Switchable horizontal plane half-power beam width antenna system

Abstract

The invention provides a switchable horizontal plane half-power wave beam width antenna system. The switchable horizontal plane half-power wave beam width antenna system comprises a ground plane module, an antenna unit and a control module, the ground plane module comprises a plurality of rows of first patch groups, at least one switching unit is arranged between two adjacent rows of first patch groups, the plurality of first patch groups can form a ground plane, the antenna unit can be separated from the ground plane by a distance, and the control module can receive at least one piece of beam control information. And according to the content of each piece of wave beam control information, each switching unit is in a conducting state or a disconnecting state, so that the electrical characteristics of the corresponding ground plane formed by the plurality of first patch groups are adjusted, and the horizontal plane half-power wave beam width of the antenna unit is changed. Therefore, the antenna system has a relatively low configuration space, and can adjust and switch the half-power beam width of the horizontal plane according to actual requirements without additional mechanism design.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present application relates to an antenna system, in particular to an antenna system provided with a switching unit between a plurality of rows of first patch groups, so as to change the on-state and off-state of the switching unit, so that the ground plane formed by the plurality of first patch groups has different electrical characteristics, and the horizontal plane half-power beamwidth can be adjusted. Background Art

[0002] The horizontal plane half-power beamwidth (HPBW) is an important parameter in the design of wireless communication antennas. It describes the opening angle of the main radiation direction of the antenna. Specifically, the HPBW is defined as the angle spanned from the peak of the main radiation lobe when the radiation intensity drops to half of the peak. That is, the angle between the two points where the attenuation is 3 dB on both sides of the main radiation direction. The projection of the aforementioned angle on the horizontal plane is the HPBW.

[0003] Generally speaking, the HPBW can be used to determine the area range where the signal can be effectively covered, or the angular resolution. In order to make the antenna system have good efficiency and performance, the opening angle of the HPBW is usually kept as expected. The main reason is that an HPBW with an overly large opening angle means that the main radiation direction of the antenna is too broad, causing the signal to be spread to a wider area, including non-target areas. This situation not only causes waste of energy, but may also lead to signal leakage, which in turn causes interference with other wireless systems, resulting in the need for the antenna system to invest more resources to handle interference problems and optimize the signal quality, reducing the overall efficiency of the antenna system; an HPBW with an overly small opening angle means that the coverage area of the antenna will be too narrow, making it impossible to receive effective signals in areas outside its coverage range, reducing the service range of the antenna system. In addition, an HPBW with an overly small opening angle will also increase the accuracy requirements for the antenna pointing of the antenna system, resulting in the need for the antenna system to frequently adjust the antenna pointing to ensure signal transmission and reception.

[0004] Traditional antenna designs usually adjust the HPBW to change the radiation pattern and achieve the desired signal coverage and information transmission efficiency by changing the physical structure or size of the antenna. For example, a mechanical mechanism is used to switch the antenna's appearance, or the shape of the antenna device's housing is changed. However, the aforementioned methods require physical structural changes to the antenna device. For example, adjusting the position of the antenna, changing the angle of the antenna, or the physical structure, etc. This is not only not easy to adjust in real time but may also require manual intervention, making the overall adjustment process complicated and time-consuming, and at the same time increasing the complexity of the operation. Therefore, how to effectively solve the aforementioned problems and at the same time provide a more flexible and convenient way to adjust the HPBW is an important issue of this application. Summary of the Invention

[0005] In view of the increasing demands for point-to-point reception and multimedia broadcast in today's wireless communication products, however, due to the problems of difficult adjustment, high cost, and high design complexity faced by the antenna devices used in the prior art to adjust the Horizontal Half-Power Beamwidth, in order to stand out in the highly competitive market, the inventor, relying on years of rich practical experience in professional antenna design and adhering to the research spirit of excellence, after long-term efforts in research and experimentation, finally developed an antenna system with a switchable Horizontal Half-Power Beamwidth of this application, hoping that through the advent of this application, it can provide users with a better usage experience and can conveniently and quickly adjust the size of the Horizontal Half-Power Beamwidth of the antenna for application to different usage scenarios.

[0006] The objective of the present application is to provide an antenna system with a switchable horizontal plane half-power beam width. The antenna system includes a ground plane module, an antenna unit, and a control module. The ground plane module includes a substrate, a plurality of rows of first patch groups, a metal ground piece, and at least one switching unit. On the first side of the substrate, each row of the first patch groups is arranged along a first axis. A metal ground piece is provided on the second side of the substrate. Each row of the first patch groups is spaced apart from each other by a first distance and is electrically connected to the metal ground piece respectively. The first patch groups in adjacent two rows are electrically connected through each switching unit. A plurality of the first patch groups can jointly form a ground plane. The antenna unit can be spaced apart from the ground plane by a certain distance. The control module can be electrically connected to each switching unit and can directly or indirectly control each switching unit to be in a conducting state or a disconnected state. The control module can receive at least one beam control information and, according to the content of each beam control information, make each switching unit be in a conducting state or a disconnected state, so as to adjust the electrical characteristics of the corresponding ground plane formed by a plurality of the first patch groups and change the horizontal plane half-power beam width of the antenna unit. In this way, the antenna system has a lower configuration space and can adjust and switch the horizontal plane half-power beam width according to actual needs without additional mechanical design.

[0007] Optionally, each row of the first patch groups includes a plurality of first metal patch pieces. Each first metal patch piece is electrically connected to the metal ground piece respectively. Each first metal patch piece in the same row is arranged along a second axis and is spaced apart from each other by a second distance. The second axis is substantially perpendicular to the first axis. The first patch groups in adjacent two rows are electrically connected through a plurality of switching units. Two first metal patch pieces located in different rows and opposite to each other are electrically connected through one switching unit respectively.

[0008] Optionally, each first metal patch piece is electrically connected to the metal ground piece through a first conductor part.

[0009] Optionally, the antenna system further includes at least one row of second patch groups. Each row of the second patch groups is arranged on the first side of the substrate and is arranged along the first axis. Among them, each row of the second patch groups is electrically connected to the metal ground piece respectively, and at least one second patch group is adjacent to and spaced apart from one first patch group by a third distance.

[0010] Optionally, each row of the second patch groups includes a plurality of second metal patch pieces. Each second metal patch piece is electrically connected to the metal ground piece through a second conductor part. Each second metal patch piece in the same row is arranged along the second axis and is spaced apart from each other by a fourth distance.

[0011] Optionally, the third distance is substantially equal to the first distance.

[0012] Optionally, the fourth distance is substantially equal to the second distance.

[0013] Optionally, the switching unit is one of a diode (e.g., PIN diode), high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs), or metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs).

[0014] Optionally, the antenna unit is a dipole antenna or a patch antenna.

[0015] Optionally, the spacing between the antenna unit and the ground plane is substantially equal to 0.1 to 0.15 times the free space wavelength corresponding to the operating frequency of the antenna unit.

[0016] To further illustrate the purpose, technical features, and effects of the present application, specific embodiments are now described in detail in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. However, the provided drawings are only for reference and illustration, and are not intended to limit the present application. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0017] Figure 1 A first perspective view schematic diagram of the antenna system according to the first embodiment of the present application;

[0018] Figure 2 A partial enlarged view of the ground plane module according to the first embodiment of the present application;

[0019] Figure 3 A second perspective view schematic diagram of the antenna system according to the first embodiment of the present application;

[0020] Figure 4A A ground plane schematic diagram of the ground plane module of the present application in the form of Case 1;

[0021] Figure 4B A ground plane schematic diagram of the ground plane module of the present application in the form of Case 2;

[0022] Figure 4C A ground plane schematic diagram of the ground plane module of the present application in the form of Case 3;

[0023] Figure 4D A ground plane schematic diagram of the ground plane module of the present application in the form of Case 4;

[0024] Figure 5 A field pattern characteristic schematic diagram of the antenna system according to the first embodiment of the present application;

[0025] Figure 6Schematic diagram of the first perspective of the antenna system according to the second embodiment of the present application;

[0026] Figure 7 Schematic diagram of the second perspective of the antenna system according to the second embodiment of the present application; and

[0027] Figure 8 Schematic diagram of the field pattern characteristics of the antenna system according to the second embodiment of the present application. Detailed implementation manners

[0028] To make the objectives, technical solutions and advantages of the present application clearer and more understandable, the following further details the embodiments of the "antenna system with switchable horizontal half-power beamwidth" disclosed in the present application in conjunction with specific implementation manners and with reference to the accompanying drawings. Those skilled in the art can understand the advantages and effects of the present application from the content disclosed in this specification. The present application can be implemented or applied through other different specific embodiments, and various details in this specification can also be modified and changed based on different viewpoints and applications without departing from the concept of the present application. Additionally, it is hereby stated in advance that the drawings of the present application are only simple schematic illustrations and are not drawn according to actual dimensions. Although this document may provide examples of parameters including specific values, it should be understood that the parameters do not necessarily have to be exactly equal to the corresponding values, but can approximate the corresponding values within an acceptable error tolerance or design constraints. Furthermore, unless clearly indicated or defined in the context, the meanings of "a", "the", and "said" in the present application include the plural.

[0029] It should be understood that although terms such as first and second may be used herein to describe various components or signals, each of the said components or signals should not be limited by the foregoing terms. The foregoing terms are mainly used to distinguish one component from another component or one signal from another signal. Moreover, the directional terms mentioned in subsequent embodiments, such as "up", "down", "front", "back", "left", and "right", are only with reference to the directions in the drawings. Therefore, the directional terms used are for illustration and not for limiting the protection scope of the present application. Additionally, the term "or" used herein may, depending on the actual situation, include any one or a combination of more of the associated listed items.

[0030] Furthermore, terms such as "substantially" or "approximately" used herein may refer to a value within a deviation range for a certain specific value or the average value of a plurality of values that can be recognized or determined by those skilled in the art, including considering the possible certain specific errors that may occur when measuring the specific value due to limitations of the measurement system or device. For example, the value substantially mentioned can include ±5%, ±3%, ±1%, ±0.5%, ±0.1% of the specific value or one or more standard deviation ranges.

[0031] This application is for a switchable horizontal plane half-power beamwidth antenna system. Please refer to Figures 1 to 3 As shown, the antenna system S includes a ground plane module 1, an antenna unit 2, and a control module 3. Among them, the ground plane module 1 includes a substrate 10, and the substrate 10 can be a fiberglass substrate (FR4 substrate), but is not limited thereto. In some embodiments of this application, as long as it is a material or product with good electrical insulation performance, it can be used as the substrate 10 of this application. Also, a plurality of rows of first patch groups 11 and a plurality of rows of second patch groups 12 are arranged along a first axis (such as the X-axis) on the first side surface (such as the top surface) of the substrate 10, and a metal grounding member 13 is provided on its second side surface (such as the bottom surface). In some embodiments, each of the second patch groups 12 is respectively located on both sides of a plurality of the first patch groups 11. For example Figure 1 In the first embodiment shown, the antenna system S is provided with 5 rows of first patch groups 11 and 2 rows of second patch groups 12. A plurality of the first patch groups 11 are centrally arranged, and one of the second patch groups 12 is provided at the left position of the whole, and the other second patch group 12 is provided at the right position of the whole, but is not limited thereto. In other embodiments of this application, the antenna system S can omit the second patch group 12, or be provided with a single row of second patch groups 12 or three or more rows of second patch groups 12.

[0032] Please refer to again Figures 1 to 3 As shown, the first patch group 11 includes a plurality of first metal patch elements 111, and a first conductor part 113 is provided at the central position of the first metal patch element 111. The first conductor part 113 can pass through the substrate 10 and be electrically connected to the metal grounding member 13; the second patch group 12 includes a plurality of second metal patch elements 121, and a second conductor part 123 is provided at the central position of the second metal patch element 121. The second conductor part 123 can pass through the substrate 10 and be electrically connected to the metal grounding member 13, but is not limited thereto. In other embodiments of this application, according to the actual requirements of the product, the first patch group 11 can be provided with only a single first metal patch element 111, or the first metal patch element 111 can be electrically connected to the metal grounding member 13 through other structures, or the first conductor part 113 can deviate from the central position of the first metal patch element 111, or the first metal patch element 111 can be in various shapes such as square, circular, rectangular, etc. Similarly, the second patch group 12 and its second metal patch elements 121 can also have the foregoing variations.

[0033] Continuing from the above, please refer to again Figures 1 to 3As shown, each of the first patch groups 11 is spaced apart from each other by a first distance D1, and the first metal patch elements 111 in the same row are arranged along a second axis (e.g., the Y axis). The second axis is substantially orthogonal to the first axis, and the first metal patch elements 111 in the same row are spaced apart from each other by a second distance D2. In some embodiments, the second distance D2 is substantially equal to the first distance D1, but this is not limiting. Also, the second patch group 12 adjacent to the first patch group 11 is spaced apart from the first patch group 11 by a third distance D3, and the third distance D3 is substantially equal to the first distance D1 (but this is not limiting). The second metal patch elements 121 in the same row are arranged along the second axis (e.g., the Y axis), and the second metal patch elements 121 in the same row are spaced apart from each other by a fourth distance D4. In some embodiments, the fourth distance D4 is substantially equal to the third distance D3, or the fourth distance D4 is substantially equal to the second distance D2, but this is not limiting.

[0034] Please refer again to Figures 1 to 3 As shown, two adjacent rows of the first patch groups 11 are electrically connected through a switching unit group 15, but no switching unit group 15 is provided between the adjacent first patch group 11 and the second patch group 12. In other words, as long as a switching unit group 15 is provided between two adjacent rows of patch groups, the two rows of patch groups mentioned above are both the first patch groups 11 as referred to in this application. However, if no switching unit group 15 is provided between two adjacent rows of patch groups, at least one of the rows of patch groups is the second patch group 12 as referred to in this application. Also, the switching unit group 15 can include one or more switching units 151. In the first embodiment, two first metal patch elements 111 located in different rows and opposite to each other are electrically connected through a switching unit 151 respectively. Then, all the switching units 151 between two adjacent rows of the first patch groups 11 are the same switching unit group 15, so that Figure 1As shown, each of the switching units 151 arranged along the second axis (e.g., the Y axis) is a set of the same switching unit group 15, but not limited thereto. In some embodiments of the present application, all the first metal patch elements 111 between adjacent two rows can be electrically connected to a single switching unit 151. Also, the switching unit 151 can be a diode (e.g., PIN diode) or a switching switch (e.g., High electron mobility transistor (HEMTs) or Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors (MOSFETs), etc.). When the switching unit 151 is in the on state, two adjacent first metal patch elements 111 form an electrical connection. When the switching unit 151 is in the off state, the electrical connection between two adjacent first metal patch elements 111 is also cut off. Thus, by each of the switching units 151 being in the on state or the off state, the adjacent first metal patch elements 111 can be electrically connected to each other or cannot be electrically connected to each other, so as to change the current distribution on each of the first metal patch elements 111, and further adjust the electrical characteristics of the ground plane jointly formed by the plurality of first patch groups 11.

[0035] Please refer to Figures 1 to 3 As shown, the antenna unit 2 can be spaced apart from the ground plane of the ground plane module 1 by a distance H1. More precisely, the antenna unit 2 is spaced apart from the exposed surface of the first metal patch element 111 by a distance H1. Also, according to product requirements, the antenna unit 2 can be a dipole antenna or a patch antenna, and the aforementioned distance H1 is substantially equal to 0.10 times to 0.15 times (0.10 to 0.15λ0) of the free-space wavelength corresponding to the operating frequency of the antenna unit 2. In some embodiments, the antenna unit 2 can be disposed on the structural members 21', 21" to be spaced apart from the ground plane module 1 by the distance H1. For example, the structural member 21' can be disposed on a housing, so that the antenna unit 2 is suspended above the top surface of the ground plane module 1. Or, the structural member 21" can penetrate the substrate 10 and extend beyond the top surface of the substrate 10. The structural member 21" does not directly electrically connect the antenna unit 2 to the components (such as the first metal patch element 111) on the ground plane module 1. Since the spacer mechanism between the antenna unit 2 and the substrate 10 (equivalent to a printed circuit board (PCB)) is a common means in the industry, it will not be elaborated and the specific forms of the structural members 21', 21" are omitted in the drawings, but those skilled in the art can understand their meanings and practices.

[0036] In addition, please refer to Figures 1 to 3 As shown, the control module 3 can be electrically connected to each of the switching unit groups 15, and can directly or indirectly control the switching units 151 in each of the switching unit groups 15 to be in a conducting state or a disconnected state. For example, it can make the switching units 151 in the same row all in a conducting state (equivalent to the switching unit group 15 being in a conducting state), or make the switching units 151 in the same row all in a disconnected state (equivalent to the switching unit group 15 being in a disconnected state), or some of the switching units 151 in the same row are in a conducting state and the remaining switching units 151 in the same row are in a disconnected state, etc. Also, the control module 3 can receive at least one beam control information, and according to the content of each beam control information, make some of the switching unit groups 15 in a conducting state (that is, the switching units 151 in the same row are all in a conducting state), and the remaining switching unit groups 15 in a disconnected state (that is, the switching units 151 in the same row are all in a disconnected state), so as to change the horizontal plane half-power beamwidth (Half-Power Beamwidth, abbreviated as HPBW) of the antenna element 2. For example, the antenna system S can detect its received signal strength indicator (Received Signal Strength Indicator, abbreviated as RSSI) during the initial operation, and the antenna system S can generate corresponding beam control information according to the value of RSSI, so that the control module 3 can adjust the conducting state or the disconnected state of each switching unit 151 until the value of RSSI meets the expectation. However, in other embodiments of the present application, those skilled in the art can adjust the content of the beam control information according to the product requirements, not limited to the foregoing manner; in addition, the beam control information in the antenna system S can be generated by a specific chip or circuit. However, the foregoing specific chip or circuit can also be integrated with the control module 3. Therefore, in the situation where the control module 3 "receives" the beam control information, it also includes the situation where the control module 3 itself generates the beam control information.

[0037] In the first embodiment, the antenna element 2 is a dipole antenna and is applied to 2.4 GHz. Please refer to Figures 1 to 3 As shown, the size of the substrate 10 is 113 millimeters (mm) by 117 millimeters (mm), and the antenna element 2 is approximately in the central area corresponding to the substrate 10, and the distance H1 from the antenna element 2 to the ground plane module 1 is 14.37 millimeters (about 0.12λ0). Also, the ground plane module 1 has 5 rows of first patch groups 11, 2 rows of second patch groups 12 and 4 rows of switching unit groups 15, so as to Figure 1As shown, the multiple first patch groups 11 are, from left to right in sequence, the first row of first patch groups 11, the second row of first patch groups 11, the third row of first patch groups 11, the fourth row of first patch groups 11, and the fifth row of first patch groups 11. The multiple second patch groups 12 are, from left to right in sequence, the first row of second patch groups 12 and the second row of second patch groups 12. And the first row of second patch groups 12 is located to the left of the first row of first patch groups 11, and the second row of second patch groups 12 is located to the right of the fifth row of first patch groups 11. The multiple switching unit groups 15 are, from left to right in sequence, the first row of switching unit groups 15, the second row of switching unit groups 15, the third row of switching unit groups 15, and the fourth row of switching unit groups 15.

[0038] Continuing from the above, please refer to Figures 1 to 3 As shown, the size of each of the first metal patch elements 111 and the second metal patch elements 121 is 14.9 millimeters by 14.9 millimeters, and they are electrically connected to the metal ground part 13 through a first conductor part 113 with a diameter of 0.8 millimeters (e.g., a metal column (via)). The first distance D1 and the second distance D2 between adjacent first metal patch elements 111 are 0.6 millimeters. The third distance D3 between an adjacent first metal patch element 111 and a second metal patch element 121 is 0.6 millimeters. The fourth distance D4 between adjacent second metal patch elements 121 is 0.6 millimeters. Also, when the switching unit group 15 is in the conducting state, the first metal patch elements 111 in the two rows of first patch groups 11 connected to it are presented as dotted, and the first metal patch elements 111 and the second metal patch elements 121 in the remaining first patch groups 11 are presented as blank. Please refer to Figures 4A to 4D As shown, among them, Figure 4A in [Figure number], the switching unit groups 15 in the first row to the fourth row are all in the conducting state; Figure 4B in [Figure number], the switching unit groups 15 in the first row to the fourth row are all in the disconnected state; Figure 4C in [Figure number], the switching unit groups 15 in the second row to the third row are all in the conducting state, and the switching unit groups 15 in the first row and the fourth row are all in the disconnected state; Figure 4D in [Figure number], the switching unit groups 15 in the first row and the fourth row are all in the conducting state, and the switching unit groups 15 in the second row to the third row are all in the disconnected state; Please refer to Figure 5 As shown, Figure 4A For the form of the ground plane formed (i.e., Case 1), the horizontal plane half-power beamwidth of the antenna unit 2 is 60 degrees (deg); Figure 4B For the form of the ground plane formed (i.e., Case 2), the horizontal plane half-power beamwidth of the antenna unit 2 is 79 degrees (deg); Figure 4C For the form of the ground plane formed (i.e., Case 3), the horizontal plane half-power beamwidth of the antenna unit 2 is 53 degrees (deg); Figure 4DThe shape of the formed ground plane (i.e., Case 4), the horizontal half-power beamwidth of the antenna element 2 is 126 degrees (deg). In other words, through the adjustable ground plane architecture of the ground plane module 1, the adjustable range of the horizontal half-power beamwidth of the antenna element 2 can be about 53 degrees to 126 degrees.

[0039] In the second embodiment, please refer to Figures 6 to 7 As shown, the antenna element 2 is a patch antenna and is applied to 5 GHz. The arrangement and size of the ground plane module 1 and its components thereon (such as: substrate 10, first patch group 11, second patch group 12, and switching unit group 15) in the second embodiment are the same as those in the first embodiment. Also, the antenna element 2 is approximately located in the central region corresponding to the substrate 10, and the distance H1 between it and the ground plane module 1 is 7 millimeters (about 0.13λ0). Please refer to Figure 8 As shown, Figure 4A The shape of the formed ground plane (i.e., Case 1), the horizontal half-power beamwidth of the antenna element 2 is 57 degrees (deg), Figure 4B The shape of the formed ground plane (i.e., Case 2), the horizontal half-power beamwidth of the antenna element 2 is 117 degrees (deg), Figure 4C The shape of the formed ground plane (i.e., Case 3), the horizontal half-power beamwidth of the antenna element 2 is 123 degrees (deg), Figure 4D The shape of the formed ground plane (i.e., Case 4), the horizontal half-power beamwidth of the antenna element 2 is 94 degrees (deg). In other words, through the adjustable ground plane architecture of the ground plane module 1, the adjustable range of the horizontal half-power beamwidth of the antenna element 2 can be about 57 degrees to 123 degrees.

[0040] In summary, please refer to Figures 1 to 3 As shown, for the overall architecture of the antenna system S of the present application, the distance H1 between the antenna element 2 and the ground plane module 1 is small, having the characteristic of low configuration space. And by changing the on-state and off-state of the switching unit group 15 or the switching unit 151, the horizontal half-power beamwidth of the antenna element 2 can be adjusted to achieve the expected signal coverage range and information transmission efficiency without the need to additionally modify the specific mechanical structure of the antenna system S. Therefore, the antenna system S has better adjustment flexibility and does not need to occupy too much design space.

[0041] The above is only the preferred and feasible embodiment of the present application, and does not limit the protection scope of the claims of the present application. Therefore, all equivalent changes that can be thought of by those skilled in the art without creative labor based on the technical content disclosed in the present application should be included in the protection scope of the claims of the present application.

Claims

1. An antenna system with a switchable horizontal plane half-power beamwidth, characterized in that, the antenna system includes: a ground plane module, including a substrate, a plurality of rows of first patch groups, a metal ground piece and at least one switching unit. Wherein, on the first side of the substrate, each row of the first patch groups is arranged along a first axis, on the second side of the substrate there is a metal ground piece, each row of the first patch groups is separated from each other by a first distance and is respectively electrically connected to the metal ground piece, and adjacent two rows of the first patch groups are electrically connected through each switching unit, and a plurality of the first patch groups can jointly form a ground plane; an antenna unit, separated from the ground plane by a spacing; and a control module, electrically connected to each switching unit, and capable of directly or indirectly controlling each switching unit to be in a conducting state or a disconnected state. The control module can receive at least one beam control information, and according to the content of each beam control information, make each switching unit be in a conducting state or a disconnected state, so as to adjust the electrical characteristics of the corresponding ground plane formed by a plurality of the first patch groups, and change the horizontal plane half-power beamwidth of the antenna unit.

2. The antenna system according to claim 1, characterized in that, each row of the first patch groups includes a plurality of first metal patch pieces, each first metal patch piece is respectively electrically connected to the metal ground piece, and each first metal patch piece in the same row is respectively arranged along a second axis and is separated from each other by a second distance, the second axis is substantially orthogonal to the first axis, and adjacent two rows of the first patch groups are electrically connected through a plurality of switching units, and two first metal patch pieces located in different rows and opposite to each other are respectively electrically connected through one switching unit.

3. The antenna system according to claim 2, characterized in that, each first metal patch piece is respectively electrically connected to the metal ground piece through a first conductor part.

4. The antenna system according to claim 3, characterized in that, the antenna system further includes at least one row of second patch groups, each row of the second patch groups is arranged on the first side of the substrate and is arranged along the first axis. Wherein, each row of the second patch groups is respectively electrically connected to the metal ground piece, and at least one of the second patch groups is adjacent to one of the first patch groups and is separated by a third distance.

5. The antenna system according to claim 4, characterized in that, each row of the second patch groups includes a plurality of second metal patch pieces, each second metal patch piece is respectively electrically connected to the metal ground piece through a second conductor part, and each second metal patch piece in the same row is arranged along the second axis and is separated from each other by a fourth distance.

6. The antenna system according to claim 5, characterized in that, the third distance is substantially equal to the first distance.

7. The antenna system according to claim 5, characterized in that, the fourth distance is substantially equal to the second distance.

8. The antenna system according to any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that, The switching unit is one of a diode, a high electron mobility transistor, or a metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistor.

9. The antenna system according to any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the antenna unit is a dipole antenna or a patch antenna.

10. The antenna system according to claim 9, characterized in that the spacing between the antenna unit and the ground plane is substantially equal to 0.1 times to 0.15 times the free space wavelength corresponding to the operating frequency of the antenna unit.

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