3D printing rheological regulation and printing method for simulating lunar soil geopolymer

Abstract

The invention belongs to the field of simulated lunar soil geopolymers, and provides a simulated lunar soil geopolymer 3D printing rheological regulation and printing method, which comprises the following steps: preparing TJ-1 simulated lunar soil, sodium silicate (Na2SiO3), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), calcium hydroxide (Ca (OH) 2) and hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) as thixotropic agents, mixing the sodium silicate, the sodium hydroxide and the calcium hydroxide according to a certain proportion, and uniformly stirring to obtain a mixture; forming a composite alkali activator; tJ-1 simulated lunar soil is mixed with a composite alkali activator, and geopolymer slurry is formed. According to the simulated lunar soil geopolymer 3D printing rheological control and printing method, the rheological property of the simulated lunar soil geopolymer is accurately controlled, and the rheological property of the simulated lunar soil geopolymer is accurately controlled; the problems that in the prior art, the rheological behavior of the lunar soil geopolymer and 3D printing work performance characterization are fuzzy, and regulation and control are difficult are solved, efficient and stable 3D printing of the simulated lunar soil geopolymer is achieved, and powerful technical support is provided for construction of a lunar base.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention belongs to the field of simulated lunar soil geopolymers, and specifically relates to a method for rheological regulation and 3D printing of simulated lunar soil geopolymers. Background Art

[0002] As a low-carbon and environmentally friendly building material, geopolymers have shown great application potential in the construction of lunar bases after being combined with highly automated construction methods such as 3D printing. However, despite their broad prospects, there are still many challenges in the current research on the rheological behavior of lunar soil geopolymers and the working performance of 3D printing. In particular, how to precisely regulate the rheological properties of lunar soil geopolymers to meet the high requirements of 3D printing, and how to optimize printing parameters to ensure that the printed structure has the required mechanical properties and stability are the problems that need to be solved urgently at present.

[0003] In the existing technology, the research on the rheological regulation and 3D printing method of lunar soil geopolymers is not sufficient. There are difficulties in the characterization and regulation of rheological properties, resulting in problems such as nozzle clogging, discontinuous or broken printed parts during the printing process. In addition, the mechanical properties of the printed lunar soil geopolymer structure often fail to meet expectations, affecting its practical application in the construction of lunar bases.

[0004] Therefore, those skilled in the art have proposed a method for rheological regulation and 3D printing of simulated lunar soil geopolymers to solve the problems raised in the background art. Summary of the Invention

[0005] In order to solve the above technical problems, the present invention provides a method for rheological regulation and 3D printing of simulated lunar soil geopolymers to solve the problems existing in the prior art.

[0006] A method for rheological regulation and 3D printing of simulated lunar soil geopolymers includes S1: preparing TJ-1 simulated lunar soil, sodium silicate (Na 2 SiO 3 ), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH) 2 ) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) as a thixotropic agent;

[0007] S2: mixing the sodium silicate, sodium hydroxide and calcium hydroxide in a certain proportion to form a composite alkali activator;

[0008] S3: mixing the TJ-1 simulated lunar soil with the composite alkali activator to form a geopolymer slurry, and at this time, adjusting the solid-liquid ratio of the geopolymer slurry within the range of 0.28 to 0.30 to observe its influence on the rheological properties;

[0009] S4: Add HPMC to the geopolymer paste, and adjust the dosage of HPMC within the range of 0% to 0.15% to control the thixotropy and rheological properties of the geopolymer paste;

[0010] S5: Use a rotational viscometer to test the shear stress-shear rate rheological curve of the geopolymer paste, and fit the test data with the modified Bingham model to obtain the yield stress τ 0 and the plastic viscosity μ parameters;

[0011] S6: According to the yield stress τ obtained in step S5 0 and the plastic viscosity μ, adjust the proportions of TJ-1 simulated lunar soil, composite alkali activator, and HPMC to achieve the required rheological properties;

[0012] S7: Load the adjusted geopolymer paste into the cartridge of a 3D printer, and ensure that its fluidity meets the requirements of pipeline transportation and nozzle extrusion;

[0013] S8: Start the 3D printer and perform printing according to the predetermined printing path and layer thickness. During the printing process, monitor the extrusion state and curing effect of the geopolymer paste in real time;

[0014] S9: After printing is completed, perform necessary curing and post-treatment on the geopolymer component to improve its mechanical properties and durability;

[0015] S10: Conduct quality assessment on the printed and post-treated geopolymer components, including inspections of dimensional accuracy, surface quality, and mechanical properties, etc.

[0016] Preferably, the specific adjustment range of the solid-liquid ratio in S3 is 0.28 to 0.30, and the rheological property changes of the geopolymer paste are recorded every time it is adjusted by 0.01 unit.

[0017] Preferably, in step S4, the dosage of HPMC is within the range of 0% to 0.15%, and it is incrementally adjusted in steps of 0.05%. After each adjustment, the rheological properties are tested.

[0018] Preferably, in step S5, when using a rotational viscometer for testing, the range of the shear rate is set to 0.5 s -1 to 8.58 s -1 , to observe the rheological behavior of the geopolymer paste at different shear rates. At the same time, the formula of the modified Bingham model is τ = τ 0 + μγ + cγ 2 , where τ is the shear stress, τ 0 is the yield stress, γ is the shear rate, μ is the plastic viscosity, and c is a constant.

[0019] Preferably, in step S6, according to the test results of the yield stress τ 0 and the plastic viscosity μ, the following algorithm is used to optimize the formula Δτ 0 =|τ 0 (new)-τ 0 (old)|, Δμ = |μ(new)-μ(old)|, where τ 0 (new) and μ(new) are the adjusted yield stress and plastic viscosity respectively, and τ 0 (old) and μ(old) are the yield stress and plastic viscosity before adjustment respectively.

[0020] Preferably, in step S7, it further includes a step of pretreating the geopolymer paste, and the pretreatment steps include but are not limited to stirring, heating and standing.

[0021] Preferably, in step S8, the printing path and layer thickness of the 3D printer are set according to the rheological properties and printing requirements of the simulated lunar soil geopolymer.

[0022] Preferably, in step S9, the specific parameters of the curing regime are determined by experiments, including but not limited to curing temperature, curing humidity and curing time; the setting range of the curing temperature is from room temperature to 60 °C, the setting range of the curing humidity is from 50% RH to 95% RH, and the setting range of the curing time is from 1 day to 7 days.

[0023] Preferably, in step S10, the indexes for quality evaluation include but are not limited to dimensional accuracy, surface roughness, compressive strength and flexural strength, etc.; among them, the evaluation of dimensional accuracy is carried out by comparative analysis using three-dimensional scanning technology, and the evaluation of surface roughness is carried out by observation and measurement using an optical microscope or a scanning electron microscope.

[0024] Preferably, the method steps further include steps of monitoring and warning, and the monitoring and warning algorithm is based on machine learning or deep learning technology, and predicts and identifies potential failure risks by real-time analyzing printing data.

[0025] By the above technical solutions,

[0026] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects:

[0027] 1. A method for rheological regulation and printing of a simulated lunar soil geopolymer provided by the present invention, by precisely regulating the rheological properties of the simulated lunar soil geopolymer, solves the problems in the prior art that the rheological behavior of the lunar soil-based geopolymer and the working performance of 3D printing are poorly characterized and difficult to regulate, realizes the efficient and stable 3D printing of the simulated lunar soil geopolymer, and provides strong technical support for the construction of lunar bases. Description of the Drawings

[0028] Figure 1 is the overall structural schematic diagram of the present invention; Specific Embodiments

[0029] The following further describes in detail the embodiments of the present invention in conjunction with the drawings and examples. The following examples are used to illustrate the present invention, but cannot be used to limit the scope of the present invention.

[0030] Example 1: As shown in the attached Figure 1 figure: The present invention provides a rheological regulation and printing method for simulated lunar soil geopolymers by 3D printing, including: S1: Prepare TJ-1 simulated lunar soil, water glass (Na 2 SiO 3 ), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH) 2 ) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) as a thixotropic agent;

[0031] S2: Mix water glass, sodium hydroxide and calcium hydroxide in a certain proportion to form a composite alkali activator;

[0032] S3: Mix the TJ-1 simulated lunar soil with the composite alkali activator to form a geopolymer slurry. At this time, the solid-liquid ratio of the geopolymer slurry is adjusted within the range of 0.28 to 0.30 to observe its influence on the rheological properties;

[0033] S4: Add HPMC to the geopolymer slurry, and the dosage of HPMC is adjusted within the range of 0% to 0.15% to regulate the thixotropy and rheological properties of the geopolymer slurry;

[0034] S5: Use a rotational viscometer to test the shear stress-shear rate rheological curve of the geopolymer slurry, and use the modified Bingham model to fit the test data to obtain the yield stress τ 0 and the plastic viscosity μ parameters;

[0035] S6: According to the yield stress τ 0 and the plastic viscosity μ obtained in step S5, adjust the proportions of the TJ-1 simulated lunar soil, the composite alkali activator and HPMC to achieve the required rheological properties;

[0036] S7: Load the adjusted geopolymer slurry into the cartridge of the 3D printer and ensure that its fluidity meets the requirements of pipeline transportation and nozzle extrusion;

[0037] S8: Start the 3D printer and perform printing according to the predetermined printing path and layer thickness. During the printing process, monitor the extrusion state and curing effect of the geopolymer slurry in real time;

[0038] S9: After printing is completed, necessary curing and post-treatment are carried out on the geopolymer components to improve their mechanical properties and durability. Among them, the curing regime includes but is not limited to temperature, humidity, and time, and the specific parameters are determined according to experiments;

[0039] S10: Quality assessment is carried out on the printed and post-treated geopolymer components, including detection of aspects such as dimensional accuracy, surface quality, and mechanical properties.

[0040] As can be seen from the above, through comprehensive and detailed steps, the present invention realizes precise regulation of the rheological properties of simulated lunar soil geopolymer 3D printing. Compared with the prior art, its beneficial effects are reflected in being able to significantly improve the dimensional accuracy, surface quality, and mechanical properties of the printed parts, and being able to ensure the stability and controllability of the printing process and promote the high quality of the printed finished products for the overall solution.

[0041] Example 2: As shown in the appendix Figure 1 : This embodiment is basically the same as the previous embodiment. The difference is that the specific adjustment range of the solid-liquid ratio in S3 is from 0.28 to 0.30, and the rheological property changes of the geopolymer slurry are recorded every time it is adjusted by 0.01 unit. By finely adjusting the solid-liquid ratio and recording the changes, the most suitable solid-liquid ratio range for printing can be found more accurately, and printing problems caused by improper solid-liquid ratio, such as nozzle blockage or insufficient strength of the printed parts, can be avoided, ensuring the smooth progress of the printing process.

[0042] Preferably, in step S4, the dosage of HPMC ranges from 0% to 0.15%, and it is incrementally adjusted in steps of 0.05%. After each adjustment, a rheological property test is carried out. By gradually increasing the dosage of HPMC and conducting tests, the optimal dosage of HPMC can be found, thereby significantly improving the thixotropy and rheological properties of the geopolymer slurry. Compared with the prior art, its beneficial effects are reflected in being able to avoid printing defects caused by improper dosage of HPMC, such as rough surface or insufficient strength of the printed parts, and ensuring that the printed parts have excellent surface quality and mechanical properties.

[0043] Further, in step S5, when using a rotational viscometer for testing, the range of the shear rate is set to 0.5 s -1 to 8.58 s -1 , to observe the rheological behavior of the geopolymer slurry at different shear rates. At the same time, the formula of the Bingham model is modified to τ = τ 0 + μγ + cγ 2 , where τ is the shear stress, τ 0τ is the yield stress, γ is the shear rate, μ is the plastic viscosity, and c is a constant. By fitting the test data with a modified Bingham model, the rheological behavior of the geopolymer paste can be more accurately described. Compared with the prior art, its beneficial effects are reflected in that it can provide more accurate rheological parameters, provide a basis for subsequent formulation optimization and printing parameter setting, and improve the accuracy and reliability of printing parameters.

[0044] Preferably, in step S6, according to the yield stress τ 0 and the test results of the plastic viscosity μ, the following algorithm is used to optimize the formulation Δτ 0 = |τ 0 (new) - τ 0 (old)|, Δμ = |μ(new) - μ(old)|, where τ 0 (new) and μ(new) are the adjusted yield stress and plastic viscosity respectively, and τ 0 (old) and μ(old) are the yield stress and plastic viscosity before adjustment respectively. By optimizing the formulation with the algorithm, the proportions of TJ-1 simulated lunar soil, composite alkali activator, and HPMC can be automatically adjusted to achieve the required rheological properties. Compared with the prior art, its beneficial effects are reflected in that it can significantly improve the efficiency and accuracy of formulation optimization, and improve the flexibility and adaptability of the overall solution

[0045] As can be seen from the above, the present invention clarifies the specific range of solid-liquid ratio adjustment and indicates that the rheological property changes need to be recorded every time 0.01 unit is adjusted, which helps to precisely control the properties of the geopolymer paste; stipulates the adjustment range and step size of the HPMC dosage, and rheological property tests are carried out after each adjustment to ensure the stability of the material properties; by using a rotational viscometer to test and introducing a modified Bingham model, the rheological behavior at different shear rates can be accurately observed, providing a scientific basis for formulation optimization; at the same time, a formulation optimization algorithm based on the test results of yield stress and plastic viscosity is proposed to further optimize the properties of the printing material. These regulations and optimizations together improve the rheological control and printing effect of 3D printed simulated lunar soil geopolymer.

[0046] Example 3: As shown in the appendix Figure 1 : On the basis of Example 1, in step S7, it further includes a step of pre-treating the geopolymer paste. The pre-treatment steps include but are not limited to stirring, heating, and standing. Through the pre-treatment steps, the uniformity and stability of the geopolymer paste can be further improved. Compared with the prior art, its beneficial effects are reflected in that it can reduce the defects and failure rates during printing. The promotion of this step to the overall solution lies in that it can improve the yield rate and quality stability of the printed parts.

[0047] Specifically, in step S8, the printing path and layer thickness of the 3D printer are set according to the rheological properties and printing requirements of the simulated lunar soil geopolymer. The optimization algorithms for the printing path include, but are not limited to, the shortest path algorithm, filling algorithm, and support structure optimization algorithm. By optimizing the printing path and layer thickness, the printing efficiency and the quality of the printed parts can be significantly improved, the printing time and material waste can be reduced, and at the same time, the dimensional accuracy and surface quality of the printed parts can be improved. The promoting effect of this step on the overall solution is that it can enhance the printing efficiency and printing quality of the overall solution.

[0048] Furthermore, in step S9, the specific parameters of the curing regime are determined through experiments, including but not limited to curing temperature, curing humidity, and curing time. The setting range of the curing temperature is from room temperature to 60 °C, the setting range of the curing humidity is from 50% RH to 95% RH, and the setting range of the curing time is from 1 day to 7 days. By determining the specific parameters of the curing regime through experiments, it can ensure that the printed parts achieve the best mechanical properties and durability under optimal curing conditions, and can significantly improve the mechanical property indexes such as the compressive strength and flexural strength of the printed parts. The promoting effect of this step on the overall solution is that it can enhance the mechanical properties and service life of the printed parts.

[0049] Preferably, in step S10, the quality assessment indicators include but are not limited to dimensional accuracy, surface roughness, compressive strength, and flexural strength, etc. Among them, the assessment of dimensional accuracy is carried out by comparative analysis using three-dimensional scanning technology, and the assessment of surface roughness is carried out by observation and measurement using an optical microscope or a scanning electron microscope. Through comprehensive quality assessment indicators and advanced assessment methods, the quality status of the printed parts can be accurately reflected, and more accurate quality assessment results can be provided, providing a basis for subsequent improvement and optimization. The promoting effect of this step on the overall solution is that it can ensure that the quality of the printed parts meets the design requirements and improve the reliability and satisfaction of the overall solution.

[0050] Furthermore, the method steps also include monitoring and warning steps. The monitoring and warning algorithms are based on machine learning or deep learning technologies, and predict and identify potential failure risks by real-time analyzing printing data. By introducing the monitoring and warning steps, potential printing failure risks can be detected and handled in a timely manner, and the stability and reliability of the printing process can be significantly improved. The promoting effect of this step on the overall solution is that it can reduce the failure rate and downtime during the printing process and improve the operating efficiency and economic benefits of the overall solution.

[0051] As can be seen from the above, the present invention emphasizes the importance of pre-treating the geopolymer paste, including steps such as stirring, heating, and standing; details the setting basis of the 3D printing path and layer thickness, as well as the optimization algorithm of the printing path; stipulates the specific parameter range of the curing regime, including curing temperature, humidity, and time; clarifies the indicators and methods for quality assessment, covering aspects such as dimensional accuracy, surface quality, and mechanical properties; and at the same time introduces a monitoring and early warning algorithm based on machine learning or deep learning technology to analyze the printing data in real time and predict potential failure risks. These requirements jointly improve the efficiency and finished product quality of 3D printing simulated lunar regolith geopolymers.

[0052] The embodiments of the present invention are given for purposes of illustration and description. Although the embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described above, it can be understood that the above embodiments are exemplary and should not be construed as limiting the present invention. Those of ordinary skill in the art can make changes, modifications, substitutions, and variations to the above embodiments within the scope of the present invention.

[0053] In the description of the present invention, the terms "first" and "second" are only used for descriptive purposes and cannot be understood as indicating or implying relative importance or implicitly specifying the quantity of the indicated technical features. Thus, the features defined with "first" and "second" may explicitly or implicitly include one or more of such features. The meaning of "a plurality" is two or more, unless otherwise specifically defined.

[0054] In the present invention, unless otherwise clearly defined and limited, the terms "installed", "connected", "connected to", "fixed", etc. shall be understood in a broad sense. For example, it may be a fixed connection, a detachable connection, or integrated; it may be a mechanical connection or an electrical connection; it may be directly connected or indirectly connected through an intermediate medium, and it may be the internal communication of two components or the interaction relationship between two components. For those of ordinary skill in the art, the specific meanings of the above terms in the present invention can be understood according to specific circumstances.

[0055] In the present invention, unless otherwise clearly defined and limited, the first feature being "on" or "under" the second feature may be that the first and second features are in direct contact, or the first and second features are indirectly in contact through an intermediate medium. Moreover, the first feature being "above", "over", and "on top of" the second feature may be that the first feature is directly above or obliquely above the second feature, or merely indicates that the first feature has a higher horizontal height than the second feature. The first feature being "under", "below", and "beneath" the second feature may be that the first feature is directly below or obliquely below the second feature, or merely indicates that the first feature has a lower horizontal height than the second feature.

[0056] In the description of this specification, the description with reference to terms such as "one embodiment", "some embodiments", "examples", "specific examples", or "some examples" means that the specific features, structures, materials, or characteristics described in connection with the embodiment or example are included in at least one embodiment or example of the present invention. In this specification, the schematic representations of the above terms do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment or example. Moreover, the specific features, structures, materials, or characteristics described may be combined in any one or more embodiments or examples in a suitable manner. In addition, without contradiction, those skilled in the art can combine and combine the different embodiments or examples described in this specification and the features of different embodiments or examples.

[0057] In the accompanying drawings of the disclosed embodiments of the present invention, only the structures related to the disclosed embodiments are involved, and other structures can refer to the general design. Without conflict, the same embodiment and different embodiments of the present invention can be combined with each other.

[0058] Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, for those skilled in the art, they can still modify the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments, or perform equivalent replacements for some of the technical features. Any modifications, equivalent replacements, improvements, etc. made within the spirit and principle of the present invention shall be included in the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for rheological control and printing of 3D printing of simulated lunar soil polymer, characterized in that: include: S1: Prepare TJ-1 simulated lunar soil, water glass (Na2SiO3), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) as a thixotropic agent; S2: mixing the water glass, sodium hydroxide and calcium hydroxide in a certain proportion to form a composite alkali activator; S3: mixing the TJ-1 simulated lunar soil with the composite alkali activator to form a geopolymer slurry, wherein the solid-liquid ratio of the geopolymer slurry is adjusted within a range of 0.28 to 0.30 to observe its effect on rheological properties; S4: adding HPMC to the geopolymer slurry, wherein the amount of HPMC is adjusted within a range of 0% to 0.15% to regulate the thixotropy and rheological properties of the geopolymer slurry; S5: using a rotational viscometer to test the shear stress-shear rate rheological curve of the geopolymer slurry, and fitting the test data using a modified Bingham model to obtain yield stress τ0 and plastic viscosity μ parameters; S6: According to the yield stress τ0 and plastic viscosity μ obtained in step S5, the ratio of TJ-1 simulated lunar soil, composite alkali activator and HPMC is adjusted to achieve the desired rheological properties; S7: Loading the adjusted geopolymer slurry into the barrel of the 3D printer and ensuring that its fluidity meets the requirements of pipeline transportation and nozzle extrusion; S8: starting the 3D printer, printing according to a predetermined printing path and layer thickness, and monitoring the extrusion state and curing effect of the geopolymer slurry in real time during the printing process; S9: After printing, the geopolymer components are subjected to necessary maintenance and post-processing to improve their mechanical properties and durability; S10: Quality assessment of the geopolymer components that have been printed and post-processed, including testing of dimensional accuracy, surface quality, and mechanical properties.

2. A method for rheological control and printing of simulated lunar soil polymer 3D printing as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that: The specific adjustment range of the solid-liquid ratio in S3 is 0.28 to 0.30, and the change in the rheological properties of the polymer slurry is recorded every time the adjustment is 0.01 units.

3. A method for rheological control and printing of simulated lunar soil polymer 3D printing as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that: In step S4, the dosage of HPMC is adjusted incrementally in the range of 0% to 0.15% with a step length of 0.05%, and the rheological properties are tested after each adjustment.

4. A method for rheological control and printing of simulated lunar soil polymer 3D printing as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that: In step S5, when the rotational viscometer is used for testing, the shear rate range is set to 0.5s -1 to 8.58s -1 , in order to observe the rheological behavior of the geopolymer slurry at different shear rates, and the formula of the modified Bingham model is τ=τ0+μγ+cγ 2 , where τ is the shear stress, τ0 is the yield stress, γ is the shear rate, μ is the plastic viscosity, and c is a constant.

5. A method for rheological control and printing of simulated lunar soil polymer 3D printing as claimed in claim 4, characterized in that: In step S6, according to the test results of yield stress τ0 and plastic viscosity μ, the formula is optimized using the following algorithm: Δτ0=τ0(new)-τ0(old), Δμ=|μ(new)-μ(old)|, wherein τ0(new) and μ(new) are the yield stress and plastic viscosity after adjustment, respectively, and τ0(old) and μ(old) are the yield stress and plastic viscosity before adjustment, respectively.

6. A method for rheological control and printing of simulated lunar soil polymer 3D printing as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that: The step S7 also includes a step of pre-treating the geopolymer slurry, and the pre-treatment step includes but is not limited to stirring, heating and standing.

7. A method for rheological control and printing of simulated lunar soil polymer 3D printing as claimed in claim 6, characterized in that: In step S8, the printing path and layer thickness of the 3D printer are set according to the rheological properties of the simulated lunar soil polymer and the printing requirements.

8. A method for rheological control and printing of simulated lunar soil polymer 3D printing as claimed in claim 7, characterized in that: In step S9, the specific parameters of the curing system are determined through experiments, including but not limited to curing temperature, curing humidity and curing time; the setting range of the curing temperature is room temperature to 60°C, the setting range of the curing humidity is 50%RH to 95%RH, and the setting range of the curing time is 1 day to 7 days.

9. A method for rheological control and printing of simulated lunar soil polymer 3D printing as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that: In step S10, the quality assessment indicators include but are not limited to dimensional accuracy, surface roughness, compressive strength and flexural strength, etc.; wherein, the dimensional accuracy is assessed by comparative analysis using three-dimensional scanning technology, and the surface roughness is assessed by observation and measurement using an optical microscope or a scanning electron microscope.

10. The method for rheological control and printing of simulated lunar soil polymer 3D printing according to claim 1, characterized in that: The method steps also include monitoring and early warning steps, and the monitoring and early warning algorithms are based on machine learning or deep learning technology to predict and identify potential failure risks by real-time analysis of printing data.

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