Method for planting apples in saline-alkali soil

Abstract

The invention discloses a method for planting apples in saline-alkali soil, and belongs to the technical field of fruit tree cultivation, the planting method comprises the following steps: surface salt scraping, underground water level lowering, ridging and drainage ditch repairing, salt flushing, soil improvement, pit digging and planting, fly ash-organic fertilizer laying, fertilizer and water management, flower and fruit management, and stress-resistant preparation spraying. The soil improvement method comprises the following steps: airing soil until the water content is 25-35%, uniformly spreading a composite conditioner, cross-linked carboxymethyl cellulose, calcium phosphate, bentonite, polyaspartic acid and polyacrylamide on the surface of the ridge, carrying out rotary tillage for 20-30cm depth, and uniformly mixing with the soil. According to the planting method, the soil salinization degree can be reduced, the survival rate of apples in saline-alkali soil is increased, the apple sugar degree is increased, and the yield is close to that of low-saline-alkali areas; the survival rate of newly planted seedlings is 97.7-98.3%, the yield per mu of the planted apples in the fourth year is 3400-3600 jin, and the sugar degree of the apples is 14.8-15.5%.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention belongs to the technical field of fruit tree cultivation, and in particular relates to a method for planting apples in saline-alkali land. Background Art

[0002] Saline-alkali land refers to land with high soluble salt content and high pH value in the soil, which affects the normal growth of plants. Saline-alkali land has low organic matter content, low soil fertility, poor physical and chemical properties, low cation exchange capacity, and many anions and cations that are harmful to crops, making it difficult for crops to survive.

[0003] Apples are adaptable to a wide range of soils. Suitable soil types include loess, sandy loam and loam with good permeability and strong water and fertilizer retention capabilities. The thickness of the soil layer suitable for economic apple cultivation should be no less than 60-80cm, preferably above 1m, and the groundwater level should be below 1m. Apples prefer fertile soil, and the organic matter content of high-quality apple orchard soil is not less than 1%. Saline-alkali land has high salt content, high pH value, low organic matter content, and easy compaction, which makes it difficult for the roots of apple trees to absorb water and nutrients. At the same time, soil compaction will hinder root development, ultimately making it difficult for apple planting to grow normally.

[0004] CN114027078A discloses a method for planting arbors in coastal saline-alkali land, which specifically comprises: (1) ridge cultivation, with ridge spacing of 4.0 m and 4.0 m-6.0 m, ridge height of 20-50 cm, and ridge width of 2.0 m; (2) setting drainage ditches, with main drainage ditches on both sides of the orchard and secondary drainage ditches in the middle of the fruit tree row; (3) fruit tree planting, with fruit trees planted in the middle of the ridge; (4) orchard covering, with rice straw or wheat straw covering the ridge, and with horticultural ground cloth covering the rice straw or straw; (5) water and fertilizer management, with watering by micro-sprinkler irrigation or drip irrigation; and fertilization before ridge formation and during the peak fruit-bearing period. By adopting this method, fruit trees such as apple, pear, cherry, peach and other fruit trees can grow normally without obvious salt damage; this method combines ridge cultivation and agricultural film covering. Although it can reduce salt and increase ground temperature, keep the water after watering from evaporating easily and improve the survival rate, it also has many disadvantages. The reason is that with the increase of ground temperature in summer, not only can the heat of the soil after covering with film not be dissipated, but the agricultural film enhances the absorption of heat, which can easily cause root burns and suffocation; in addition, when the water around the roots is exhausted, the agricultural film isolates the soil surface and cannot be exposed to rainwater supply, which also affects the development of the roots, affecting the survival rate of the fruit seedlings and the later apple yield. Summary of the invention

[0005] In view of the shortcomings of the prior art, the present invention provides a method for planting apples in saline-alkali land, which can reduce the degree of soil salinization, improve the survival rate of apples in saline-alkali land, increase the sugar content of apples, and achieve a yield close to that of low-salinity areas.

[0006] In order to solve the above technical problems, the technical scheme adopted by the present invention is as follows: a method for planting apples in saline-alkali land, comprising the following steps: scraping salt from the surface, lowering the groundwater level, ridge building and drainage ditch repair, salt flushing, soil improvement, digging pits for planting, laying fly ash-organic fertilizer, fertilizer and water management, flower and fruit management, and spraying stress resistance preparations; The method of scraping salt from the surface is to use mechanical means to remove a 2-3 cm salt-rich soil layer on the surface of the saline-alkali land due to evaporation. The saline-alkali land has a salt content of 0.34-0.41% and a pH value of 7.8-8.0.

[0007] The method for lowering the groundwater level is to 2 Dig a 30-35m deep drainage well in the saline-alkali land and continuously pump water to maintain the groundwater level below 1.5m.

[0008] The method of ridge-making and drainage ditch-making is as follows: ridge-making on saline-alkali land, with a ridge width of 2-2.2m, a ridge height of 35-45cm, a ridge spacing of 3.5-4m, and a ridge length of 40-45m; drainage ditches are dug at both ends of the ridge in a direction perpendicular to the direction of the ridge, with a ditch depth of 1-1.2m and a width of 2-3m; and the gullies and drainage ditches between the ridges are regularly dug to ensure smooth drainage and salt leaching; The gullies between ridges are connected to drainage ditches. Through irrigation or rainwater erosion, the surface salt is leached to the deep layer or discharged into the ditch, reducing the salt concentration in the planting layer.

[0009] The method of flushing salt is to use drip irrigation or shower irrigation to directly irrigate water on the top of the ridge, use gravity to make the water penetrate downward to dissolve the surface salt, and irrigate with sufficient water until obvious water flow appears in the gullies between the ridges. At this time, the salt has been washed into the gullies between the ridges. When the water flow in the gullies between the ridges is stable, continue to inject large amounts of water to flush the gullies, and connect the drainage ditch to completely discharge the salt-containing water from the orchard; this process is repeated 2-3 times to ensure that the salt content of the cultivated layer is reduced to below 0.25%.

[0010] The soil improvement method comprises the following steps: when the soil is dried to a moisture content of 25-35%, the composite conditioner, cross-linked carboxymethyl cellulose, calcium phosphate, bentonite, polyaspartic acid, and polyacrylamide are evenly spread on the surface of the ridge, and the soil is rotary tilled to a depth of 20-30 cm to be evenly mixed with the soil; Every 667m 2 The masses of the composite conditioner, cross-linked carboxymethyl cellulose, calcium phosphate, bentonite, polyaspartic acid, and polyacrylamide applied on the saline-alkali land are 150-180kg, 15-20kg, 50-80kg, 200-300kg, 5-8kg, and 2-5kg, respectively; The cross-linked carboxymethyl cellulose has a degree of substitution of 0.6-0.8 and a degree of polymerization of 500-700; The preparation method of the composite conditioner comprises the following steps: mixing sugar production wastewater, sawdust waste and lignin sulfonate, filtering to obtain filter residue, mixing the filter residue with humic acid, adjusting the water content to 50-60%, heating to 55-60° C., adding desulfurized gypsum, citric acid waste liquid and hydrogen peroxide, stirring and reacting for 2-3 hours under heat preservation, and granulating after drying to obtain the composite conditioner; The mass ratio of the sugar production wastewater, sawdust waste and lignin sulfonate is 100:30-40:6-10; The lignin sulfonate is sodium lignin sulfonate or calcium lignin sulfonate; The mass ratio of the filter residue, humic acid, desulfurized gypsum, citric acid waste liquid and hydrogen peroxide is 20:3-5:5-7:8-10:1-2.

[0011] Sawdust waste absorbs sugars, organic acids and other substances in sugar-making wastewater. Sawdust fibers and wastewater sugars form porous filter residues during the filter pressing process, increasing the specific surface area and enhancing the mass transfer efficiency of subsequent reactions. After being mixed with humic acid and added with desulfurized gypsum, calcium ions combine with the sulfonic acid group of lignin sulfonate and the carboxyl or phenolic hydroxyl group of humic acid through coordination to form a ternary complex. Sawdust fibers form stable aggregates with humic acid and lignin sulfonate, which can increase soil porosity.

[0012] During the soil improvement process, cross-linked carboxymethyl cellulose is combined with calcium phosphate for application. Cross-linked carboxymethyl cellulose can form a three-dimensional cross-linked structure with the calcium ions released by calcium phosphate, which can not only wrap the salt ions, but also slow down the dissolution rate of calcium phosphate and prolong the sustained release time of calcium ions. The cross-linked product of cross-linked carboxymethyl cellulose and calcium ions can evenly wrap the surface of soil particles, enhance the adhesion between fine soil particles, promote the formation of large aggregates (particle size > 0.5mm), and improve the air permeability and water retention of the soil.

[0013] Polyaspartic acid absorbs salt ions and forms a protective layer, which reduces the direct contact between salt and soil particles and inhibits crystallization. Polyacrylamide can adjust the soil pore structure, improve water permeability and accelerate salt leaching. Bentonite absorbs sodium ions through ion exchange and reduces soil salinity. Composite conditioners, cross-linked carboxymethyl cellulose, calcium phosphate, bentonite, polyaspartic acid and polyacrylamide work together to improve the structure of saline-alkali soil through the linkage mechanism of organic and inorganic materials. The soil structure is loose and not compacted, and the capillary channels for the upwelling of high-salt groundwater can be cut off to achieve short-term and long-term salt inhibition and reduce soil salinity.

[0014] The pit planting method comprises digging a 60 cm×60 cm square planting pit with a depth of 70 cm, with a spacing of 2-2.5 m between plants, first laying 10-12 cm of straw in the pit, laying 5-8 cm of a mixture of organic fertilizer and desulfurized gypsum on top of the straw, planting the apple seedlings with soil in the planting pit, filling the planting pit with topsoil, and watering thoroughly; In the mixture of organic fertilizer and desulfurized gypsum, the mass ratio of organic fertilizer to desulfurized gypsum is 1:0.8-1.2; The apple seedlings are 2-year-old grafted seedlings, the rootstock is Malus octagonalis domesticated in saline-alkali land, and the scion is Fuji variety.

[0015] The method for laying fly ash-organic fertilizer is as follows: when the surface soil of 0-10 cm on the ridge is dried to a moisture content of 25-30%, the surface soil is loosened, and then a 5-8 cm fly ash-organic fertilizer layer is laid on the surface, and mixed with the 2-3 cm surface soil; The fly ash-organic fertilizer is a mixture of fly ash and organic fertilizer, and the mass ratio of fly ash to organic fertilizer is 1:0.3-0.5; The fly ash is magnetized fly ash after heavy metals are removed, and the particle size is 10-20 μm.

[0016] In fly ash-organic fertilizer, the surface charge of the magnetized fly ash is rearranged, which enhances the adsorption capacity of organic molecules and forms a core-shell structure to reduce compaction; the organic fertilizer provides a natural binder and cooperates with the aluminosilicate in the magnetized fly ash to form stable aggregates and increase the porosity; the fly ash-organic fertilizer is mixed with the topsoil to form a loose structure and a protective layer, which cuts off the connection with the soil below the protective layer, can effectively reduce water evaporation, and can achieve water conservation and salt inhibition.

[0017] The method of fertilizer and water management is to fertilize the fruit trees by applying basal fertilizer, topdressing, foliar spraying, etc. according to factors such as fruit tree varieties, tree ages, and growth potential; to use drip irrigation or shower irrigation to water, and to avoid using sprinkler irrigation to wash away the surface soil on the ridges; Each time you water, you must water the plant fully, not halfway or too frequently. Due to the dryness and little rain in spring, the evaporation is large, which is the peak period of salt return. Salt flushing is carried out once in early May every year. Drip irrigation or sprinkler irrigation is used to directly irrigate the water on the top of the ridge, and gravity is used to make the water penetrate downward to dissolve the surface salt. Sufficient water is poured until obvious water flow appears in the gullies between the ridges. At this time, the salt has been washed into the gullies between the ridges. When the water flow in the gullies between the ridges stabilizes, large amounts of water are continuously injected to flush the gullies, and the drainage ditches are connected to completely discharge the salt-containing water from the orchard. This process is repeated 2-3 times to ensure that the salt content of the cultivated layer drops below 0.25%.

[0018] The method for flower and fruit management is to increase the fruit setting rate of fruit trees by artificial pollination during the flowering period; on the premise of determining a reasonable fruit load, adopt a one-time thinning flower and fruit setting method, use medium and short fruit branches and drooping branches to bear fruit, and from the separation of buds to the flowering period, thin out the side flowers in the inflorescence and retain the central flowers; and bag the fruits in mid-June, that is, 35-40 days after the flowers fall, using lead-free and environmentally friendly double-layer paper bags.

[0019] The method for spraying the stress-resistant preparation comprises: adding hydroxylated fullerene and betaine into water, ultrasonically dispersing for 10-15 minutes, then adding alkylamide betaine, carboxymethyl cellulose and EDTA, and ultrasonically dispersing for another 10-15 minutes to obtain a mother solution of the stress-resistant preparation; during the apple fruit expansion period, diluting the mother solution of the stress-resistant preparation and spraying it on the leaves and fruits; The mass ratio of hydroxylated fullerene, betaine, alkylamide betaine, carboxymethyl cellulose, EDTA and water in the preparation mother solution is 1:400-500:300-500:200-300:100-200:800-1000; The dilution multiple is 1000-1500; The spraying amount of the anti-adversity agent is 100-150L / mu; The number of hydroxyl groups of the hydroxylated fullerene is 24-28; The stress-resistant preparation contains hydroxylated fullerene, which can capture active oxygen, reduce oxidative damage caused by salt-alkali stress, and protect cell membrane lipids and protein structures. Hydroxylated fullerene can also bind to the cell membrane, stabilize the phospholipid bilayer, and reduce salt ions (such as Na + , Cl - ) damages the membrane and maintains ion selective permeability; it accumulates in the cell vacuole as an osmotic substance, reduces the cell water potential, promotes water absorption, alleviates the osmotic imbalance under salt stress, and competitively inhibits Na + influx, reducing the accumulation of salt ions in the cell while maintaining K + / Na + ratio to ensure enzyme activity; betaine and hydroxylated fullerene work synergistically to form a double barrier of osmotic homeostasis and oxidative protection.

[0020] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects: The planting method of the present invention can reduce the degree of soil salinization, improve soil permeability, solve the problem of soil compaction, reduce the evaporation of high-salt groundwater on the surface, improve the survival rate of apples in saline-alkali land, and improve apple yield and sugar content; the survival rate of newly planted seedlings is 97.7-98.3%, and the apple yield per mu in the fourth year after planting is 3400-3600 kilograms, and the apple sugar content is 14.8-15.5%. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0021] In order to have a clearer understanding of the technical features, purposes and effects of the present invention, the specific implementation methods of the present invention are now described.

[0022] Example 1 Preparation of composite conditioner Sugar production wastewater, sawdust waste and sodium lignin sulfonate are mixed and filtered to obtain filter residue, the filter residue is mixed with humic acid, the water content is adjusted to 50%, the temperature is raised to 55°C, desulfurized gypsum, citric acid waste liquid and hydrogen peroxide are added, the mixture is stirred and reacted for 3 hours under heat preservation, and the composite conditioner is obtained after drying and granulation; The mass ratio of the sugar production wastewater, sawdust waste and sodium lignin sulfonate is 100:30:6; The mass ratio of the filter residue, humic acid, desulfurized gypsum, citric acid waste liquid and hydrogen peroxide is 20:3:5:8:1.

[0023] Example 2 Preparation of compound conditioner 2 Sugar production wastewater, sawdust waste and sodium lignin sulfonate were mixed and filtered to obtain filter residue, the filter residue was mixed with humic acid, the water content was adjusted to 55%, the temperature was raised to 58°C, desulfurized gypsum, citric acid waste liquid and hydrogen peroxide were added, the mixture was stirred and reacted for 2.5 hours, and the composite conditioner was obtained after drying and granulation; The mass ratio of the sugar production wastewater, sawdust waste and sodium lignin sulfonate is 100:35:8; The mass ratio of the filter residue, humic acid, desulfurized gypsum, citric acid waste liquid and hydrogen peroxide is 20:4:6:9:1.5.

[0024] Example 3 Preparation of compound conditioner 3 Sugar production wastewater, sawdust waste and calcium lignin sulfonate are mixed and filtered to obtain filter residue, the filter residue is mixed with humic acid, the water content is adjusted to 60%, the temperature is raised to 60°C, desulfurized gypsum, citric acid waste liquid and hydrogen peroxide are added, the mixture is stirred and reacted for 2 hours under heat preservation, and the composite conditioner is obtained after drying and granulation; The mass ratio of the sugar production wastewater, sawdust waste and calcium lignin sulfonate is 100:40:10; The mass ratio of the filter residue, humic acid, desulfurized gypsum, citric acid waste liquid and hydrogen peroxide is 20:5:7:10:2.

[0025] Example 4 Apple Planting in Saline-Alkali Land The salt content of saline-alkali land is 0.35-0.40% and the pH is 7.8-7.9.

[0026] Planting method: (1) Surface salt scraping Use mechanical means to remove the 2-3cm salt-rich soil layer on the surface.

[0027] (2) Lowering the groundwater level Every 1333m 2 A 30m deep drainage well was dug in the saline-alkali land and water was continuously pumped to maintain the groundwater level below 1.5m.

[0028] (3) Ridging and drainage ditch repair Ridges are built on saline-alkali land with a ridge width of 2m, a ridge height of 35cm, a ridge spacing of 3.5m and a ridge length of 40m. At both ends of the ridges, drainage ditches are dug perpendicular to the direction of the ridges with a depth of 1m and a width of 2m. The gullies and drainage ditches between the ridges are regularly cleared to ensure smooth drainage and salt irrigation.

[0029] (4) Salt flushing Use drip irrigation to directly irrigate the top of the ridge, use gravity to make the water penetrate downward and dissolve the surface salt, and irrigate with sufficient water until obvious water flow appears in the gullies between the ridges. At this time, the salt has been washed into the gullies between the ridges. When the water flow in the gullies between the ridges stabilizes, continue to inject large amounts of water to flush the gullies, and connect the drainage ditch to completely drain the salt-containing moisture out of the orchard; this process is repeated twice to reduce the salt content of the cultivated layer on the ridge to below 0.25%.

[0030] (5) Soil improvement When the soil is dried to a moisture content of 25%, the composite conditioner, cross-linked carboxymethyl cellulose, calcium phosphate, bentonite, polyaspartic acid, and polyacrylamide are evenly spread on the surface of the ridge, rotary tilled to a depth of 20 cm, and evenly mixed with the soil; Every 667m 2 The masses of the composite conditioner, cross-linked carboxymethyl cellulose, calcium phosphate, bentonite, polyaspartic acid, and polyacrylamide applied on the saline-alkali land were 150kg, 15kg, 50kg, 200kg, 5kg, and 2kg, respectively; The cross-linked carboxymethyl cellulose has a degree of substitution of 0.6 and a degree of polymerization of 500; The composite conditioner is prepared according to Example 1.

[0031] (6) Digging holes for planting Dig a 60cm×60cm, 70cm deep square planting pit with a spacing of 2m between plants. First, lay 10cm of straw in the pit, and then lay 8cm of organic fertilizer and desulfurized gypsum mixture on top of the straw. Then plant the apple seedlings with soil into the planting pit, fill the planting pit with topsoil, and irrigate it thoroughly. In the mixture of organic fertilizer and desulfurized gypsum, the mass ratio of organic fertilizer to desulfurized gypsum is 1:0.8; The apple seedlings are 2-year-old grafted seedlings, the rootstock is Malus octagonalis domesticated in saline-alkali land, and the scion is Fuji variety.

[0032] (7) Laying fly ash-organic fertilizer When the topsoil of 0-10cm on the ridge dries to 25% moisture content, loosen the topsoil, then lay a 5cm layer of fly ash-organic fertilizer on its surface and mix it with the 2cm topsoil; The fly ash-organic fertilizer is a mixture of fly ash and organic fertilizer, and the mass ratio of fly ash to organic fertilizer is 1:0.3; The fly ash is magnetized fly ash after heavy metals are removed, and has a particle size of 10 μm.

[0033] (8) Fertilizer and water management According to factors such as the variety, age, and growth of the fruit trees, fertilize the fruit trees by applying basal fertilizer, topdressing, and foliar spraying. Use drip irrigation to water the trees, and avoid using sprinkler irrigation to wash away the topsoil on the ridges. Each watering must be sufficient, and half-watering or frequent watering is not allowed. Due to the dryness and little rain in spring, the evaporation is large, which is the peak period of salt return. Salt flushing is carried out once in early May every year. Drip irrigation is used to directly irrigate the water on the top of the ridge, and gravity is used to make the water penetrate downward to dissolve the surface salt. Sufficient water is poured until obvious water flow appears in the gullies between the ridges. At this time, the salt has been washed into the gullies between the ridges. When the water flow in the gullies between the ridges stabilizes, large amounts of water are continuously injected to flush the gullies, and the drainage ditches are connected to completely discharge the salt-containing water from the orchard. This process is repeated twice to ensure that the salt content of the cultivated layer drops below 0.25%.

[0034] (9) Flower and fruit management During the flowering period, artificial pollination is used to increase the fruit setting rate of fruit trees; under the premise of determining a reasonable fruit load, a one-time thinning flower and fruit setting method is adopted, and medium and short fruit branches and drooping branches are used to bear fruit. From bud separation to flowering period, the side flowers in the inflorescence are thinned out and the central flowers are retained; in mid-June, 35-40 days after the flowers fall, bagging is carried out, and lead-free and environmentally friendly double-layer paper bags are used.

[0035] (10) Spraying of anti-stress agents Hydroxylated fullerene and betaine are added into water, ultrasonically dispersed for 10 minutes, and then alkylamide betaine, carboxymethyl cellulose and EDTA are added, and ultrasonically dispersed for another 10 minutes to obtain a stress-resistant preparation mother solution. During the apple fruit expansion period, the stress-resistant preparation mother solution is diluted and sprayed on the leaves and fruits; The mass ratio of hydroxylated fullerene, betaine, alkylamide betaine, carboxymethyl cellulose, EDTA and water in the preparation mother solution is 1:400:300:200:100:800; The dilution multiple is 1000; The spraying amount of the anti-adversity agent is 100L / mu; The hydroxyl number of the hydroxylated fullerene is 24.

[0036] The survival rate of newly planted apples planted by the method of this embodiment is 98.3%. The apple yield per mu in the third year after planting is 2,300 catties; the apple yield per mu in the fourth year is 3,400 catties, and the sugar content of apples is 14.8%.

[0037] Example 5 Apple Planting in Saline-Alkali Land The salt content of saline-alkali land is 0.37-0.41%, and the pH is 7.8-8.0.

[0038] Planting method: (1) Surface salt scraping Use mechanical means to remove the 2-3cm salt-rich soil layer on the surface.

[0039] (2) Lowering the groundwater level Every 1333m 2 A 32m deep drainage well was dug in the saline-alkali land and water was continuously pumped to maintain the groundwater level below 1.5m.

[0040] (3) Ridging and drainage ditch repair Ridges are built on saline-alkali land with a ridge width of 2.1m, a ridge height of 40cm, a ridge spacing of 3.7m and a ridge length of 42m. Drainage ditches are dug at both ends of the ridges in a direction perpendicular to the direction of the ridges. The ditch depth is 1.1m and the width is 2.5m. The gullies and drainage ditches between the ridges are regularly cleared to ensure smooth drainage and salt leaching.

[0041] (4) Salt flushing Use drip irrigation to directly irrigate the top of the ridge, use gravity to make the water penetrate downward and dissolve the surface salt, and irrigate with sufficient water until obvious water flow appears in the gullies between the ridges. At this time, the salt has been washed into the gullies between the ridges. When the water flow in the gullies between the ridges stabilizes, continue to inject large amounts of water to flush the gullies, and connect the drainage ditch to completely drain the salt-containing moisture out of the orchard; this process is repeated twice to reduce the salt content of the cultivated layer on the ridge to below 0.25%.

[0042] (5) Soil improvement When the soil is dried to a moisture content of 30%, the composite conditioner, cross-linked carboxymethyl cellulose, calcium phosphate, bentonite, polyaspartic acid, and polyacrylamide are evenly spread on the surface of the ridge, rotary tilled to a depth of 25 cm, and evenly mixed with the soil; Every 667m 2 The masses of composite conditioner, cross-linked carboxymethyl cellulose, calcium phosphate, bentonite, polyaspartic acid, and polyacrylamide applied on saline-alkali land were 160kg, 18kg, 60kg, 250kg, 7kg, and 4kg, respectively; The cross-linked carboxymethyl cellulose has a degree of substitution of 0.7 and a degree of polymerization of 600; The composite conditioner is prepared according to Example 2.

[0043] (6) Digging holes for planting Dig a 60cm×60cm, 70cm deep square planting pit with a spacing of 2.2m between plants. First, lay 11cm of straw in the pit, and then lay 6cm of organic fertilizer and desulfurized gypsum mixture on top of the straw. Then plant the apple seedlings with soil into the planting pit, fill the planting pit with topsoil, and irrigate it thoroughly. In the mixture of organic fertilizer and desulfurized gypsum, the mass ratio of organic fertilizer to desulfurized gypsum is 1:1; The apple seedlings are 2-year-old grafted seedlings, the rootstock is Malus octagonalis domesticated in saline-alkali land, and the scion is Fuji variety.

[0044] (7) Laying fly ash-organic fertilizer When the topsoil of 0-10cm on the ridge dries to 27% moisture content, loosen the topsoil, then lay a 6cm layer of fly ash-organic fertilizer on its surface and mix it with the 2cm topsoil; The fly ash-organic fertilizer is a mixture of fly ash and organic fertilizer, and the mass ratio of fly ash to organic fertilizer is 1:0.4; The fly ash is magnetized fly ash after heavy metals are removed, and has a particle size of 15 μm.

[0045] (8) Fertilizer and water management According to factors such as the variety, age, and growth of the fruit trees, fertilize the fruit trees by applying basal fertilizer, topdressing, and foliar spraying. Use drip irrigation to water the trees, and avoid using sprinkler irrigation to wash away the topsoil on the ridges. Each watering must be sufficient, and half-watering or frequent watering is not allowed. Due to the dryness and little rain in spring, the evaporation is large, which is the peak period of salt return. Salt flushing is carried out once in early May every year. Drip irrigation is used to directly irrigate the water on the top of the ridge, and gravity is used to make the water penetrate downward to dissolve the surface salt. Sufficient water is poured until obvious water flow appears in the gullies between the ridges. At this time, the salt has been washed into the gullies between the ridges. When the water flow in the gullies between the ridges stabilizes, large amounts of water are continuously injected to flush the gullies, and the drainage ditches are connected to completely discharge the salt-containing water from the orchard. This process is repeated twice to ensure that the salt content of the cultivated layer drops below 0.25%.

[0046] (9) Flower and fruit management During the flowering period, artificial pollination is used to increase the fruit setting rate of fruit trees; under the premise of determining a reasonable fruit load, a one-time thinning flower and fruit setting method is adopted, and medium and short fruit branches and drooping branches are used to bear fruit. From bud separation to flowering period, the side flowers in the inflorescence are thinned out and the central flowers are retained; in mid-June, 35-40 days after the flowers fall, bagging is carried out, and lead-free and environmentally friendly double-layer paper bags are used.

[0047] (10) Spraying of anti-stress agents Hydroxylated fullerene and betaine are added into water, ultrasonically dispersed for 12 minutes, then alkylamide betaine, carboxymethyl cellulose and EDTA are added, and ultrasonically dispersed for another 12 minutes to obtain a stress-resistant preparation mother solution. During the apple fruit expansion period, the stress-resistant preparation mother solution is diluted and sprayed on the leaves and fruits; The mass ratio of hydroxylated fullerene, betaine, alkylamide betaine, carboxymethyl cellulose, EDTA and water in the preparation mother solution is 1:450:400:250:150:900; The dilution multiple is 1200; The spraying amount of the anti-adversity agent is 120L / mu; The hydroxylated fullerene has 26 hydroxyl groups.

[0048] The survival rate of newly planted apples planted by the method of this embodiment is 98.1%, and the apple yield per mu in the third year after planting is 2,450 kilograms; the apple yield per mu in the fourth year is 3,500 kilograms, and the sugar content of apples is 15.5%.

[0049] Example 6 Apple Planting in Saline-Alkali Land The salt content of saline-alkali land is 0.34-0.38%, and the pH is 7.7-7.8.

[0050] Planting method: (1) Surface salt scraping Use mechanical means to remove the 2-3cm salt-rich soil layer on the surface.

[0051] (2) Lowering the groundwater level Every 2000m 2 A 35m deep drainage well was dug in the saline-alkali land and water was continuously pumped to maintain the groundwater level below 1.5m.

[0052] (3) Ridging and drainage ditch repair Ridges are built on saline-alkali land with a ridge width of 2.2m, a ridge height of 45cm, a ridge spacing of 4m and a ridge length of 45m. At both ends of the ridges, drainage ditches are dug perpendicular to the direction of the ridges with a depth of 1.2m and a width of 3m. The gullies and drainage ditches between the ridges are regularly cleared to ensure smooth drainage and salt leaching.

[0053] (4) Salt flushing Use sprinkler irrigation to directly irrigate the top of the ridge, use gravity to make the water penetrate downward and dissolve the surface salt, and irrigate with sufficient water until obvious water flow appears in the gullies between the ridges. At this time, the salt has been washed into the gullies between the ridges. When the water flow in the gullies between the ridges stabilizes, continue to inject large amounts of water to flush the gullies, and connect the drainage ditch to completely drain the salt-containing moisture out of the orchard; this process is repeated 3 times to reduce the salt content of the cultivated layer on the ridge to below 0.25%.

[0054] (5) Soil improvement When the soil is dried to a moisture content of 35%, the composite conditioner, cross-linked carboxymethyl cellulose, calcium phosphate, bentonite, polyaspartic acid, and polyacrylamide are evenly spread on the surface of the ridge, rotary tilled to a depth of 30 cm, and evenly mixed with the soil; Every 667m 2 The masses of composite conditioner, cross-linked carboxymethyl cellulose, calcium phosphate, bentonite, polyaspartic acid, and polyacrylamide applied on saline-alkali land were 180kg, 20kg, 80kg, 300kg, 8kg, and 5kg, respectively; The cross-linked carboxymethyl cellulose has a degree of substitution of 0.8 and a degree of polymerization of 700; The composite conditioner is prepared according to Example 3.

[0055] (6) Digging holes for planting Dig a 60cm×60cm, 70cm deep square planting pit with a spacing of 2.5m between plants. First, lay 12cm of straw in the pit, and then lay 5cm of organic fertilizer and desulfurized gypsum mixture on top of the straw. Then plant the apple seedlings with soil into the planting pit, fill the planting pit with topsoil, and irrigate it thoroughly. In the mixture of organic fertilizer and desulfurized gypsum, the mass ratio of organic fertilizer to desulfurized gypsum is 1:1.2; The apple seedlings are 2-year-old grafted seedlings, the rootstock is Malus octagonalis domesticated in saline-alkali land, and the scion is Fuji variety.

[0056] (7) Laying fly ash-organic fertilizer When the topsoil of 0-10cm on the ridge dries to 30% moisture content, loosen the topsoil, then lay an 8cm layer of fly ash-organic fertilizer on its surface and mix it with the 3cm topsoil; The fly ash-organic fertilizer is a mixture of fly ash and organic fertilizer, and the mass ratio of fly ash to organic fertilizer is 1:0.5; The fly ash is magnetized fly ash after heavy metals are removed, and has a particle size of 20 μm.

[0057] (8) Fertilizer and water management According to factors such as the variety, age, and growth of the fruit trees, fertilize the fruit trees by applying basal fertilizer, topdressing, and foliar spraying. Use sprinkler irrigation to water the trees, and avoid using sprinkler irrigation to wash away the topsoil on the ridges. Each time you water the trees, you must water them fully, and you cannot water them halfway or too frequently. Due to the dryness and little rain in spring, the evaporation is large, which is the peak period of salt return. Salt flushing is carried out once a year in early May. Water is poured directly on the top of the ridge by sprinkling, and gravity is used to make the water penetrate downward to dissolve the surface salt. Sufficient water is poured until obvious water flow appears in the gullies between the ridges. At this time, the salt has been washed into the gullies between the ridges. When the water flow in the gullies between the ridges stabilizes, large amounts of water are continuously injected to flush the gullies, and the drainage ditches are connected to completely discharge the salt-containing water from the orchard. This process is repeated 3 times to ensure that the salt content of the cultivated layer drops below 0.25%.

[0058] (9) Flower and fruit management During the flowering period, artificial pollination is used to increase the fruit setting rate of fruit trees; under the premise of determining a reasonable fruit load, a one-time thinning flower and fruit setting method is adopted, and medium and short fruit branches and drooping branches are used to bear fruit. From bud separation to flowering period, the side flowers in the inflorescence are thinned out and the central flowers are retained; in mid-June, 35-40 days after the flowers fall, bagging is carried out, and lead-free and environmentally friendly double-layer paper bags are used.

[0059] (10) Spraying of anti-stress agents Hydroxylated fullerene and betaine are added into water, ultrasonically dispersed for 15 minutes, then alkylamide betaine, carboxymethyl cellulose and EDTA are added, and ultrasonically dispersed for another 15 minutes to obtain a stress-resistant preparation mother solution. During the apple fruit expansion period, the stress-resistant preparation mother solution is diluted and sprayed on the leaves and fruits; The mass ratio of hydroxylated fullerene, betaine, alkylamide betaine, carboxymethyl cellulose, EDTA and water in the preparation mother solution is 1:500:500:300:200:1000; The dilution multiple is 1500; The spraying amount of the anti-adversity agent is 150L / mu; The hydroxyl number of the hydroxylated fullerene is 28.

[0060] The survival rate of newly planted apples planted by the method of this embodiment is 97.7%, and the apple yield per mu in the third year after planting is 2,400 catties; the apple yield per mu in the fourth year is 3,600 catties, and the sugar content of apples is 15.2%.

[0061] Example 7 Apple Planting in Saline-Alkali Land The salt content of saline-alkali land is 0.37-0.41%, and the pH is 7.8-8.0.

[0062] Planting method: (1) Surface salt scraping Use mechanical means to remove the 2-3cm salt-rich soil layer on the surface.

[0063] (2) Lowering the groundwater level Every 1333m 2A 32m deep drainage well was dug in the saline-alkali land and water was continuously pumped to maintain the groundwater level below 1.5m.

[0064] (3) Ridging and drainage ditch repair Ridges are built on saline-alkali land with a ridge width of 2.1m, a ridge height of 40cm, a ridge spacing of 3.7m and a ridge length of 42m. Drainage ditches are dug at both ends of the ridges in a direction perpendicular to the direction of the ridges. The ditch depth is 1.1m and the width is 2.5m. The gullies and drainage ditches between the ridges are regularly cleared to ensure smooth drainage and salt leaching.

[0065] (4) Salt flushing Use drip irrigation to directly irrigate the top of the ridge, use gravity to make the water penetrate downward and dissolve the surface salt, and irrigate with sufficient water until obvious water flow appears in the gullies between the ridges. At this time, the salt has been washed into the gullies between the ridges. When the water flow in the gullies between the ridges stabilizes, continue to inject large amounts of water to flush the gullies, and connect the drainage ditch to completely drain the salt-containing moisture out of the orchard; this process is repeated twice to reduce the salt content of the cultivated layer on the ridge to below 0.25%.

[0066] (5) Soil improvement When the soil is dried to a moisture content of 30%, the composite conditioner, cross-linked carboxymethyl cellulose, calcium phosphate, bentonite, polyaspartic acid, and polyacrylamide are evenly spread on the surface of the ridge, rotary tilled to a depth of 25 cm, and evenly mixed with the soil; Every 667m 2 The masses of composite conditioner, cross-linked carboxymethyl cellulose, calcium phosphate, bentonite, polyaspartic acid, and polyacrylamide applied on saline-alkali land were 160kg, 18kg, 60kg, 250kg, 7kg, and 4kg, respectively; The cross-linked carboxymethyl cellulose has a degree of substitution of 0.7 and a degree of polymerization of 600; The composite conditioner is prepared according to Example 2.

[0067] (6) Digging holes for planting Dig a 60cm×60cm, 70cm deep square planting pit with a spacing of 2.2m between plants. First, lay 11cm of straw in the pit, and then lay 6cm of organic fertilizer and desulfurized gypsum mixture on top of the straw. Then plant the apple seedlings with soil into the planting pit, fill the planting pit with topsoil, and irrigate it thoroughly. In the mixture of organic fertilizer and desulfurized gypsum, the mass ratio of organic fertilizer to desulfurized gypsum is 1:1; The apple seedlings are 2-year-old grafted seedlings, the rootstock is Malus octagonalis domesticated in saline-alkali land, and the scion is Fuji variety.

[0068] (7) Laying fly ash-organic fertilizer When the topsoil of 0-10cm on the ridge dries to 27% moisture content, loosen the topsoil, then lay a 6cm layer of fly ash-organic fertilizer on its surface and mix it with the 2cm topsoil; The fly ash-organic fertilizer is a mixture of fly ash and organic fertilizer, and the mass ratio of fly ash to organic fertilizer is 1:0.4; The fly ash is magnetized fly ash after heavy metals are removed, and has a particle size of 15 μm.

[0069] (8) Fertilizer and water management According to factors such as the variety, age, and growth of the fruit trees, fertilize the fruit trees by applying basal fertilizer, topdressing, and foliar spraying. Use drip irrigation to water the trees, and avoid using sprinkler irrigation to wash away the topsoil on the ridges. Each watering must be sufficient, and half-watering or frequent watering is not allowed. Due to the dryness and little rain in spring, the evaporation is large, which is the peak period of salt return. Salt flushing is carried out once in early May every year. Drip irrigation is used to directly irrigate the water on the top of the ridge, and gravity is used to make the water penetrate downward to dissolve the surface salt. Sufficient water is poured until obvious water flow appears in the gullies between the ridges. At this time, the salt has been washed into the gullies between the ridges. When the water flow in the gullies between the ridges stabilizes, large amounts of water are continuously injected to flush the gullies, and the drainage ditches are connected to completely discharge the salt-containing water from the orchard. This process is repeated twice to ensure that the salt content of the cultivated layer drops below 0.25%.

[0070] (9) Flower and fruit management During the flowering period, artificial pollination is used to increase the fruit setting rate of fruit trees; under the premise of determining a reasonable fruit load, a one-time thinning flower and fruit setting method is adopted, and medium and short fruit branches and drooping branches are used to bear fruit. From bud separation to flowering period, the side flowers in the inflorescence are thinned out and the central flowers are retained; in mid-June, 35-40 days after the flowers fall, bagging is carried out, and lead-free and environmentally friendly double-layer paper bags are used.

[0071] The survival rate of newly planted apples planted by the method of this embodiment is 96.2%. The apple yield per mu in the third year after planting is 2,300 catties; the apple yield per mu in the fourth year is 3,200 catties, and the sugar content of apples is 14.6%.

[0072] Examples 4-7 applied water and fertilizer of the same quality, in the same manner, in the same amount, and at the same time.

[0073] In the fourth year, the per-acre apple yield and sugar content were similar to those of apples of the same variety and age planted in low-salinity and alkalinity areas at the same latitude 15-20km away from the saline-alkali land planting base, but the sugar content was higher. The per-acre yield of Fuji apples in the low-salinity and alkalinity areas in the inland area was 3,900 kilograms, with a sugar content of 13.5%.

[0074] Finally, it should be noted that the above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the present invention. Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the aforementioned embodiments, those skilled in the art can still modify the technical solutions described in the aforementioned embodiments or replace some of the technical features therein by equivalents. Any modification, equivalent replacement, improvement, etc. made within the spirit and principle of the present invention shall be included in the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for growing apples in saline-alkali land, characterized in that: The planting method comprises the following steps: scraping salt from the surface, lowering the groundwater level, ridge-building and drainage ditch repair, salt flushing, soil improvement, digging pits for planting, laying fly ash-organic fertilizer, fertilizer and water management, flower and fruit management, and spraying stress resistance agents; The soil improvement method comprises the following steps: when the soil is dried to a moisture content of 25-35%, the composite conditioner, cross-linked carboxymethyl cellulose, calcium phosphate, bentonite, polyaspartic acid, and polyacrylamide are evenly spread on the surface of the ridge, and the soil is rotary tilled to a depth of 20-30 cm to be evenly mixed with the soil; The composite conditioning agent, cross-linked carboxymethyl cellulose, calcium phosphate, bentonite, polyaspartic acid, polyacrylamide, each 667m 2 The masses applied on saline-alkali land are 150-180kg, 15-20kg, 50-80kg, 200-300kg, 5-8kg, and 2-5kg respectively; The preparation method of the composite conditioner comprises the following steps: mixing sugar production wastewater, sawdust waste and lignin sulfonate, filtering to obtain filter residue, mixing the filter residue with humic acid, adjusting the water content to 50-60%, heating to 55-60° C., adding desulfurized gypsum, citric acid waste liquid and hydrogen peroxide, stirring and reacting for 2-3 hours under heat preservation, and granulating after drying to obtain the composite conditioner; The mass ratio of the sugar production wastewater, sawdust waste and lignin sulfonate is 100:30-40:6-10; The lignin sulfonate is sodium lignin sulfonate or calcium lignin sulfonate; The mass ratio of the filter residue, humic acid, desulfurized gypsum, citric acid waste liquid and hydrogen peroxide is 20:3-5:5-7:8-10:1-2.

2. The method for growing apples in saline-alkali land according to claim 1, characterized in that: The method for laying fly ash-organic fertilizer is as follows: when the surface soil of 0-10 cm on the ridge is dried to a moisture content of 25-30%, the surface soil is loosened, and then a 5-8 cm fly ash-organic fertilizer layer is laid on the surface, and mixed with the 2-3 cm surface soil; The fly ash-organic fertilizer is a mixture of fly ash and organic fertilizer, and the mass ratio of fly ash to organic fertilizer is 1:0.3-0.5; The fly ash is magnetized fly ash after heavy metals are removed, and the particle size is 10-20 μm.

3. The method for growing apples in saline-alkali land according to claim 1, characterized in that: The method of flushing salt is to use drip irrigation or shower irrigation to directly irrigate water on the top of the ridge, use gravity to make the water penetrate downward to dissolve the surface salt, and irrigate with sufficient water until obvious water flow appears in the gullies between the ridges. At this time, the salt has been washed into the gullies between the ridges. When the water flow in the gullies between the ridges is stable, continue to inject large amounts of water to flush the gullies, and connect the drainage ditch to completely discharge the salt-containing water from the orchard; this process is repeated 2-3 times to ensure that the salt content of the cultivated layer is reduced to below 0.25%.

4. The method for growing apples in saline-alkali land according to claim 1, characterized in that: The method for lowering the groundwater level is to 2 Dig a 30-35m deep drainage well in the saline-alkali land and continuously pump water to maintain the groundwater level below 1.5m.

5. The method for growing apples in saline-alkali land according to claim 1, characterized in that: The method of ridge-making and drainage ditch-making is to make ridges on saline-alkali land with a ridge width of 2-2.2m, a ridge height of 35-45cm, a ridge spacing of 3.5-4m, and a ridge length of 40-45m; at both ends of the ridges, drainage ditches are dug in a direction perpendicular to the direction of the ridges with a ditch depth of 1-1.2m and a width of 2-3m; and the gullies and drainage ditches between the ridges are regularly dug to ensure smooth drainage and salt spraying.

6. The method for growing apples in saline-alkali land according to claim 1, characterized in that: The pit planting method comprises digging a 60 cm×60 cm square planting pit with a depth of 70 cm, with a spacing of 2-2.5 m between plants, first laying 10-12 cm of straw in the pit, laying 5-8 cm of a mixture of organic fertilizer and desulfurized gypsum on top of the straw, planting the apple seedlings with soil in the planting pit, filling the planting pit with topsoil, and watering thoroughly; The apple seedlings are 2-year-old grafted seedlings, and the rootstock is Malus octagonalis that has been acclimatized in saline-alkali land.

7. The method for growing apples in saline-alkali land according to claim 1, characterized in that: The method for spraying the stress-resistant preparation comprises: adding hydroxylated fullerene and betaine into water, ultrasonically dispersing for 10-15 minutes, then adding alkylamide betaine, carboxymethyl cellulose and EDTA, and ultrasonically dispersing for another 10-15 minutes to obtain a mother solution of the stress-resistant preparation; during the apple fruit expansion period, the mother solution of the stress-resistant preparation is diluted and sprayed on the leaves and fruits.

8. The method for growing apples in saline-alkali land according to claim 7, characterized in that: In the step of spraying the stress-resistant preparation, the mass ratio of hydroxylated fullerene, betaine, alkylamide betaine, carboxymethyl cellulose, EDTA and water in the preparation mother solution is 1:400-500:300-500:200-300:100-200:800-1000; The dilution multiple is 1000-1500.