Modular debris flow blocking and draining system

Abstract

The application provides a modular debris flow blocking and guiding system, and mainly relates to the technical field of hydraulic engineering. The debris flow prone area is mostly located in mountainous areas, and the traffic conditions and construction conditions are poor. The application can reduce the formwork construction by using prefabricated structures, reduce the personnel and equipment costs of site pouring vehicles, and greatly reduce the cost; it can be used immediately, reduce the engineering waiting time; it can be customized according to the demand, improve the engineering protection operation effect; the abrasion and damage can be locally replaced, the later maintenance is simple, and the use cost is reduced; the blocking structure adopts multi-layer and variable mesh size blocking nets, screens large particles of debris flow, reduces debris flow blockage, and improves the engineering operation capacity; the blocking structure can be designed according to the characteristics of the site prone to debris flow, and the single guiding groove multi-layer blocking net, multi-stage blocking structure and reinforced blocking structure are designed; the guiding groove and the speed reduction rib trough are provided with fixed groove and fixed tenon, hoisting hole position, module butt joint groove, and are convenient for construction and installation.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention mainly relates to the technical field of water conservancy engineering, and in particular to a modular debris flow blocking and drainage system. Background Art

[0002] Debris flows are a common land disaster in my country's mountainous areas, especially in the western mountainous areas. The mountains are steep, soil erosion is severe, and the rock and soil structure is loose due to erosion, providing a rich source of material for the formation of debris flows. The steep mountain valleys provide the driving force for debris flows. In recent years, with the frequent occurrence of extreme weather, the frequency of debris flow disasters has tended to increase. Therefore, appropriate measures are urgently needed to prevent and control them. Currently, common engineering measures for debris flows include retaining dams and drainage channels. By setting up retaining dams and sand barriers, they can intercept and store solid debris from debris flows, slow the downward speed of debris flows, reduce the water pressure of debris flow, and weaken and regulate the debris flow.

[0003] Currently, debris flow drainage channels mostly feature straight V-shaped walls, trapezoidal cross-sections, or rectangular cross-sections. Ribs are installed at the bottom of the channel, perpendicular to the flow direction, to create bypass flow and retain sediment. Ribs fall into two categories: one is vertically installed, with both sides integrally cast with the side walls. The other is installed diagonally, with ribs placed in a V-shape, with a central confinement channel reserved and one side integrally cast with the side walls. Ribs are typically rectangular in cross-section and are cast in one go using concrete.

[0004] The existing technology has the following defects:

[0005] 1. Existing rib sills are mostly cast in one-time concrete and trough bodies, with fixed structures. After being damaged by multiple debris flows, they need to be mechanically demolished and rebuilt as a whole. Debris flows often occur in mountainous areas, where construction conditions are inconvenient and the cost of repair and cleaning is high.

[0006] 2. Existing rib sills mostly have rectangular cross-sections. For viscous debris flows, the rib sill section faces the flow and is directly impacted by gravel, which can easily cause rib damage and structural failure. The vertical surface of the V-shaped opposed rib sill has limited ability to restrain and guide debris flows, failing to extend the flow's downward distance. For viscous debris flows, the concrete at the V-shaped mouth faces the flow and has poor durability against repeated impacts from gravel. For dilute debris flows, vertically laid rib sills easily become filled with sediment in front of the ribs, losing their blocking capacity. Summary of the Invention

[0007] To address the deficiencies of the prior art, the present invention provides a modular debris flow interception and drainage system:

[0008] 1. Modular prefabricated structure is adopted to facilitate design, installation and maintenance.

[0009] 2. Using universal bolt interface, various forms and sizes of blocking and drainage modules can be installed according to needs.

[0010] 3. The retaining structure adopts a multi-layer, variable-diameter retaining net, which can screen out large debris flow particles, reduce debris flow blockage, and improve the project's operating capacity.

[0011] 4. The retaining structure can be designed with a single-row guide trough and multi-layer retaining net according to the characteristics of the site prone to debris flow; multiple rows of guide troughs can be connected to set up a multi-level retaining structure; and multi-layer cable-stayed structures can be set up to form a reinforced retaining structure.

[0012] 5. The drainage channel is set up with a flexible energy dissipation zone formed by gabion stone cages filled with pebbles and gravel.

[0013] 6. The guide groove and the deceleration rib sill are provided with fixed slots and fixed tenons, lifting holes and module docking slots to facilitate construction and installation.

[0014] To achieve the above-mentioned purpose, the present invention is implemented through the following technical solutions:

[0015] A modular debris flow interception and drainage system includes a modular deceleration rib, a modular interception system, and a modular drainage channel. The modular deceleration rib, modular interception system, and modular drainage channel are used in conjunction with each other according to engineering requirements.

[0016] The modular speed reduction rib is an irregular geometric body with six surfaces: a mounting surface, a bottom surface, a back surface, a top surface F1 of the oncoming surface, a front surface F2 of the oncoming surface, and a beam surface F3. The bottom surface is opposite to the top surface F1 of the oncoming surface, the back surface is opposite to the front surface F2 of the oncoming surface, and the mounting surface is opposite to the beam surface F3. The mounting surface is provided with a plurality of bolt holes, and the bottom surface is provided with a tenon.

[0017] The mounting surface, bottom surface, and back surface are perpendicular to each other, the angle between the top surface F1 of the oncoming surface and the back surface is β1, the angle between the front surface F2 of the oncoming surface and the bottom surface is β2, the angle between the intersection of the front surface F2 and the bottom surface of the oncoming surface and the mounting surface is β3, and the angle between the intersection of the beam surface F3 and the bottom surface and the back surface is β4;

[0018] The modular barrier system includes a barrier net, with energy dissipators provided on both sides of the barrier net, and the energy dissipators are connected to the drainage channel. The barrier net can be arranged in the following forms: multi-layer barrier nets in the same module, reinforced barrier nets in the same module, and multi-module spliced ​​multi-level barrier nets.

[0019] The modular drainage trough body includes a flat-bottom structure and a V-bottom stepped structure; rib fixing bolts are provided on both sides of the modular drainage trough body, and module docking grooves are provided at the ends of the modular drainage trough body; gabion stone cages are arranged in the modular drainage trough body.

[0020] The modular deceleration rib has a length of C1, a width of C4, and a height of C6, and is set according to the flow velocity of the debris flow. The flow angle β1 of the top surface F1 of the oncoming surface, the flow angle β2 of the front surface F2 of the oncoming surface, the front beam angle β3 of the front surface F2 of the oncoming surface, and the side beam angle β4 of the beam surface F3 are set according to the flow velocity of the debris flow.

[0021] The design range of the incident flow angle β1 of the top surface F1 of the modular deceleration rib sill incident flow surface is [60°, 90°], the design range of the front angle β2 of the front surface F2 of the modular deceleration rib sill incident flow surface is [45°, 75°], the design range of the front beam angle β3 of the front surface F2 of the modular deceleration rib sill incident flow surface is [30°, 90°], and the design range of the side beam angle β4 of the beam surface F3 of the modular deceleration rib sill is [45°, 90°]. The length, width and height of the tenon are C3, C5 and C7, and the projection center thereof coincides with the projection center of the rectangle formed by the length C1 and width C4 of the modular deceleration rib sill.

[0022] The bolt hole radius R1 and the bolt hole spacing are set to nL1 (n=1, 2, 3) according to the universal bolt hole positions set on the side walls of the row guide groove, and L1 is the universal bolt hole spacing.

[0023] Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of the present invention are:

[0024] 1. The use of the bulk density of debris flow accumulation as a variable analysis avoids the defect that debris flow cannot be effectively controlled due to the large difference in particle size. The support vector machine model is used for data base testing to obtain an effective correspondence between the bulk density of debris flow, drainage gradient, and engineering siltation degree, which has a good guiding role in the design of debris flow drainage channels.

[0025] 2. The modular debris flow interception and diversion system offers the following advantages: ① The construction area is mostly mountainous, with inconvenient transportation. Using prefabricated structures can reduce the costs of road paving, manual formwork construction, on-site pouring vehicles, and other personnel and equipment, significantly reducing costs. ② Prefabricated structures can be produced in advance, reducing project waiting time. ③ Customization is possible based on specific needs, improving the effectiveness of project protection and operation. ④ Partial replacement after wear and tear can be performed quickly, simplifying subsequent maintenance, saving time, and reducing operating costs.

[0026] 3. Modular speed reduction ribs offer the following advantages: ① They simultaneously function as flow diversion and flow confinement. ② They are made from readily available, inexpensive materials, and feature a simple design, making them easy to mass-produce. ③ They are compatible with universal bolt connections, offering excellent versatility and ease of installation, facilitating both initial construction and subsequent maintenance. ④ They can be used in combination, offering targeted protection and a wide range of applications.

[0027] 4. The modular drainage channel structure has the following advantages: The combined drainage system can fully utilize the movement characteristics of the debris flow to dissipate energy. It can be selected according to the actual project and can be used in combination with each other. It has a wide range of applications and highly targeted protection. It can be used for different types of debris flows and has good energy dissipation and drainage capabilities.

[0028] 5. The debris flow early warning and monitoring measures use highly integrated measuring stations, combined with multiple types of sensors, with rich data types that can be verified with each other; a distributed layout with strong network self-healing capabilities; self-powered and unmanned, which can improve work efficiency and reduce costs; and the use of support vector machine multi-data fusion prediction, which has the advantages of high reliability.

[0029] 6. The modular system includes but is not limited to the selection of module materials, including plain concrete, reinforced concrete, and prefabricated polymer materials; the system operation is not restricted by its foundation form, including natural foundation, pile foundation, composite foundation and other foundation forms; it is not restricted by module size, angle, foundation burial depth, foundation backfill material, etc. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0030] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the three-dimensional structure of the modular deceleration rib sill of the present invention;

[0031] Figure 2 This is a three-view diagram of the modular speed reduction rib sill of the present invention;

[0032] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a multi-layer barrier net of the same module of the present invention;

[0033] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a multi-module spliced ​​multi-stage barrier net of the present invention;

[0034] Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the same module reinforced barrier net of the present invention;

[0035] Figure 6 It is a schematic diagram of the front view of the arresting system structure of the present invention;

[0036] Figure 7 It is a schematic diagram of the top view of the structure of the enhanced arresting system of the present invention;

[0037] Figure 8 This is a schematic diagram of the modular guide trellis frame structure of the present invention;

[0038] Figure 9 This is a schematic diagram of the top view of the guide groove body of the present invention;

[0039] Figure 10 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the guide groove body of the present invention;

[0040] Figure 11This is a schematic diagram of the modular drainage and guide trough body flat-bottom structure of the present invention;

[0041] Figure 12 This is a schematic diagram of the arrangement structure of different deceleration ribs in the modular guide trough of the present invention;

[0042] Figure 13 This is a schematic diagram of the V-bottom stepped structure of the modular drainage trough body of the present invention;

[0043] Figure 14 This is a three-dimensional schematic diagram of the V-bottom stepped structure of the modular drainage trough body of the present invention;

[0044] Figure 15 This is a three-view drawing of the V-bottom stepped structure of the modular drainage trough body of the present invention;

[0045] Figure 16 It is a schematic diagram of the early warning release system of the present invention;

[0046] Figure 17 It is the prediction graph of the test data of the model in Table 1 of the present invention;

[0047] Figure 18 This is a real picture of a rectangular cross-section guide trough with a common vertical rib sill;

[0048] Figure 19 This is a real picture of the trapezoidal cross-section guide groove of an ordinary V-rib sill. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0049] The present invention will be further described with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments. It should be understood that these embodiments are intended only to illustrate the present invention and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. In addition, it should be understood that after reading the contents of the present invention, those skilled in the art may make various changes or modifications to the present invention, and these equivalent forms also fall within the scope defined by the present application.

[0050] Combined with attachment Figures 1-19 A modular debris flow interception and drainage system includes a modular deceleration rib, a modular interception system, and a modular drainage channel. The modular deceleration rib, modular interception system, and modular drainage channel are used in conjunction with each other according to engineering requirements.

[0051] The modular speed reduction rib is an irregular geometric body with six surfaces: a mounting surface, a bottom surface, a back surface, a top surface F1 of the oncoming surface, a front surface F2 of the oncoming surface, and a beam surface F3. The bottom surface is opposite to the top surface F1 of the oncoming surface, the back surface is opposite to the front surface F2 of the oncoming surface, and the mounting surface is opposite to the beam surface F3. The mounting surface is provided with a plurality of bolt holes, and the bottom surface is provided with a tenon.

[0052] The mounting surface, bottom surface, and back surface are perpendicular to each other, the angle between the top surface F1 of the oncoming surface and the back surface is β1, the angle between the front surface F2 of the oncoming surface and the bottom surface is β2, the angle between the intersection of the front surface F2 and the bottom surface of the oncoming surface and the mounting surface is β3, and the angle between the intersection of the beam surface F3 and the bottom surface and the back surface is β4;

[0053] The modular barrier system includes a barrier net, with energy dissipators provided on both sides of the barrier net, and the energy dissipators are connected to the drainage channel. The barrier net can be arranged in the following forms: multi-layer barrier nets in the same module, reinforced barrier nets in the same module, and multi-module spliced ​​multi-level barrier nets.

[0054] The modular drainage trough body includes a flat-bottom structure and a V-bottom stepped structure; rib fixing bolts are provided on both sides of the modular drainage trough body, and module docking grooves are provided at the ends of the modular drainage trough body; gabion stone cages are arranged in the modular drainage trough body.

[0055] The modular deceleration rib has a length of C1, a width of C4, and a height of C6, and is set according to the flow velocity of the debris flow. The flow angle β1 of the top surface F1 of the oncoming surface, the flow angle β2 of the front surface F2 of the oncoming surface, the front beam angle β3 of the front surface F2 of the oncoming surface, and the side beam angle β4 of the beam surface F3 are set according to the flow velocity of the debris flow.

[0056] The design range of the incident flow angle β1 of the top surface F1 of the modular deceleration rib sill incident flow surface is [60°, 90°], the design range of the front angle β2 of the front surface F2 of the modular deceleration rib sill incident flow surface is [45°, 75°], the design range of the front beam angle β3 of the front surface F2 of the modular deceleration rib sill incident flow surface is [30°, 90°], and the design range of the side beam angle β4 of the beam surface F3 of the modular deceleration rib sill is [45°, 90°]. The length, width and height of the tenon are C3, C5 and C7, and the projection center thereof coincides with the projection center of the rectangle formed by the length C1 and width C4 of the modular deceleration rib sill.

[0057] The bolt hole radius R1 and the bolt hole spacing are set to nL1 according to the universal bolt hole positions set on the side walls of the row guide groove, where n=1, 2, 3, and L1 is the universal bolt hole spacing.

[0058] Debris flow control system parameters are the mechanical parameters that must be determined for debris flow prevention and control. These include the specific gravity, flow rate, velocity, total volume, and conduction gradient of the debris flow. The reliability of these parameters is crucial to the success of the project, so determining these parameters is crucial.

[0059] 1. Determination of bulk density of debris flow

[0060] Debris flow is a fluid between landslide and high-sand water flow, with a bulk density usually between 1.3 and 2.3 g / cm3 . Fluid bulk density is 1.3~1.8g / cm 3 For dilute debris flows, different calculation methods are suitable for different boundary conditions.

[0061] 1.1 Calculation of debris flow bulk density based on slurry characteristics

[0062] According to the definition of bulk density, there is the following relationship between the bulk density of debris flow and the bulk density of solid particles and water:

[0063] (Channing, 1983) (1)

[0064] In the formula The bulk density of debris fluid water and solid matter, g / cm^3 is the volume ratio of solid matter in debris flow. By analogy, we can get the relationship between the bulk density of debris flow and the solid phase and liquid phase in debris flow.

[0065] (Fei Xiangjun, 2004) (2)

[0066] Relationship between bulk density of debris flow slurry and solids and water in slurry

[0067] (3)

[0068] in are the solid phase volume concentration and the liquid phase volume concentration, respectively. is the bulk density of debris flow slurry, g / cm 3 When the slurry bulk density is the same, the coarse particles play a major role in the debris flow bulk density. Let the percentage of coarse particles in the total solid mass be X

[0069] Then it satisfies

[0070] (4)

[0071] The above are available

[0072] (5)

[0073] Due to the fine particle content More accessible, bringing fine particle content to available solid particulate matter When the value is constant, the bulk density of debris flow is only a function of the fine slurry particle content and the slurry bulk density.

[0074] (6)

[0075] 1.2 Conclusion

[0076] 1. When the bulk density of debris flow slurry is constant, the coarse particle content (1- ) plays a decisive role in determining the bulk density of debris flows. The higher the coarse particle content, the greater the increase in bulk density. When the coarse particle content remains constant, the bulk density of a debris flow increases with the slurry bulk density, but the increase in magnitude decreases. This formula is applicable to calculating the bulk density of debris flows of all properties, and it is more practical to use the maximum particle size of the solid binder in the debris flow's channeling ratio as the upper limit.

[0077] This method has the following advantages: This method uses the above formula as the theoretical basis, and combines it with on-site investigation to obtain characteristic parameters, and the calculated bulk density is more accurate than the simple characteristic parameter method.

[0078] Simple theoretical formulas are mostly used in theoretical analysis and indoor debris flow tests. The original sample data of the characteristic parameter method comes from a limited area and has certain regional limitations. The bulk density calculation method based on debris flow slurry is more universal.

[0079] 1.3 Determination of debris flow drainage gradient

[0080] Research has shown that debris flows have a weaker viscosity at high flow rates (greater than that of ordinary water) and exhibit a nonlinear variation in viscosity with flow velocity. In trenches with short longitudinal slopes, debris flows are prone to siltation due to their low flow velocity and high resistance. This is the case in many trenches along the Baotian, Baocheng, and Chengdu-Kunming railways. Therefore, by lining the entire section with V-shaped grooves and reducing the trench roughness, the trench's resistance to debris flows is reduced, thereby increasing flow velocity.

[0081] The V-shaped trough is used to scour and silt debris flows, and uses the "water-binding and sand-attacking" method to discharge the solid matter of the debris flow. Its prevention and control mechanism has the following characteristics:

[0082] (1) A fixed low point is formed on the cross section of the trough. This point is the point of maximum water depth and maximum flow velocity of the debris flow and the concentration point of solid matter. Because the potential energy on the sides is greater than that in the middle, the debris flow tends to concentrate from the sides to the middle - a beam flow, which can transport more sediment.

[0083] (2) Large rocks can be placed above the bottom of the trough, so that they are in point-line contact with the trough. The lubricating effect of the debris flow slurry reduces the resistance to the movement of large-diameter rocks, which is conducive to the discharge of solid matter in the debris flow.

[0084] (3) The bottom of the trough consists of two inclined planes, vertical and horizontal. In the vertical section, the debris flow flows from top to bottom, while in the horizontal section, the debris flow concentrates from both sides to the middle, thus forming a three-dimensional beam flow.

[0085] Comparison of two main types of debris flow drainage channels13 Based on hydraulic analysis, the V-shaped channel beam flow gradient has the following relationship with the channel longitudinal and cross-sectional gradients:

[0086] (7)

[0087] Where: Ic is the V-groove gravity beam current gradient; I v is the longitudinal slope gradient of the V-shaped trough; I t It is the cross-sectional gradient of the V-shaped groove. Generally, It is greater than IV, I t Usually 1:10~1:4, and I v The value is usually 0.02 to 0.05. Reasonable combination of the longitudinal and transverse gradients of the trough is the key to achieving ideal discharge of debris flow. v The size depends on the topographic conditions of the debris flow accumulation area and is the main factor controlling the sediment transport capacity; t Control the ability of debris flow to control the flow. In plan, the V-groove should be as straight as possible. Because groove resistance is low and debris flow velocities are high, curves should have a sufficiently large radius of curvature and superelevation. Different cross-sectional configurations should be used for different initial velocities. For high velocities, a wide and shallow upper section and a narrow and deep lower section are recommended; for low velocities, a narrow and deep section on both the upper and lower sections is recommended.

[0088] The minimum slope of a debris flow is determined by its composition and is calculated using the following formula (Zhou Bifan 1991):

[0089] (1)

[0090] In this case, the debris flow soil relies on the shear component of its own gravity to maintain its movement, while the hydraulic debris flow soil movement requires the combined action of its own shear force and the shear force of the water body to maintain its movement.

[0091] At this time

[0092] (2)

[0093] Generally, the coarse and fine particles of debris flow will be deposited successively, and the bulk density will be reduced accordingly, and the particles will become finer until it becomes a sand-containing water flow. is the minimum slope angle; Static shear strength of debris flow slurry Pa, The mud is deep and the debris flow is deep. is the dynamic friction angle of debris flow soil, which should be smaller than the internal friction angle of loose soil in saturated state. However, this value is difficult to determine and can be used replace Based on a large number of experimental studies, it is generally believed that the drainage ratio of debris flows without erosion or siltation is reduced to 3% to 10%, and the longitudinal slope of gravel-grade materials in the flow is maintained at 2° to 3°.

[0094] According to calculations, the bulk density of a dilute debris flow is 1.4 to 1.6 g / cm 3The drainage gradient is between 1% and 10%. The drainage gradient is related to the bulk density. As the bulk density increases, the drainage gradient also increases. However, the relationship between the two is not strictly linear.

[0095] The root is determined based on the bulk density γ and the longitudinal slope ratio I 纵 , siltation in the tank, erosion and erosion in the tank, and the effects of engineering operation, and sensitivity analysis of the above factors was conducted. The support vector machine (SVR) regression algorithm was used to fit the beam design slope ratio as the dependent variable:

[0096] Variables: Variable X: {bulk density, longitudinal slope ratio, presence or absence of siltation, presence or absence of scouring, effect}; variable Y: {beam slope ratio}.

[0097] Table 1 Model test data prediction table

[0098]

[0099] 1. Modular debris flow interception and drainage system

[0100] Facing debris flows with varying terrain, slopes, and particle sizes, modularly assembled drainage channels are used to provide targeted debris flow interception and drainage measures of varying sizes and layouts. This effectively reduces the velocity of debris flows, separates debris flow particles, and mitigates the damage caused by rapid erosion.

[0101] For mixed soil and rock slopes prone to viscous debris flows, modular drainage channels and non-through vertical deceleration ribs are installed. By creating deflections and diversions to dissipate kinetic energy, the debris flow fluid is decelerated and deposited, reducing its impact on the downstream slope. The rib angle, spacing, and height can be comprehensively designed based on the particle composition of the rock and soil in the debris flow-prone area being protected and the mountain slope.

[0102] For rocky slopes prone to rare debris flows, modular drainage channels and non-through paved, oblique deceleration ribs are installed. This dissipates the kinetic energy of the debris flow by diverting it and reducing its velocity, thereby reducing its impact on the downstream slope. The rib diversion angle, length, and height can be comprehensively designed and determined based on the slope of the debris flow-prone area to be protected.

[0103] The modular drainage and guidance system includes ① modular speed reduction ribs, ② modular arresting systems, and ③ modular drainage and guidance troughs. These can be used in conjunction with each other according to project requirements.

[0104] ① Modular deceleration ribs: Used to decelerate and divert debris flows, these precast concrete structures are approximately quadrangular in shape. The rib length (C1), width (C4), and height (C6) are set according to the debris flow velocity. The top surface (F1) of the rib has an angle of β1, the front surface (F2) has an angle of β2, the front beam angle (β3), and the side beam angle (β4) of the beam surface (F3) are set according to the debris flow velocity. Bolt holes are provided on the fixing side for securement using the universal bolt holes on the side walls. Tenons are provided on the bottom that engage with the rib fixing grooves to secure the rib. The top surface (F1) of the rib has an angle of β1, with the design range of β1 being [60°, 90°]. The frontal face of the rib sill is F2, with a frontal angle of β2, designed for a range of [45°, 75°]. The frontal beam angle of F2 is β3, designed for a range of [30°, 90°]. The beaming surface of the rib sill is F3, with a lateral beam angle of β4, designed for a range of [45°, 90°]. A tenon is provided at the bottom, with length, width, and height measured by C3, C5, and C7, the center of its projection coinciding with the center of the rectangle formed by C1 and C4. Bolt holes for fixing the rib sill are provided on the side. The bolt hole radius is R1, and the bolt hole spacing can be set to nL1 (n = 1, 2, or 3) based on the universal bolt hole locations on the side walls of the guide trough.

[0105] Modular drainage troughs are divided into two types according to their usage, which can be used independently or in combination with each other. ③-1 Modular flat-bottom structure: Suitable for rare debris flows. It is prefabricated as a whole using concrete structures. The trough can be prefabricated to a suitable length according to on-site engineering conditions. Deceleration rib fixing grooves are set at both ends, and universal bolt holes and trough hoisting holes are set on both side walls. ③-2 Modular V-bottom stepped structure: Suitable for rare debris flows or water-rock flows containing a large number of large-diameter rocks. It is prefabricated as a whole using concrete structures. The trough can be prefabricated to a suitable length according to on-site engineering conditions. The discharge flow of the V-shaped trough at the bottom meets the flow requirements during non-flood periods. The terrace is reserved for debris flows with excessive flow rates. Deceleration rib fixing grooves are set on the terrace, and universal bolt holes and trough hoisting holes are set on both side walls.

[0106] ③-1 Modular, flat-bottomed drainage structure: Suitable for common debris flows. Prefabricated in concrete, the trough can be prefabricated to a suitable length based on site conditions. Fixing slots for the deceleration ribs are provided at both ends, and the sidewalls are equipped with holes for general bolts and trough hoisting. The trough floor is tilted downstream from above and below, with the upper floor tilting at an angle α, determined by the site topography and the design inclination. The length and width of the trough floor are A1, B1, and the thickness of the upper and lower sections is A3, A9. Drain holes are provided on both sides with a radius of R2 and a spacing of L2. A docking slot is provided at the bottom for easy overlap of the modules. The length, width, and height of the docking slot are A5, B2, and A8. The side walls on both sides are perpendicular to the base plate, with length and width of A1 and B2, upstream and downstream heights of A2 and A4, and an inclination angle of α. Universal bolt holes are set on the side walls, with a bolt hole radius of R1 and a bolt hole spacing of L1. Speed ​​reduction rib fixing grooves are set at both ends. The size of the speed reduction rib that can achieve the best effect is selected based on the characteristics of the debris flow.

[0107] 【1】The side walls are symmetrically arranged on both sides, and are symmetrically installed into the rib fixing grooves through the bottom tenons of the deceleration ribs, and fixed by side bolts; the two sections of modules are fixed by docking with the slots, and the guide grooves form a wide and narrow structure; the upstream debris flow passes through the rib deceleration beam, and the debris flow impacts the front face F1 and top face F2 of the deceleration ribs, and the debris flow slurry is constrained by it to produce an upward and centripetal diversion; the debris flow collides and mixes in the air, dissipating part of the energy; the center of the debris flow with a faster flow rate passes through the side face F3 of the beam, and the slurry is deflected and converged to counter-mix; after the slurry passes through the ribs, due to the increase in cross-section, the slurry flow velocity suddenly decreases and spreads to both sides to the front face F1, and then the flow is deflected again; a continuous deceleration and energy dissipation effect is formed on the rear debris flow; the energy carried by the debris flow is reduced through diversion-collision-deceleration-mixing, reducing the impact damage to the downstream.

[0108] 【2】The side walls are cross-set on both sides, and the length of the ribs is less than half the width of the trough body. They are installed into the rib fixing groove through the tenon at the bottom of the deceleration rib and fixed by the side bolts. The two sections of modules are fixed by the slot, and the guide groove forms a structure with alternating deceleration ribs. The upstream debris flow passes through the rib deceleration beam, and a part of the debris flow hits the front face F1 and top face F2 of the deceleration rib. Under the constraint of the deceleration rib, the debris flow slurry produces an upward diversion. The debris flow collides and mixes in the air, dissipating part of the energy. It falls to the center of the debris flow with a faster flow rate and dissipates its energy by mixing with each other. The other part of the debris flow that is not diverted passes through the side face F3 of the beam, deflects and converges and diffuses to the lower deceleration part. The facing surface F of the rib sill is deflected and becomes a force dissipating cushion for the debris flow in the diverting flow; by extending and deflecting the transport distance, a continuous deceleration and energy dissipation effect is formed on the rear debris flow; the energy carried by the debris flow is reduced and lowered through diversion-deflection-deceleration-self-mixing, reducing the impact damage to the downstream; and a local large-diameter boulder flow passage is reserved to prevent large-diameter boulder from clogging the drainage channel and improving the operation capacity; it is suitable for dilute debris flow with a large amount of sand; the β1 and β2 of the deceleration rib sill are selected to be large values ​​to effectively slow down the impact speed and improve its diversion capacity; its transport energy can be converted into gravitational potential energy, which separates and breaks in the air and mixes with the rear debris flow after falling, dissipating its kinetic energy.

[0109] 【3】The side walls are cross-set on both sides, and the length of the ribs is greater than the half-width of the trough body. They are installed into the rib fixing groove through the tenon at the bottom of the deceleration rib and fixed by the side bolts. The two sections of modules are fixed by the slot, and the guide groove forms a structure with alternating deceleration ribs. The upstream debris flow passes through the rib deceleration beam, and a part of the debris flow hits the front face F1 and top face F2 of the deceleration rib. Under the constraint of the deceleration rib, the debris flow slurry produces an upward diversion. The debris flow collides and mixes in the air, dissipating part of the energy. It falls to the center of the debris flow with a faster flow rate and dissipates its energy through mutual mixing. The other part of the debris flow that is not diverted passes through the beam side F3, deflects and converges to the lower deceleration rib face F for deflection and becomes a force dissipation cushion for the diversion part of the debris flow. It effectively increases the downward distance of the debris flow and forms a continuous deceleration and energy dissipation effect on the debris flow behind. The energy carried by the debris flow is reduced through diversion-deflection-deceleration-self-mixing, reducing the impact and damage to the downstream.

[0110] ③-3 Modular V-bottom stepped drainage structure: Suitable for rare debris flows containing a large number of large-diameter boulders. Prefabricated in concrete, the trough can be prefabricated to an appropriate length based on site conditions. The V-shaped trough at the bottom meets the discharge requirements during non-flood periods. Terraces are reserved for debris flows exceeding the specified flow rate and feature fixed grooves for deceleration ribs. The trough floor is inclined downstream at an angle α and a central angle γ, determined by the site topography and the design inclination. The length and width of the trough floor are A1 and B1, with upstream and downstream thicknesses of A3 and A9. Drain holes are provided on both sides with a radius of R2 and spacing of L2. A modular docking groove is provided at the bottom to facilitate interconnection. The length, width, and height of the docking groove are A5, B2, and A8, respectively. The sidewalls are perpendicular to the baseplate, with lengths and widths of A1 and B2, and upstream and downstream heights of A2 and A4, with an inclination angle of α. Universal bolt holes are located on the sidewalls, with a radius of R1 and a spacing of L1. Deceleration rib fixing slots are located at both ends. The deceleration ribs are dimensioned to optimize energy dissipation based on debris flow characteristics. They are symmetrically installed into the fixing slots using the tenons at their bases and secured with side bolts. The two modules are secured together using snap-fitting slots. Dilute debris flows are directly channeled through the V-shaped grooves. For excessive debris flows, the ribs decelerate and converge the flow, diverting the flow to the center. The V-shaped grooves form a damping cushion for the debris flow, and the slurry is centripetally mixed in the center of the groove. Through a process of flow diversion, collision, mixing, and cascading, the debris flow's energy is reduced and confined within the drainage trough. By constraining the flow's flow pattern, the flow actively mixes, dissipating energy and minimizing impact damage downstream.

[0111] Debris flow monitoring equipment can be installed simultaneously with modular drainage channels. An integrated early warning station is used, with a soil moisture sensor installed at the base of the mast and Beidou positioning, a rain gauge, a mud level meter, and a camera integrated at the top. Displacement and deformation monitoring utilizes integrated fiber optic deployment. Stations should be located away from strong winds, in open, flat areas, and avoid steep slopes, canyons, or windy locations. If site conditions cannot be fully met, they should be located crosswind of the prevailing wind direction during the local rainy season. Because monitoring sites are often located in mountainous areas with ravines and harsh environments, equipment installation is difficult and power supply is challenging, this design utilizes a combination of solar energy and batteries to power the system. During the day, solar panels convert solar energy into electricity to maintain system operation and charge the batteries. At night, when solar power is unavailable, the system relies on batteries to maintain normal operation. The distributed deployment and multi-type sensor architecture provide a high safety margin, strong network self-healing capabilities, and good robustness. This ensures data collection, verification, and comparison even in the event of sensor failure or damage.

[0112] Based on sensor data collected from soil bulk density γ, mountain slope I, rainfall P, soil moisture w, and surface flow velocity v, a multi-data fusion-based debris flow probability prediction analysis was conducted using a BP neural network model optimized by a genetic algorithm, an optimal path model, and a support vector machine model. The support vector machine model achieved a higher fit and a lower false alarm rate, making it an effective reference for debris flow early warning and prediction.

[0113] Finally, it should be noted that the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the present invention, rather than to limit it. Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the aforementioned embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that they can still modify the technical solutions described in the aforementioned embodiments, or make equivalent replacements for some of the technical features therein. However, these modifications or replacements do not deviate the essence of the corresponding technical solutions from the spirit and scope of the technical solutions of the various embodiments of the present invention.

Claims

1. A modular debris flow interception and drainage system, comprising a modular speed reduction rib, a modular interception system, and a modular drainage trough, characterized in that: The modular speed reduction ribs, modular arresting system and modular drainage channel are used in combination with each other according to engineering requirements; The modular speed reduction rib is an irregular geometric body with six surfaces: a mounting surface, a bottom surface, a back surface, a top surface F1 of the oncoming surface, a front surface F2 of the oncoming surface, and a beam surface F3. The bottom surface is opposite to the top surface F1 of the oncoming surface, the back surface is opposite to the front surface F2 of the oncoming surface, and the mounting surface is opposite to the beam surface F3. The mounting surface is provided with a plurality of bolt holes, and the bottom surface is provided with a tenon. The mounting surface, bottom surface, and back surface are perpendicular to each other, the angle between the top surface F1 of the oncoming surface and the back surface is β1, the angle between the front surface F2 of the oncoming surface and the bottom surface is β2, the angle between the intersection of the front surface F2 and the bottom surface of the oncoming surface and the mounting surface is β3, and the angle between the intersection of the beam surface F3 and the bottom surface and the back surface is β4; The modular barrier system includes a barrier net, with energy dissipators provided on both sides of the barrier net, and the energy dissipators are connected to the drainage channel. The barrier net can be arranged in the following forms: multi-layer barrier nets in the same module, reinforced barrier nets in the same module, and multi-module spliced ​​multi-level barrier nets. The modular drainage trough body includes a flat-bottom structure and a V-bottom stepped structure; rib fixing bolts are provided on both sides of the modular drainage trough body, and module docking grooves are provided at the ends of the modular drainage trough body; gabion stone cages are arranged in the modular drainage trough body.

2. The modular debris flow interception and drainage system according to claim 1, characterized in that: The modular deceleration rib has a length of C1, a width of C4, and a height of C6, and is set according to the flow velocity of the debris flow. The flow angle β1 of the top surface F1 of the oncoming surface, the flow angle β2 of the front surface F2 of the oncoming surface, the front beam angle β3 of the front surface F2 of the oncoming surface, and the side beam angle β4 of the beam surface F3 are set according to the flow velocity of the debris flow.

3. The modular debris flow interception and drainage system according to claim 2, characterized in that: The design range of the incident flow angle β1 of the top surface F1 of the modular deceleration rib sill incident flow surface is [60°, 90°], the design range of the front angle β2 of the front surface F2 of the modular deceleration rib sill incident flow surface is [45°, 75°], the design range of the front beam angle β3 of the front surface F2 of the modular deceleration rib sill incident flow surface is [30°, 90°], and the design range of the side beam angle β4 of the beam surface F3 of the modular deceleration rib sill is [45°, 90°]. The length, width and height of the tenon are C3, C5 and C7, and the projection center thereof coincides with the projection center of the rectangle formed by the length C1 and width C4 of the modular deceleration rib sill.

4. The modular debris flow interception and drainage system according to claim 1, characterized in that: The bolt hole radius R1 and the bolt hole spacing are set to nL1 according to the universal bolt hole positions set on the side walls of the row guide groove, where n=1, 2, 3, and L1 is the universal bolt hole spacing.

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