitine: Promote the transport and oxidation of fatty acids: L-carnitine has a significant effect of accelerating fat oxidation, can improve the body's use of fat, promote the decomposition of body fat, and is beneficial to controlling abdominal fat and increasing lean meat rate. Its mechanism of action is: L-carnitine, as a carrier, participates in fatty acid metabolism in the form of acylcarnitine, is transported from the outside of the mitochondrial membrane to the inside of the membrane, and metabolizes fat in the mitochondria to make it β-oxidized and converted into energy. The higher the carnitine concentration, the faster the acyl transport, the faster the fatty acid oxidation. In addition, L-carnitine has the following functions: promote the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins, calcium, and phosphorus; store activated acetyl groups; promote the transport of ATP to the inner membrane of mitochondria; promote the secretion of animal digestive juices, enhance digestion and absorption functions, and improve the utilization rate of amino acids; improve the metabolism of animal bodies, promote animal growth, and enhance animal disease resistance.

[0013] Another way to use L-carnitine as a carbon source is to gradually demethylate betaine to generate glycine. Glycine can be used as a nitrogen source, carbon source, and energy source for bacteria. The glycine generated by this pathway is deaminated to generate alanine and ammonia as the only nitrogen source for bacteria.

[0014] Preferably, the antioxidant is selected from hawthorn extract, rutin, tannic acid, chlorogenic acid or grape seed proanthocyanidins.

[0015] More preferably, the antioxidant is hawthorn extract.

[0016] Hawthorn extract is an effective ingredient extracted from hawthorn. Its main ingredients include hawthorn flavonoids, hawthorn leaf flavonoids, vitexin and other flavonoid compounds, as well as organic acids such as malic acid and citric acid. It also contains nutrients such as vitamin C and vitamin E. Hawthorn extract can promote the secretion of digestive enzymes in the stomach and promote digestion. The lipase contained in it can promote the decomposition and metabolism of fat substances and reduce the fat content in livestock and poultry meat. As a feed additive, hawthorn extract can improve the metabolic rate of nutrients and increase the protein content in beef. Hawthorn extract contains a variety of organic acids and vitamin C, which can increase the activity of pepsin and promote protein digestion. Hawthorn extract has a certain regulatory effect on gastrointestinal function; different extracted parts of hawthorn have a more positive lipid-lowering effect on various high-fat models caused by different animals, and can antagonize the increase in serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels caused by high-fat feed. Hawthorn extract has antibacterial effects and has a strong antibacterial effect on Shigella dysenteriae and Escherichia coli. It also has antibacterial effects on Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus B, Escherichia coli, Bacillus proteus, Bacillus anthracis, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, etc. Hawthorn extract has an immunoenhancing effect and has the function of significantly enhancing humoral immunity and cellular immunity. Flavonoids and other ingredients in hawthorn extract have antioxidant effects, which can help livestock remove free radicals in the body, reduce oxidative damage, enhance their anti-stress ability, enable livestock to better adapt to stress factors such as environmental changes, transportation, and herd transfer, and reduce the negative impact of stress response on livestock health and production performance. In addition, hawthorn extract has many effects on the quality of livestock and poultry meat: hawthorn extract is rich in phenolic compounds and has strong antioxidant activity. It can remove free radicals, reduce oxidative stress, and thus delay the oxidation and deterioration of meat, extend the shelf life of livestock and poultry meat, and maintain the color and flavor of meat.

[0017] Preferably, the microbial agent is selected from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Aspergillus oryzae, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bacillus subtilis or Bacillus coagulans.

[0018] More preferably, the microbial agent is Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

[0019] The functions of Saccharomyces cerevisiae include: 1. Improving rumen fermentation: Saccharomyces cerevisiae regulates rumen fermentation by improving the integrity of rumen structure, increasing the production of volatile fatty acids in the rumen of ruminants, and promoting the transformation of rumen fermentation to propionic acid fermentation, which is more conducive to the metabolic needs of the body; 2. Maintaining the balance of rumen microbial flora: Saccharomyces cerevisiae can increase the number of succinic acid-producing filamentous bacteria, reduce the delayed growth time of white Ruminococcus, yellow Ruminococcus and Butyrivibrio fibrinolyticus, stimulate the germination of fungal zoospores, the colonization of fiber-degrading bacteria and fungi on plant cell walls, and improve the digestibility of feed NDF; 3. Inhibiting the reproduction of harmful bacteria: Saccharomyces cerevisiae can reduce the number of harmful bacteria in the hind intestine of ruminants and stabilize the intestinal flora, thereby affecting the immune function and body health of ruminants; 4. Nutritional supplementation: Saccharomyces cerevisiae is rich in protein and contains 8 essential amino acids for the body. It is an excellent source of protein and amino acids. It also contains rich vitamins, especially B vitamins and vitamin E, as well as some essential trace elements, digestive enzymes and unknown growth factors.

[0020] The application of brewer's yeast in beef cattle production can improve rumen health by changing the flora structure in the rumen, promote the digestibility of nutrients such as crude protein, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber, and thus improve the growth performance and slaughter performance of beef cattle. It can also improve the body's anti-stress ability and reduce the incidence rate by enhancing the immune function and antioxidant properties of beef cattle. Brewer's yeast can improve the flavor and quality of meat by changing the fatty acid composition and content in beef cattle muscle.

[0021] Preferably, the carrier is selected from stone powder or zeolite powder.

[0022] More preferably, the particle size of the carrier is 200-1000 mesh.

[0023] The second technical solution provided by the present invention is:

[0024] A method for preparing the additive for reducing the belly fat content of fattening cattle comprises the following steps: weighing raw materials according to mass fractions, mixing guanidine acetic acid, cysteamine hydrochloride, antioxidants, microbial agents, methionine, betaine, L-carnitine and a carrier to prepare the additive for reducing the belly fat content of fattening cattle.

[0025] The third technical solution provided by the present invention is:

[0026] An application of the additive for reducing belly fat content of fattening cattle in feeding fattening cattle.

[0027] Preferably, the additive for reducing the belly fat content of fattening cattle is added to feed for fattening cattle.

[0028] More preferably, the additive for reducing the belly fat content of fattening cattle accounts for 0.1-0.2wt.% of the feed.

[0029] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following advantages and technical effects:

[0030] The present invention provides an additive for reducing the belly fat content of fattening cattle. By adding the additive into the diet, the belly fat content is reduced to the greatest extent without affecting the growth of fattening cattle, thereby increasing the fattening efficiency. After feeding fattening cattle, the fat decomposition can be promoted, the efficiency of protein synthesis can be improved, and muscle synthesis can be promoted, the immunity and antioxidant capacity of fattening cattle can be improved, and the belly fat content of fattening cattle can be reduced. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0031] In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings required for use in the embodiments will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present invention. For ordinary technicians in this field, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without paying creative labor.

[0032] Figure 1 It is the synthesis pathway of L-carnitine in mammals;

[0033] Figure 2 This is the L-carnitine synthesis circuit diagram;

[0034] Figure 3 It is the metabolic pathway for guanidine acetate synthesis in the body;

[0035] Figure 4 It is the guanidine acetic acid metabolic pathway;

[0036] Figure 5 This is a diagram of the metabolic pathway of creatine and methyl donors;

[0037] Figure 6 This is a comparison chart of the different characteristics of four methyl donors: beet, methionine, carnitine and choline;

[0038] Figure 7 Schematic diagram of the conversion of the main methyl donor;

[0039] Figure 8 This is a photo of the additive for reducing the belly fat content of fattening cattle prepared in Example 1. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0040] Various exemplary embodiments of the present invention will now be described in detail. This detailed description should not be considered as limiting the present invention, but should be understood as a more detailed description of certain aspects, features, and embodiments of the present invention.

[0041] It should be understood that the terms described in the present invention are only for describing special embodiments and are not intended to limit the present invention. In addition, for the numerical range in the present invention, it should be understood that each intermediate value between the upper and lower limits of the scope is also specifically disclosed. Each smaller range between the intermediate value in any stated value or stated range and any other stated value or intermediate value in the described range is also included in the present invention. The upper and lower limits of these smaller ranges can be independently included or excluded in the scope.

[0042] Unless otherwise indicated, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meanings as those generally understood by those skilled in the art. Although the present invention describes only preferred methods and materials, any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein may also be used in the implementation or testing of the present invention. All documents mentioned in this specification are incorporated by reference to disclose and describe the methods and / or materials associated with the documents. In the event of a conflict with any incorporated document, the content of this specification shall prevail.

[0043] It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations may be made to the specific embodiments of the present invention description without departing from the scope or spirit of the present invention. Other embodiments derived from the present invention description will be apparent to the skilled artisan. The present invention description and examples are exemplary only.

[0044] The words “include,” “including,” “have,” “contain,” etc. used in this document are open-ended terms, meaning including but not limited to.

[0045] In the embodiments of the present invention, “parts” refer to “parts by mass” unless otherwise specified.

[0046] The embodiment of the present invention provides an additive for reducing the content of fattening cattle belly oil, which includes, by weight, 15-25 parts of guanidinoacetic acid, 10-14 parts of cysteamine hydrochloride, 6-10 parts of antioxidants, 3-5 parts of microbial agents, 2-4 parts of methionine, 4-6 parts of betaine, 6-10 parts of L-carnitine and 26-54 parts of carriers. Exemplarily, in a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the additive for reducing the content of fattening cattle belly oil includes, by weight, 15, 20 and 25 parts of guanidinoacetic acid, 10, 12 and 14 parts of cysteamine hydrochloride, 6, 8 and 10 parts of antioxidants, 3, 4 and 5 parts of microbial agents, 2, 3 and 4 parts of methionine, 4, 5 and 6 parts of betaine, 6, 8 and 10 parts of L-carnitine, and 26, 40 and 54 parts of carriers.

[0047] In some embodiments of the present invention, the antioxidant is selected from hawthorn extract, rutin, tannic acid, chlorogenic acid or grape seed proanthocyanidins. Exemplarily, in a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the antioxidant is hawthorn extract.

[0048] In some embodiments of the present invention, the microbial agent is selected from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Aspergillus oryzae, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bacillus subtilis or Bacillus coagulans. Exemplarily, in a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the microbial agent is Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

[0049] In some embodiments of the present invention, the carrier is selected from stone powder or zeolite powder.

[0050] The embodiment of the present invention also provides a method for preparing the above-mentioned additive for reducing the belly oil content of fattening cattle, comprising the following steps: weighing raw materials according to mass fractions, mixing guanidine acetic acid, cysteamine hydrochloride, antioxidants, microbial agents, methionine, betaine, L-carnitine and a carrier to prepare the additive for reducing the belly oil content of fattening cattle.

[0051] The embodiment of the present invention also provides the use of the additive for reducing the belly fat content of fattening cattle in raising fattening cattle.

[0052] In some embodiments of the present invention, the additive for reducing the abdominal fat content of fattening cattle is added to feed for fattening cattle.

[0053] In some embodiments of the present invention, the additive for reducing the belly fat content of fattening cattle accounts for 0.1-0.2wt.% of the feed. Exemplarily, in a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the additive for reducing the belly fat content of fattening cattle accounts for 0.1wt.%, 0.2wt.% or any value between the aforementioned range values ​​of the feed.

[0054] In order to facilitate understanding of the additive for reducing the belly fat content of fattening cattle provided by the present invention, the present invention also provides the roles played by the above raw materials in body metabolism and the relationship between them:

[0055] L-carnitine can accelerate the consumption of fat by cells (mitochondria). L-carnitine plays an important role in fatty acid oxidation. It is a biologically active amino acid-like substance synthesized from lysine and methionine in the body. The most basic physiological function of L-carnitine is to act as a transport carrier for acylcarnitine to carry long-chain fatty acids for β-oxidation in mitochondria; at the same time, it regulates the ratio of acetyl CoA / CoA in mitochondria, and becomes a buffer pool for CoA in mammalian cells by forming acetylcarnitine, thereby preventing the acylation of free CoA. As a metabolic intermediate, L-carnitine participates in the metabolism of the three major nutrients in the body and has a very significant promoting effect on improving animal growth performance and meat quality.

[0056] The synthesis process of L-carnitine in animals is as follows: ① Lysine and methionine are synthesized into γ-trimethylammoniumbutyric acid under the catalysis of relevant enzymes and auxiliary factors, which is characterized by no organ and tissue specificity; ② γ-trimethylammoniumbutyric acid is finally synthesized into L-carnitine under the catalysis of γ-trimethylammoniumbutyrate hydroxylase, which is characterized by organ and tissue specificity and can only be synthesized in organ tissues such as animal liver and kidneys and brains of a few animals. This is caused by the specific distribution of γ-trimethylammoniumbutyrate hydroxylase, the key enzyme for L-carnitine synthesis, in organs and tissues. Figure 1 The synthesis pathway of L-carnitine in mammals. Figure 2 This is the synthesis route of L-carnitine.

[0057] Cysteamine in animals is synthesized from methionine and serine via cystathionine. Cysteamine hydrochloride (CSH) is a derivative of cysteamine with relatively stable chemical properties and can be used as a commercial form of cysteamine as a feed additive. Chemical properties of cysteamine: ① Cysteamine (Cysteamine CS) is a hormone-regulated growth-promoting additive. Its chemical name is β-mercaptoethylamine, which is a white crystal and alkaline. It can be regarded as a decarboxylation product of cysteine. ② Cysteamine is a component of coenzyme A; ③ Cysteamine is easily oxidized and destroyed in the air because of the sulfur group in its molecule. It is usually made into hydrochloride for use; Characteristics and advantages of cysteamine: ① Cysteamine is a simple chemical substance. Low production cost; ② Cysteamine can be absorbed by the digestive tract with feed and is suitable for use as a feed additive. Growth hormone (GH) and growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRF) are protein and peptide endocrine hormones with high production costs and can only be injected orally. Oral administration will cause them to be decomposed in the digestive tract and become ineffective; ③ Cysteamine is different from growth hormone and has no animal species specificity. It is effective for poultry, pigs and ruminants; cysteamine can also be fed intermittently and the effect can last for 5-7 days each time. Mechanism of action of cysteamine: Animal growth hormone (GH) is the most powerful endocrine hormone that promotes animal growth. GH is controlled by growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRF) and somatostatin (SS) secreted by the hypothalamus. The active sulfur group of cysteamine can chemically modify the disulfide bond of SS to change its molecular structure and physiological activity, thereby reducing SS levels and increasing GH levels to promote animal growth; cysteamine can reduce the decomposition of dopamine in animals and promote the synthesis and secretion of GH in the hypothalamus, which is also one of the growth-promoting pathways. Mechanism of action of cysteamine to promote growth: Growth hormone (GH) can accelerate the synthesis of protein in the body, reduce fat deposition and promote animal growth. The synthesis and secretion of growth hormone (GH) are regulated by growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) and somatostatin (SS). They maintain a relative balance in different growth stages of the animal body. During the rapid growth period, the GHRH concentration increases and the SS concentration decreases. On the contrary, when the SS concentration increases, the animal grows slowly or is inhibited. Cysteamine can directly consume SS in the body's tissues, reduce its inhibitory effect on growth, and then promote the synthesis of growth hormone, promote animal growth and muscle deposition. The effect of SS on the digestive system: slowing down gastrointestinal motility, inhibiting gastrointestinal pancreatic endocrine secretion (gastric acid, pancreatic juice, enzymes, hormones, etc.), and inhibiting the absorption of nutrients by the digestive tract. Cysteamine depletes SS, relieves the inhibitory effect of SS on digestive function, promotes the secretion of gastric acid and various digestive enzymes, and improves feed efficiency.

[0058] The role and relationship of guanidinoacetic acid, methionine and betaine: Guanidinoacetic acid (GAA), also known as guanidine acetic acid, is a natural amino acid and its analogs. It is the direct precursor of creatine (Cr) and its derivative phosphocreatine in vertebrates. It is produced by the combination of L-arginine and glycine under the action of L-arginine glycine amidotransferase (AGAT). GAA is transferred from the kidney to the liver through the blood, and under the action of guanidinoacetic acid amidinotransferase (GAMT), the methyl group of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) is transferred to GAA to finally generate creatine. Cr, as a nitrogen-containing amino acid, plays an important role in the energy metabolism of animal bodies. Creatine generates phosphocreatine (PCr) under the action of creatine kinase (CK) and participates in the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) cycle. Creatine and phosphocreatine are key substances for energy transfer in vertebrate cells. The phosphocreatine-creatine energy supply system can increase the content of phosphocreatine and glycogen in muscles.

[0059] The processes of creatine synthesis, carnitine, phosphatidylcholine synthesis, adrenaline synthesis and DNA methylation all require the participation of methyl groups provided by the diet or synthesized endogenously. All methylation reactions play an important role in the growth and development process, not only for maintaining the basic functions of the body, but also for continuous accumulation to meet the needs of growth.

[0060] Betaine can combine with homocysteine ​​(Hcy) to generate methionine (Met). Methionine is converted into SAM to provide methyl for creatine synthesis. In animal production, betaine can replace choline and methionine to play the role of methyl donor, thereby reducing the amount of choline and methionine added and saving feed costs. Exogenous supplementation of GAA in the process of creatine synthesis will consume a large amount of methyl methionine. Betaine, choline and folic acid can be used in animal production as methyl donors. Creatine has the functions of promoting animal growth and improving muscle energy supply, thereby promoting muscle synthesis. Exogenous supplementation of creatine in livestock and poultry feed can improve animal growth performance, promote muscle development, increase energy reserves in the body, and has a certain anti-stress effect.

[0061] Guanidine acetic acid is mainly studied as a precursor of creatine. In addition to synthesizing creatine and participating in the body's energy metabolism, guanidine acetic acid also has biological functions such as promoting insulin secretion, improving antioxidant capacity and stimulating nerve regulation. When synthesizing creatine, guanidine acetic acid consumes 75% of S-adenosylmethionine for methyl supply for guanidine acetic acid methylation. Betaine, choline, and folic acid can all be used as methyl donors, and these methyl donors can be converted into each other in the body. Figure 3 It is the metabolic pathway for guanidine acetate synthesis in the body; Figure 4 For the guanidine acetic acid metabolic pathway.

[0062] As an efficient methyl donor, betaine can transfer methyl groups from betaine to homocysteine ​​under the catalysis of betaine-homocysteine ​​S-methyltransferase, producing dimethylglycine and methionine, thereby meeting the body's demand for methyl groups. Guanidine acetic acid alternatives: growth-promoting additives, growth hormones, etc.

[0063] Betaine is a natural compound in animals. Its active methyl group can participate in amino acid metabolism and fat metabolism. It has many biological functions, such as promoting animal feeding and growth, improving feed conversion efficiency, improving carcass composition, improving meat quality and relieving stress. The synthesis of carnitine, creatine, adrenaline, DNA and RNA requires methyl as a donor, and betaine is one of the main donor sources; methionine, as one of the methyl donors, will affect protein synthesis. Betaine can meet the body's metabolic needs for methyl, reduce the utilization rate of methionine as a methyl donor, and thus promote protein synthesis; betaine can promote the transport of liver fat by providing methyl, inhibit liver fat accumulation, and regulate the metabolism of body fat. Betaine can regulate water loss and salt entry in cells, maintain cell volume, protect intracellular enzymes and cell membranes from inactivation, and improve the function of cell membrane sodium-potassium pump to regulate cell osmotic pressure and ion balance. Betaine can stimulate the sense of smell and taste of animals, promote feeding, and thus promote the growth and development of animals.

[0064] The biosynthesis of Cr involves the regulatory mechanism of two enzymes, AGAT and GAMT. First, the formation of GAA in the kidney requires the catalysis of AGAT; the second step requires GAMT to participate in the transfer of SAM methyl to GAA to synthesize Cr. Methionine can be adenylated by methionine adenylyltransferase (MAT) to form SAMSAM, which can be used for the supply of methyl groups. Figure 5 Diagram of the metabolic pathway of creatine and methyl donor.

[0065] SAM is converted to SAHSAH, which can be reversibly hydrolyzed to form Hcy and adenosine. This part of the methylation cycle is called "transmethylation". There are two ways for Hcy to form methionine through "remethylation": one is that betaine transfers its methyl group to Hcy to form dimethylglycine and methionine; the other is 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-Methyl-THF), which transfers its methyl group to Hcy through the action of methionine synthase (MS) to form methionine and tetrahydrofolate (THF). SAM is one of the most important methyl donor groups in cells. Transmethylation mainly occurs in the liver and can react in all other organs. SAM is a universal methyl donor for more than 100 transmethylation reactions.

[0066] Betaine is an important methyl donor in the transmethylation process catalyzed by betaine-homocysteine ​​methyltransferase (BHMT). Methyl donors are important substances that are indispensable for material metabolism. Both growing animals and adult animals need stable methyl donors.

[0067] It is well known that betaine, methionine, choline, and carnitine are all methyl donors but have their own physiological functions. However, the main role of methionine is as a substrate for protein synthesis, while choline mainly helps to form cell membranes and neurotransmitters. The transmethylation reaction of betaine is part of the one-carbon metabolism through the methionine cycle. Figure 6 This is a comparison chart of the different characteristics of four methyl donors: beet, methionine, carnitine and choline.

[0068] The efficiency of betaine in providing methyl groups is 1.5-3.4 times that of methionine and 2.3 times that of choline. Choline must first be converted into betaine before it can provide methyl groups. Therefore, betaine can replace choline to avoid the oxidation process that choline must go through to provide methyl groups, and directly participate in the methionine cycle. The transmethylation reaction of betaine is part of the single-carbon metabolism through the methionine cycle.

[0069] Supplementing betaine in the diet can save methionine, choline and carnitine and promote these three methyl donors to better perform their physiological functions. Figure 7 Schematic diagram of the conversion of the main methyl donor.

[0070] Methyl donors are closely related to fat metabolism; choline, betaine and methionine can replace each other in terms of methyl supply on the basis of satisfying their own unique physiological functions. Reports show that certain biochemical reactions require different methyl sources. Calculated by methyl content, 1kg of 97% betaine is equivalent to 2.3kg of 50% choline chloride, which is equivalent to 3.75kg of 99% methionine. However, relevant results show that the methyl transfer titer of methionine is twice as high as that of betaine, and the methyl transfer titer of betaine is 12 to 15 times higher than that of choline.

[0071] Metabolic relationship between methyl donors: Choline can be converted into betaine, but betaine cannot be reduced to choline. In animals, betaine can transfer methyl groups to homocysteine ​​to synthesize methionine, which is metabolized by methionine. There is not much homocysteine ​​in natural feed. During the conversion process, betaine itself does not turn into methionine, it just gives methyl groups and there is no net generation of new methionine in the cycle.

[0072] Therefore, betaine only improves the utilization rate of methionine, and it cannot replace methionine for protein synthesis. Homocysteine ​​can also receive the methyl group of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate to form methionine. Generally speaking, homocysteine ​​formed by methyl transfer is no longer methylated to methionine but used to synthesize cysteine. Betaine can partially replace choline and methionine in mammals and adult livestock.

[0073] The raw materials used in the embodiments of the present invention are all purchased through conventional purchasing channels; the carrier in the embodiments of the present invention is stone powder with a particle size of 200-1000 mesh.

[0074] The hawthorn extract required in the embodiment of the present invention is purchased from the market, wherein the flavonoid content is greater than 5%.

[0075] Example 1

[0076] 20 parts of guanidine acetic acid, 12 parts of cysteamine hydrochloride, 8 parts of hawthorn extract, 4 parts of saccharomyces cerevisiae, 8 parts of L-carnitine, 3 parts of methionine, 5 parts of betaine and 40 parts of a carrier were weighed according to mass parts, and the above raw materials were mixed to prepare an additive for reducing the belly oil content of fattening cattle.

[0077] Figure 8 This is a photo of the additive for reducing the belly fat content of fattening cattle prepared in Example 1.

[0078] Example 2

[0079] 15 parts of guanidine acetic acid, 10 parts of cysteamine hydrochloride, 6 parts of hawthorn extract, 3 parts of saccharomyces cerevisiae, 6 parts of L-carnitine, 2 parts of methionine, 4 parts of betaine and 54 parts of carrier were weighed according to mass parts, and the above raw materials were mixed to prepare an additive for reducing the belly oil content of fattening cattle.

[0080] Example 3

[0081] 25 parts of guanidine acetic acid, 14 parts of cysteamine hydrochloride, 10 parts of hawthorn extract, 5 parts of saccharomyces cerevisiae, 10 parts of L-carnitine, 4 parts of methionine, 6 parts of betaine and 26 parts of a carrier were weighed according to mass parts, and the above raw materials were mixed to prepare an additive for reducing the belly oil content of fattening cattle.

[0082] Comparative Example 1

[0083] Same as Example 1, except that guanidine acetic acid was not added.

[0084] 12 parts of cysteamine hydrochloride, 8 parts of hawthorn extract, 4 parts of saccharomyces cerevisiae, 8 parts of L-carnitine, 3 parts of methionine, 5 parts of betaine and 60 parts of a carrier were weighed according to mass parts, and the above raw materials were mixed to prepare an additive for reducing the belly oil content of fattening cattle.

[0085] Comparative Example 2

[0086] Same as Example 1, except that cysteamine hydrochloride was not added.

[0087] 20 parts of guanidine acetic acid, 8 parts of hawthorn extract, 4 parts of saccharomyces cerevisiae, 8 parts of L-carnitine, 3 parts of methionine, 5 parts of betaine and 52 parts of carrier were weighed according to mass parts, and the above raw materials were mixed to prepare an additive for reducing the belly oil content of fattening cattle.

[0088] Comparative Example 3

[0089] Same as Example 1, except that no hawthorn extract was added.

[0090] 20 parts of guanidine acetic acid, 12 parts of cysteamine hydrochloride, 4 parts of saccharomyces cerevisiae, 8 parts of L-carnitine, 3 parts of methionine, 5 parts of betaine and 48 parts of a carrier were weighed according to mass parts, and the above raw materials were mixed to prepare an additive for reducing the belly oil content of fattening cattle.

[0091] Comparative Example 4

[0092] Same as Example 1, except that no saccharomyces cerevisiae was added.

[0093] 20 parts of guanidine acetic acid, 12 parts of cysteamine hydrochloride, 8 parts of hawthorn extract, 8 parts of L-carnitine, 3 parts of methionine, 5 parts of betaine and 44 parts of a carrier were weighed according to mass, and the above raw materials were mixed to prepare an additive for reducing the belly oil content of fattening cattle.

[0094] Comparative Example 5

[0095] Same as Example 1, except that L-carnitine was not added.

[0096] 20 parts of guanidine acetic acid, 12 parts of cysteamine hydrochloride, 8 parts of hawthorn extract, 4 parts of saccharomyces cerevisiae, 3 parts of methionine, 5 parts of betaine and 48 parts of carrier were weighed according to mass parts, and the above raw materials were mixed to prepare an additive for reducing the belly oil content of fattening cattle.

[0097] Comparative Example 6

[0098] Same as Example 1, except that methionine was not added.

[0099] 20 parts of guanidine acetic acid, 12 parts of cysteamine hydrochloride, 8 parts of hawthorn extract, 4 parts of saccharomyces cerevisiae, 8 parts of L-carnitine, 5 parts of betaine and 43 parts of carrier were weighed according to mass parts, and the above raw materials were mixed to prepare an additive for reducing the belly oil content of fattening cattle.

[0100] Comparative Example 7

[0101] Same as Example 1, except that betaine was not added.

[0102] 20 parts of guanidine acetic acid, 12 parts of cysteamine hydrochloride, 8 parts of hawthorn extract, 4 parts of saccharomyces cerevisiae, 8 parts of L-carnitine, 3 parts of methionine and 45 parts of a carrier were weighed according to mass parts, and the above raw materials were mixed to prepare an additive for reducing the belly oil content of fattening cattle.

[0103] Comparative Example 8

[0104] Same as Example 1, except that the mass of cysteamine hydrochloride is replaced by guanidine myoacetic acid.

[0105] 32 parts of guanidine acetic acid, 8 parts of hawthorn extract, 4 parts of saccharomyces cerevisiae, 8 parts of L-carnitine, 3 parts of methionine, 5 parts of betaine and 40 parts of a carrier were weighed according to mass parts, and the above raw materials were mixed to prepare an additive for reducing the belly oil content of fattening cattle.

[0106] Comparative Example 9

[0107] Same as Example 1, except that the mass of guanidine myoacetic acid is replaced by cysteamine hydrochloride.

[0108] 32 parts of cysteamine hydrochloride, 8 parts of hawthorn extract, 4 parts of saccharomyces cerevisiae, 8 parts of L-carnitine, 3 parts of methionine, 5 parts of betaine and 40 parts of a carrier were weighed according to mass parts, and the above raw materials were mixed to prepare an additive for reducing the belly oil content of fattening cattle.

[0109] Application Examples

[0110] The Simmental hybrid cattle were divided into 13 groups, each with 20 heads. The additives for reducing the belly oil content of fattening cattle prepared in Examples 1-3 and Comparative Examples 1-9 and the additives of the control group were added to the feed at a ratio of 0.1wt.% of the feed, and the Simmental hybrid cattle were raised. The average slaughter weight, carcass weight, meat yield, average oil yield weight and oil yield were calculated, wherein the slaughter weight = the average weight of the slaughtered cattle in each group, the carcass weight = the average weight of the carcass of the slaughtered cattle in each group (the carcass weight is the weight of the body after the head, hoof, tail and viscera are removed after slaughter, and the suet and kidneys are retained), the meat yield = carcass weight / slaughter weight, the average oil yield weight = the average suet weight of the slaughtered cattle in each group, and the oil yield = oil yield weight / slaughter weight.

[0111] Table 1

[0112]

[0113]

[0114] As can be seen from Table 1, compared with the blank group (the additive for reducing the belly oil content of fattening cattle prepared by the present invention is not added) and comparative examples 1-9, the additive for reducing the belly oil content of fattening cattle provided by the present invention can effectively promote the decomposition of fat, improve the efficiency of protein synthesis, and then promote muscle synthesis, improve the immunity and antioxidant capacity of fattening cattle, and reduce the belly oil content of fattening cattle. It is proved that there is a synergistic effect between guanidinoacetic acid, cysteamine hydrochloride, antioxidants, microbial agents, methionine, betaine and L-carnitine provided by the present invention.

[0115] The above are only preferred specific embodiments of the present invention, but the protection scope of the present invention is not limited thereto. Any changes or substitutions that can be easily thought of by a person skilled in the art within the technical scope disclosed by the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the present invention. Therefore, the protection scope of the present invention should be based on the protection scope of the claims.

Claims

1. An additive for reducing the belly fat content of fattening cattle, characterized in that: Calculated by weight, the composition comprises 15-25 parts of guanidinoacetic acid, 10-14 parts of cysteamine hydrochloride, 6-10 parts of antioxidant, 3-5 parts of microbial agent, 2-4 parts of methionine, 4-6 parts of betaine, 6-10 parts of L-carnitine and 26-54 parts of carrier.

2. The additive for reducing the belly fat content of fattening cattle according to claim 1, characterized in that: Calculated by weight, the composition comprises 20 parts of guanidinoacetic acid, 12 parts of cysteamine hydrochloride, 8 parts of antioxidant, 4 parts of microbial agent, 3 parts of methionine, 5 parts of betaine, 8 parts of L-carnitine and 40 parts of carrier.

3. The additive for reducing the belly fat content of fattening cattle according to claim 2, characterized in that: The antioxidant is selected from hawthorn extract, rutin, tannic acid, chlorogenic acid or grape seed proanthocyanidins.

4. The additive for reducing the belly fat content of fattening cattle according to claim 2, characterized in that: The microbial agent is selected from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Aspergillus oryzae, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bacillus subtilis or Bacillus coagulans.

5. The additive for reducing the belly fat content of fattening cattle according to claim 1, characterized in that: The carrier is selected from stone powder or zeolite powder.

6. A method for preparing an additive for reducing the belly fat content of fattening cattle according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that: The method comprises the following steps: weighing raw materials according to mass fractions, mixing guanidine acetic acid, cysteamine hydrochloride, antioxidants, microbial agents, methionine, betaine, L-carnitine and a carrier to prepare the additive for reducing the belly oil content of fattening cattle.

7. Use of the additive for reducing the abdominal fat content of fattening cattle according to any one of claims 1 to 5 in feeding fattening cattle.

8. The use according to claim 7, characterized in that: The additive for reducing the belly fat content of fattening cattle is added into feed to feed the fattening cattle.

9. The use according to claim 8, characterized in that: The additive for reducing the belly fat content of fattening cattle accounts for 0.1-0.2wt.% of the feed.

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