Ecological restoration method for mine slope

Abstract

The invention relates to the technical field of mine side slope restoration, in particular to a mine side slope ecological restoration method which comprises the following steps: S1, performing field investigation and evaluation, and performing comprehensive surveying and mapping on the landform of a mine side slope by using a high-precision surveying and mapping instrument; the anti-seismic effect and the prevention and control of water and soil loss are prominent, the anti-seismic performance is enhanced through deep rock mass anchoring reinforcement, large-diameter and high-strength anchor cables are adopted, bed rock is deeply stabilized, prestress is applied, the integrity of the rock mass is enhanced, reinforced concrete anti-sliding piles are arranged near potential sliding surfaces, the anti-sliding capacity is improved, and the anti-seismic effect is achieved. When a damping ditch is dug between a slope top and a blasting area, loose gravel is filled to weaken vibration energy, the anti-seismic performance of the side slope is comprehensively improved, and water and soil loss is prevented, a drainage system is constructed to intercept surface water, vegetation is reasonably configured, planting grooves and fish-scale pits are arranged, an ecological restoration composite structure layer is built, and a grass spraying and planting and vine climbing system is combined. And water and soil loss is reduced through multiple measures.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present application relates to the technical field of mine slope restoration, and in particular to a mine slope ecological restoration method. Background Art

[0002] With the rapid development of modern industry, the scale of mining activities has continued to expand, especially open-pit mining operations, which have caused extremely serious damage to the ecological environment. During open-pit mining, a large amount of land has been occupied and damaged, and the regional ecological environment is facing severe challenges. A large number of abandoned slopes have been generated around mine pits, spoil dumps and tailings ponds. These slopes generally have problems such as poor slope stability, large areas of exposed surface and extreme lack of vegetation.

[0003] These problems have directly led to a series of serious geological disasters, such as frequent collapse, collapse, and landslides, posing a huge threat to the safety of life and property of surrounding residents. At the same time, mining activities have also led to environmental pollution in the atmosphere, water, soil, etc. The exposed surface of the abandoned slopes has suffered extremely serious soil erosion under the action of wind and water. A large amount of sediment has flowed into the surrounding water bodies, which not only affects the water quality, but may also cause siltation in the river channel and trigger secondary disasters such as floods. In addition, due to the deterioration of the ecological environment, biodiversity has been severely damaged, many animals and plants have lost their suitable living environment, the number of species has decreased sharply, and the entire mining area ecosystem has been unbalanced, seriously restricting the sustainable development of the regional ecology, society and economy.

[0004] At present, there are some technical solutions for mine slope repair. For example, a Chinese patent with announcement number "CN110144912A" discloses a mine slope repair method. This method involves cutting the slope in steps, with each step being 8-10 meters long and the step platform being 2-3 meters wide. A drainage ditch is opened on the step platform near the foot of the slope, and several drainage grooves are opened on the slope and connected to each other. The area on the platform and slope excluding the drainage ditch and drainage groove is covered with 20-30 cm of soil and compound fertilizer and slow-release fertilizer are applied. Herbs are then planted on the slope and shrubs are planted on the step platform. This method improves the site conditions of the slope to a certain extent, creates basic conditions for plant growth, helps to quickly restore vegetation, and achieves structural stability and ecological balance of the slope.

[0005] However, this method has obvious limitations. In the case of complex environment around mine slopes, especially facing the vibration impact caused by explosive blasting during mining, and the aggravated soil erosion problem caused by it, its response measures are insufficient. Explosives are frequently used for blasting during mining, and the strong vibration can easily cause the slope soil to loosen, increasing the risk of landslides. The patented method does not propose effective seismic reinforcement measures for this. At the same time, in terms of soil and water loss prevention and control, it is difficult to cope with the serious soil and water loss caused by blasting vibration and complex terrain by relying solely on simple vegetation planting and conventional drainage facilities, and it is impossible to fundamentally solve the key issues of slope stability and ecological environment restoration. Therefore, it is urgent to develop an ecological restoration technology that can effectively enhance the seismic performance of mine slopes and significantly improve the soil and water loss situation. This is of great significance for achieving sustainable recovery of the ecological environment in mining areas and healthy development of regional economy and society. Summary of the invention

[0006] In order to improve the ecological stability of existing mine slopes after restoration and avoid soil erosion caused by landslides and vibrations, the present application provides a mine slope ecological restoration method.

[0007] The present application provides a method for ecological restoration of mine slopes, which adopts the following technical solutions: S1, on-site investigation and evaluation, using high-precision surveying and mapping instruments to carry out comprehensive surveying and mapping of mine slope topography, accurately measuring the slope, slope height and slope area, collecting rock and soil samples through professional drilling equipment, using advanced experimental methods in the laboratory to analyze their physical and mechanical properties, clarifying the stability and anti-erosion performance parameters, using professional hydrological monitoring equipment to master the surrounding groundwater level, flow direction and precipitation time and space distribution data in detail, conducting a systematic sample survey of existing vegetation, statistically analyzing the species, coverage and growth status information, and integrating various survey data to accurately locate the slope stability risk areas, soil and water loss risk points and key areas for ecological restoration, so as to provide a detailed basis for the subsequent scheme design;

[0008] S2. Cleaning and reinforcement of dangerous rocks. Use manual handheld professional tools or small machinery to clean up loose and suspended dangerous rocks on the surface of the slope in strict order from the top to the bottom of the slope to ensure that no rocks are left out. For unstable rock mass, select anchor rods and cables of appropriate specifications based on the size, structure and surrounding geological conditions of the rock mass, drill holes in the rock mass with professional drilling equipment, implant the anchor rods and cables into the holes and inject high-strength anchor slurry to fix them, so that the rock mass is firmly connected to the deep stable mountain mass. Accurately excavate trapezoidal intercepting and drainage ditches on the top and slope surface according to the terrain trend. Use high-strength concrete to harden the bottom and walls of the ditch to intercept surface water and reduce the erosion of the slope by rainwater.

[0009] S3. Special measures for earthquake-resistant reinforcement, including deep rock anchoring, anti-slide pile installation, and shock-absorbing trench excavation to further enhance earthquake-resistant and explosion-proof capabilities;

[0010] S4. Soil improvement: Collect geotechnical samples at multiple points in different positions of the slope and send them to a professional laboratory for comprehensive physical and chemical property tests. Analyze soil pH, nutrient content, texture and other indicators. According to the test results, strictly add soil conditioners such as high-quality organic fertilizers and humus soil in proportion. For poor or heavy metal-polluted soils, use the method of importing soil. Use large transport vehicles to transport high-quality soil that meets the standards to the site and evenly cover it on the slope by mechanical or manual means. The covering thickness is determined to be 30 - 50 cm according to the soil condition and vegetation requirements, creating a good soil environment for vegetation growth;

[0011] S5. Vegetation selection and configuration: Conduct in-depth research on local climate, soil and hydrological historical data, and select plant varieties that are suitable for local growth, drought-tolerant, barren-tolerant and have well-developed roots, such as Bermuda grass, Amorpha fruticosa, Vitex negundo var. heterophylla, etc. According to the principle of combining trees, shrubs and grasses, in the top and bottom areas of the slope, plant tall trees such as poplar and locust trees by manually digging pits at a standard plant spacing of 2 - 3 m. In the upper and middle parts of the slope, plant shrubs such as Hippophae rhamnoides and Lespedeza bicolor by hole planting method, with a hole spacing of 1.5 - 2 m. In the lower part of the slope and platform area, plant herbaceous plants such as Festuca elata and Lolium perenne by broadcasting or drilling sowing method. The seeding rate is accurately calculated and determined according to the seed germination rate and planting area;

[0012] S6. Construction of planting troughs and fish-scale pits: On steeper slopes, use pneumatic picks or manual excavation methods to construct planting troughs. The depth of the planting troughs is determined to be 30 - 50 cm, the width is 20 - 30 cm, and the trough spacing is determined to be 50 - 80 cm according to plant species and slope conditions. After excavation, fill the improved soil into the troughs. On the slope, construct fish-scale pits by manual excavation. The fish-scale pits are arranged in a "pin" shape, with a pit depth of 20 - 30 cm, a diameter of 30 - 50 cm, and a pit spacing of 30 - 50 cm. The pits are also filled with improved soil for planting herbs or small shrubs;

[0013] S7. Construction of an ecological restoration composite structure layer: Lay a needle-shaped fiber bottom layer, then lay a middle nutrient and water reserve layer, and finally lay a top seed attachment layer on the top layer;

[0014] S8. Spraying and sowing grass: Mix grass seeds, fertilizers, water-retaining agents, adhesives and soil conditioners in precise proportions, add an appropriate amount of water, and stir them into a uniform slurry by a stirring device. Use a professional spraying and sowing device to evenly spray the mixture onto the slope in the order from the top to the bottom of the slope. The spraying thickness is 1 - 2 cm, which is fused with the original seed attachment layer to make the seeds more evenly distributed and promote the germination of grass seeds and the growth of seedlings;

[0015] S9. Construction of a climbing system for vines. Use high-strength metal or high-quality wooden materials to build climbing frames at the foot and middle of the slope, or set high-strength corrosion-resistant traction ropes on the slope. Choose vines such as creepers and ivy, dig pits at the base of the climbing frame or traction ropes to plant them, and guide the vines to climb and grow upward along the climbing frame or traction ropes.

[0016] S10, installation of irrigation maintenance system. On the top and surface of the slope, according to the terrain and vegetation distribution, irrigation pipes are laid by hot-melt connection or mechanical connection. Drip irrigation and micro-sprinkler irrigation equipment are selected. An intelligent irrigation control system is installed, including soil moisture sensors, controllers, solenoid valves and other equipment, which are connected to the controller through signal lines. The controller controls the opening and closing of the solenoid valve according to the set program to achieve automatic irrigation.

[0017] S11. Monitoring and evaluation: Displacement monitoring points are set up at different locations on the slope using total stations, GPS and other high-precision measuring equipment. Soil moisture is monitored in real time using soil moisture sensors. Vegetation growth monitoring plots are set up. The plot area is determined according to the vegetation type. Herb plots are 1×1 square meters, shrub plots are 5×5 square meters, and tree plots are 10×10 square meters. Displacement, soil moisture, and vegetation growth data are collected regularly using professional instruments and equipment, and the ecological restoration effect is evaluated based on the data.

[0018] S12. Post-management and maintenance: arrange professional personnel to inspect the repair area regularly with a weekly inspection cycle, promptly clean up new dangerous rocks and debris on the slope, use manual or small mechanical cleaning methods, repair damaged irrigation systems, planting troughs and fish scale pits, repair and replace damaged pipes and equipment in the irrigation system, use manual repair methods for planting troughs and fish scale pits, replant poorly growing or dead vegetation, and replant plant varieties and specifications consistent with the original vegetation. According to the vegetation growth and soil fertility test results, carry out topdressing and soil improvement in a timely manner. Topdressing is done by manual or mechanical fertilization, and soil improvement is done by adding improvers or imported soil.

[0019] Optionally, the deep rock anchoring reinforcement of the special seismic reinforcement measures in S3 can be anchored in the deep rock of the slope at a spacing of 3-5 meters using large-diameter, high-strength anchor cables. The anchor cables are inserted 8-12 meters deep into the stable bedrock, and prestress is applied through special tensioning equipment to enhance the integrity and stability of the deep rock mass and effectively resist the influence of stress waves caused by blasting vibration.

[0020] Optionally, the anti-slip piles of the special seismic reinforcement measures in S3 can be set near the potential sliding surface of the slope by mechanical drilling, with a row of anti-slip piles set every 8-10 meters. The diameter of the anti-slip piles is 1.2-1.5 meters, and the pile length is determined according to the geological conditions of the slope. Generally, they are 5-8 meters below the sliding surface. The pile body is cast with reinforced concrete to enhance the anti-slip ability of the slope and resist the risk of landslide caused by blasting vibration.

[0021] Optionally, the shock-absorbing ditch excavation of the special seismic reinforcement measure in S3 can be between the top of the slope and the blasting operation area, with a depth of 2-3 meters and a width of 1.5-2 meters. The shock-absorbing ditch is filled with loose sand and gravel materials to form a buffer zone to weaken the energy of blasting vibration transmitted to the slope, thereby reducing the impact of vibration on slope stability.

[0022] Optionally, the S7 constructs the ecological restoration composite structure layer. The needle-shaped fiber bottom layer can be made of needle-shaped fiber materials that meet high-strength and degradation-resistant standards, such as specific biodegradable fiber filaments. The needle-shaped fibers are evenly spread on the treated slope surface by manual or mechanical spreading. One end of the fiber is inserted into the soil to a depth of 5-10 cm using a tool to anchor the fiber on the slope surface, thereby increasing the roughness and friction of the slope surface, providing support for the upper structure, and promoting water infiltration.

[0023] Optionally, the S7 constructs a middle nutrient and water reserve layer for laying the ecological restoration composite structure layer. The water retaining agent, organic fertilizer, vermiculite and perlite can be mixed in a specific proportion and covered on the bottom needle-like fibers by manual or mechanical spreading. The thickness is controlled at 5-8 cm. The water retaining agent is made of highly absorbent resin material, the organic fertilizer is fully decomposed, and the vermiculite and perlite are screened and graded to ensure the nutrient and water reserve effect.

[0024] Optionally, the S7 constructs the top layer of the ecological restoration composite structure layer to lay the top seed attachment layer. The screened plant seeds can be mixed with soil containing adhesives and microbial agents in proportion, and stirred evenly by a stirring equipment to make a seed attachment layer material. The material is evenly laid on the middle layer by manual or mechanical spraying with a thickness of 2-3 cm. The adhesive is made of environmentally friendly polymer materials, and the microbial agents are selected from types suitable for the local soil environment to promote the combination of seeds and soil and the germination and growth of seeds.

[0025] Optionally, in S9, the height of the climbing frame is determined to be 2-5 meters according to the height of the slope, and the spacing is 3-5 meters.

[0026] Optionally, the spacing between drippers or sprinklers of the drip irrigation or micro-sprinkler irrigation equipment selected in S10 is determined to be 30-50 cm according to the water requirement characteristics of the plants, and the soil moisture sensors are buried in the soil at a spacing of 10-15 meters.

[0027] Optionally, the displacement monitoring points in S11 are arranged at a grid spacing of 10-20 meters, the soil moisture sensor is buried in the soil at a depth of 10-20 centimeters, and 3-5 sensors are arranged in each monitoring area.

[0028] In summary, this application includes the following beneficial technical effects:

[0029] 1. This method has significant advantages in enhancing the seismic performance of mine slopes. In step S3, through deep rock anchoring reinforcement, large-diameter, high-strength anchor cables are used to anchor the deep rock of the slope at a certain interval, penetrate into the stable bedrock to a certain depth and apply prestress, which greatly enhances the integrity and stability of the deep rock, effectively resists the stress waves generated by blasting vibration, and reduces the damage to the rock mass caused by vibration. In terms of anti-slip pile setting, a row of reinforced concrete anti-slip piles are set at a certain distance near the potential sliding surface, and the pile length penetrates a certain depth below the sliding surface, which significantly enhances the anti-slip ability of the slope and resists the risk of landslides caused by blasting vibration. The excavation of the shock-absorbing trench forms a buffer zone of a certain depth and width between the top of the slope and the blasting operation area, and is filled with loose sand and gravel to weaken the blasting vibration energy, reduce the impact of vibration on the stability of the slope, and comprehensively improve the seismic performance of the mine slope to cope with blasting vibration;

[0030] 2. In terms of improving the soil and water loss situation, this method is also effective. From the perspective of drainage system construction, in step S2, trapezoidal cross-section drainage ditches are excavated on the top and slope surface according to the terrain trend, and the ditch bottom and ditch wall are hardened to effectively intercept surface water and reduce rainwater erosion on the slope. At the vegetation protection level, through the vegetation selection and configuration of S5, trees, shrubs and grasses are combined, and suitable plants are planted in different areas. The root system has strong soil fixing ability, which can effectively reduce slope soil loss. The planting troughs and fish scale pits constructed by S6 not only provide conditions for plant growth, but also slow down the slope runoff flow rate and intercept sediment. The ecological restoration composite structure layer of S7, the bottom needle-shaped fibers increase the slope roughness and friction, and promote water infiltration; the middle nutrient and water reserve layer helps to maintain water and soil; the top seed attachment layer is combined with S8 spray planting grass to quickly form vegetation coverage and reduce slope exposure. The vine climbing system of S9 further covers the slope and enhances the soil fixing effect. These comprehensive measures effectively improve the soil and water loss situation on the mine slope. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0031] Figure 1 It is a flow chart in the embodiment of the present application. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0032] The following is combined with Figure 1 This application is described in further detail.

[0033] The present application embodiment discloses a method for ecological restoration of a mine slope. Figure 1 As shown, the following steps are included:

[0034] S1. On-site investigation and assessment. Use high-precision surveying and mapping instruments to conduct comprehensive surveying and mapping of the mine slope topography, accurately measure the slope, slope height and slope area, collect rock and soil samples through professional drilling equipment, use advanced experimental methods in the laboratory to analyze their physical and mechanical properties, clarify the stability and anti-erosion performance parameters, and use professional hydrological monitoring equipment to obtain detailed information on the surrounding groundwater level, flow direction and spatial and temporal distribution of precipitation. Conduct a systematic sample survey of existing vegetation, count the species, coverage and growth status information, and integrate various survey data to accurately locate the slope stability risk areas, soil and water loss risk points and key areas for ecological restoration, providing a detailed basis for the subsequent design of the plan;

[0035] Specifically for exploration and evaluation, high-precision surveying and mapping instruments such as Trimble R10 GNSS receiver, Leica TS60 total station and DJI Phantom 4 RTK drone were used to conduct comprehensive surveying and mapping of the mine slope topography. The Trimble R10 GNSS receiver can receive satellite signals in real time, and its positioning accuracy can reach millimeter level in open areas. By setting multiple measuring points at different positions on the slope, the slope height can be accurately measured. The Leica TS60 total station integrates angle measurement, distance measurement, and height difference measurement functions. The horizontal and vertical angle measurement accuracy can reach 0.5″, and the distance measurement accuracy can reach 1mm+1.5ppm. It can measure the slope from multiple angles and accurately calculate the slope. The DJI Phantom 4 RTK drone is equipped with a high-precision aerial survey camera, which can obtain high-resolution images during flight. Combined with its own high-precision positioning module, it can generate centimeter-level digital orthophotos (DOM) and digital elevation models (DEM), thereby accurately measuring the slope area.

[0036] Rock and soil samples are collected by professional drilling equipment such as the XY-100 hydraulic core drill. The XY-100 hydraulic core drill is powerful and can drill up to 100 meters deep. It can operate stably under different geological conditions. It is equipped with drill bits of various specifications and can select the appropriate drill bit according to the hardness and characteristics of the rock and soil to obtain complete core samples. The collected samples are sent to the laboratory to analyze their physical and mechanical properties using advanced experimental methods such as the MTS810 material testing system. The MTS810 material testing system can accurately control the loading rate and load size, and conduct compression, tension, shear and other tests on the rock and soil. It can accurately measure key parameters such as the compressive strength, tensile strength, and internal friction angle of the rock and soil, thereby clarifying its stability and anti-erosion performance parameters;

[0037] With the help of groundwater monitoring wells, Sensorex S2700 series water level sensors, DiverTRIME-PICOTDR soil moisture and temperature sensors and other professional hydrological monitoring equipment, we can master the surrounding groundwater level, flow direction and precipitation temporal and spatial distribution data in detail, and reasonably arrange groundwater monitoring wells around the slope. The Sensorex S2700 series water level sensors are installed in the monitoring wells, which can accurately measure water level changes in real time and send data to the data acquisition terminal through the wireless transmission module. The tracer method and FlowTracker2 electromagnetic flowmeter are used to confirm Determine the flow direction of groundwater, put tracers into groundwater, detect its migration trajectory through monitoring wells, combine with FlowTracker2 electromagnetic flowmeter measurement to accurately grasp the direction of water flow, and use TE525MM rain gauge and VantagePro2 weather station to obtain precipitation time and space distribution data. TE525MM rain gauge has high measurement accuracy and can accurately record precipitation. VantagePro2 weather station integrates a variety of sensors. In addition to precipitation, it can also monitor meteorological elements such as temperature, wind speed, and wind direction. Through data fusion analysis, the time and space distribution law of precipitation is obtained;

[0038] When conducting a systematic plot survey of existing vegetation, the Garmin GPS MAP 66i handheld GPS locator is used to determine the location of the plot to ensure that the survey area is representative. The boundaries of the plot are defined by stainless steel plot frames of different specifications. The herb plot is generally set to 1×1 square meter, the shrub plot is 5×5 square meters, and the tree plot is 10×10 square meters. Within the plot, detailed statistics on vegetation types, coverage and growth conditions are obtained through field observation, photo recording, etc., and the various survey data obtained using professional equipment are combined to accurately locate the slope stability risk areas, soil and water loss risk points, and key areas for ecological restoration, providing a detailed basis for the subsequent design of the plan;

[0039] S2. Cleaning and reinforcement of dangerous rocks. Use manual handheld professional tools or small machinery to clean up loose and suspended dangerous rocks on the surface of the slope in strict order from the top to the bottom of the slope to ensure that no rocks are left out. For unstable rock mass, select anchor rods and cables of appropriate specifications based on the size, structure and surrounding geological conditions of the rock mass, drill holes in the rock mass with professional drilling equipment, implant the anchor rods and cables into the holes and inject high-strength anchor slurry to fix them, so that the rock mass is firmly connected to the deep stable mountain mass. Accurately excavate trapezoidal intercepting and drainage ditches on the top and slope surface according to the terrain trend. Use high-strength concrete to harden the bottom and walls of the ditch to intercept surface water and reduce the erosion of the slope by rainwater.

[0040] S3. Special measures for earthquake-resistant reinforcement, including deep rock anchoring, anti-slide pile installation, and shock-absorbing trench excavation to further enhance earthquake-resistant and explosion-proof capabilities;

[0041] The deep rock mass anchoring reinforcement of the seismic reinforcement special measures in S3 can be anchored in the deep rock mass of the slope at a spacing of 3-5 meters, using large-diameter, high-strength anchor cables. The anchor cables are inserted 8-12 meters deep into the stable bedrock, and prestress is applied through special tensioning equipment to enhance the integrity and stability of the deep rock mass, effectively resisting the influence of stress waves caused by blasting vibration;

[0042] The anti-slide piles of the anti-seismic reinforcement special measures in S3 can be set near the potential sliding surface of the slope by mechanical drilling, with a row of anti-slide piles set every 8-10 meters. The diameter of the anti-slide piles is 1.2-1.5 meters, and the pile length is determined according to the geological conditions of the slope. Generally, the depth is 5-8 meters below the sliding surface. The pile body is cast with reinforced concrete to enhance the anti-slide ability of the slope and resist the risk of landslide caused by blasting vibration;

[0043] The digging of the shock-absorbing trench in the special seismic reinforcement measures in S3 can be carried out between the top of the slope and the blasting operation area, with a depth of 2-3 meters and a width of 1.5-2 meters. The shock-absorbing trench is filled with loose sand and gravel materials to form a buffer zone to weaken the energy of the blasting vibration transmitted to the slope and reduce the impact of the vibration on the stability of the slope;

[0044] S4, soil improvement, rock and soil samples are collected at multiple points at different locations on the slope, and sent to professional laboratories for comprehensive physical and chemical property testing, soil pH, nutrient content, texture and other indicators are analyzed, and high-quality organic fertilizers, humus and other soil improvers are added in strict proportion according to the test results. For poor or heavy metal-contaminated soil, the imported soil method is adopted, and high-quality soil that meets the standards is transported to the site by large transport vehicles, and evenly covered on the slope surface by mechanical or manual methods. The covering thickness is determined to be 30-50 cm according to the soil conditions and vegetation requirements to create a good soil environment for vegetation growth. The needle-shaped fiber bottom layer of the S7 ecological restoration composite structure layer can be made of needle-shaped fiber materials that meet high strength and degradation resistance standards, such as specific biodegradable fiber filaments. The needle-shaped fibers are evenly spread on the treated slope surface by manual or mechanical spreading, and one end of the fiber is inserted into the soil to a depth of 5-10 cm using tools to anchor the fiber on the slope surface, increase the slope surface roughness and friction, provide support for the upper structure, and promote water infiltration;

[0045] S5. Vegetation selection and configuration: Thoroughly investigate the local climate, soil, and hydrological historical data, and select plant varieties suitable for local growth, drought-tolerant, barren-tolerant, and with well-developed root systems, such as Bermuda grass, Amorpha fruticosa, and Vitex negundo var. heterophylla. According to the principle of combining trees, shrubs, and grasses, in the top and bottom areas of the slope, tall trees such as poplar and locust are planted by manually digging pits at a standard plant spacing of 2 - 3 meters. In the upper and middle parts of the slope, shrubs such as sea buckthorn and Lespedeza bicolor are planted by hole planting method, with a hole spacing of 1.5 - 2 meters. In the lower part of the slope and the platform area, herbaceous plants such as tall fescue and ryegrass are planted by broadcast seeding or drilling, and the seeding rate is accurately calculated and determined according to the seed germination rate and planting area.

[0046] S6. Construction of planting troughs and fish-scale pits: On slopes with steeper gradients, use pneumatic picks or manual excavation methods to construct planting troughs. The depth of the planting troughs is determined to be 30 - 50 cm, the width is 20 - 30 cm, and the trough spacing is determined to be 50 - 80 cm according to plant species and slope conditions. After excavation, the improved soil is filled into the troughs. On the slope, fish-scale pits are constructed by manual excavation. The fish-scale pits are arranged in a "pin" shape, with a pit depth of 20 - 30 cm, a diameter of 30 - 50 cm, and a pit spacing of 30 - 50 cm. The pits are also filled with improved soil for planting herbs or small shrubs.

[0047] S7. Construction of an ecological restoration composite structure layer: Lay a needle-shaped fiber bottom layer, then lay a middle layer nutrient and water reserve layer, and finally lay a top layer seed attachment layer on the top.

[0048] For the laying of the middle layer nutrient and water reserve layer in the S7 construction of the ecological restoration composite structure layer, a water-retaining agent, organic fertilizer, vermiculite, and perlite can be mixed in a specific proportion and covered on the bottom needle-shaped fiber by manual or mechanical spreading, with a thickness controlled at 5 - 8 cm. The water-retaining agent is selected from superabsorbent resin materials, the organic fertilizer is fully decomposed, and the vermiculite and perlite are screened and graded to ensure the nutrient and water reserve effect.

[0049] For the laying of the top layer seed attachment layer in the S7 construction of the ecological restoration composite structure layer, the selected plant seeds can be mixed with soil containing adhesives and microbial agents in a proportion, and evenly stirred by a stirring device to make the seed attachment layer material. The material is evenly laid on the middle layer by manual or mechanical spraying, with a thickness of 2 - 3 cm. The adhesive is selected from environmentally friendly polymer materials, and the microbial agents are selected for types suitable for the local soil environment to promote the combination of seeds and soil and the germination and growth of seeds.

[0050] S8, spraying grass planting, mix grass seeds, fertilizers, water retaining agents, adhesives, and soil conditioners in precise proportions, add appropriate amount of water, stir into a uniform slurry through a stirring device, and use professional spraying equipment to spray the mixture evenly onto the slope surface from the top to the foot of the slope, with a spray thickness of 1-2 cm, and merge with the original seed attachment layer to make the seeds more evenly distributed, promoting the germination of grass seeds and the growth of seedlings;

[0051] S9, construction of a climbing system for vines. At the foot and middle of the slope, use high-strength metal or high-quality wooden materials to build a climbing frame, or set a high-strength corrosion-resistant traction rope on the slope, select vines such as creepers and ivy, dig pits at the base of the climbing frame or traction rope to plant, and guide the vines to climb and grow upward along the climbing frame or traction rope. The height of the climbing frame in S9 is determined to be 2-5 meters according to the height of the slope, and the spacing is 3-5 meters;

[0052] S10, installation of irrigation maintenance system, at the top and slope, according to the terrain and vegetation distribution, irrigation pipes are laid by hot-melt connection or mechanical connection, drip irrigation and micro-sprinkler irrigation equipment are selected, and intelligent irrigation control system is installed, including soil moisture sensor, controller, solenoid valve and other equipment, which are connected to the controller through signal line. The controller controls the opening and closing of the solenoid valve according to the set program to realize automatic irrigation. The spacing between the drippers or sprinklers of the drip irrigation and micro-sprinkler irrigation equipment selected in S10 is determined to be 30-50 cm according to the water demand characteristics of the plants, and the soil moisture sensors are buried in the soil at a spacing of 10-15 meters;

[0053] S11, monitoring and evaluation, at different locations on the slope, use total stations, GPS and other high-precision measuring equipment to set up displacement monitoring points, use soil moisture sensors to monitor soil moisture in real time, set up vegetation growth monitoring plots, the plot area is determined according to the vegetation type, herbaceous plots are 1×1 square meters, shrub plots are 5×5 square meters, and tree plots are 10×10 square meters. Use professional instruments and equipment to collect displacement, soil moisture, and vegetation growth data regularly, and evaluate the ecological restoration effect based on the data. The displacement monitoring points in S11 are arranged at a grid spacing of 10-20 meters, the soil moisture sensor is buried in the soil at a depth of 10-20 centimeters, and 3-5 sensors are arranged in each monitoring area;

[0054] S12. Post-management and maintenance: arrange professional personnel to inspect the repair area regularly with a weekly inspection cycle, promptly clean up new dangerous rocks and debris on the slope, use manual or small mechanical cleaning methods, repair damaged irrigation systems, planting troughs and fish scale pits, repair and replace damaged pipes and equipment in the irrigation system, use manual repair methods for planting troughs and fish scale pits, replant poorly growing or dead vegetation, and replant plant varieties and specifications consistent with the original vegetation. According to the vegetation growth and soil fertility test results, carry out topdressing and soil improvement in a timely manner. Topdressing is done by manual or mechanical fertilization, and soil improvement is done by adding improvers or imported soil.

[0055] The implementation principle of a mine slope ecological restoration method in the embodiment of the present application is as follows: the mine slope ecological restoration method has multi-dimensional and deep-level significant advantages in enhancing the seismic performance of mine slopes, and can effectively cope with the strong vibration impact caused by explosive blasting during mining, and provide a solid guarantee for the stability of the slope; specifically, in step S3, deep rock anchoring and strengthening is one of the key measures to improve seismic performance. According to the standard spacing of 3-5 meters, large-diameter and high-strength anchor cables are used for anchoring in the deep rock mass of the slope, and the anchor cables penetrate 8-12 meters into the stable bedrock, and prestress is applied through special tensioning equipment. This practice is as follows The deep rock mass, which is also a slope, builds a strong "skeleton". The large-diameter, high-strength anchor cable has excellent bearing capacity and anti-deformation ability, and can disperse the stress generated by vibration to a wider rock mass area to avoid local stress concentration leading to rock mass damage. The anchor cable deep into the stable bedrock can be closely combined with the stable geological structure, so that the deep rock mass forms a whole, greatly enhancing its integrity and stability. When the blasting of explosives generates vibration, the prestressed anchor cable can adjust in time and withstand the stress changes in the rock mass, effectively resist the influence of stress waves caused by blasting vibration, reduce the loosening and displacement of the rock mass, and reduce the risk of landslides;

[0056] The setting of anti-slide piles is an important means to resist the risk of landslides. Near the potential sliding surface of the slope, a row of anti-slide piles with a diameter of 1.2-1.5 meters is set every 8-10 meters. The pile length is 5-8 meters below the sliding surface according to the geological conditions of the slope. The pile body is cast with reinforced concrete. The anti-slide piles are like solid "guards" firmly rooted in the slope. When the blasting vibration causes the soil to loosen and may cause a landslide, the anti-slide piles can withstand the thrust of the landslide body with their own strength and rigidity to prevent the sliding of the soil. The reinforced concrete pile body structure can effectively resist vibration and soil pressure, disperse and transfer the potential energy of the landslide to the surrounding stable rock mass, enhance the anti-slide ability of the slope, and ensure the stability of the slope under blasting vibration;

[0057] The excavation of shock-absorbing trenches is an ingenious shock-absorbing measure. Between the top of the slope and the blasting operation area, a shock-absorbing trench with a depth of 2-3 meters and a width of 1.5-2 meters is excavated and filled with loose sand and gravel materials. When the shock wave generated by the blasting propagates to the slope, the shock-absorbing trench is like an "energy buffer". The loose sand and gravel material has good energy absorption and shock absorption effects, which can absorb and disperse the energy of the shock wave and weaken the intensity of the vibration propagation to the slope. At the same time, the existence of the shock-absorbing trench also changes the propagation path of the shock wave, reduces the direct impact on the slope, reduces the impact of vibration on the stability of the slope, and provides additional seismic protection for the slope.

[0058] This method has played a significant role in improving the soil and water loss conditions of the mine slope through a series of systematic and comprehensive measures, and has effectively protected the ecological environment and the surrounding water system. From the perspective of the construction of the drainage system, in step S2, intercepting drainage ditches with trapezoidal cross-sections are accurately excavated on the top and slope surface according to the terrain trend, and the ditch bottom and ditch wall are hardened with high-strength concrete. These intercepting drainage ditches are like "veins" and are distributed in an orderly manner on the slope. When it rains, they can quickly intercept and guide the flow of surface water to prevent rainwater from flowing freely on the slope surface, thereby reducing the direct scouring of the slope soil by rainwater. The hardened ditch bottom and ditch wall can prevent the erosion of the ditch by water flow, ensure the long-term effectiveness of the drainage system, and reduce the risk of soil and water loss caused by water flow scouring;

[0059] Vegetation protection is an important part of improving soil erosion. In step S5, vegetation selection and configuration are performed based on the principle of combining trees, shrubs and grasses. Tall trees are planted at the top and foot of the slope, shrubs are planted in the middle and upper part of the slope, and herbaceous plants are planted in the lower part of the slope and the platform area. Different types of plants form a multi-level and all-round vegetation coverage system. The tree has a well-developed root system that can penetrate deep into the soil and stabilize the slope; the shrub has dense branches and leaves that can slow down the speed of slope runoff and intercept sediment; the herbaceous plants grow rapidly and can quickly cover the surface, reducing the splashing of rainwater on the soil. Their roots are intertwined, like a huge "net", firmly grasping the soil and enhancing the soil's ability to resist erosion;

[0060] The construction of planting grooves and fish-scale pits plays an important role in water and soil conservation. In step S6, planting grooves are dug on the steeper slopes, with a depth of 30 - 50 cm, a width of 20 - 30 cm, and a groove spacing of 50 - 80 cm. At the same time, fish-scale pits arranged in a "pin" shape are excavated, with a pit depth of 20 - 30 cm, a diameter of 30 - 50 cm, and a pit spacing of 30 - 50 cm. These planting grooves and fish-scale pits are like individual "small reservoirs" and "small dams", which can effectively intercept the surface runoff on the slope, slow down the water flow velocity, enable rainwater to fully penetrate into the soil, reduce the generation of surface runoff. In addition, the improved soil filled in the planting grooves and fish-scale pits provides a good environment for plant growth, further enhancing the soil fixation ability of the vegetation.

[0061] The construction of the ecological restoration composite structure layer is an innovative measure to improve soil and water loss. The needle-shaped fiber material laid at the bottom layer, such as specific biodegradable fiber filaments, has one end inserted into the soil at a depth of 5 - 10 cm, increasing the roughness and friction of the slope surface. This is like putting on a layer of "anti-slip clothing" on the slope surface, slowing down the flow velocity of the water on the slope surface, reducing the scouring of the soil, and at the same time, the needle-shaped fibers can also promote the infiltration of water and maintain the soil humidity, which is beneficial to the growth of vegetation. The middle layer of nutrient and water reserve layer is composed of a water-retaining agent, organic fertilizer, vermiculite, perlite, etc., with a thickness controlled at 5 - 8 cm. The water-retaining agent can absorb and store a large amount of water and slowly release it during drought, providing a continuous water supply for plants; the organic fertilizer, vermiculite, perlite, etc. improve the soil structure and fertility, enhancing the water and fertilizer retention ability of the soil. The top layer of seed attachment layer is laid by mixing the selected plant seeds with the soil containing an adhesive and microbial inoculants, with a thickness of 2 - 3 cm. The adhesive makes the seeds closely combined with the soil, preventing the seeds from being washed away by rain; the microbial inoculants help to improve the soil micro-ecological environment, promote seed germination and seedling growth, and the quickly formed vegetation cover can effectively reduce the exposed area of the slope surface and reduce the erosion of rainwater on the soil.

[0062] The spraying and seeding of grass in step S8 further optimizes the vegetation cover effect. The grass seeds, fertilizer, water-retaining agent, adhesive, soil conditioner, etc. are mixed and sprayed onto the slope surface, with a spraying thickness of 1 - 2 cm, which is integrated with the original seed attachment layer, making the seed distribution more uniform. This not only speeds up the vegetation restoration speed, but also the formed herbaceous vegetation can cover the slope surface in a short time, playing a role in soil fixation and slope protection.

[0063] The construction of the vine climbing system adds a layer of green protection net to the slope. In step S9, a climbing frame or a traction rope is built at the foot and middle of the slope, and vines such as creepers and ivy are planted. As the vines grow, they will climb up along the climbing frame or traction rope and gradually cover the entire slope. The dense branches and leaves of these vines can effectively block the direct impact of rain on the slope and reduce soil erosion. At the same time, their roots can further reinforce the soil and improve the stability of the slope.

[0064] The installation of the irrigation and maintenance system provides continuous protection for the growth of vegetation. In step S10, irrigation pipes are laid on the top and slope of the slope, drip irrigation and micro-sprinkler irrigation equipment are selected, and an intelligent irrigation control system is installed. According to the information feedback from the soil moisture sensor, the controller can accurately control the opening and closing of the solenoid valve to achieve automatic irrigation, which ensures that the vegetation can obtain sufficient water and maintain a good growth state, thereby better playing the role of soil consolidation and water conservation.

[0065] The above are all preferred embodiments of the present application, and the protection scope of the present application is not limited thereto. Therefore, any equivalent changes made according to the structure, shape, and principle of the present application should be included in the protection scope of the present application.

Claims

1. A method for ecological restoration of mine slopes, characterized in that: The steps include: S1. On-site investigation and assessment. Use high-precision surveying and mapping instruments to conduct comprehensive surveying and mapping of the mine slope topography, accurately measure the slope, slope height and slope area, collect rock and soil samples through professional drilling equipment, use advanced experimental methods in the laboratory to analyze their physical and mechanical properties, clarify the stability and anti-erosion performance parameters, and use professional hydrological monitoring equipment to obtain detailed information on the surrounding groundwater level, flow direction and spatial and temporal distribution of precipitation. Conduct a systematic sample survey of existing vegetation, count the species, coverage and growth status information, and integrate various survey data to accurately locate the slope stability risk areas, soil and water loss risk points and key areas for ecological restoration, providing a detailed basis for the subsequent design of the plan; S2. Cleaning and reinforcement of dangerous rocks. Use manual handheld professional tools or small machinery to clean up loose and suspended dangerous rocks on the surface of the slope in strict order from the top to the bottom of the slope to ensure that no rocks are left out. For unstable rock mass, select anchor rods and cables of appropriate specifications based on the size, structure and surrounding geological conditions of the rock mass, drill holes in the rock mass with professional drilling equipment, implant the anchor rods and cables into the holes and inject high-strength anchoring slurry to fix them, so that the rock mass is firmly connected to the deep stable mountain mass. Accurately excavate trapezoidal intercepting and drainage ditches on the top and slope surface according to the terrain trend. Use high-strength concrete to harden the bottom and walls of the ditch to intercept surface water and reduce rainwater erosion; S3. Special measures for earthquake-resistant reinforcement, including deep rock anchoring, anti-slide pile installation, and shock-absorbing trench excavation to further enhance earthquake-resistant and explosion-proof capabilities; S4. Soil improvement: rock and soil samples are collected at multiple points at different locations on the slope and sent to professional laboratories for comprehensive physical and chemical property testing. The soil pH, nutrient content, and texture indicators are analyzed. Based on the test results, high-quality organic fertilizers and humus are added in strict proportion. For poor or heavy metal-contaminated soils, the imported soil method is adopted. High-quality soil that meets the standards is transported to the site using large transport vehicles and evenly covered on the slope surface by mechanical or manual means. The covering thickness is determined to be 30-50 cm according to the soil conditions and vegetation requirements; S5. Vegetation selection and configuration. In-depth research on local climate, soil and hydrological historical data was conducted to select plant species that are suitable for local growth, drought-resistant and barren-resistant, and have well-developed root systems. At the top and foot of the slope, tall trees were planted in artificial pits with a plant spacing of 2-3 meters, and shrubs were planted in pits with a hole spacing of 1.5-2 meters. Herbs were planted in the lower part of the slope and the platform area by broadcasting or row sowing. The sowing amount was accurately calculated and determined based on the seed germination rate and the planting area. S6. Construction of planting grooves and fish-scale pits: On steep slopes, use pneumatic picks or manual excavation to construct planting grooves. The depth of the planting grooves is determined to be 30 - 50 cm, the width is 20 - 30 cm, and the groove spacing is determined to be 50 - 80 cm according to plant species and slope conditions. After excavation, fill the improved soil into the grooves. On the slope, construct fish-scale pits by manual excavation. The fish-scale pits are arranged in a "pin" shape. The depth of the pits is 20 - 30 cm, the diameter is 30 - 50 cm, and the pit spacing is 30 - 50 cm. Also fill the improved soil into the pits; S7. Construction of an ecological restoration composite structure layer: Lay a needle-shaped fiber bottom layer, then lay a middle nutrient and moisture reserve layer, and finally lay a top seed attachment layer on the top; S8. Spraying and sowing grass: Mix grass seeds, fertilizers, water-retaining agents, adhesives, and soil conditioners in precise proportions, add an appropriate amount of water, and stir them into a uniform slurry using a mixing device. Using professional spraying and sowing equipment, spray the mixture evenly onto the slope in the order from the top of the slope to the bottom of the slope. The spraying thickness is 1 - 2 cm, and it is fused with the original seed attachment layer; S9. Construction of a vine plant climbing system: At the foot and middle of the slope, use high-strength metal or high-quality wooden materials to construct climbing frames. High-strength and corrosion-resistant traction ropes can also be set on the slope. Select Parthenocissus tricuspidata and Hedera nepalensis. Dig pits at the base of the climbing frames or traction ropes for planting, and guide the vine plants to climb upward along the climbing frames or traction ropes; S10. Installation of an irrigation and maintenance system: On the top and slope of the slope, lay irrigation pipes using hot melt connection or mechanical connection methods according to the terrain and vegetation distribution. Select drip irrigation and micro-spray irrigation equipment, and install an intelligent irrigation control system, including soil moisture sensors, controllers, and solenoid valves, which are connected to the controller through signal lines. The controller controls the opening and closing of the solenoid valves according to the set program to achieve automatic irrigation; S11. Monitoring and evaluation: At different positions on the slope, set displacement monitoring points using total stations and GPS measurement equipment. Real-time monitor the soil moisture through soil moisture sensors. Set vegetation growth monitoring plots. The area of the plots is determined according to the vegetation type. The herbaceous plot is 1×1 square meter, the shrub plot is 5×5 square meters, and the tree plot is 10×10 square meters. Regularly collect displacement, soil moisture, and vegetation growth data using professional instrument equipment, and evaluate the ecological restoration effect based on the data; S12. Post-construction management and maintenance: Arrange professional personnel to regularly inspect the restored area. The inspection cycle is determined to be once a week. Timely clean the newly emerged dangerous rocks and sundries on the slope using manual or small mechanical cleaning methods. Repair the damaged irrigation systems, planting grooves, and fish-scale pits. For the irrigation system, repair and replace the damaged pipes and equipment. For the planting grooves and fish-scale pits, use manual repair methods. Replant the poorly growing or dead vegetation. The plant varieties and specifications of the replanted plants are the same as the original vegetation. According to the vegetation growth situation and the results of soil fertility detection, apply topdressing and soil improvement in a timely manner. The topdressing is carried out by manual or mechanical fertilization methods, and the soil improvement is carried out by adding soil conditioners or replacing the soil.

2. A mine slope ecological restoration method according to claim 1, characterized in that: The deep rock anchoring strengthening of the special seismic reinforcement measures in S3 can be carried out in the deep rock of the slope at a spacing of 3-5 meters, using large-diameter, high-strength anchor cables. The anchor cables are inserted 8-12 meters deep into the stable bedrock, and prestress is applied through special tensioning equipment to enhance the integrity and stability of the deep rock mass and effectively resist the influence of stress waves caused by blasting vibration.

3. A mine slope ecological restoration method according to claim 2, characterized in that: The anti-slip piles of the special earthquake-resistant reinforcement measures in S3 can be set near the potential sliding surface of the slope. A row of anti-slip piles can be set every 8-10 meters by mechanical drilling. The diameter of the anti-slip piles is 1.2-1.5 meters. The pile length is determined according to the geological conditions of the slope. Generally, it is 5-8 meters below the sliding surface. The pile body is cast with reinforced concrete to enhance the anti-slip ability of the slope and resist the risk of landslide caused by blasting vibration.

4. A mine slope ecological restoration method according to claim 3, characterized in that: The shock-absorbing trench excavation of the special earthquake-resistant reinforcement measures in S3 can be between the top of the slope and the blasting operation area. The shock-absorbing trench with a depth of 2-3 meters and a width of 1.5-2 meters can be filled with loose sand and gravel materials to form a buffer zone to weaken the energy of blasting vibration transmitted to the slope and reduce the impact of vibration on slope stability.

5. A mine slope ecological restoration method according to claim 1, characterized in that: The S7 constructs the ecological restoration composite structure layer. The needle-shaped fiber bottom layer can be made of needle-shaped fiber materials that meet high-strength and degradation-resistant standards. The needle-shaped fibers are evenly spread on the treated slope surface by manual or mechanical spreading. One end of the fiber is inserted into the soil to a depth of 5-10 cm using a tool to anchor the fiber on the slope surface, thereby increasing the roughness and friction of the slope surface, providing support for the upper structure, and promoting water infiltration.

6. A mine slope ecological restoration method according to claim 5, characterized in that: The S7 constructs the ecological restoration composite structure layer to lay the middle nutrient and water reserve layer. The water retaining agent, organic fertilizer, vermiculite and perlite can be mixed in a specific proportion and covered on the bottom needle-shaped fiber by manual or mechanical spreading. The thickness is controlled at 5-8 cm. The water retaining agent is made of highly absorbent resin material, the organic fertilizer is fully decomposed, and the vermiculite and perlite are screened and graded to ensure nutrient and water reserves.

7. A mine slope ecological restoration method according to claim 6, characterized in that: The S7 constructs the top layer of the ecological restoration composite structure layer to lay the top seed attachment layer. The screened plant seeds can be mixed with soil containing adhesives and microbial agents in proportion, and stirred evenly by a stirring device to make a seed attachment layer material. The material is evenly laid on the middle layer by manual or mechanical spraying with a thickness of 2-3 cm. The adhesive is made of environmentally friendly polymer materials, and the microbial agents are selected from types suitable for the local soil environment to promote the combination of seeds and soil and the germination and growth of seeds.

8. A mine slope ecological restoration method according to claim 1, characterized in that: In S9, the height of the climbing frame is determined to be 2-5 meters according to the height of the slope, and the spacing is 3-5 meters.

9. A mine slope ecological restoration method according to claim 1, characterized in that: In the above S10, the distance between the drippers or sprinklers of the drip irrigation or micro-sprinkler irrigation equipment is determined to be 30-50 cm according to the water requirement characteristics of the plants, and the soil moisture sensors are buried in the soil at a distance of 10-15 meters.

10. A mine slope ecological restoration method according to claim 5, characterized in that: The displacement monitoring points in S11 are arranged at a grid spacing of 10-20 meters, the soil moisture sensor is buried in the soil at a depth of 10-20 centimeters, and 3-5 sensors are arranged in each monitoring area.

Images