Fuel cell power generation system and method based on multi-stage solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module

Abstract

The present invention provides a fuel cell power generation system and method based on a multi-stage solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module, including a first solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production integrated module, a second solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production integrated module, an external hydrogen purifier, and a fuel cell; the gas outlets of the first solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production integrated module and the second solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production integrated module are both connected to the external hydrogen purifier through valves, and the external hydrogen purifier is used to purify the retained gas to form hydrogen and a mixed gas containing ammonia and nitrogen, so as to realize fuel cell power generation; by switching the operation of multiple solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production integrated modules, the present invention realizes the efficient recycling of high-concentration ammonia in the decomposed gas under large-flow conditions, and realizes the efficient and stable supply of hydrogen fuel under different flow conditions. This design can meet the safe and efficient hydrogen usage requirements of hydrogen energy power generation systems in scenarios such as vehicles, ships, and distributed power stations.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of hydrogen production by ammonia decomposition, and specifically, to a fuel cell power generation system and method based on a multi-stage solid-state ammonia storage hydrogen production module, especially a fuel cell power generation system based on a multi-stage solid-state ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module and its operation method. Background Art

[0002] Under the background of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality, efforts are being made to promote high-quality development and deeply advance the energy revolution. The country is actively exploring and promoting the coordinated development of various new energy storage technologies such as hydrogen storage. Against this background, there is a booming demand for hydrogen in China currently. How to produce hydrogen greenly, efficiently and economically and improve the hydrogen utilization problem in the downstream of the hydrogen industry has become a current research hotspot.

[0003] Traditional hydrogen production methods can generally be divided into methods such as electrolytic water hydrogen production and ammonia decomposition hydrogen production. At present, there have been a large number of research results in electrolytic water hydrogen production. Considering that the hydrogen content of liquid ammonia is more than 60% higher than that of liquid hydrogen, and in terms of transportation, liquid ammonia is easy to store, does not occur hydrogen embrittlement phenomenon, and has an excellent safety record in the use of ammonia, ammonia is regarded as an important energy carrier of hydrogen. In addition, the mass hydrogen storage density of solid ammonia is equivalent to that of liquid ammonia, but it can effectively reduce the risk of flash evaporation caused by shock or temperature and pressure changes during the transportation of high-pressure liquid ammonia, which may trigger an explosion.

[0004] Solid ammonia is currently an effective way to use hydrogen in the transportation field. For example, Patent CN102782921A proposes a device for storing ammonia based on solid materials and generating hydrogen, which is combined with a low-temperature fuel cell to form a coupled system of ammonia storage - hydrogen production - hydrogen utilization. This patent demonstrates the feasibility of solid-state ammonia storage hydrogen production. However, it ignores the problem that the ammonia decomposition efficiency is only 10 - 20% under large flow conditions. How to expand the flow application range of solid-state ammonia storage hydrogen production and extend its application scenarios is an important research topic. In addition, when the ammonia decomposition efficiency is low, how to recycle the high-concentration ammonia gas in the decomposed gas to improve the economy of the whole system is also a problem that needs to be solved. Summary of the Invention

[0005] Aiming at the defects in the prior art, the purpose of the present invention is to provide a fuel cell power generation system and method based on a multi-stage solid-state ammonia storage hydrogen production module.

[0006] The fuel cell power generation system based on a multi-stage solid-state ammonia storage hydrogen production module provided by the present invention includes a first solid-state ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module, a second solid-state ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module, an external hydrogen purifier, and a fuel cell;

[0007] Both the first integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module and the second integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module are used to decompose solid ammonia into a retention gas containing ammonia, hydrogen, and nitrogen;

[0008] The gas outlets of both the first integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module and the second integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module are connected to an external hydrogen purifier through valves. The external hydrogen purifier is used to purify the retention gas to form hydrogen and a mixed gas containing ammonia and nitrogen;

[0009] The hydrogen outlet of the external hydrogen purifier is connected to a fuel cell through a valve. The mixed gas outlet of the external hydrogen purifier is connected to the gas inlets of both the first integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module and the second integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module through valves.

[0010] Preferably, it further includes a gas storage tank, and the mixed gas outlet of the external hydrogen purifier is connected to the gas storage tank;

[0011] The nitrogen outlets of both the first integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module and the second integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module are connected to the nitrogen inlet of the external hydrogen purifier through valves;

[0012] When the ammonia concentration in the mixed gas is lower than the preset value, it flows into the gas storage tank. When the ammonia concentration in the mixed gas is higher than the preset value, it flows into the first integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module and the second integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module for ammonia adsorption;

[0013] After the ammonia adsorption is completed, the remaining nitrogen flows out from the nitrogen outlets of both the first integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module and the second integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module, and flows into the internal part of the external hydrogen purifier through valves to drive the hydrogen to flow out.

[0014] Preferably, it further includes a nitrogen separator and a heat exchanger. The mixed gas outlet of the external hydrogen purifier is connected to the first heat exchange channel of the heat exchanger;

[0015] The nitrogen outlets of both the first integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module and the second integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module are sequentially connected to the second heat exchange channel of the nitrogen separator and the heat exchanger, and are connected to the nitrogen inlet of the external hydrogen purifier;

[0016] The nitrogen separator is used to adsorb impurities in nitrogen, and the heat exchanger is used to cool the ammonia and nitrogen retention gas flowing into the first integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module and the second integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module, and at the same time heat the nitrogen flowing out;

[0017] The uncompletely decomposed ammonia gas and nitrogen retention gas flowing out of one of the first and the second integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production modules flow into the other of the first and the second integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production modules for storage.

[0018] Preferably, it further includes a continuous gas component analyzer which is respectively connected to the mixed gas outlet and the nitrogen inlet of the external hydrogen purifier, and is used for detecting the ammonia concentration remaining in the mixed gas flowing out of the external hydrogen purifier and the nitrogen gas flowing out of the first and the second integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production modules.

[0019] If the ammonia concentration of the mixed gas flowing out of the external hydrogen purifier is higher than the preset value, it is discharged into the first and the second integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production modules; if the ammonia concentration of the mixed gas is lower than the preset value, it is discharged into the gas storage tank.

[0020] If the ammonia concentration in the nitrogen gas flowing out is higher than the preset value, it is discharged into the first and the second integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production modules through the mixed gas outlet of the external hydrogen purifier; if the ammonia concentration in the nitrogen gas flowing out is lower than the preset value, it is controlled to flow into the nitrogen inlet of the external hydrogen purifier.

[0021] Preferably, the first and the second integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production modules have the same structure, and both include an ammonia decomposition and hydrogen production module and a solid-state ammonia storage module which are sequentially arranged along the radial direction pointing to the axis. High-temperature waste gas heat exchange channels are arranged both outside and inside the ammonia decomposition and hydrogen production module.

[0022] The high-temperature waste gas generated by the fuel cell flows into the high-temperature waste gas heat exchange channel through a valve, and is used to provide heat for the ammonia decomposition and hydrogen production module and the solid-state ammonia storage module, so as to realize the ammonia decomposition and ammonia desorption processes.

[0023] Preferably, the solid-state ammonia storage module is provided with an ammonia desorption gas decomposition flow channel, a pure ammonia injection channel, a retention gas injection channel and a nitrogen gas outflow channel.

[0024] The ammonia desorption gas decomposition flow channel is communicated with the external hydrogen purifier and is used for flowing out the retention gas containing ammonia, hydrogen and nitrogen.

[0025] The pure ammonia injection channel is communicated with an external ammonia source and is used for injecting pure ammonia into the solid-state ammonia storage module.

[0026] The trapped gas charging channel is communicated with the mixed gas outlet of the external hydrogen purifier, and is used to charge the inside of the solid ammonia storage module with a mixed gas containing ammonia and nitrogen;

[0027] The nitrogen outflow gas channel is communicated with the nitrogen inlet of the external hydrogen purifier, and is used to input nitrogen into the external hydrogen purifier;

[0028] Valves are provided at the outlet of the nitrogen outflow gas channel and the ammonia desorption gas decomposition flow channel, and at the inlets of the pure ammonia charging channel and the trapped gas charging channel.

[0029] Preferably, it further includes an electric heating component and a backup power supply, and the electric heating component is powered and heated by the backup power supply;

[0030] The electric heating component is used to heat the air flow, and the heated air flow is communicated with the high-temperature waste gas heat exchange channel through a valve.

[0031] Preferably, the high-temperature waste gas flow channel of the fuel cell is connected to the inlet of the high-temperature waste gas heat exchange channel located outside the ammonia decomposition hydrogen production module through a valve;

[0032] The outlet of the high-temperature waste gas heat exchange channel located outside the ammonia decomposition hydrogen production module is connected to the inlet of the high-temperature waste gas heat exchange channel located inside the ammonia decomposition hydrogen production module, and the outlet of the high-temperature waste gas heat exchange channel located inside the ammonia decomposition hydrogen production module is communicated with an external waste gas collection device.

[0033] According to the fuel cell power generation method based on a multi-stage solid ammonia storage hydrogen production module provided by the present invention, using the fuel cell power generation device based on the multi-stage solid ammonia storage hydrogen production module, the following steps are included:

[0034] Step 1: Start the backup power supply to supply power to the electric heating component for heating;

[0035] Step 2: Determine whether the gas temperature in the electric heating component is higher than a preset temperature value. If so, open the valve connecting the electric heating component and the fuel cell to preheat the fuel cell. If not, continue heating;

[0036] Step 3: Determine whether the temperature of the fuel cell meets the operating temperature requirement. If so, close the valve connecting the electric heating component and the fuel cell, and open the valve connecting the electric heating component and the first solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production integrated module. If not, continue heating;

[0037] Step 4: Obtain the hydrogen flow rate requirement of the fuel cell, and obtain the current operating temperature of the first solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production integrated module;

[0038] Step 5: According to the relationship between the hydrogen production flow rate, operating temperature of the first integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module, and the ammonia desorption flow rate of the solid-state ammonia storage module obtained from the experiment, adjust the valve opening at the outlet of the solid-state ammonia storage module and the valve opening at the outlet of the high-temperature waste gas of the fuel cell in the first integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module to obtain the required ammonia flow rate;

[0039] Step 6: The ammonia flowing out of the solid-state ammonia storage module of the first integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module passes through the ammonia decomposition hydrogen production module and an external hydrogen purifier to obtain purified hydrogen and residual gas containing ammonia and nitrogen;

[0040] Step 7: The purified hydrogen is driven by nitrogen or inert gas and successively passes through a gas buffer and a valve and flows into the fuel cell to generate electricity and provide electrical energy for electrical components;

[0041] Step 8: Determine whether the tail gas temperature of the fuel cell is higher than the set temperature. If so, close the valve connecting the electric heating component to the first integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module, and open the valve connecting the fuel cell to the first integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module, and pass the high-temperature waste gas into the high-temperature waste gas heat exchange channel;

[0042] If not, continue to heat the first integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module using the electric heating component;

[0043] Step 9: Detect the ammonia concentration of the residual gas containing ammonia and nitrogen by a continuous gas component analyzer;

[0044] If the ammonia concentration is lower than the preset value, the gas flows through the heat exchanger and into the gas storage tank. If the ammonia concentration is higher than the preset value, it flows through the heat exchanger to cool down and then into the solid-state ammonia storage module of the second integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module for ammonia adsorption;

[0045] Step 10: Connect the low-temperature waste heat channel to the high-temperature waste gas heat exchange channel of the second integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module for heat exchange to reduce the temperature of the solid-state ammonia storage module of the second integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module and improve the ammonia adsorption efficiency;

[0046] Step 11: After the solid-state ammonia storage module of the second integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module adsorbs the ammonia in the residual gas, the residual gas is mainly nitrogen. Then, detect the ammonia concentration in the residual gas flowing out of the solid-state ammonia storage module by a continuous gas component analyzer. If the ammonia concentration is lower than the set value, after adsorbing the participating ammonia or other impurities through a nitrogen separator, it flows through the heat exchanger to be heated and then into the external hydrogen purifier to drive the hydrogen to flow out. If the ammonia concentration is higher than the set value, it is refluxed to the solid-state ammonia storage module;

[0047] Step 12: When the ammonia storage amount in the first integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module is insufficient, switch to the second integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module to supply hydrogen to the fuel cell.

[0048] Step 13: Detect the operating pressures of the first integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module and the second integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module in real time. When the values exceed the maximum allowable pressure, open the valve of the gas storage tank to divert the excess gas flow into the gas storage tank.

[0049] Step 14: Detect the operating pressure of the gas storage tank in real time. When the value exceeds the maximum allowable pressure, discharge it into the tail gas treatment system.

[0050] A diversion channel is provided at the gas buffer and the gas storage tank for evacuating flammable and explosive gases.

[0051] According to the fuel cell power generation method based on a multi-stage solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module provided by the present invention, using the fuel cell power generation device based on the multi-stage solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module, the following steps are included:

[0052] Step 1: Start the standby power supply to supply power to the electric heating component for heating.

[0053] Step 2: Determine whether the gas temperature in the electric heating component is higher than the preset temperature value. If so, open the valve connecting the electric heating component to the fuel cell to preheat the fuel cell. If not, continue heating.

[0054] Step 3: Determine whether the temperature of the fuel cell meets the operating temperature requirement. If so, close the valve connecting the electric heating component to the fuel cell and open the valve connecting the electric heating component to the first integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module. If not, continue heating.

[0055] Step 4: Obtain the hydrogen flow rate requirement of the fuel cell and the current operating temperature of the first integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module. If the current hydrogen flow rate requirement is greater than the maximum hydrogen production flow rate of the first integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module, use both the first integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module and the second integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module to produce hydrogen.

[0056] Step 5: Open the valve connecting the electric heating component to the second integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module.

[0057] Step 6: The ammonia gas flowing out from the solid-state ammonia storage modules of the first integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module and the second integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module passes through the ammonia decomposition and hydrogen production module and an external hydrogen purifier to obtain purified hydrogen and the retained gas containing ammonia and nitrogen.

[0058] Step 7: The purified hydrogen gas flows into the fuel cell successively through the gas buffer and the valve driven by nitrogen or inert gas to generate electricity and provide electrical energy for the electrical components.

[0059] Step 8: Determine whether the tail gas temperature of the fuel cell is higher than the set temperature. If so, close the valve connecting the electric heating component to the first integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module and the second integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module, and open the valve connecting the fuel cell to the first integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module and the second integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module, and introduce the high-temperature waste gas into the high-temperature waste gas heat exchange channel.

[0060] If not, continue to use the electric heating component to heat the first integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module and the second integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module.

[0061] Step 9: Real-time detect the operating pressure of the first integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module and the second integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module. When its value exceeds the maximum allowable pressure, open the valve of the gas storage tank to divert the excess gas flow to the gas storage tank.

[0062] Step 10: Real-time detect the operating pressure of the gas storage tank. When its value exceeds the maximum allowable pressure, discharge it to the tail gas treatment system.

[0063] A diversion channel is provided at the gas buffer and the gas storage tank for evacuating flammable and explosive gases.

[0064] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects:

[0065] 1. The present invention can achieve efficient and reliable supply under different hydrogen demand flows. Based on the characteristic that the hydrogen production efficiency by ammonia decomposition is strongly related to the hydrogen demand flow, through the relationship between the hydrogen production flow - operating temperature - ammonia desorption flow of the solid ammonia storage module obtained by experiments, dynamically adjust the valve opening at the outlet of the solid ammonia storage module and control the operation of multiple integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production modules. When the hydrogen flow demand of the fuel cell is less than the maximum hydrogen production flow of the first integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module or the second integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module, control the first integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module or the second integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module to produce hydrogen alternately. Otherwise, control the first integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module and the second integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module to produce hydrogen together, so as to achieve efficient and reliable supply under different hydrogen demand flows.

[0066] 2. The present invention can improve the utilization rate of ammonia. Under large-flow conditions, when the ammonia decomposition rate is low, a mixed gas containing unreacted ammonia and nitrogen will flow out of the ammonia decomposition and hydrogen production module of the first integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module. These mixed gases are guided to the second integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module for storage, preventing them from flowing back to the first integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module. This effectively reduces the internal pressure of the container, prevents the reverse reaction of the ammonia decomposition reaction, improves the utilization rate of ammonia, and optimizes the hydrogen production efficiency of the overall system. In addition, by analyzing the ammonia concentration in the mixed gas flowing out of the solid-state ammonia storage module of the first integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module with a continuous gas component analyzer, it is determined whether to flow back to the solid-state ammonia storage module to complete the ammonia adsorption process, further improving the utilization rate of ammonia.

[0067] 3. The present invention can effectively improve the overall energy efficiency of the system. First, based on the heat utilization characteristics of different channels in multiple integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production modules, the present invention realizes cascaded energy utilization using the high-temperature tail gas of the fuel cell. After passing through the ammonia decomposer, the high-temperature waste gas of the fuel cell becomes medium-temperature waste gas, and the medium-temperature waste gas is continued to be used for ammonia desorption of solid-state ammonia storage, thus effectively improving the waste heat utilization efficiency of the system. Second, the present invention is equipped with a heat exchanger to cool the ammonia and nitrogen retention gas flowing into the solid-state ammonia storage module, and at the same time heat the nitrogen and inert gas flowing out of the solid-state ammonia storage module, effectively utilizing the waste heat of the retention gas, thereby effectively improving the overall energy efficiency of the system. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0068] Other features, objects, and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent by reading the detailed description of the non-limiting embodiments with reference to the following drawings:

[0069] Figure 1 It is a schematic diagram of the overall structure of the present invention;

[0070] Figure 2 It is a schematic diagram of the structure of the integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module of the present invention;

[0071] Figure 3 It is a schematic diagram of the structure of the solid-state ammonia storage module of the present invention.

[0072] As shown in the figure:

[0073] The first integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 1

[0074] The second integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 2

[0075] Fuel cell 3

[0076] Electric heating component 4

[0077] Standby power supply 5

[0078] Electrical component 6

[0079] Continuous gas component analyzer 7

[0080] Gas buffer 8

[0081] Manometer 9

[0082] Gas storage tank 10

[0083] External hydrogen purifier 12

[0084] Nitrogen separator 13

[0085] Heat exchanger 14

[0086] High-temperature exhaust gas heat exchange channel 101

[0087] Ammonia decomposition hydrogen production module 102

[0088] Solid-state ammonia storage module 103 Detailed implementation manners

[0089] The present invention will be described in detail below in conjunction with specific embodiments. The following embodiments will help those skilled in the art to further understand the present invention, but do not limit the present invention in any form. It should be noted that those of ordinary skill in the art can make several changes and improvements without departing from the concept of the present invention. These all belong to the protection scope of the present invention.

[0090] The present invention discloses a fuel cell power generation system based on a multi-stage solid-state ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module and its operation method. The system mainly includes a first solid-state ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module 1, a second solid-state ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module 2, a fuel cell 3, etc. Through the switching operation of multiple solid-state ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated modules, the efficient recycling of high-concentration ammonia gas in the decomposed gas under large-flow conditions is realized, and the efficient and stable supply of hydrogen fuel under different flow conditions is realized. The system design can meet the safe and efficient hydrogen use requirements of hydrogen energy power generation systems in scenarios such as vehicles, ships, and distributed power stations.

[0091] According to the fuel cell power generation system based on the multi-stage solid-state ammonia storage hydrogen production module provided by the present invention, referring to Figure 1 and Figure 2 , it includes components such as a first solid-state ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module 1, a second solid-state ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module 2, a fuel cell 3, an electric heating component 4, a backup power supply 5, an electrical component 6, a continuous gas component analyzer 7, a gas buffer 8, a manometer 9, a gas storage tank 10, a valve, an external hydrogen purifier 12, a nitrogen separator 13, and a heat exchanger 14.

[0092] As Figure 2As shown in the figure, the integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module includes a high-temperature waste gas heat exchange channel 101, an ammonia decomposition hydrogen production module 102, and a solid-state ammonia storage module 103, which is in the shape of a "toilet paper roll". Along the radial direction pointing to the axis, the high-temperature waste gas heat exchange channel 101, the ammonia decomposition hydrogen production module 102, the high-temperature waste gas heat exchange channel 101, and the solid-state ammonia storage module 103 are arranged in sequence, enabling an efficient coupling process of ammonia desorption and ammonia decomposition in the integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module, and effectively reducing the space required for ammonia storage and hydrogen production.

[0093] The first integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 1 and the second integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 2 need to be heated by high-temperature waste gas to achieve ammonia desorption and ammonia decomposition. Since the temperature required for the solid-state ammonia storage module 103 is lower than that required for the ammonia decomposition hydrogen production module 102, the high-temperature waste gas in the high-temperature waste gas heat exchange channel 101 first heats the ammonia decomposition hydrogen production module 102, and then heats the solid-state ammonia storage module 103.

[0094] In order to efficiently and stably meet the hydrogen flow required by the fuel cell 3, first, it is judged whether the required hydrogen flow is less than the maximum hydrogen production flow of the first integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 1. If so, the first integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 1 and the second integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 2 produce hydrogen alternately. If not, they produce hydrogen together.

[0095] When the first integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 1 and the second integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 2 produce hydrogen alternately, take the first integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 1 as the main hydrogen production component and the second integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 2 as the auxiliary hydrogen production component as an example. In the first integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 1, according to the relationship between the hydrogen production flow, the operating temperature, and the ammonia desorption flow obtained through experiments, the valve opening is adjusted to obtain the required ammonia flow. The outflowing ammonia is processed by the ammonia decomposition hydrogen production module 102 and the external hydrogen purifier 12 to obtain purified hydrogen and the retained gas containing ammonia and nitrogen. The purified hydrogen flows into the gas buffer 8 driven by nitrogen or inert gas, and then enters the fuel cell 3 to generate electricity, providing electrical energy for the electrical components.

[0096] According to the tail gas temperature of the fuel cell 3, the connection situation between the electric heating component 4 and the high-temperature waste gas heat exchange channel 101 is adjusted in a timely manner to ensure that the temperature of the first integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 1 meets the operation requirements. At the same time, the ammonia concentration in the retained gas is monitored by the continuous gas component analyzer 7. If the concentration is lower than the set value, its flow direction is adjusted to the gas storage tank 10. Otherwise, the retained gas first passes through the heat exchanger 14 to cool down and then flows into the solid ammonia storage module 103 of the second integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 2. In addition, the low-temperature residual cooling channel is connected to the high-temperature waste gas heat exchange channel 101 in the second integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 2, thereby reducing the temperature of the solid ammonia storage module 103 of the second integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 2 to improve the ammonia adsorption efficiency. When the retained gas after the ammonia adsorption process flows out of the solid ammonia storage module 103 of the second integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 2, the ammonia concentration is further analyzed by the continuous gas component analyzer 7. If it is lower than the set value, the nitrogen separated by the nitrogen separator 13 is heated by the heat exchanger 14 and then flows into the external hydrogen purifier 12 to drive the hydrogen to flow into the fuel cell 3. Otherwise, the retained gas after the ammonia adsorption process flows back to the solid ammonia storage module 103 of the second integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 2 for further ammonia adsorption process. In this process, the inert gas stream heated by the heat exchanger flows into the external hydrogen purifier 12 to drive the hydrogen to flow out.

[0097] When the first integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 1 and the second integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 2 jointly produce hydrogen, first, the valve connecting the electric heating component 4 and the second integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 2 is opened. Then, the ammonia flowing out of the solid ammonia storage modules 103 of the first integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 1 and the second integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 2 is processed by the ammonia decomposition hydrogen production module 102 and the external hydrogen purifier 12 to obtain purified hydrogen and retained gas containing ammonia and nitrogen. Subsequently, the purified hydrogen is driven by the inert gas and sequentially flows through the gas buffer 8 and the valve into the fuel cell 3 to realize the power generation process, thereby providing the required electric energy for the electrical component 6.

[0098] The high-temperature waste gas heat exchange channel 101 is composed of multiple channels, which respectively provide heat for the ammonia decomposition hydrogen production module 102 and the solid ammonia storage module 103, thereby realizing the ammonia decomposition and ammonia desorption processes. The ammonia decomposition hydrogen production module 102 is used to realize ammonia decomposition, and the wall surface of the ammonia decomposition hydrogen production module is coated with a high-efficiency ammonia decomposition hydrogen production catalyst.

[0099] A plurality of ammonia flow channels are designed in the solid ammonia storage module 103, which are evenly distributed along the radial direction pointing to the axis, and the diameters of the channels along this direction increase in sequence, such as Figure 3As shown, d1 < d2 < d3. The advantage of this design is that it can achieve uniform ammonia desorption of the solid ammonia storage metal ammine complex material in the solid ammonia storage module 103 and improve the heat exchange efficiency. The reason is that the heat of the high-temperature exhaust gas heat exchange channel 101 is transmitted along the radial direction pointing to the axis of the solid ammonia storage module 103. Due to the existence of the thermal resistance of the solid ammonia storage metal ammine complex material and the thermal resistance of the ammonia flow channels, the temperature of the outer wall surface of the solid ammonia storage module 103 is higher than that at the axis, making the ammonia desorption rate of the outer wall surface higher than that at the axis. By setting the diameters of the ammonia pores in the radial direction pointing to the axis to increase successively, it is possible to avoid the phenomenon that the ammonia in the solid ammonia storage metal ammine complex material near the outer wall surface is completely desorbed while the solid ammonia storage metal ammine complex material at the axis has not been completely desorbed. In addition, since the thermal resistance of the solid ammonia storage metal ammine complex material is smaller than the thermal resistance of the ammonia flow channels, by reducing the diameter of the ammonia flow channels near the outer wall surface of the solid ammonia storage module 103, the thermal resistance of heat transfer can be effectively reduced, and efficient heat exchange can be achieved on the premise of ensuring the ammonia desorption rate.

[0100] Among them, the cross-sectional shape of the ammonia flow channels in the solid ammonia storage module 103 can be diamond-shaped, circular, elliptical, rectangular, drop-shaped or other shapes, and the cross-sectional shape of the ammonia flow channels does not significantly affect its beneficial effects.

[0101] The heat exchanger 14 aims to cool the stagnant gas flowing into the solid ammonia storage module 103 to improve the ammonia adsorption efficiency and reduce the demand for low-temperature residual cold; it also aims to increase the temperature of the nitrogen or inert gas entering the external hydrogen purifier 12 to avoid the temperature of the mixed gas containing hydrogen / nitrogen / inert gas flowing into the fuel cell 3 being too low, which affects the stable operation of the fuel cell 3.

[0102] The fuel cell 3 is a fuel cell 3 that can provide high-temperature tail gas, such as a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), a high-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell (HT-PEMFC), and an alkaline fuel cell (AFC), etc.

[0103] According to the fuel cell power generation method based on the multi-stage solid ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module provided by the present invention, the fuel cell device based on the multi-stage solid ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module is adopted. This operation method is applicable to the situation where the hydrogen flow demand of the fuel cell 3 is less than the maximum hydrogen production flow rate of the first solid ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module 1 or the second solid ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module 2, and the two solid ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated modules take turns to produce hydrogen. Specifically, it includes the following steps:

[0104] Step 1: Start the standby power supply 5 to supply power to the electric heating component 4 for heating.

[0105] Step 2: Determine whether the gas temperature in the electric heating component 4 is higher than the set temperature value. If so, open the valve connecting the electric heating component 4 to the fuel cell 3 to preheat the latter; otherwise, continue heating.

[0106] Step 3: Determine whether the temperature of the fuel cell 3 meets the operating temperature requirements. If so, close the valve connecting the electric heating component 4 to the fuel cell 3 and open the valve connecting the electric heating component 4 to the integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module I; otherwise, continue heating.

[0107] Step 4: Obtain the hydrogen flow demand of the fuel cell 3 and the current operating temperature of the first integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 1.

[0108] Step 5: According to the relationship between the hydrogen production flow - operating temperature - ammonia desorption flow of the solid ammonia storage module 103 in the first integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 1 obtained through experiments, adjust the valve opening of the outlet of the solid ammonia storage module 103 in the first integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 1 and the valve opening of the high-temperature waste gas outlet of the fuel cell 3 to obtain the required ammonia flow.

[0109] Step 6: The ammonia flowing out of the solid ammonia storage module 103 of the first integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 1 passes through the ammonia decomposition hydrogen production module 102 and the external hydrogen purifier 12 to obtain purified hydrogen and residual gas containing ammonia and nitrogen.

[0110] Step 7: The purified hydrogen is driven by nitrogen or inert gas and successively passes through the gas buffer 8 and the valve and flows into the fuel cell 3 to realize the power generation process and provide electric energy for the electrical component 6.

[0111] Step 8: Determine whether the tail gas temperature of the fuel cell 3 is higher than the set temperature. If so, close the valve connecting the electric heating component 4 to the first integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 1 and open the valve connecting the fuel cell 3 to the first integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 1 to introduce the high-temperature waste gas into the high-temperature waste gas heat exchange channel 101. Otherwise, continue to use the electric heating component 4 to heat the first integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 1.

[0112] Step 9: Detect the ammonia concentration of the residual gas containing ammonia and nitrogen through the continuous gas component analyzer 7. If the ammonia concentration is lower than the set value, the gas flows through the heat exchanger 14 and into the gas storage tank 10; otherwise, it flows through the heat exchanger 14 for cooling and then into the solid ammonia storage module 103 of the second integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 2 for ammonia adsorption.

[0113] Step 10: Connect the high-temperature exhaust gas heat exchange channel of the second solid-state ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module 2 through the low-temperature residual cooling channel to perform heat exchange, thereby reducing the temperature of the solid-state ammonia storage module 103 of the second solid-state ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module 2 and improving the ammonia adsorption efficiency.

[0114] Step 11: After the solid-state ammonia storage module 103 of the second solid-state ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module 2 adsorbs the ammonia in the retained gas, the retained gas is mainly nitrogen. Then the ammonia concentration in the retained gas flowing out of the solid-state ammonia storage module 103 is detected by the continuous gas component analyzer 7. If the ammonia concentration is lower than the set value, it will be adsorbed by the nitrogen separator 13 to remove ammonia or other impurities, and then heated by the heat exchanger 14 and flow into the external hydrogen purifier 12, driving the hydrogen to flow out quickly. Otherwise, it will flow back to the solid-state ammonia storage module 103.

[0115] Step 12: When the ammonia storage in the first solid-state ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module 1 is insufficient, the second solid-state ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module 2 is switched to supply hydrogen to the fuel cell 3 .

[0116] Step 13: Detect the operating pressures of the first solid-state ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module 1 and the second solid-state ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module 2 in real time. When the pressure exceeds the maximum allowable pressure, open the valve of the gas storage tank 10 to divert excess airflow to the gas storage tank 10.

[0117] Step 14: Detect the operating pressure of the gas storage tank 10 in real time, and when the value exceeds the maximum allowable pressure, discharge it into the exhaust gas treatment system.

[0118] Step 15: Diverter channels are provided at the gas buffer 8 and the gas storage tank 10 to quickly exhaust the flammable and explosive gases in an emergency.

[0119] According to the fuel cell power generation method based on the multi-stage solid-state ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module provided by the present invention, the fuel cell device based on the multi-stage solid-state ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module is adopted. The operation method is applicable to the situation where the hydrogen flow demand of the fuel cell 3 is greater than the maximum hydrogen production flow of the first solid-state ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module 1 or the second solid-state ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module 2, and the two solid-state ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated modules jointly produce hydrogen, and specifically includes the following steps:

[0120] Step 1: Start the backup power supply 5 to supply power to the electric heating component 4 for heating.

[0121] Step 2: Determine whether the gas temperature in the electric heating component 4 is higher than the set temperature value. If yes, open the valve connecting the electric heating component 4 and the fuel cell 3 to preheat the latter, otherwise continue heating.

[0122] Step 3: Determine whether the temperature of the fuel cell 3 meets the operating temperature requirement. If yes, close the valve connecting the electric heating component 4 to the fuel cell 3 and open the valve connecting the electric heating component 4 to the integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module I. Otherwise, continue heating.

[0123] Step 4: Obtain the hydrogen flow demand of the fuel cell 3 and the current operating temperature of the first integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 1. If the current hydrogen flow demand is greater than the maximum hydrogen production flow of the first integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 1, use the first integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 1 and the second integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 2 to produce hydrogen together.

[0124] Step 5: Open the valve connecting the electric heating component 4 to the integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module II.

[0125] Step 6: The ammonia gas flowing out of the solid ammonia storage module 103 of the first integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 1 and the second integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 2 passes through the ammonia decomposition and hydrogen production module 102 and the external hydrogen purifier 12 to obtain purified hydrogen and the retained gas containing ammonia and nitrogen.

[0126] Step 7: The purified hydrogen, driven by the inert gas, successively passes through the gas buffer 8 and the valve and flows into the fuel cell 3 to realize the power generation process and provide electrical energy for the electrical component 6.

[0127] Step 8: Determine whether the tail gas temperature of the fuel cell 3 is higher than the set temperature. If so, close the valve connecting the electric heating component 4 to the first integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 1 and the second integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 2, and open the valve connecting the fuel cell 3 to the first integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 1 and the second integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 2 to introduce the high-temperature waste gas into the high-temperature waste gas heat exchange channel 101. Otherwise, continue to use the electric heating component 4 to heat the first integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 1 and the second integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 2.

[0128] Step 9: Real-time detect the operating pressure of the first integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 1 and the second integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 2. When its value exceeds the maximum allowable pressure, open the valve of the gas storage tank 10 to divert the excess gas flow to the gas storage tank 10.

[0129] Step 10: Real-time detect the operating pressure of the gas storage tank 10. When its value exceeds the maximum allowable pressure, discharge it to the tail gas treatment system.

[0130] Step 11: Set a diversion channel at the gas buffer 8 and the gas storage tank 10 for quickly exhausting flammable and explosive gases in case of emergency.

[0131] Based on this, the present invention proposes a fuel cell power generation system and an operation method thereof for a multi-stage solid-state ammonia storage coupled with hydrogen production integrated module. By switching the operation of multiple solid-state ammonia storage coupled with hydrogen production integrated modules, the efficient recycling of high-concentration ammonia gas in the decomposed gas under large-flow conditions is realized, and the efficient and stable supply of hydrogen fuel under different flow conditions is achieved. In addition, based on the heat utilization characteristics of different channels in multiple solid-state ammonia storage coupled with hydrogen production integrated modules, the present invention utilizes the high-temperature tail gas of the fuel cell to realize cascaded energy utilization, thereby effectively improving the waste heat utilization efficiency of the system and indirectly improving the energy efficiency of the system.

[0132] In the description of the present application, it should be understood that the orientation or positional relationship indicated by the terms "upper", "lower", "front", "rear", "left", "right", "vertical", "horizontal", "top", "bottom", "inner", "outer", etc. is based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the drawings, and is only for the convenience of describing the present application and simplifying the description, rather than indicating or implying that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, be constructed and operated in a specific orientation, and therefore should not be construed as a limitation to the present application.

[0133] The specific embodiments of the present invention have been described above. It should be understood that the present invention is not limited to the above specific embodiments, and those skilled in the art can make various changes or modifications within the scope of the claims, which do not affect the essence of the present invention. Without conflict, the embodiments of the present application and the features in the embodiments can be combined arbitrarily with each other.

Claims

1. A fuel cell power generation system based on a multi-stage solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module, characterized in that, It includes a first integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module (1), a second integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module (2), an external hydrogen purifier (12), and a fuel cell (3); Both the first integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module (1) and the second integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module (2) are used to decompose solid ammonia into a retention gas containing ammonia, hydrogen, and nitrogen, and the external hydrogen purifier (12) is used to purify the retention gas to form hydrogen and a mixed gas containing ammonia and nitrogen; The first integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module (1) and the second integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module (2) have the same structure, and both include an ammonia decomposition and hydrogen production module (102) and a solid-state ammonia storage module (103) arranged in sequence along the radial direction pointing to the axis. High-temperature waste gas heat exchange channels (101) are provided both outside and inside the ammonia decomposition and hydrogen production module (102); The high-temperature waste gas generated by the fuel cell (3) flows into the high-temperature waste gas heat exchange channel (101) through a valve, and is used to provide heat for the ammonia decomposition and hydrogen production module (102) and the solid-state ammonia storage module (103), so as to realize the ammonia decomposition and ammonia desorption processes; The solid-state ammonia storage module (103) is provided with: An ammonia desorption gas decomposition flow channel, which is connected to the external hydrogen purifier (12) through a valve, and is used to flow out the retention gas containing ammonia, hydrogen, and nitrogen; A pure ammonia filling channel, which is connected to an external ammonia source through a valve, and is used to fill pure ammonia into the solid-state ammonia storage module (103); A retention gas filling channel, which is connected to the mixed gas outlet of the external hydrogen purifier (12) through a valve, and is used to fill the mixed gas containing ammonia and nitrogen into the solid-state ammonia storage module (103); A nitrogen outflow gas channel, which is connected to the nitrogen inlet of the external hydrogen purifier (12) through a valve, and is used to input nitrogen into the external hydrogen purifier (12); The hydrogen outlet of the external hydrogen purifier (12) is connected to the fuel cell (3) through a valve.

2. The fuel cell power generation system based on a multi-stage solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module according to claim 1, wherein, It further includes a gas storage tank (10), and the mixed gas outlet of the external hydrogen purifier (12) is connected to the gas storage tank (10); The nitrogen outlets of both the first integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module (1) and the second integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module (2) are connected to the nitrogen inlet of the external hydrogen purifier (12) through valves; When the ammonia concentration in the mixed gas is lower than the preset value, it flows into the gas storage tank (10), and when the ammonia concentration in the mixed gas is higher than the preset value, it flows into the first integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module (1) and the second integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module (2) for ammonia adsorption; After the ammonia adsorption is completed, the remaining nitrogen flows out from the nitrogen outlets of the first integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module (1) and the second integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module (2), and flows into the internal part of the external hydrogen purifier (12) through a valve, and is used to drive the hydrogen to flow out.

3. The fuel cell power generation system based on a multi-stage solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module according to claim 2, characterized in that, It further includes a nitrogen separator (13) and a heat exchanger (14). The mixed gas outlet of the external hydrogen purifier (12) is communicated with the first heat exchange channel of the heat exchanger (14). The nitrogen outlets of the first integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module (1) and the second integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module (2) are sequentially communicated with the second heat exchange channel of the nitrogen separator (13) and the heat exchanger (14), and are communicated with the nitrogen inlet of the external hydrogen purifier (12). The nitrogen separator (13) is used for adsorbing impurities in nitrogen, and the heat exchanger (14) is used for cooling the ammonia gas and nitrogen retention gas flowing into the first integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module (1) and the second integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module (2), and heating the outflowing nitrogen gas at the same time. The uncompletely decomposed ammonia gas and nitrogen retention gas flowing out of one of the first integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module (1) and the second integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module (2) flow into the other of the first integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module (1) and the second integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module (2) for storage.

4. The fuel cell power generation system based on a multi-stage solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module according to claim 2, characterized in that, It further includes a continuous gas component analyzer (7). The continuous gas component analyzer (7) is respectively connected to the mixed gas outlet and the nitrogen inlet of the external hydrogen purifier (12), and is used for detecting the residual ammonia concentration in the mixed gas flowing out of the external hydrogen purifier (12) and the nitrogen gas flowing out of the first integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module (1) and the second integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module (2). If the ammonia concentration of the mixed gas flowing out of the external hydrogen purifier (12) is higher than the preset value, it is discharged into the first integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module (1) and the second integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module (2). If the ammonia concentration of the mixed gas is lower than the preset value, it is discharged into the gas storage tank (10). If the ammonia concentration in the outflowing nitrogen gas is higher than the preset value, it is discharged into the first integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module (1) and the second integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module (2) through the mixed gas outlet of the external hydrogen purifier (12). If the ammonia concentration in the outflowing nitrogen gas is lower than the preset value, it is controlled to flow into the nitrogen inlet of the external hydrogen purifier (12).

5. The fuel cell power generation system based on a multi-stage solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module according to claim 1, wherein, Valves are provided at the outlet of the nitrogen outflow gas channel and the ammonia desorption gas decomposition flow channel, and at the inlet of the pure ammonia charging channel and the retention gas charging channel.

6. The fuel cell power generation system based on a multi-stage solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module according to claim 1, wherein, It further includes an electric heating component (4) and a backup power supply (5). The electric heating component (4) is powered and heated by the backup power supply (5). The electric heating component (4) is used for heating the air flow, and the heated air flow is communicated with the high-temperature waste gas heat exchange channel (101) through a valve.

7. The fuel cell power generation system based on a multi-stage solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module according to claim 1, wherein, The high-temperature waste gas flow channel of the fuel cell (3) is connected to the inlet of the high-temperature waste gas heat exchange channel (101) located outside the ammonia decomposition hydrogen production module (102) through a valve. The outlet of the high-temperature exhaust gas heat exchange channel (101) located outside the ammonia decomposition hydrogen production module (102) is connected to the inlet of the high-temperature exhaust gas heat exchange channel (101) located inside the ammonia decomposition hydrogen production module (102), and the outlet of the high-temperature exhaust gas heat exchange channel (101) located inside the ammonia decomposition hydrogen production module (102) is communicated with an external exhaust gas collection device.

8. A fuel cell power generation method based on a multi-stage solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module, characterized in that, Using the fuel cell power generation device based on the multi-stage solid-state ammonia storage hydrogen production module described in any one of claims 1-7, comprising the following steps: Step 1: Start the standby power supply (5) to supply power to the electric heating component (4) for heating. Step 2: Determine whether the gas temperature in the electric heating component (4) is higher than a preset temperature value. If so, open the valve connecting the electric heating component (4) and the fuel cell (3) to preheat the fuel cell (3). If not, continue heating. Step 3: Determine whether the temperature of the fuel cell (3) meets the operating temperature requirement. If so, close the valve connecting the electric heating component (4) and the fuel cell (3), and open the valve connecting the electric heating component (4) and the first solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production integrated module (1). If not, continue heating. Step 4: Obtain the hydrogen flow rate requirement of the fuel cell (3) and the current operating temperature of the first solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production integrated module (1). Step 5: According to the relationship between the hydrogen production flow rate, operating temperature of the first solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production integrated module (1) and the ammonia desorption flow rate of the solid-state ammonia storage module (103) obtained by experiments, adjust the valve opening degree of the outlet of the solid-state ammonia storage module (103) in the first solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production integrated module (1) and the valve opening degree of the valve (11) at the high-temperature exhaust gas outlet of the fuel cell (3) to obtain the required ammonia flow rate. Step 6: The ammonia flowing out of the solid-state ammonia storage module (103) of the first solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production integrated module (1) passes through the ammonia decomposition hydrogen production module (102) and the external hydrogen purifier (12) to obtain purified hydrogen and a retention gas containing ammonia and nitrogen. Step 7: The purified hydrogen is driven by nitrogen or inert gas and successively passes through the gas buffer (8) and the valve and flows into the fuel cell (3) to generate electricity and provide electrical energy for the electrical component (6). Step 8: Determine whether the tail gas temperature of the fuel cell (3) is higher than the set temperature. If so, close the valve connecting the electric heating component (4) and the first solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production integrated module (1), and open the valve connecting the fuel cell (3) and the first solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production integrated module (1) to introduce the high-temperature exhaust gas into the high-temperature exhaust gas heat exchange channel (101). If not, continue to use the electric heating component (4) to heat the first solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production integrated module (1). Step 9: Detect the ammonia concentration of the retention gas containing ammonia and nitrogen by a continuous gas component analyzer (7). If the ammonia concentration is lower than the preset value, the gas flows into the gas storage tank (10) through the heat exchanger (14). If the ammonia concentration is higher than the preset value, it flows into the solid ammonia storage module (103) of the second integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module (2) after cooling through the heat exchanger (14) for ammonia adsorption; Step 10: Connect the low-temperature waste heat channel to the high-temperature waste gas heat exchange channel of the second integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module (2) for heat exchange, reduce the temperature of the solid ammonia storage module (103) of the second integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module (2), and improve the ammonia adsorption efficiency; Step 11: After the solid ammonia storage module (103) of the second integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module (2) adsorbs ammonia in the retained gas, the retained gas is mainly nitrogen. Then, the ammonia concentration in the retained gas flowing out of the solid ammonia storage module (103) is detected by the continuous gas component analyzer (7). If the ammonia concentration is lower than the set value, after adsorbing the ammonia or other impurities participating in the ammonia through the nitrogen separator (13), it flows into the external hydrogen purifier (12) after heating up through the heat exchanger (14) to drive the hydrogen to flow out. If the ammonia concentration is higher than the set value, it is refluxed to the solid ammonia storage module (103); Step 12: When the ammonia storage amount in the first integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module (1) is insufficient, switch to the second integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module (2) to supply hydrogen to the fuel cell (3); Step 13: Detect the operating pressure of the first integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module (1) and the second integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module (2) in real time. When its value exceeds the maximum allowable pressure, open the valve of the gas storage tank (10) to divert the excess gas flow to the gas storage tank (10); Step 14: Detect the operating pressure of the gas storage tank (10) in real time. When its value exceeds the maximum allowable pressure, discharge it to the tail gas treatment system; A diversion channel is provided at the gas buffer (8) and the gas storage tank (10) for evacuating flammable and explosive gases.

9. A fuel cell power generation method based on a multi-stage solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module, characterized in that, Using the fuel cell power generation device based on the multi-stage solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module described in any one of claims 1-7, the following steps are included: Step 1: Start the standby power supply (5) to supply power to the electric heating component (4) for heating; Step 2: Determine whether the gas temperature in the electric heating component (4) is higher than the preset temperature value. If so, open the valve connecting the electric heating component (4) and the fuel cell (3) to preheat the fuel cell (3). If not, continue heating; Step 3: Determine whether the temperature of the fuel cell (3) meets the operating temperature requirements. If so, close the valve connecting the electric heating component (4) and the fuel cell (3), and open the valve connecting the electric heating component (4) and the first integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module (1). If not, continue heating; Step 4: Obtain the hydrogen flow rate requirement of the fuel cell (3), and obtain the current operating temperature of the first integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module (1). If the current hydrogen flow rate requirement is greater than the maximum hydrogen production flow rate of the first integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module (1), then use the first integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module (1) and the second integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module (2) to produce hydrogen together; Step 5: Open the valve connecting the electric heating component (4) to the second integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module (2); Step 6: The ammonia gas flowing out of the solid ammonia storage modules (103) of the first integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module (1) and the second integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module (2) passes through the ammonia decomposition hydrogen production module (102) and the external hydrogen purifier (12) to obtain purified hydrogen and the retained gas containing ammonia and nitrogen; Step 7: The purified hydrogen is driven by nitrogen or inert gas and successively passes through the gas buffer (8) and the valve and flows into the fuel cell (3) to generate electricity and provide electrical energy for the electrical component (6); Step 8: Determine whether the tail gas temperature of the fuel cell (3) is higher than the set temperature. If so, close the valves connecting the electric heating component (4) to the first integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module (1) and the second integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module (2), and open the valves connecting the fuel cell (3) to the first integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module (1) and the second integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module (2), and introduce the high-temperature waste gas into the high-temperature waste gas heat exchange channel (101); If not, continue to use the electric heating component (4) to heat the first integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module (1) and the second integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module (2); Step 9: Real-time detect the operating pressure of the first integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module (1) and the second integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module (2). When its value exceeds the maximum allowable pressure, open the valve of the gas storage tank (10) and divert the excess gas flow to the gas storage tank (10); Step 10: Real-time detect the operating pressure of the gas storage tank (10). When its value exceeds the maximum allowable pressure, discharge it to the tail gas treatment system; A diversion channel is provided at the gas buffer (8) and the gas storage tank (10) for evacuating flammable and explosive gases.

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