Methods for applying and using unique markers

Abstract

The present invention provides methods for applying and using unique markers. In general aspects, a unique unclonable physical identifier is applied and used. A method of applying a unique marker may include receiving an object having a surface feature and forming a unique marker on the surface feature of the object. The unique marker includes an element distribution and conforms to the morphology of the surface feature. The method further includes extracting orientation information from the unique marker. The orientation information may indicate a relative spatial orientation of each element. The method additionally includes generating a unique code of the object based on the orientation information. The surface features may be facets, surface patterns, textures, or other indentations of the object. The surface feature may include a breakable region of the object.

Description

[0001] (This application is a divisional application of an application with a filing date of November 5, 2020, application number 202080091951.8, and invention name “Applying and using a unique unclonable physical identifier”.) Technical Field

[0002] The present invention relates to methods for applying and using unique markers. Background Art

[0003] The following description relates to the application and use of unique unclonable physical identifiers.

[0004] Some products are produced with holograms, watermarks, fluorescent dyes or other features that can be used as anti-counterfeiting measures. For example, such features can be used to verify the origin or authenticity of the product. Such measures are important in many industries including food, pharmaceuticals, electronics and luxury goods. Summary of the invention

[0005] According to the present invention, a method for applying and using a unique marker comprises: receiving an object having surface features; forming a unique marker on the surface features of the object, the unique marker comprising element distribution and conforming to the morphology of the surface features; extracting orientation information from the unique marker, the orientation information indicating the relative spatial orientation of each element; and generating a unique code for the object based on the orientation information. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0006] Figure 1A Example items with unique markers are shown.

[0007] Figure 1B Schematically shows Figure 1A Example unique markers.

[0008] Figure 2A An example particle consisting of a diamond crystal containing a defect center is schematically shown.

[0009] Figure 2B Schematically shows Figure 2A An example of an NV defect centre in the diamond crystal lattice.

[0010] Figure 3 An example random distribution of particles in or on a host material of a unique marker is schematically shown.

[0011] Figure 4 An example scanner system for measuring the position and orientation of particles in a unique marker is schematically shown.

[0012] Figure 5Particle positions in example images obtained from fluorescence scans are shown.

[0013] Figure 6 Example particle orientations in a bulk material of a unique marker are schematically shown.

[0014] Figure 7 An example particle reference frame orientation used to calculate particle orientation is shown.

[0015] Figure 8 An example magnetic resonance response of a particle such as an NV centre in diamond is shown.

[0016] Fig.9A and Fig. 9B An example magnetic scanning configuration is schematically shown.

[0017] Fig.10 Example parameterizations of particle positions and orientations are schematically shown.

[0018] Fig.11A and Fig. 11B A comparison of two example sets of particle positions and orientations is shown.

[0019] Fig.12 is a flow chart schematically illustrating an example process for performing a raw scan of a unique marker.

[0020] Fig.13 is a flow chart schematically illustrating an example process for performing a destination scan for a unique marker.

[0021] Fig.14 is a flow chart schematically illustrating an example process for using orientation information extracted from an object.

[0022] Fig.15 is a flow chart schematically illustrating an example process for generating a unique code for an object.

[0023] Fig.16 is a flow chart schematically illustrating an example process for analyzing an object.

[0024] Fig.17 is a flow chart schematically illustrating an example challenge-response process.

[0025] Fig.18A and Fig.18B is a diagram of an example object with an example unique marker shaped into the surface morphology of the object.

[0026] Fig.19A is a schematic diagram of an example object having a dented logo.

[0027] Fig.19B , Fig.19C , Fig.19D and Fig.19E is Fig.19A Illustration of an example process for forming a unique marker in a dimple logo is shown.

[0028] Fig. 20A is a schematic diagram of an example flexographic printing system.

[0029] Fig. 20B Shown is an enlarged top view of some of the cells designed with different dimensions so that unique tags with specified shapes can be created.

[0030] Fig.21 is a schematic diagram of an example rotogravure system.

[0031] Fig.22A is a diagram of a single label before it is applied to an underlying object or joint.

[0032] Fig. 22B is a diagram showing a plurality of individual labels arranged in the form of a tape or a roll.

[0033] Fig.23 An example of placing an element distribution within an adhesive that is not fully cured is shown.

[0034] Fig.24 An example is shown in which both the element distribution and the sealant material are incorporated into a handheld applicator having a nozzle or tip.

[0035] Fig.25A and Fig.25B Examples are shown of distributions of elements that can be incorporated into encapsulants to seal joints and electronic device housings.

[0036] Fig.26A and Fig.26B An example is shown where the element is distributed in only a portion of the sealant.

[0037] Fig.27A and Fig.27B An example process for forming a conformal coating on an underlying substrate or object is shown.

[0038] Fig.28 An example of a housing provided with a pad having an element distribution is shown.

[0039] Fig.29 Shown are examples of labeled areas that can be used to authenticate identity and provide evidence of tampering.

[0040] Fig.30 is a diagram of a box that includes unique markers on the edges of the box.

[0041] Fig.31 is a diagram of a box including a unique marker on a seam of the box.

[0042] Fig.32 is a diagram of a film including a unique marker, wherein the film is placed over an object to produce a shrink-wrapped product.

[0043] Fig.33 is a diagram of a fastener having a unique marker placed on a clutch of the fastener.

[0044] Fig.34 is a diagram of a casing of an article having a unique marker placed on a seam of the casing.

[0045] Fig.35 is a picture of a microchip with unique markers placed at the solder joints.

[0046] Fig.36 An example is shown in which a unique marker may be used to provide evidence of use or activation of an object.

[0047] Fig.37 An example is shown in which a unique marker can be used to provide evidence of an external force applied to a tagged surface.

[0048] Fig.38 is a flow chart schematically illustrating an example process for forming and using unique markers that conform to the surface morphology of an object.

[0049] Fig.39 is a flow chart schematically illustrating an example process for forming and using a sticker including a distribution of elements on a substrate having an adhesive backing. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0050] In some aspects described herein, a unique non-clonable physical identifier is applied and used. In some implementations, a unique marker is shaped into the form of a surface feature of an object. The surface feature may be a facet, surface pattern, texture, or other indentation of an object. In some instances, an object has multiple sides or faces, and a facet may be one of multiple sides and faces of an object. For example, an object may be a gemstone, and a facet may be one of multiple sides and faces of a gemstone. A unique marker may be applied to or incorporated into an object (also referred to as an article). In some implementations, a unique marker may include an element distributed in or on a host material, wherein the host material is applied to or incorporated into an object. An element may include a crystalline particle (e.g., a micron- or nanometer-sized diamond particle) or other type of element. A unique marker may be physically non-clonable, so that a unique marker can be a taggant of an object. For example, the orientation of the element may be randomly distributed, and the element size and relative position may be regular or randomly distributed. In some examples, it is sufficiently unlikely to make a copy of an object of a marker having a similar composition and orientation of elements that an object having a unique marker can be considered unique or unique. In some instances, the unique marker is a sticker including a distribution of elements on a substrate with an adhesive backing, and at least a portion of the sticker is applied to the object.

[0051] The unique marker can be used to analyze the object. In some examples, analyzing the object using the unique marker includes: authenticating the identity of the object, determining whether the object has been damaged, determining whether the object has been used or activated, determining whether the object has been exposed to environmental stress, determining whether the object has been subjected to mechanical stress or wear, or other types of object analysis. Various types of objects can be analyzed using the methods and systems discussed herein. Non-limiting illustrative examples of objects include banknotes and certificates, credit cards, etc., electronic payment systems, voting systems, communication systems and components, jewelry and collectibles, diamonds and gemstones, packaging, paper products, electronic equipment cases, electronic components and systems (e.g., integrated circuits, chips, circuit boards), retail goods (e.g., handbags, clothing, sports equipment), industrial components and systems (e.g., machine parts, automotive parts, aerospace parts), (processed or unprocessed) raw materials (e.g., ingots, billets, logs, slabs), food and packaging (e.g., wine, spirits, truffles, spices), pharmaceuticals, pharmaceutical packaging, etc., medical devices and surgical tools and packaging thereof, official documents (e.g., contracts, passports, visas), digital storage systems and components, mail and postal packaging, seals and anti-tampering markings. This list of example objects is not exhaustive, and many other types of objects can be analyzed using the methods and systems disclosed herein.

[0052] In some aspects described here, a unique code can be generated based on the element of a unique marker. In some instances, one or more properties of an element can be determined (for example, by scanning an element) to generate a unique code, which can then be used, for example, to analyze an object. For example, the spatial orientation, location or size of an element can be extracted from a unique marker to generate a unique code, but other types of properties of an element can also be used to generate a unique code. According to a similar manner to the current use of barcodes and quick response (QR) codes to easily identify an object, a unique code can be used to analyze an object. Therefore, for example, when attached to or incorporated into an object, a unique marker can be used as a "fingerprint", which enables analysis of an object.

[0053] One or more than one method described herein can be used to form a unique marker. In some aspects described herein, the unique marker can be shaped into the surface morphology of an object. For example, the unique marker can be shaped into a surface pattern, texture or other indentation of an object. In some instances, the surface morphology of the unique marker is shaped into an object including: providing a fluid (e.g., a liquid or viscous fluid) containing an element (e.g., a crystalline particle or other type of element) distribution, and solidifying the fluid to form a unique marker. In some implementations, the fluid (containing the element distribution) solidifies in the surface pattern, texture or other indentation of the object to become a unique marker. In some implementations, the fluid is transferred from a cell pattern to a substrate to create a unique marker.

[0054] In some aspects described herein, elements (e.g., crystalline particles or other types of elements) can be distributed and incorporated into uncured or semi-cured materials. In some implementations, the material can be an adhesive or sealant material, and the uncured or semi-cured material can have a gel-like consistency. The uncured or semi-cured material can be applied to the object to conformally coat one or more than one component of the object, or to cover or fill the seams of the object. The uncured or semi-cured material is then exposed to a process (e.g., ordinary drying, curing by exposure to an energy source (e.g., UV radiation), or other treatment) that solidifies the material, thereby maintaining its functional purpose (e.g., decorative, informative, protective, etc.) within the design of the underlying object while enabling the adhesive or sealant material (containing element distribution) to obtain a physically unclonable identity. Additionally, utilizing an adhesive or sealant provides an efficient and customized way to incorporate element distribution into a surface that was not previously designed to accommodate a unique marker in, for example, a custom tagging activity.

[0055] In some aspects described herein, a unique marker including a distribution of elements may be used to provide evidence of tampering with or use of a tagged object.

[0056] The systems and techniques described herein can provide technical advantages and improvements.For example, a unique marker shaped as a surface morphology can provide a concealed, simple, aesthetic and safe way for analyzing an object (for example, product tracking, certification, etc.).By integrating the unique marker onto the surface of the packaging or product itself, an enterprise may be able to track its raw materials, components and products in a safe manner (for example, throughout the entire product life cycle).In some cases, a mechanism that is not easily damaged and does not interfere with the function or beauty of the product can be used to track the product.In some cases, the unique code can be repeatedly and quickly read according to the unique marker shaped as the surface morphology, which can enable more efficient and reliable serialization tracking analysis.The unique marker shaped as the surface morphology can also be integrated into the product in a manner compatible with existing manufacturing technology and product features.In some cases, the unique marker shaped as the surface morphology can be used for integrating the unique identifier of the product (for example, serial number, etc.) into the stamped (impressed) brand, logo, graphic, trademark or other visual features of the product.In some cases, the unique marker can be integrated into the crack or hidden feature in the product surface, for example, to shield the existence of the unique marker or shield the unique marker from environmental exposure. Furthermore, in some implementations, unique markers formed into surface features can be mass-produced with consistent shapes for marking.

[0057] In some implementations, the article is analyzed as follows. After the unique marker is applied to the article, an initial scan or "origin" scan is performed with an origin scanner, wherein the origin scanner registers the relative position and orientation of the crystal in the origin position and orientation map. In some implementations, this is accomplished by performing magnetic resonance measurements of fluorescent atomic defects in the crystal in parallel for each crystal under an applied known magnetic field. In some cases, in addition to the position and orientation of the crystal, the size of each crystal is also determined and registered for analysis of the article. Particle orientation can be calculated based on the projection of the magnetic field vector along the defect center axis. Orientation information does not have to be complete; partial projections of orientation can be used. Orientation information can be considered geometric. The defect center can be represented as a unit vector starting from its center. The orientation of the vector can be described using spherical coordinates around its origin. Longitude coordinates and latitude coordinates can be described and known in full or in part. In some examples, orientation information is interrogated by measuring the Zeeman shift of the defect center relative to a magnetic field of known size and orientation. Partial orientation information can be derived by projecting the defect center orientation onto a single measurement result on the magnetic field plane. The complete orientation information can be extracted by combining several such measurements at different magnetic field orientations.

[0058] Once item analysis (e.g., authenticating the identity of the item, determining whether the item has been tampered with, determining whether the item has been used or activated, determining whether the item has been exposed to environmental stresses, determining whether the item has been subjected to mechanical stress or wear, etc.) is desired (e.g., once the item reaches its destination), the unique marker on the item is scanned in a manner similar to the initial scan (but not necessarily with the same magnetic field or field configuration), and a second scan is used to determine the relative position and orientation of the crystals. Partial or complete orientation information is calculated based on a predetermined setting of the magnetic field at the time of the second scan. The calculation results in an orientation map of the marker, which can be compared to a known map from a previous scan (e.g., the original scan).

[0059] An example comparison is to find a set of position values ​​on the previous scan (origin) map, where each corresponding position on the current scan (destination) map in the set differs by no more than a value V. For example, V can be a fraction of the size of each particle. For the particles in the subset, their orientation can be found in the orientation map. The angle between the particle orientation in the origin map and the particle orientation in the destination map can be calculated. Only particles in the subset whose angle difference is less than a predetermined threshold W qualify as a match, where the predetermined threshold W is selected using constraints from the conditions of the destination scanner (such as magnetic field strength, detection time, etc.). If the two maps exceed the threshold criteria used for matching, the item at the destination can be considered to be authentic and uniquely identified, undamaged, unused or activated, not exposed to environmental pressure, or not subjected to mechanical stress or wear, etc. One threshold criterion can be the fraction of matching particles that is 90% of the total number of particles in the origin position map.

[0060] In some implementations, the crystallized particles in the unique markers contain fluorescent color centers, so that the position and size of these unique markers can be obtained using standard imaging techniques. The orientation of the crystallized particles can also be determined using a variation of standard fluorescence microscopy combined with magnetic resonance techniques. The relative orientation of the particles can be random (as can the relative position and size of the particles), and a sufficiently large collection of particles will generally be unique and distinctive in its properties.

[0061] In some examples, the properties of nitrogen-vacancy centers (NVCs) in diamond and other crystalline particles containing color centers can be exploited for unique markers and other objects.

[0062] Several unique combinations of crystalline particle bodies and color centers enable magnetic resonance responses to produce orientation information about the particles, their location and size. NVCs in diamond are an example of color centers that exhibit optically detected magnetic resonance. When excited with optical radiation below 600nm (usually close to 530nm), NVCs exhibit a wide range of fluorescence responses in the range of 635nm to 800nm ​​optical wavelengths. Due to the symmetry of the diamond lattice and the composition of the NV, the electronic ground state of the center is a spin triplet with an intrinsic crystal field, where the intrinsic crystal field splits the energy of the 0 spin sublevel into two spin 1 sublevels. This energy splitting is in the microwave regime (close to 2.8GHz), in which the transitions between the 0 sublevel and the ±1 sublevels are driven by resonant excitation. In the case of applying a magnetic field along the NV symmetry axis, the ±1 sublevels are offset in energy in proportion to the magnitude of the applied magnetic field (Zeeman effect). This gives rise to two different frequencies that satisfy the resonance condition. Conversely, if the field orientation is known, the orientation of the crystal containing the NV can be obtained by measuring the resonance frequency and back-calculating the projection on the NV axis. In addition, the triplet / single electron structure of the NVC facilitates the measurement of the magnetic response. After a brief (<5μs) illumination with optical radiation (<600nm wavelength), the relative populations of the 0 spin sublevel, the ±1 spin sublevels change, and after cessation of illumination for a few microseconds, they are preferentially polarized to the 0 state due to the intrinsic interconversion between the singlet and triplet states. In addition, since the ±1 sublevels result in approximately 30% less fluorescence than the 0 spin sublevel, such interconversions result in the discrimination of the spin sublevel populations.

[0063] Figure 1A An example article is shown, in this example a sneaker 101, which has a unique marker 103a incorporated into the article, which can be used to analyze the article (e.g., verify the authenticity of the article). The unique marker 103a can be incorporated into the article in various ways (including, for example, in Figure 1A The unique marker (UM) can be incorporated into an item with a logo 102 shown in the figure. It can also be incorporated into the markings or other places of the item and need not be visible to the naked eye. Under sufficient magnification 103b and using the techniques mentioned below, the unique marker (UM) can be used to reveal the orientation 105 and relative position 106 of the collection of particles 104 in the UM.

[0064] In some cases, the uniqueness of a marker derives from the relative position and orientation of particles or other elements within the host material. Figure 2A A crystalline particle 202 is schematically shown, wherein the crystalline particle 202 contains at least one defect center (also called a color center) 201 that emits fluorescence. An example of a crystalline particle body is as follows Figure 2B A diamond is shown consisting of a regularly repeating structure of carbon atoms 203. An example of a color center in diamond is a nitrogen vacancy center 204 consisting of a carbon in the crystal lattice replaced by a nitrogen and the nearest carbon neighbor to the nitrogen completely removed. The orientation of the color center can be defined, for example, by the vector from the nitrogen atom to the vacancy. In some instances, the symmetry of the crystal lattice and the four-fold symmetry of the NV center may prevent absolute knowledge of the crystal orientation, and the two-fold symmetry can be used to know the relative orientation of the two centers.

[0065] Figure 3 An extended film or volume of host material 301 is shown comprising a plurality of particles, wherein a subset of these particles bear at least one color center 302. The separation of these particles and the orientation of the particles may be arbitrary.

[0066] Information regarding the separation and orientation of the particles can be obtained by imaging the unique labels using conventional optical microscopy techniques. Figure 4 An example scanner for determining the separation and orientation of particles is schematically shown. In the illustrated example, a unique marker (complex of a main body film and particles) 401 is illuminated with a light source 402 (such as a laser, etc.), wherein the light source 402 is reflected and transformed by a set of standard optical components 406 and by a focusing objective 407. The focusing objective 407 is configured to provide an amplification of the particle fluorescence so as to be sufficient to distinguish the field of interest of the unique marker. This can be the entire unique marker or the region of interest of the unique marker. After the illumination source is appropriately filtered from the fluorescence and image formation with a standard filter and optics 406, an image of the main body plane is captured on an imaging unit 405 (such as, for example, a CMOS or CCD camera, etc.). Figure 5 An example image 500 is shown from which the positions from a fixed coordinate system 501 and the relative distances 502 between particles can be obtained. This is one example of several possible techniques for reading unique markers.

[0067] The orientation of the particle can be determined by observing the fluorescence change of the particle due to the relative orientation of the electromagnetic field oriented in the scanner reference frame relative to the particle. An example is to change the transverse optical polarization of the propagating electromagnetic radiation (i.e., the illumination light) to linear polarization or circular polarization using a standard wave plate in the optical device system 406. This has an effect in many crystalline materials containing color centers (including the diamond NV system in 203). Alternatively, the response of NVC (negatively charged NVC) to the magnetic field can also provide information related to the orientation. This is observed by the intrinsic magnetic resonance conditions in the microwave RF range. The magnet module 409 of the scanner adjusts the size and orientation of the magnetic field applied to the unique marker. The microwave antenna 404 and the RF signal generator 403 output frequency are adjusted to the changing resonance conditions of the magnet. The main logic module 408 controls the output of the laser (e.g., amplitude, time-dependent modulation), the microwave or RF field (e.g., amplitude, phase, resonant frequency), and the magnetic field orientation and size in a collaborative manner so that the particle orientation can be determined using a collection of fluorescent images.

[0068] The resulting image can be similar to an optical image of the night sky taken with a telescope (in the visible spectrum) on a particular night: a mostly dark background with various bright spot sizes and many separations between the spots. Assuming that the observation point on the surface of the earth is known, the position of any star, planet or celestial body in the sky can be described by its displacement relative to a reference celestial body (such as Polaris). Similarly, registration marks (e.g., fiducial markings) in the unique marker can guide the positioning of the scanner to assist in obtaining reproducible images of the same unique marker taken at different times or different locations using a similar but not necessarily identical optical scanner system. The position of the fluorescent particles in the scan can be determined relative to these registration markers to give an absolute measure of their positioning in the marker. An example of a registration marker is to print (e.g., using inkjet technology) a "+" symbol with an indelible ink that absorbs green light and emits fluorescence at a wavelength similar to NVC.

[0069] The location of a single bright spot in the image of UM can be represented by a Cartesian grid 501 spaced regularly using the spacing of the pixels assigned to the image. The location can be specified as an ordered pair (X a , Y a ), where X is the pixel coordinate of particle a along one dimension, and Y is the coordinate along the orthogonal dimension 503. a and Y a Can be an integer or a real number. The set of ordered pairs of positions relative to a given absolute origin (0, 0) {(X a , Y a ), (Xb , Y b ),…,(X zz , Y zz )} specifies a unique description of the particle locations for the image. If no absolute origin is specified, a marker is created for each ordered pair and a vector is defined that separates the two particles, which also yields a unique description of the particle locations. For example, if the point (X 2 , Y 2 ) is labeled as "2" and (X 3 , Y 3 ) is marked as "3", the unique identifier will be "Δ 23 ”=(X 2 -X 3 , Y 2 -Y 3 ). By computing all pairs of vectors, there is a list of unique identifiers L for describing the localization of the particles, where this list of unique identifiers L has the additional property of being globally translation-invariant with respect to the grid coordinate system. L is a unique set for a given host membrane with arbitrary particle separation.

[0070] In addition to the localization of particles in the image, individual particles have an orientation relative to the reference frame of the host material. In some cases, if the host material is assumed to be an extended object, such as Figure 6 As shown, an origin can be defined within the bulk material, and a right-handed three-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system reference system can be defined at the origin 601. Similarly, a separate right-handed Cartesian coordinate system can be defined for each crystallized particle within the bulk material. Therefore, there is a unique coordinate transformation to move between the particle coordinate system and the bulk material coordinate system. One example parameterization is to use the direction cosines of these two systems, and another parameterization is a set of Euler rotations. Similar to the naming convention above, assume that the point (X A , Y A ) is labeled "A" and has a transformation matrix T that transforms vectors specified in the "A" frame 602 to the body reference frame a Similarly, point (X B , Y B ) is labeled "B" and has a transformation matrix T from the "B" frame 603 to the host reference frame b The transformation matrix is ​​used to identify the orientation of the particle relative to the coordinate system. Similarly, the matrix T ab =(T a )^(-1)*T b Specify as Figure 7 The relative orientation between the particle crystal system "A" and "B" is shown as 701. T can also be obtained via the direction cosines of the angle between the orthogonal axes of the system A and the system B. ab. Due to the single crystalline nature of the particle, the color center within the particle has a fixed orientation relative to the particle coordinate system. Therefore, by measuring the orientation of the color center relative to the bulk material system, the orientation of the particle can be determined using a similar coordinate transformation between the coordinate axes of the color center and the coordinate axes of the crystallized particle. By computing all pairs of transformations, there is a unique list M of transformation matrices (e.g., "AB", etc.) that describe the relative orientation of the particle, where this unique list M has the additional property of being invariant to global rotations of the bulk grid coordinate system. M is a unique set for a given bulk film with random particle orientations.

[0071] In instances where the crystal lattice of the particles has a high degree of symmetry, the color center coordinate system axes can be freely specified relative to the crystallographic principal axes. In such cases, the measurement results of the color center alone may not be able to uniquely transform the orientation of the color center into the crystallographic principal axis system. In such cases, it may be sufficient to provide a parameterization of the coordinate transformation of only a single symmetry axis from the bulk material reference system to the color center. For example, the transformation can be parameterized by the three direction cosines between the symmetry axis and the various Cartesian coordinate axes. Other parameterizations are the polar angle and the azimuthal angle, where the former is defined as the angle between the z Cartesian axis of the bulk reference system and the symmetry axis, and the latter is defined as the angle between the x Cartesian axis of the bulk reference system and the projection of the symmetry axis to the xy Cartesian plane of the bulk reference system.

[0072] The properties of certain color centers embedded in crystalline particles can be used to determine the orientation of those particles. As an example, consider a negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy color center in a crystalline particle of diamond. The nitrogen atoms and vacancies within the carbon lattice of the diamond can define direction vectors with different orientations relative to the coordinate axes of the crystal lattice. The photophysics of the color center can exhibit a reduction in fluorescence when illuminated with an oscillating radio frequency field, where the frequency of the oscillating radio frequency field is adjusted to, for example, Figure 8 The eigenresonance of the system 800 is shown. For example, at about f 0 =2870 MHz, the photoluminescence of the center is reduced by about 30%. In addition, if a magnetic field is applied along the NV symmetry axis, the single resonance is split into two resonances with f = 2870 MHz. + =2870+2.8G and f - =2870-2.8G gives two resonances of different frequencies. For the lowest order, fields orthogonal to this axis of symmetry do not contribute to the shift in frequency. Therefore, by maintaining the magnitude of the external magnetic field and varying its direction in a known manner relative to a common coordinate system (such as the bulk material coordinates), the absolute orientation of the crystallized particles can be determined. With this information, the aforementioned techniques can be used to establish different orientations of any two paired particles in the bulk material.

[0073] If the number of particles within the host material is small enough, the fluorescence emitted from each individual particle can be spatially localized using the aforementioned microscopy techniques. For example, when the host material contains a sparse distribution of particles (e.g., having a filling fraction of 20% or less), the resulting fluorescence image may contain more voids than particles. 0 By sampling the microwave frequencies near Figure 8 The resonance responses of individual particles at various regions of interest are shown in 800, where the maximum and minimum frequencies of the microwave frequencies are set by the known magnetic field applied to the host material. Next, the orientation of the individual particles can be determined from a series of magnetic resonance responses by applying a static magnetic field 900 at different orientations relative to the host film reference frame. For example, Fig.9A and Fig. 9B As shown, the first orientation can be along the X-axis 901 of the bulk material, and the second orientation can be along the Y-axis 902 of the bulk material. The image sets acquired at these different microwave frequencies and magnetic field orientations can provide an understanding of the Fig.10 A full scan and description of the spatial location and orientation of each particle in the bulk film 1000 is shown. Each particle contains a unique location and orientation transformation matrix 1001. The full orientation of a unique marker can be defined as, for example, the set of coordinates and matrices of each particle for all i particles in the bulk film: {(X i , Y i , Z i , T i )}. Two random instances of a particle set in its respective body fields will have non-matching sets of omni-orientations, thereby guaranteeing uniqueness for a given set of particles.

[0074] In addition to the position and orientation characteristics of the unique marker, additional uniqueness can optionally be derived based on the size and shape of the particle. This can be done using image processing techniques that analyze the shape (e.g., outline) and relative size (e.g., length of the largest axis) of the particle in the projection image.

[0075] like Fig.11A and Fig. 11B As shown, in some cases, a given unique marker can be identified by the test measurement results 1101 of all orientations, and the set of particle positions and orientations s = {(X i , Y i , Z i , T i )} matches the known full orientation s0 of the unique marker 1102 = {(X i , Y i , Z i , T i)} to ensure that the objects being measured are the same physically unique markers: |ss 0 |<ε1103. Here, |.| represents an overall distance metric of set vectors (such as a norm, etc.), and ε represents a single parameter threshold that determines the equivalence of two sets.

[0076] Fig.12 and Fig.13 An example process for analyzing an item is shown.

[0077] In the first example, two locations are involved in the identification. The starting point 1200 is where the unique marker is first scanned. The complete position and orientation of the unique marker 1201 is obtained using a scanner 1204 that can apply any magnetic field configuration for a complete scan using the technology described herein. The unique marker is associated with a serial number 1207 and adhered to the item of interest 1202. The complete position information, orientation information 1206 and scanner settings 1203 at the starting point are associated with the serial number 1207 and are securely stored. Such storage 1208 can be local relative to the starting point, or can be located at a remote data center 1351 that receives data via the Internet or other networks. Then, the unique item 1209 leaves the starting point.

[0078] At the destination 1300 (which can be a physical location separate from the origin or the same location as the origin as discussed below), it is desired to identify and analyze the unique marker 1303 attached to the unique item 1301. In this example, the destination uses the serial number 1302 of the unique item in question to query the authentication server 1350 through the Internet or other network. The authentication server retrieves the scanning parameters from the secure database 1351 associated with the item serial number. The server responds to the destination with a set of query parameters (such as test magnetic field configuration and microwave frequency parameters, etc.) of the scanner settings 1305 to which the scanner 1304 at the destination should be adjusted. In this example, the field configuration is sufficient for the destination scanner to determine the position and orientation set 1306 of each particle in the unique marker relative to the coordinate system centered on the host film. The destination scanner performs a series of scans similar to the scans completed at the origin. The destination server then provides a response to the authentication server 1350 using the measured set 1306 of positions and orientations and provides the serial number to the authentication server. The authentication server 1350 knows the position and orientation associated with the serial number and stored in the database 1351 and obtained from the initialization scan at the origin scan. The server 1350 compares the orientation and position map and calculates the overlap of the two sets (initialization scan and destination scan) and determines whether the sets are close enough to be considered a true match. In this example, the server 1350 responds with one of two results 1307: pass if the proximity criteria are met; and fail for all other results.

[0079] A single destination point for a unique item is given as an illustrative example of a first example. For certain applications and use cases (e.g., banknote authentication), there may not be a single destination point because the unique item may continue to circulate between various parties and the destination point. Additionally, the destination may not be at a physically separate location; in a variation of the aforementioned analysis method, the unique item may be initialized, stored, and analyzed at a single physical location.

[0080] In a second example, the origin scan of the item is started and initiated as described in the first example 1200 above. At the destination, a unique item is received and a unique marker is retrieved from the item along with a serial number. In this second example, the scanner has a magnetic field of an immutable but known magnitude and orientation to the analysis system. The scanner unit is identified by the scanner serial number. Using this single magnetic field configuration, the destination scanner scans by capturing successful fluorescent images of the unique marker, where each fluorescent image has a specified different microwave frequency. The image position and magnetic resonance frequency of each particle is recorded. This information is sent to the authentication server along with the item serial number and scanner identification number.

[0081] In this example, the authentication server knows the particle position and orientation of the unique marker associated with the serial number captured during the initialization scan. The authentication server can calculate the expected magnetic resonance response of this particular unique marker by knowing the applied magnetic field. Since the magnetic field associated with the scanner serial number provides this information by using a mathematical model of the NV center, the authentication server can determine the expected magnetic resonance response of the combination of the serial number and the scanner sequence. The expected magnetic resonance response is equivalent to obtaining a partial and incomplete orientation of the particle. The scan information (particle position and resonant frequency) is sent from the destination to the authentication server and compared with the model calculated values. Using a similar threshold criterion with a single parameter ε as described above, if the partial scan at the destination is sufficiently similar to the calculated partial scan at the authentication server, the unique marker is considered to be a true match for the combination of the item serial number and the scanner serial number.

[0082] In some instances, the analysis techniques described herein may provide significant advantages. For example, a hierarchical system for identifying physically unique distributions of fluorescent particles in 1, 2, or 3 dimensions may be used. Not only the position of the particles but also the random orientation of the particles relative to each other may be used for unique identification. Using both position and orientation information to clone a physical fingerprint (e.g., using a nanopositioning tool (such as an atomic force microscope, etc.) to perform a particle-by-particle pick-and-place process to recreate the fingerprint) may be impractical or even impossible.

[0083] In some cases, in addition to orientation, other physical properties of the particles can be optionally observed from fluorescence, which increases the security, uniqueness, and non-cloning of the unique marker. These properties may include, but are not limited to: crystal strain of each particle, spin dephasing time of each particle (e.g., T 2 time), unique signatures of magnetic noise local to the individual particle's environment, unique signatures of electric field noise local to the individual particle's environment, unique resonance signatures of the local nuclear spin ensemble in the particle (e.g., hyperfine splitting), and unique signatures of the fluorescence lifetime due to local dipole fields (FRET) resonant with the fluorophore's dipole energy.

[0084] In some cases, the techniques described here can avoid the need to rely on spectral signatures of fluorescence.Measuring spectral signatures with small wavelength variations involves large diffraction gratings and long reflection paths, which limits the practical use of these fingerprinting methods, especially in field deployable situations.

[0085] In some implementations, the fluorescence intensity of the particle can be used to obtain information about the orientation of the particle, either in conjunction with or separately from the measurement of the magnetic resonance response of the color center in the particle. For some magnetic field strengths in the NV color center (such as magnetic field strengths above a few hundred Gauss), it is observed that the fluorescence response is "quenched" when a large magnetic field component is applied orthogonal to the NV center symmetry axis. This technique enables orientation information to be obtained without the use of RF or microwaves.

[0086] In some cases, an additional security layer can be provided by adding magnetic particles or magnetic markers to the UM or near the UM. An example of a magnetic marker is a polymer film containing magnetized superparamagnetic iron oxide particles. In such a case, the destination scanner brings the tested unique marker close to the magnetic marker, whereby the magnetic domains or magnetic particles on the surface generate a local magnetic field across the field of view for scanning the unique marker. The unique marker is imaged in the above manner and the magnetic resonance response is recorded. The magnetic marker can be considered unique by the same uniqueness criteria previously described for the unique marker in this document. The unique magnetic marker is characterized in advance, and the information (size and orientation) related to the magnetic field of the marker is stored at the authenticator 1350. Using this information, the authenticator can calculate the expected response to the identification number of the unique magnetic marker of a given scanner and the serial number of the unique marker. The measured response and the calculated response are analyzed for similarity at the destination scanner and the calculated response, and the authentication is determined by the aforementioned threshold criteria.

[0087] In some implementations, the unique magnetic marker and the unique marker are fused into a combined physical marker. Magnetic particles (MP) can be embedded in the item, for example, under the UM. The MP creates a specific magnetic field pattern near the UM. If the UM is removed or displaced from the original location of the item, the expected analysis (e.g., authentication) will fail. In some implementations, the MP can be incorporated into the binder of the UM or the suspension medium of the item.

[0088] In some implementations, the unique marker can be used as a physical unclonable function (PUF). The PUF operates through a challenge / response behavior, whereby some parameters of the system (i.e., the challenge) can be changed, and the response of the physical system to those parameters can be easily measured. PUFs are difficult to clone due to the inherent randomness of the device. The randomness also makes it difficult to predict the response of the physical system (i.e., the function output) based on the input (i.e., challenge) parameters. When placed in a parameter-controlled magnetic environment, the unique marker can be used as a PUF. As an example, the local magnetic field strength and orientation can be changed by setting parameters (such as the current in a collection of tiny coils). The current generates a magnetic field within the PUF. The PUF challenge can be a collection of current values ​​for the coils, and the PUF response will be the resonant frequency response of the individual particles within the unique marker.

[0089] In some implementations, for each scan, there is no need to communicate the challenge parameters for setting the magnetic field between the destination scanner and the authenticator. Instead, the authenticator knows the unique random key seed installed at the destination scanner. The authenticator and the destination scanner also share a common synchronized clock. The destination scanner then uses the clock value and the random seed as inputs to a one-way (e.g., hash) function, the output parameters of which set the magnetic field parameters. In such a scheme, the authenticator can determine the magnetic field parameters based on the mutual information known to both the scanner and the authenticator, and perform threshold matching. Such randomization of the scanner parameters adds an additional layer of security.

[0090] In some implementations, a UM can be used as a unique fingerprint or physically unclonable function (PUF) for authentication and encryption.The orientation pattern generates a random bit string key used to encode a message or used as a seed for other encryption protocols.

[0091] In some implementations, instead of the authenticator providing a simple pass / fail message for authentication, the authenticator provides an expected scanner response to the destination. The authenticator responds with a message containing partial orientation information for the scanner / tag pair, which is calculated based on the scanner serial number and the complete orientation information of the UM captured at the initialization scan at the origin during attachment to the item. The destination scanner does not send its measurements to the authenticator, but instead uses the expected response provided by the authenticator to verify its measured scan. The destination compares the message to the scan information and authenticates the object if the response meets the threshold criteria. The authentication step for comparing the origin data and the destination data can be completed at the destination or in a system that receives data from both scanners.

[0092] In some implementations, the unique marker may also intentionally alter its physical composition when scanning away from the starting point. As an example, a scanner or other device may alter or modify the UM. These alterations may be accomplished by physical deformation of the UM or by heating it above a set temperature. For example, a laser beam may be used to heat a zone in the UM and reflow the suspension medium so that the orientation and position of the particles change. Complete and complete alterations may be used to reset the marker so that a previous scanner will not match a future scanner. In other words, the marker is reinitialized without the original scanner (or any previous system) having information about the new configuration of the UM.

[0093] In some implementations, physical alteration can also be used to destroy the UM after use (for single-use applications). For example, the UM can be used to authenticate a seal on a package (e.g., as evidence of non-tampering). The seal is destroyed when the package is opened, and the UM is no longer needed. To avoid attempts to reuse a token (such as attaching a genuine UM to a non-unique item, etc.), the UM can be destroyed.

[0094] In some implementations, partial physical modifications can also be used to ensure the chain of custody of the UM. As an example, a scanner (e.g., a destination scanner) can partially modify the UM to introduce changes to some marker properties (such as particle position and orientation in one area of ​​the marker, etc.). These modifications are measured at the modification scanner and can be stored locally or externally as required by the application. This can be used as a ledger to record scanning events directly on the UM. The UM contains enough information to authenticate the marker, but includes additional space / information / particles to enable the modified portion of the UM to be recorded and authenticated. This can be done multiple times on the same UM. For example, this technology can be used to track items in a supply chain using different checkpoint scanners.

[0095] In some implementations, the UM is used as an encryption key, whereby a unique marker is physically altered at the destination where the encrypted data is stored. Knowledge of the UM orientation may be known at the time of manufacture, but may be altered by a scanner at the time of encryption to deny future knowledge of the key by other parties with prior custody of the UM. The unclonability of the key prevents a secret accessor from duplicating the key at the site. In some examples, a device that accepts plaintext (unencrypted) data requires the UM as a key for symmetric encryption / decryption.

[0096] In addition to applying the unique markers described herein for authentication of objects, the unique markers may have other applications (which may be combined with or replace the authentication of the object). An example of an application is multi-factor authentication. The unique marker is not cloneable, and an authentication server may be utilized to store knowledge of its properties. A user seeking to authenticate a transaction, event, object, data, etc. may provide both the physical marker (key) and a password to prove his / her identity. In another example, the user password is used to generate a specific predetermined magnetic pattern in a scanner device, and thereby provide an additional layer of security. The user ID, scanner ID, and marker scan are shared with the authentication system. This is similar to a hardware security token, except that it does not need to be powered, but requires a dedicated reader device.

[0097] Another example application is the generation of random bits for use as encryption keys. The orientation and position information of a given unique marker can be used to generate a random bit string for encryption. If the data associated with the unique marker is intentionally not stored, but only used at the origin location to derive the random string, a physically unclonable key will be required to decrypt the information.

[0098] Another example application is to determine whether the integrity of an object has been compromised. In some cases, the integrity of an object may be compromised when the object has been destroyed, used, exposed to environmental stress, or exposed to mechanical stress or wear. A unique marker may be applied to or incorporated into an object. As an example, the unique marker may conformally coat one or more components of an object. As another example, the unique marker may be formed into a surface pattern, texture, or other indentation of an object. When the integrity of an object has been compromised, the unique marker may be physically altered or deformed, thereby changing one or more properties of the unique marker. Comparison of the properties of the unique marker at various points along the object's chain of custody may reveal whether (and where along the object's chain of custody) the object has been destroyed, used, or exposed to environmental or mechanical stress or wear. In some instances, the unique marker may be determined, for example, based on the unique marker's properties. Fig.14 and Fig.15 The example process 1400, 1500 or other types of processes shown may generate a unique code to obtain the properties of a unique marker. In some examples, orientation information (e.g., Fig.12 and Fig.13 The properties of the unique marker can be obtained by visual or optical inspection of the integrity of the unique marker.

[0099] Fig.14 1 is a flow chart schematically illustrating an example process 1400 for using orientation information extracted from an object. The example process 1400 may include additional or different operations (including operations performed by additional or different entities), and these operations may be performed in the order shown or in other orders. In some cases, Fig.14 One or more of the operations shown may be implemented as a process that includes multiple operations, sub-processes, or other types of routines performed by one or more systems. For example, in some instances, the Figure 1A , Figure 1B , Figure 2A , Figure 2B , Figures 3 to 8 , Fig.9A , Fig. 9B , Fig.10 , Fig.11A , Fig. 11B , Fig.12 , Fig.13 or Fig.15 The systems, components and processes shown are performed Fig.14 One or more of the example operations shown may be combined, performed in parallel, iterated or otherwise repeated, or performed in other ways in some cases.

[0100] Fig.14 An example process 1400 performed by three entities (a first entity 1402, a second entity 1404, and a third entity 1406) is shown. Fig.14 The entities shown may represent different entities in a manufacturing process, an industrial process, a supply chain, a distribution channel, a financial process, a corporate workflow, or other types of processes. Fig.14 As shown, each entity obtains a unique code from an element of the same object, and then the entity uses the unique code.

[0101] In some cases, the objects in the example process 1400 may be or include, for example, a unique identifier (UM) of the type described above. For example, in some implementations, an object may be Figure 1A The sports shoe 101 or the unique marker 103a shown, Figure 4 The unique marker 401 shown, Fig.12 The item 1202 or unique marker 1201 shown, Fig.13 The unique item 1301 or unique marker 1303 shown. In some cases, the object can be or include other types of unique markers (UM) or other types of systems, devices, or components (including UM). In some cases, the object can be or include an anti-destruction device that can be used to verify the integrity of the structure.

[0102] In some examples, the first entity 1402 is a component manufacturer, the second entity 1404 is a system manufacturer, and the third entity 1406 is a retail distributor. The object can be a component (or part of a component) manufactured by the first entity 1402, and the second entity 1404 can incorporate the component from the first entity 1402 into a product sold or distributed by the third entity 1406. The second entity 1404 and the third entity 1406 can use the unique code, for example, to track and trace the component or authenticate the source, type or other attributes of the component. As an example, the component can be a battery, a chipset, or other part for a consumer electronic device, a medical device, etc.

[0103] In some examples, first entity 1402 is a manufacturer or printer of business documents, and second entity 1404 and third entity 1406 are financial institutions. The object may be a business document (or a portion of a business document) produced by first entity 1402. The unique code may be used, for example, to authenticate the source, type, or other attributes of the business document. Examples of business documents include cash, coins and other currency or paper money, checks, bonds, stock certificates, etc.

[0104] In some examples, the first entity 1402 is a manufacturer of a drug, medical device, or healthcare equipment, the second entity 1404 is a distributor, and the third entity 1406 is a healthcare provider. The object can be a drug, medical device, or healthcare equipment (or packaging or components of a drug, medical device, or healthcare equipment) manufactured by the first entity 1402 and distributed to a healthcare institution by the second entity 1404. The second entity 1404 and the third entity 1406 can use a unique code, for example, to authenticate the source, type, intended recipient (e.g., a specific patient), or other attributes of the medical device or healthcare equipment. As an example, the medical device can be a prosthetic organ device or implant manufactured or distributed for a specific patient.

[0105] In some examples, the first entity 1402 is a manufacturer of containers (e.g., vials, bottles, bins, containers, etc.), and the second entity 1404 places some contents into the containers and entrusts these containers to the third entity 1406 for storage, analysis, transportation, processing, or other purposes. The object can be a container (or a portion of a container) manufactured by the first entity 1402 and provided to the second entity 1404. For example, the second entity 1404 and the third entity 1406 can use a unique code to authenticate the identity or contents of each individual container. As an example, a unique code can be used to authenticate a biological sample of an individual patient, the type of prescription drug, or other sensitive contents. As another example, a unique code can be used to verify the anti-tampering component of a container, such as to determine whether the container or its contents have been damaged.

[0106] In some examples, the unique code can be used to verify that the object is authorized to be handled or used by a particular entity or group of entities (eg, entities in a particular geographic area or entities with appropriate credentials).

[0107] At 1410, the first entity 1402 manufactures an object. In some implementations, at 1410, other entities (except Fig.14 The first entity 1402, the second entity 1404, or the third entity 1406 shown manufactures the object and then provides the object to the first entity 1402. The object can be manufactured by multiple entities in multiple locations, and the manufacturing performed at 1410 can represent one manufacturing process within the overall manufacturing workflow.

[0108] exist Fig.14 In the example shown, when the object is manufactured, a distribution of elements is formed in the object. In some cases, the manufacturing process can control the density, sparseness or number of elements in the object. In some examples, the elements are diamond particles, and the object can be manufactured to have less than a threshold percentage (e.g., less than 20%, less than 10%, less than 1%, etc.) of the diamond particles filling the volume of the object. In some cases, the density (e.g., mass density, volume density) of the elements in the object is controlled in a manner that enables individual elements to be identified by an imaging system, such as causing a fluorescent image of the object to contain a sparse constellation of diamond particles.

[0109] Here, the element distribution can be formed as the suspension of the element on the two-dimensional surface of the object, or as the suspension of the element in the three-dimensional volume of the object, or both. In some cases, the suspension of the element is formed in the object by distributing the element on the surface (e.g., the outer surface, the inner surface, or both) of the object. In some cases, the suspension of the element is formed in the object by distributing the element in the medium of the object (e.g., in the material made of the object). For example, the element can be fixedly positioned so that the element remains static relative to each other and relative to the medium of the object. For example, the suspension of the element can be a static spatial distribution of the element, in which the relative positioning, orientation, size, magnetic environment and other properties of the element can remain fixed. In some implementations, as long as the shape and structure of the object remain unchanged, the element is fixedly positioned; and the position of the element can be modified, for example, by deforming the object or otherwise changing the object to modify the relative positioning, orientation, size, magnetic environment and other properties of the element.

[0110] In some examples, the element is diamond particles, and when the object is manufactured at 1410, a suspension of diamond particles is formed in the object. The suspension of diamond particles may be Figure 3 The type of main material 301 shown or other types of distribution. The suspension of diamond particles can be formed, for example, by using a manufacturing system of a source material containing diamond particles. For example, the manufacturing system can include an injection molding system, an additive manufacturing system, a printer, a coating application system, a saw, a lathe, a grinder (mill), and other manufacturing systems. In some cases, the manufacturing system can also include a mixer or other types of systems that mix or otherwise distribute diamond particles into the source material.

[0111] The suspension of diamond particles can be formed, for example, by distributing the diamond particles on the surface of the object. For example, by mixing the diamond particles into a liquid, gas or other fluid medium and applying the liquid, gas or other fluid medium to the surface of the object, the diamond particles can be distributed on the surface of the object. In some cases, the diamond particles can be mixed with an aerosol coating in a pressurized container, and the aerosol coating can be sprayed onto the surface (inner surface, outer surface or both) of the object. In some cases, the diamond particles can be mixed with latex-based paints, oil-based paints, or other types of coatings that are brushed, rolled, sprayed or otherwise applied to the surface (inner surface, outer surface or both) of the object. In some cases, the diamond particles can be distributed on the surface of the object by spin coating or dip coating processes used in semiconductor manufacturing.

[0112] The diamond particles may be distributed on the surface of the object, for example, by mixing the diamond particles into a conformal coating material and applying the conformal coating material to the surface of the object. The conformal coating material may include acrylic, silicone, urethane, or parylene materials or other types of materials commonly applied to electronic components (e.g., printed circuit boards, etc.). The conformal coating material may be sprayed, brushed, or otherwise applied to the surface (interior surface, exterior surface, or both) of the object.

[0113] The diamond particles may be distributed on the surface of the object, for example, by mixing the diamond particles into a toner or ink material (e.g., into a printer cartridge) and printing the toner or ink material onto the object. The toner or ink material may include materials of the type commonly used in inkjet printers, laser printers, etc. The toner or ink material may be printed, for example, by a conventional printer or other type of system onto paper, fabric, or other material that forms all or part of the object.

[0114] The suspension of diamond particles can be formed, for example, by distributing diamond particles in a material and forming an object from the material. For example, by mixing diamond particles into a liquid, gas or other fluid medium and forming an object from the liquid, gas or other fluid medium, diamond particles can be distributed in a material. For example, diamond particles can be mixed with a source material (e.g., a liquid or resin thermoplastic material, a molten glass material, a molten metal material, etc.), and the source can be used in an injection molding process or an additive manufacturing process to form an object. In a typical injection molding process, the heated source material is injected into a cavity defined by a mold at high pressure, and the source material is made to conform to the mold, then cooled and hardened into the shape of the cavity. In a typical additive manufacturing process, the source material is deposited in continuous layers according to a computer model, and these layers are constructed to form an object. The additive manufacturing process can be carried out, for example, by a conventional 3D printer or other types of systems.

[0115] The diamond particles may be mixed with a source material (e.g., a liquid or resinous thermoplastic material, a molten glass material, a molten metal material, etc.), and the source may be cooled or otherwise processed to form a solid workpiece from which the object is formed. For example, the workpiece may be a plastic, metal, or other type of solid workpiece, and the object may be formed by removing (e.g., cutting, filing, sanding, milling, drilling, stamping, machining, etc.) material from the workpiece. In some cases, conventional equipment processes (e.g., sawing, filing, turning, milling, drilling, etc.) may be used to machine the workpiece, for example, in a subtractive manufacturing process.

[0116] At 1412, the first entity 1402 obtains a unique code from an element of the object. For example, when the element is a diamond particle, the first entity 1402 may use a suspension of the diamond particles to generate a unique code for the object. The first entity 1402 may, for example, generate a unique code based on Fig.15 The example process 1500 shown or other types of processes are used to obtain a unique code. In some examples, the unique code can be based on orientation information extracted from the object (e.g., Fig.12 The orientation information 1206 shown, Fig.13 The object information may include the orientation information 1306 shown) or other types of element information (e.g., magnetic environment information, terrain information, positioning information, etc.) (e.g., the unique code may be the orientation information and other types of element information, the unique code may include the orientation information and other types of element information, the unique code may be derived from the orientation information and other types of element information, etc.). In some implementations, the unique code is obtained by a scanner system for extracting the element information and a computer system for generating the unique code based on the element information. For example, when the object includes a suspension of diamond particles, the element information may describe the orientation, positioning, magnetic environment, or size of each diamond particle in the suspension, or the object information may describe any combination of these properties of each diamond particle in the suspension.

[0117] At 1414, the second entity 1404 obtains the object. The second entity 1404 may obtain the object directly from the first entity 1402, or indirectly through an intermediary entity. For example, the object may be handled by a delivery service, customs or official transport, other entities in a supply chain, etc. In some cases, the object may pass through one or more intermediary owners, trustees, or other entities between the first entity 1402 and the second entity 1404 over a period of days, months, or years.

[0118] At 1416, the second entity 1404 obtains the unique code from the element of the object. The second entity 1404 may, for example, Fig.15The second entity 1404 may obtain the unique code using the example process 1500 shown or other types of processes. In some implementations, the second entity 1404 obtains the unique code using the same process as the first entity 1402 used to obtain the unique code. For example, the second entity may have access to the same type of scanner equipment and may obtain the unique code through a protocol known to both the first entity 1402 and the second entity 1404.

[0119] In some cases, the protocol for obtaining a unique code from an object includes parameters (e.g., magnetic field strength, lighting intensity, scanner settings, or other types of parameters), and the unique code generated by executing the protocol depends on the properties of the object and the values ​​of these parameters. In some cases, the first entity 1402 selects the value of the parameter (the first entity (at 1412) uses the value to extract the unique code), and the second entity 1404 (at 1416) uses the same value to extract the unique code. For example, the value can be provided with the object, obtained separately from the first entity 1402, received from a trusted third party, obtained from a public database, or otherwise obtained by the second entity 1404. In some cases, the second entity 1404 independently selects the value of the parameter used by the second entity (at 1416) to extract the unique code, such as by randomly selecting the value, by using a predefined value, or otherwise independently of the value used by the first entity (at 1412) to obtain the unique code.

[0120] In some instances, the first entity 1402 and the second entity 1404 obtain the same unique code at 1412 and 1416, respectively. For example, when the elements of the object have not been altered and the extraction protocol is executed correctly, the unique code obtained by the second entity 1404 (at 1416) may be the same as the unique code obtained by the first entity 1402 (at 1412). In some instances, the first entity 1402 and the second entity 1404 obtain different unique codes at 1412 and 1416, respectively. For example, when the elements of the object have been altered or the extraction protocol is executed incorrectly, the unique code obtained by the second entity 1404 (at 1416) may be different from the unique code obtained by the first entity 1402 (at 1412).

[0121] At 1418, the second entity 1404 uses the unique code. In some implementations, the unique code is used in a process for authenticating an object, tracking an object, verifying the integrity of an object, or other types of processes related to an object. As an example, the unique code may be Fig.13 1301. In some implementations, the unique code may be used in processes that are not object-related in some cases. In some instances, the unique code may be used as a quality metric, a safety metric, and an inventory management tool. In some cases, the unique code may be used to demonstrate regulatory compliance or for other purposes.

[0122] In some implementations, at 1418, the second entity 1404 communicates with the first entity 1402 (or other entity) to use the unique code. In some cases, the first entity 1402 and the second entity 1404 communicate directly with each other, for example, through a communication channel or a direct communication link. Example communication channels include wired or wireless connections (e.g., radio connections, optical connections, or electrical connections, etc.), wired or wireless networks (e.g., local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), private networks, public networks (such as the Internet, etc.), peer-to-peer networks, cellular networks, Wi-Fi networks, etc.), other physical connections (e.g., pneumatic tubes, acoustic media, etc.), etc. In some cases, the first entity 1402 and the second entity 1404 communicate with each other indirectly, for example, by accessing a common database or other resource, through an intermediate entity, through a managed channel, or otherwise. In some implementations, the use of the unique code at 1418 does not require the second entity 1404 to communicate with the first entity 1402 or any other entity. For example, the unique code may be used in a process performed internally by the second entity 1404 (eg, a security process or other type of process).

[0123] In some implementations, a unique code is used in the authentication process. For example, the second entity 1404 may execute Fig.16 The operations of requester 1602 in the example process 1600 are shown. In some cases, the authentication process includes or is implemented as, for example, a challenge-response process (such as Fig.17 1700, etc.). The authentication process can be used for anti-counterfeiting, integrity verification, identity verification, chain of custody verification, or other purposes. The authentication process can produce an output indicating the authenticity of the object, for example, as a binary ("pass" or "fail") or as a graded value (e.g., as a percentage, likelihood, or probability).

[0124] For anti-counterfeiting, unique codes can be used to authenticate objects, for example to determine whether the claimed source, grade, type, or quality of the object is genuine (i.e., authentic) or counterfeit (i.e., inauthentic). Product manufacturers can authenticate product components, for example to determine whether product components are manufactured by a specific component manufacturer. Retailers can authenticate branded products, for example to determine whether branded products are produced by an indicated brand source or authorized manufacturer. Banks can authenticate monetary items, for example to determine whether monetary items are issued by a specific financial institution or government. Authentication processes can be used for other types of anti-counterfeiting.

[0125] For integrity verification, a unique code can be used to authenticate an object, e.g., to determine whether the object has remained intact (i.e., authentic) or has been damaged or destroyed (i.e., inauthentic). A distributor or end user can authenticate a product, e.g., to determine whether a product seal has been tampered with, a component has been removed or replaced (e.g., if a mounting screw has been tampered with), or an object has been otherwise tampered with. A pharmacy can authenticate a compound, e.g., to determine whether a package or container has been tampered with. The authentication process can be used for other types of integrity verification.

[0126] For identity verification, a unique code can be used to authenticate an object, e.g., to determine whether the object is associated with a particular identity or identifier of a person or other entity (e.g., a corporate entity, a government entity, etc.). A hospital can authenticate a prescription drug container, e.g., to determine whether the contents are associated with a particular prescription or patient. A healthcare provider can authenticate a prosthetic device or implant, e.g., to determine whether the device or implant is associated with a particular patient or surgery. The authentication process can be used for other types of identity verification.

[0127] For chain of custody verification, a unique code can be used to authenticate that an object has been in the possession of one or more entities. Corporate entities can verify the chain of custody of sensitive products or information, for example to ensure confidentiality before deployment in a secure internal process. Law enforcement entities can verify the chain of custody of physical evidence, for example to ensure the integrity of an investigation. Authentication processes can be used for other types of chain of custody verification.

[0128] The authentication process may produce a result that the second entity 1404 can act upon. As an example, if the authentication process indicates (e.g., using a binary indicator, using a rating above an acceptable threshold, etc.) that the object is authentic, the second entity 1404 may accept and deploy the object. For example, a component may be installed, medication may be administered, a financial instrument may be accepted as payment, etc. As another example, if the authentication process indicates (e.g., using a binary indicator, using a rating below an acceptable threshold, etc.) that the object is not authentic, the second entity 1404 may reject or quarantine the object. For example, a component may be returned, medication may be disposed of, a financial instrument may be declined as payment, etc.

[0129] In some implementations, the unique code is used in cryptographic processing. For example, a key (e.g., a private key, a shared secret, etc.) or other value (e.g., the unique code can be used as a secret key or used to derive a key) for cryptographic processing can be generated based on the unique code. The unique code can be used for message authentication (e.g., signing, verification), message encryption (e.g., encryption, decryption), key derivation (e.g., generating session keys, temporary keys, etc.), and other cryptographic applications.

[0130] In some implementations, the first entity 1402 and the second entity 1404 may use a unique code as a shared secret, such as a type of shared secret generated by a cryptographic key agreement algorithm (e.g., Diffie-Hellman, quantum key distribution (QKD), or other algorithms). The second entity 1404 may use the shared secret in an encrypted communication session over a public channel, such as to encrypt a message to the first entity 1402 or to decrypt a message from the first entity 1402. The second entity 1404 may use the shared secret in an authenticated communication session over a public channel, such as to sign a message to the first entity 1402 or to verify a message from the first entity 1402.

[0131] In some implementations, the second entity 1404 can use the unique code as a private key and generate a related public key, such as for use in a public key infrastructure (PKI) system. For example, the second entity 1404 can use the private key to decrypt messages that have been encrypted by other entities using the public key. As another example, other entities can use the public key to verify messages that have been signed by the second entity 1404 using the private key. Example PKI systems include RSA-based systems and elliptic curve systems, among others.

[0132] In some implementations, the object is used as (or connected to) a ledger (e.g., a secure ledger, a public ledger, a distributed ledger, or other type of ledger), and the unique code is used as (or used to generate) an entry or update in the ledger. For example, a first unique code obtained by the first entity 1402 (at 1412) can represent a first entry in the ledger, and a different second unique code obtained by the second entity 1404 (at 1416) can represent a different second entry in the ledger. In some cases, the second entity 1404 modifies the object before obtaining the unique code at 1416, which causes the second entity 1404 to obtain a different second unique code at 1416. For example, the second entity 1404 can change the orientation of one or more elements of the object so that the orientation information extracted from the object produces a different unique code.

[0133] At 1420, the third entity 1406 obtains the object. The third entity 1406 may obtain the object directly from the second entity 1404, or indirectly through one or more intermediate entities.

[0134] At 1422, the third entity 1406 obtains a unique code from an element of the object. The third entity 1406 may, for example, Fig.15The example process 1500 shown or other types of processes are used to obtain a unique code. In some implementations, the third entity 1406 obtains the unique code using the same process as the first entity 1402 or the second entity 1404 (or both) used to obtain the unique code. In some instances, the first entity 1402, the second entity 1404, and the third entity 1406 obtain the same unique code at 1412, 1416, and 1422, respectively. For example, when the elements of the object have not been altered and the extraction protocol is executed correctly, the unique code obtained by the third entity 1406 (at 1422) can be the same as the unique code obtained by the first entity 1402 (at 1412) and the second entity 1404 (at 1416). In some instances, one or more of the first entity, the second entity, and the third entity obtain different unique codes from other entities.

[0135] At 1424, the third entity 1406 uses the unique code. The third entity 1406 (at 1424) may use the unique code obtained at 1422 in a manner similar to how the second entity 1404 (at 1418) used the unique code obtained at 1416. In some implementations, at 1424, the third entity 1406 communicates with the first entity 1402 or the second entity 1404 (or other entity) to use the unique code. For example, an authentication process may be performed between the third entity 1406 and the first entity; the authentication process may be performed directly between the third entity 1406 and the first entity 1402, or through an intermediate entity (e.g., the second entity 1404 or other entity). In some cases, the process 1400 is extended to additional entities in a similar manner.

[0136] Fig.15 1 is a flow chart schematically illustrating an example process 1500 for generating a unique code for an object. The example process 1500 may include additional or different operations, and the operations may be performed in the order shown or in other orders. In some cases, the operations may be combined, performed in parallel, iterated or otherwise repeated, or performed in other ways.

[0137] In some cases, Fig.15 One or more of the operations shown may be performed by, for example, a scanner system such as Figure 4The scanner system can be implemented by, for example, a scanner as shown or other types of scanner systems. The scanner system can be configured to extract information from the sample by, for example, applying a stimulus to the sample and recording the sample's response to the stimulus. The scanner system may include one or more detectors for applying the stimulus or recording the sample's response (or both). For example, the scanner system may include an illumination source (e.g., a laser light source or other light source), optical components (e.g., lenses, mirrors, filters, amplifiers, etc.), optical sensors, cameras (e.g., CMOS cameras, CCD cameras, or other types of cameras), signal generators (e.g., RF signal generators, microwave signal generators, etc.), coils and antennas, magnet systems (e.g., electromagnets, superconducting magnets, etc.), and other components, which may be based on Fig.14 Examples shown or arranged otherwise.

[0138] In examples where the scanner system is configured to inspect color centers of diamond particles, the scanner system includes one or more detectors, wherein the detectors are configured to obtain a fluorescent image of the sample, for example, by applying illumination to the sample and detecting a fluorescent response of an object (e.g., within an applied static magnetic field, an applied electrostatic field, etc.). In some examples, the scanner system also includes one or more detectors, wherein the detectors are configured to obtain magnetic resonance properties of the sample, for example, by positioning the sample in an external magnetic field, applying a radio or microwave pulse to the sample, and detecting a response of the object to the pulse. In some examples, the scanner system also includes a sample region where the sample resides while the sample is inspected by the scanner system.

[0139] In some cases, Fig.15 One or more than one of the operations shown is implemented by a computer system. For example, a scanner system that extracts information from a sample may include a processor for analyzing the extracted information. Additionally or alternatively, the operation may be performed by other computer systems. For example, the information extracted by the scanner system may be communicated to a separate computer system that is different from (and in some cases away from) the scanner system.

[0140] At 1502, an object is received. For example, the object may be received in a sample area of ​​a scanner system. The object received at 1502 is a physical object including elements (e.g., elements integrated into the structure of the object or otherwise distributed in the object). The object received at 1502 may be Fig.14 The object may be of the type mentioned in process 1400. For example, the object may be or include a unique marker (UM) or other object including a suspension of an element.

[0141] In some implementations, the object is a manufacturing system or device (e.g., a container, a document, a medical device, etc.). In some implementations, the object is a component of a manufacturing system or device. For example, the object can be a component (e.g., a label, a lid, a seal, or other component) of a container (e.g., a prescription drug container, a biological sample container, an envelope or other document container, a shipping container, etc.), a printed area on a document (e.g., currency, a banknote, or other business document), a portion of a medical device (e.g., a prosthetic device or implant), a label affixed to a retail item or electronic device, etc.

[0142] In some implementations, the object is a macroscopic object, and the element is a microstructure or nanostructure of the object. For example, the element may be a diamond particle, a magnetic particle, a nanorod, a microstructure such as a flake or foil, a molecule exhibiting electronic paramagnetism, a molecule with a finite electric dipole moment, or other types of structures suspended in the object. The object may have a macroscopic size, such as a maximum dimension in the order of millimeters, centimeters, and larger; and the element may have a size that is one or more orders of magnitude smaller than the object, for example, in some cases, the element has a maximum dimension in the order of millimeters, micrometers, and nanometers. In some examples, the element is a crystalline particle fixed in a medium. The crystalline particle may be, for example, a diamond particle with various color centers (e.g., NV centers or other types of color centers), and the medium may be an organic or inorganic material. In some cases, the crystalline particle may be suspended in silicon, glass, thermoplastics (e.g., acrylic, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyethylene), thermosetting polymers (e.g., epoxy resins and polyurethanes), or other types of materials. An object may include hundreds, thousands, millions, or more than millions of elements. The elements may be dispersed throughout all or part of the volume of the object, dispersed over all or part of the surface of the object, or otherwise distributed throughout the object.

[0143] In some implementations, each element has a (internal or external) structure for defining the orientation of the element. For example, the element may have a crystalline structure, and the orientation of the element may be defined by a specific axis (e.g., an axis of symmetry) or a plane of the crystalline structure of the element. As another example, the element may have an elongated structure, and the orientation of the element may be defined by a specific axis (e.g., a major axis) or a plane of the elongated shape of the element. As another example, the element may have an internal feature or structure (e.g., a color center), and the orientation of the element may be defined by a specific axis (e.g., an NV axis) or a plane of the internal feature or structure of the element.

[0144] In some implementations, individual elements are fixed in the object relative to other elements in the object. For example, elements can be fixed in the object so that the relative positioning and orientation of the elements remain fixed as long as the shape and structure of the object remain fixed. Therefore, the object can inherently define the distribution of element properties that can be detected in a repeatable and deterministic manner by detecting individual elements. For example, the suspension of elements can define the distribution of relative spatial orientation, the distribution of relative positioning, the distribution of size and shape, etc. The distribution of element properties can have thousands, millions, or more than millions of independent degrees of freedom that may vary in individual objects.

[0145] In some implementations, some or all of the elemental properties are controlled by highly complex, random, or quasi-random processes, such as thermodynamic processes that occur when the object is manufactured. Therefore, it may be difficult or impractical (or even impossible) to clone or replicate the distribution of elemental properties in an individual object in other objects. Therefore, the distribution of elemental properties can be unique to each individual object and can be used as a unique identifier for the object, similar to a fingerprint or signature.

[0146] At 1504, element information is extracted from the object. The element information may be extracted from the object, for example, by operation of one or more detectors of a scanner system. The element information may include or the element information may be based on a distribution of element properties defined by elements of the object. For example, the element information may describe a distribution of relative spatial orientations, a distribution of relative positioning, a distribution of sizes and shapes, or a combination of these.

[0147] In some cases, the subject is imaged using optical microscopy (e.g., as described in Figure 4 In some cases, by detecting the magnetic resonance properties of the object (e.g., as described above) and processing the resulting image to extract elemental information. Figure 4 as described) and processes the magnetic resonance data to extract elemental information.

[0148] In some cases, elemental information is extracted by an extraction protocol performed by a scanner system, and the elemental information may depend on the elemental properties and the parameters of the extraction protocol. For example, the parameters of the extraction protocol may be provided as input to a controller or control process (e.g., Figure 4 408 in the main logic module 406). In some cases, the element information extracted from the object does not necessarily depend on the parameters of the extraction protocol. For example, since the orientation is fixed, two different extraction protocols for identifying the orientation of the same elements (e.g., all elements or the same subset of elements) can produce the same orientation information. And the element information can be defined in a standardized or predefined format that can be invariant under the global rotation of the object.

[0149] In some implementations, extracting element information includes extracting orientation information from the object, wherein the orientation information indicates the relative spatial orientation of each element of the object. The orientation information can be formatted as a list, an array, or other format. In some cases, the orientation information includes a coordinate transformation for describing the relative spatial orientation of each element. The coordinate transformation can be, for example, a list of transformation matrices, an ordered set of orthogonal rotations (such as Euler decomposition, etc.), or other forms of coordinate transformation. In an example where the elements are diamond particles, the orientation information can be a list of composite transformation matrices (e.g., composite transformation matrices of each diamond particle), and the list of composite transformation matrices can be invariant to the global rotation of the coordinate system of the object.

[0150] In some cases, orientation information and possibly other elemental information (e.g., location information, size information, shape information) is extracted by obtaining an optical response (e.g., a fluorescence response or other type of optical response) to illumination applied to the object. In some cases, the optical response may include Raman scattering or other nonlinear effects (e.g., second harmonic generation, spontaneous parametric down conversion, etc.). In some examples, the fluorescence response may include electromagnetic signals (e.g., Stokes shift and anti-Stokes shift or other nonlinear processes) generated by color centers or other features of the element, for example, in the range of 635nm to 800nm ​​or other wavelengths. A fluorescence image of the object can be generated based on the fluorescence response of the element, and the relative spatial orientation can be determined from the fluorescence image. Figure 5 The image 500 shown represents an example of a monochrome fluorescence image with a 1-bit color depth. Orientation information can be determined based on fluorescence changes of an object (e.g., fluorescence changes of an element detected in response to a change in illumination or field applied to the object). In another example, orientation information can be determined based on the orientation dependence of a nonlinear optical process (e.g., second harmonic generation (SHG)).

[0151] In some cases, orientation information and possibly other elemental information (e.g., magnetic environment information) is extracted, for example, using magnetic resonance techniques such as electron spin resonance (ESR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR), or other types of magnetic resonance techniques. For example, a scanner can obtain a magnetic resonance response to an oscillating electromagnetic field (e.g., radio frequency, microwave frequency, etc.) applied to an object, and a computer system can determine the relative spatial orientation by analyzing the magnetic resonance response. For example, a magnetic resonance response can be obtained by positioning an object in an external magnetic field (e.g., a static external field), applying an oscillating electromagnetic field to the object in the external magnetic field (e.g., applying radio frequency or microwave frequency pulses), and optically detecting magnetic resonance changes of the element in response to relative changes in the external magnetic field (e.g., relative changes in the strength or orientation of the external magnetic field), relative changes in the oscillating electromagnetic field (e.g., relative changes in the amplitude, frequency, or phase of the oscillating electromagnetic field).

[0152] In some implementations, the orientation information can be extracted independently of registering the object, for example, relative to a scanner system. In some cases, the object does not include registration landmarks or orientation fiducials other than the elements themselves. When the orientation information is extracted by applying illumination to the object, the orientation of the elements can be described relative to each other without reference to the illumination angle. Similarly, when the orientation information is extracted by magnetic resonance techniques, the orientation of the elements can be described relative to each other without reference to the angle of the applied magnetic field. Therefore, the orientation information can be invariant to a global rotation of the object's coordinate system.

[0153] When the crystalline particles are diamond particles having individual color centers, orientation information can be extracted by detecting the relative orientation of the color centers. In some cases, the relative orientation can be detected by processing fluorescence images, magnetic resonance data, or other measurements of the object. For example, a coordinate transformation (e.g., a composite transformation matrix representing multiple transformations of the individual diamond particles) can be used to identify (e.g., as with respect to Figure 6 and Figure 7 The composite transformation matrix of the diamond particles may represent a first transformation between the coordinate system of the object and the coordinate system of the diamond particles, and a second transformation between the coordinate system of the diamond particles and the coordinate system of the color centers in the diamond particles. In some examples, each diamond particle includes a single color center (e.g., each individual diamond particle contains a single NV center). In some examples, some or all of the diamond particles include multiple color centers (e.g., each individual diamond particle contains two or more NV centers). When a single diamond crystal includes multiple NV centers, the four-fold symmetry of the diamond lattice means that any one of the four orientations can be selected as a reference to describe the orientation of the particle.

[0154] In some implementations, extracting element information includes extracting positioning information from the object, wherein the positioning information indicates the relative spatial positions of various elements of the object. The positioning information can be formatted as a list, an array, or other format. In some cases, the positioning information includes a list of coordinate vectors describing the relative spatial positions of various elements. In some cases, the relative positioning can be detected by processing fluorescent images, magnetic resonance data, or other measurements of the object. For example, the relative positioning can be detected using a method such as a method for determining the relative spatial positions of various elements of the object. Figure 5 Relative positioning is identified as described or in other ways.

[0155] In some implementations, extracting element information includes extracting topographic information from the object, wherein the topographic information indicates the relative spatial topography (e.g., relative size, relative shape, etc.) of various elements of the object. The topographic information can be formatted as a list, array, or other format. In some cases, the topographic information includes a list of coordinate vectors describing dimensions (e.g., along one or more coordinate axes). In some cases, the topography of the elements can be detected by processing fluorescent images, magnetic resonance data, or other measurements of the object.

[0156] In some implementations, extracting element information includes extracting magnetic environment information from the object, wherein the magnetic environment information indicates the magnetic environment of each element of the object. The magnetic environment information can be formatted as a list, an array, or other formats. In some cases, the magnetic environment information includes a list of coordinate vectors for describing the magnetic field strength (e.g., along one or more than one coordinate axis) experienced by each element. In some cases, the magnetic environment of the element can be detected by processing the magnetic resonance data or other measurement results of the object.

[0157] The element information may indicate properties of the element, for example, in two or three spatial dimensions. For example, orientation information may indicate relative spatial orientation in two or three dimensional space; similarly, topographic information and positioning information may indicate relative positioning, size, shape, etc. in two or three dimensional space. In examples where the elements are crystalline particles fixed in other media of the object, the element information may indicate, for example, relative size, shape, orientation or position of the crystalline particles in two or three spatial dimensions, or a combination of these properties.

[0158] At 1506, a unique code is generated based on the element information. The unique code can be generated, for example, by a processor in the scanner system, by a computer system separate from the scanner system, or a combination thereof. For example, another computer system can obtain element information (orientation information, positioning information, terrain information, magnetic environment information, or a combination of these) and generate a unique code.

[0159] In some implementations, a unique code is generated based on orientation information extracted from an object by a scanner system, and the unique code is independent of any alignment or relative orientation between the object and the scanner system. For example, the orientation information can be processed independently of the relative orientation between the object and the scanner system. When the orientation information is extracted by applying illumination to the object, the unique code can be determined without reference to the angle at which the illumination is applied to the object. Similarly, when the orientation information is extracted by magnetic resonance techniques, the unique code can be determined without reference to the angle at which an external (static or oscillating) magnetic field is applied to the object.

[0160] In some implementations, a unique code is generated based on element information that represents only a subset of elements in an object. For example, an object may include a superset of elements, and the element information used to generate a unique code may represent only a subset of elements (less than all elements).

[0161] In some cases, the element information extracted at 1504 indicates properties of only a subset of elements, and a unique code is generated at 1506 based on all of the element information extracted at 1504. For example, the element subset may be elements that respond to stimuli within a specific range of field strength, frequency, polarization, etc. As an example, when the elements are diamond particles, a camera may be used to observe only diamond particles that have an optical response to a specific frequency band (e.g., 2.77 to 2.79 gigahertz (GHz) or other frequency bands).

[0162] In some cases, the element information extracted at 1504 indicates properties of all elements in a superset, and a unique code is generated at 1506 based on a subset of the element information extracted at 1504. For example, a subset of orientation information (indicating relative spatial orientations of a subset of elements) may be identified from the full set of element information so that a unique code may be generated based only on the relative spatial orientations of the subset. The subset of elements may be elements in a particular area of ​​an object, elements that produce a particular signal strength, or other subset of elements.

[0163] The unique code may include information in any suitable form or format, and may be generated by processing the element information in any suitable manner. For example, the unique code may be binary or alphanumeric, or the unique code may include other types of symbols or values. The unique code may be formatted as a single value or a set of values ​​(e.g., a list, an array, etc.) or other formats. As an example, when the orientation information includes a list of coordinate transformations, the list may be processed or reformatted to define the unique code. In some cases, a function or transformation is applied to the element information to generate the unique code.

[0164] In the example process 1500, the unique code generated at 1506 is unique to the object. For example, the unique code can be defined by parameters in phase space that are large enough in a practical sense so that no two objects will produce the same code. For example, the size of the phase space can be defined by the number of degrees of freedom in the element information extracted from the object. The probability that other objects (made using the same materials, by the same process, etc.) will occupy the same position in the phase space may be infinitesimal. In some cases, it would be impractical to generate other objects that would occupy the same position in the phase space and produce the same code.

[0165] At 1508, the object can be modified. For example, modifying the object can change the relative spatial orientation or spatial positioning (or both) of at least some elements. For example, after modifying the object 1508 or in other instances, the process 1500 can be repeated. In some cases, in a first iteration of the process 1500, a first unique code for the object is generated; in a second iteration of the process 1500, a different second unique code is generated for the same object based on the orientation information extracted from the object after the relative spatial orientation is changed. In some cases, the relative spatial orientation of the elements can be used as a secure or public ledger of information related to the object. For example, changing the spatial orientation (by modifying the object at 1508) can be associated with an update to the ledger.

[0166] Fig.16 1 is a flow chart schematically illustrating an example process 1600 for analyzing an object. The example process 1600 may include additional or different operations (including operations performed by additional or different entities), and these operations may be performed in the order shown or in other orders. In some cases, the operations may be combined, performed in parallel, iterated or otherwise repeated, or performed in other ways. The example process 1600 may be used to authenticate the identity of an object, determine whether an object has been damaged, determine whether an object has been used or activated, determine whether an object has been exposed to environmental stresses, determine whether an object has been subjected to mechanical stress or wear, or other types of object analysis.

[0167] In some cases, Fig.16 The operations shown are performed by one or more computer systems. Fig.16 An example process 1600 performed by a requestor 1602 and an authenticator 1604 is shown. The requestor 1602 and the authenticator 1604 may represent, for example, computer-implemented modules deployed in a single computer system, in different (e.g., different locations, different environments, etc.) computer systems, distributed computing systems, or processes of different entities (e.g., in a manufacturing process, an industrial process, a supply chain, a distribution channel, a financial process, a corporate workflow, or other types of processes). As an example, the requestor 1602 may represent a Fig.13The processing performed at the destination 1300 in , and the authenticator 1604 can be represented in Fig.13 As another example, requester 1602 may represent processing performed at authenticator 1350 in Fig.14 , and the authenticator 1604 may represent the processing performed at the second entity 1404 in Fig.14 Processing performed at the first entity 1402 in .

[0168] The requester 1602 and the authenticator 1604 communicate with each other during the process 1600. In some implementations, the requester 1602 and the authenticator 1604 communicate directly with each other, for example, through a communication channel or a direct communication link. In some implementations, the requester 1602 and the authenticator 1604 communicate with each other indirectly, for example, by accessing a common database or otherwise.

[0169] Fig.16 The illustrated example process 1600 utilizes information extracted from a physical object. In some cases, Fig.16 The objects mentioned in the example process 1600 may be or include the above-mentioned types of unique markers (UM), Fig.14 In processing 1400, an object of the type mentioned in Fig.15 In some implementations, the extracted information includes element information indicating properties of individual elements of the object (eg, orientation information indicating relative spatial orientation of the individual elements).

[0170] The example process 1600 may also utilize an object identifier and potentially other information associated with a physical object. The object identifier may be, for example, a serial number of the object, a part number of the object, or an identity of the source, grade, type, or quality of the object. The object identifier may be, for example, an identity or identifier of a person or other entity associated with the object (e.g., name, address, phone number, user name, social security number, etc.).

[0171] Before or during process 1600, a unique code is generated based on element information extracted from the object and associated with the object identifier of the object. Fig.15 The unique code is generated in the same manner as the unique code is generated in the process 1500 shown. The object identifier and the unique code may be associated, for example, by storing the object identifier and the unique code in a secure database or in other ways. For example, the object identifier may be Fig.12 In the sequence number 1207, the element information can be Fig.12 The orientation information 1206 in the Fig.12 Secure data storage 1208 (or Fig.13The object identifier and the element information are linked in the secure database 1351 in the , so that the object identifier and the element information are associated. The object identifier and the unique code can be associated in other ways.

[0172] In some implementations, the additional information is stored in a secure database or otherwise associated with the object identifier and unique code. For example, scanner settings used by a scanner system to extract element information can be associated with the object identifier and unique code. The scanner settings can, for example, include parameter values ​​used in an extraction protocol performed on an object.

[0173] At 1610, the requestor 1602 obtains the object data. For example, the object data may include a unique code based on the element information extracted from the object by the requestor 1602. The unique code may be or include, for example, a unique code generated by the requestor 1602 as in Fig.15 The object data obtained at 1610 may also include, for example, an object identifier (such as a serial number of the object, etc.). The object data obtained at 1610 may also include challenge-response data or other types of information.

[0174] At 1612, the requester 1602 sends an analysis request to the authentication provider. The analysis request may include or be based on object data including, for example, a unique code and an object identifier. In some cases, the analysis request includes additional information. For example, the analysis request may indicate scanner settings used by a scanner system of the requester 1602 to extract element information.

[0175] At 1614, the authenticator 1604 evaluates the analysis request. The authentication request may be evaluated based on information in a security database or other type of security system accessible to the authenticator 1604. As an example, the authenticator 1604 may use the object identifier from the analysis request (and, in some cases, other information such as scanner settings, etc.) to find a valid unique code previously associated with the object identifier. The authenticator 1604 may then compare the valid unique code to the unique code provided in the analysis request.

[0176] At 1616 , the authenticator 1604 sends an analysis response to the requestor 1602 . Fig.16The analysis response in 1614 includes analysis data indicating the result of the evaluation performed at 1614. The analysis response can indicate the result as a binary value. For example, the analysis data can indicate that the comparison produces a match (e.g., the valid unique code in the database matches the unique code provided in the analysis request completely or matches within a certain tolerance), which can mean that the object is authentic, has not been destroyed, has not been used or activated, has not been exposed to environmental stress, has not been subjected to mechanical stress or wear, etc.; or the analysis data can indicate that the comparison does not produce a match (e.g., the valid unique code in the database does not match the unique code provided in the analysis request completely or does not match within a certain tolerance), which can mean that the object is not authentic, has been destroyed, has been used or activated, has been exposed to environmental stress, has been subjected to mechanical stress or wear, etc. The analysis response can indicate the result as a grade value. For example, the analysis data can indicate the percentage or degree of matching of the valid unique code with the unique code provided in the analysis request, and the requester 1602 can interpret the grade value based on its own criteria (e.g., with reference to some tolerances or other acceptance criteria).

[0177] Fig.17 1 is a flow diagram schematically illustrating an example challenge-response process 1700. The example process 1700 may include additional or different operations (including operations performed by additional or different entities), and the operations may be performed in the order shown or in other orders. In some cases, the operations may be combined, performed in parallel, iterated or otherwise repeated, or performed in other ways.

[0178] In some cases, Fig.17 The operations shown are performed by one or more computer systems. Fig.17 An example process 1700 performed by a requester 1702 and a validator 1704 is shown. The requester 1702 and the validator 1704 (eg, as computer-implemented modules in one or more computer systems) may be associated with Fig.16 The requester 1602 and the authenticator 1604 in are implemented similarly. As an example, the requester 1702 may be represented in Fig.13 The computer-implemented processing performed at the destination 1300 in the embodiment of the present invention and the validator 1704 can be represented in Fig.13 As another example, requester 1702 may represent a computer-implemented process executed at authenticator 1350 in Fig.14 , and the validator 1704 may represent the processing performed at the second entity 1404 in Fig.14 1402. During process 1700, requester 1702 and verifier 1704 communicate with each other (directly or indirectly).

[0179] Fig.17The illustrated example process 1700 utilizes information extracted from a physical object. In some cases, Fig.17 The objects mentioned in the example process 1700 may be or include the above-mentioned types of unique markers (UM), Fig.14 In processing 1400, an object of the type mentioned in Fig.15 The example process 1700 may also utilize object identifiers and other information potentially related to the physical object.

[0180] The challenge-response process 1700 may be performed as an analytical process (e.g., to authenticate an object, determine whether an object has been compromised, determine whether an object has been used or activated, determine whether an object has been exposed to environmental stresses, determine whether an object has been subjected to mechanical stress or wear, etc.) or for other purposes. In some cases, the challenge-response process 1700 is used where an object is deployed as a physically unclonable function (PUF). For example, when a particular stimulus or challenge is applied to an object, the object may provide a predictable response that is unique to the object and difficult or impractical (or even impossible) to obtain without the object. The response to an individual challenge may, for example, depend on a highly complex internal structure of the object that is difficult or impractical (or even impossible) to replicate or analytically determine. Thus, in some instances, when an object is deployed as a PUF, the object may be used for the same purpose as a one-way function (e.g., a hash function).

[0181] At 1710, the requester 1702 obtains challenge data. For example, the challenge data may indicate an extraction protocol that can be used by a scanner system of the requester 1702 to extract element information from an object. In some cases, the challenge data indicates scanner settings for the extraction protocol. The scanner settings may, for example, include specific parameter values ​​for the scanner system for executing the extraction protocol. In some implementations, the requester 1702 obtains the challenge data from the verifier 1704 or other external source. In some implementations, the requester 1702 generates the challenge data, for example, by randomly selecting a scanner setting, by selecting a predefined set of scanner settings, or otherwise.

[0182] At 1712, the requestor 1702 obtains response data based on the challenge data. The response data may be obtained by querying the object according to the challenge data (e.g., by executing an extraction protocol using a scanner setting indicated by the challenge data). The response data may include a unique code generated based on element information extracted from the object using the challenge data. Fig.15Element information is extracted from the object as in the illustrated process 1500 or otherwise. The response data obtained at 1712 may also include, for example, an object identifier (such as a serial number of the object, etc.).

[0183] At 1714, the requester 1702 sends the response data to the verifier 1704. In some cases, the requester 1702 also sends the challenge data to the verifier 1704. The requester 1702 may also send the object identifier or other information to the verifier 1704.

[0184] At 1716, the verifier 1704 evaluates the response data. The response data may be evaluated based on information in a secure database or other type of secure system accessible to the verifier 1704. As an example, the verifier 1704 may use the challenge data (and, in some cases, other information such as an object identifier, etc.) to find a valid response previously obtained from the object. The verifier 1704 may then compare the valid response (e.g., from the secure database) to the response provided in the response data.

[0185] In some cases, at 1716, the validator 1704 uses a predefined valid response to evaluate the response data. For example, the validator 1704 can access a challenge-response library of the object, wherein each valid response in the challenge-response library is associated with a different challenge. The challenge-response library can be defined before executing the challenge-response process 1700, for example, by querying the object based on different challenge sets or otherwise. In some cases, the validator 1704 generates a valid response during the challenge-response process 1700 based on the challenge data obtained at 1710. For example, the validator 1704 can access the complete element information of the object, which can enable the validator 1704 to calculate a valid response based on the challenge data.

[0186] At 1718 , the validator 1704 sends the validity data to the requestor 1702 . Fig.17 The validity data in indicates the result of the evaluation performed at 1716. The validity data can indicate the result as a binary value. For example, the validity data can indicate that the comparison produced a match (e.g., the valid response in the database matches the response provided in the response data completely or matches within a certain tolerance), which can mean that the response is valid; or the validity data can indicate that the comparison did not produce a match (e.g., the valid response in the database does not match the response provided in the response data completely or does not match within a certain tolerance), which can mean that the response is invalid. The validity data can indicate the result as a grade value (e.g., the percentage or degree to which the valid response matches the provided response), and the requester 1702 can interpret the grade value based on its own criteria (e.g., with reference to some tolerances or other acceptance criteria).

[0187] In some implementations, the unique marker can be shaped to the surface morphology of the object. As an example, Figure 1A The unique marker 103a shown, Figure 4 The unique marker 401 shown, Fig.12 The unique marker 1201 shown, Fig.13 The unique marker 1303 shown, or any other unique marker, may be formed as a surface pattern, texture, or other indentation of an object or item.

[0188] Fig.18A and Fig.18B is a diagram of an example object 1802 with an example unique marker 1804, wherein the example unique marker 1804 is shaped into the surface morphology of the object 1802. Specifically, Fig.18A is a view of an object 1802 having a unique marker 1804 shaped as its surface morphology, and Fig.18B yes Fig.18A An exploded view of the object 1802 and the unique marker 1804 is shown. In some implementations, the object 1802 may be Figure 1A The sports shoes 101 shown, Fig.12 Item 1202 shown, Fig.13 The unique item 1301 shown or any other object or item. In some implementations, the unique marker 1804 can be Figure 1A The unique marker 103a shown, Figure 4 The unique marker 401 shown, Fig.12 The unique marker 1201 shown, Fig.13 The unique marker 1303 shown or any other unique marker. Example object 1802 and unique marker 1804 in Fig.18A and Fig.18B Schematically shown in FIG. 1 , and can generally have any size and shape.

[0189] like Fig.18BAs shown, the surface of object 1802 may include indentations 1803. In some cases, object 1802 may be made of any solid material (metal, plastic, wood, leather, etc.), and indentations 1803 may be made, for example, by stamping, engraving, etching object 1802, or otherwise patterning object 1802. In some examples, indentations 1803 are made for reasons other than carrying unique markers 1804. For example, indentations 1803 may be surface patterns produced by manufacturing processes, natural textures of materials, or other situations. In some instances, surface patterning may be used for aesthetic or functional purposes of object 1802 and for manufacturing of object 1802. In some examples, indentations 1803 are aesthetic features of products (such as decorative surface textures, etc.). In some examples, indentations 1803 are functional features of products (such as company names, logos, or serial numbers embedded in surfaces, etc.), or provide structural benefits to products (e.g., ribs or notches for preventing external wear). In some examples, indentations 1803 are present for further manufacturing. For example, the indentation 1803 may include a patterned engraving on a cylindrical object 1802 (which may be a first substrate) that is used to imprint a particular pattern onto a second substrate or a third substrate (e.g., via a rotogravure or flexographic printing process) to produce a large number of labels of uniform shape and size.

[0190] In some cases, the indentation 1803 can be used to carry a unique marker 1804 that serves as a unique fingerprint for the object 1802. For example, in some implementations, the size and shape of the unique marker 1804 (e.g., the outer surface of the unique marker 1804) is matched to the size and shape of the indentation 1803 (e.g., such that the unique marker 1804 resides within the indentation 1803). In some implementations, the unique marker 1804 is formed in the indentation 1803, such as by filling an etch, groove, cell, or surface pattern of the indentation 1803 with a liquid material that dries to form the unique marker 1804, wherein the unique marker 1804 can serve as a long-term (e.g., permanent) fingerprint for the object 1802.

[0191] Fig.19A is a schematic diagram of an example object 1900 having a dented logo 1903, and Fig.19B , Fig.19C , Fig.19D and Fig.19E 1900 is an illustration of an example process for forming a unique marker 1908 in a dimple logo 1903. The object 1900 may be, for example, a commercial product that includes a dimple logo 1903 or other type of surface morphology. For example, in some implementations, the object 1900 may be Figure 1A The sports shoes 101 shown, Fig.12 Item 1202 shown, Fig.13 The only item shown is 1301, Fig.18A and Fig.18B The object 1802 shown, or any other object or item. In some implementations, the indentation logo 1903 can be Fig.18B The indentation 1803 shown, and the unique marker 1908 may be Figure 1A The unique marker 103a shown, Figure 4 The unique marker 401 shown, Fig.12 The unique marker 1201 shown, Fig.13 The unique marker 1303 shown, Fig.18A and Fig.18B The unique marker 1804 shown, or any other unique marker.

[0192] Fig.19B , Fig.19C , Fig.19D and Fig.19E A cutaway cross-sectional view of a portion of an object 1900 having a debossed logo 1903 is shown. Specifically, Fig.19B , Fig.19C , Fig.19D and Fig.19E Shown along Fig.19A The cross-sectional view of the line AA shown in FIG. Fig.19B As shown, the object 1900 includes a substrate 1902, wherein the substrate 1902 is patterned to form a dimple logo 1903. In some implementations, the dimple logo 1903 can be formed via stamping, engraving, etching, or otherwise patterning the substrate 1902.

[0193] exist Fig.19C In the present invention, a fluid 1904 (e.g., a liquid or viscous fluid) containing a distribution of elements 1905 (e.g., crystalline particles or other types of elements) is applied to a substrate 1902 to fill (e.g., overfill) a recessed logo 1903. The concentration of the elements 1905 in the fluid 1904 can depend at least in part on the size of the elements and the size of the unique marker being formed. The elements 1905 can be distributed within the fluid 1904 such that the spatial distribution and relative orientation of the elements 1905 within the fluid 1904 are not set until the fluid 1904 has solidified.

[0194] Fluid 1904 can be a liquid resin or other type of liquid material. For example, fluid 1904 can be or include resin, epoxy resin, acrylic acid, urethane, silicone or other liquid resin. In some cases, the resin can be mixed with a solvent (e.g., xylene, toluene, ethyl acetate), ink and other elements (such as silicon dioxide, etc.) for additional functionalization. In some implementations, fluid 1904 can be applied to substrate 1902 by applying a process (e.g., pouring, dipping, roller coating, printing, painting, dripping, coating, spraying, spreading, brushing, etc. on substrate 1902). Fluid 1904 can be applied by any suitable process (e.g., manually, via automated mechanical processing, etc.).

[0195] exist Fig.19D In some examples (such as in Fig.19D ), the planarization process may use a removal instrument 1906 to remove excess material of the fluid 1904 from the surface of the substrate 1902. In some implementations, the removal instrument 1906 may be, for example, or include a scraper, a spatula, a scraper, or other type of removal instrument 1906. Specifically, excess material 1907 of the fluid 1904 is removed from the non-dented portion of the substrate 1902 so that the surfaces of the fluid 1904 within the substrate 1902 and the dented logo 1903 are substantially coplanar. In some instances, a scraping process may be used to remove the excess material 1907 of the fluid 1904. The removed excess material 1907 of the fluid 1904 may be reused or destroyed.

[0196] exist Fig.19E In the embodiment, the fluid 1904 retained within the indented logo 1903 is subjected to a process (e.g., a hardening process) that hardens and solidifies the fluid 1904, thereby forming a unique marker 1908 having elements 1905 arranged with spatial distribution and relative orientation. The fluid 1904 can be solidified, for example, by ordinary drying, curing, by exposure to an energy source (e.g., UV radiation), or other processes that harden and solidify the fluid 1904.

[0197] In some cases, unique marker 1908 may be used as a decorative feature and may be used for authentication, security, verifying the integrity of object 1900, and other applications. Fig.14 and Fig.15The illustrated example process 1400, 1500, or other type of process, extracts a unique code based on the spatial distribution and relative orientation of the elements 1905. In some implementations, the unique marker 1908 has a unique set of features that enable a secondary identification that can be derived using other tools (e.g., spectroscopy via functionalized fluorescent particles, NMR via measuring nuclear spins, dynamic light scattering (DLS) via specific particle size distributions) to enable extraction of batch-level, lot-level, or brand-level information.

[0198] although Fig.19B , Fig.19C , Fig.19D and Fig.19E The illustrated example shows the fluid 1904 being applied after the indentation logo 1903 is created, but in some implementations, the fluid 1904 may be applied to the substrate 1902 by the same process used to create the indentation logo 1903. For example, the fluid 1904 (including the elements 1905) may be applied by applying the fluid 1904 to a die or punch before stamping the die or punch into the substrate 1902 to form the indentation logo 1903.

[0199] Fig. 20A 2 is a schematic diagram of an example flexographic printing system 2000. The example flexographic printing system 2000 can be used to form a unique marker, wherein the unique marker is shaped as a surface morphology of an object. The flexographic printing system 2000 includes a fountain 2002. In some implementations, the fountain 2002 is a container containing a fluid (e.g., a liquid or viscous fluid) 2004, wherein the fluid 2004 contains a distribution of elements (e.g., crystalline particles or other types of elements) for forming a unique marker. The fluid 2004 can be similar to the above description of Fig.19C , Fig.19D , Fig.19E The fluid 1904 described is similar.

[0200] The flexographic printing system 2000 includes a first cylindrical structure 2006 (e.g., an ink fountain roller) at least partially immersed in the fluid 2004. In some implementations, the first cylindrical structure 2006 can be a metal (e.g., steel or copper) cylinder, although other materials (e.g., ceramics) can also be used. During operation of the flexographic printing system 2000, the first cylindrical structure 2006 moves in a first direction (e.g., Fig. 20A ) such that the first cylindrical structure 2006 is rotated counterclockwise in the example so that as the first cylindrical structure 2006 rotates, the fluid 2004 coats the portions of the first cylindrical structure 2006 that are not immersed in the fluid 2004.

[0201] The flexographic printing system 2000 includes a second cylindrical structure 2008 (e.g., an anilox roller) that serves as a carrier for the fluid 2004. In some implementations, the second cylindrical structure 2008 can be a metal (e.g., steel or copper) cylinder, although other materials (e.g., ceramics) can also be used. In some implementations, the outer surface of the second cylindrical structure 2008 includes patterned or etched cells, channels, or other recessed features, wherein these features serve as a carrier for the fluid 2004 (and thus the distribution of elements contained in the fluid 2004). During operation of the flexographic printing system 2000, the second cylindrical structure 2008 is moved in different second directions (e.g., Fig. 20A ) and the fluid 2004 from the first cylindrical structure 2006 fills the etched cells formed on the surface of the second cylindrical structure 2008. In some implementations, the flexographic printing system 2000 includes an optional removal instrument 2010 (e.g., a scraper) that removes excess material of the fluid 2004 from the etched cells formed on the surface of the second cylindrical structure 2008.

[0202] The flexographic printing system 2000 includes a third cylindrical structure 2012 (e.g., a plate cylinder) for holding a printing plate 2014 (e.g., a flexographic plate). In some implementations, the third cylindrical structure 2012 can be a metal (e.g., steel or copper) cylinder, although other materials (e.g., ceramic) can also be used. The printing plate 2014 can be made of a soft, flexible, rubber-like material. In some implementations, a belt, a magnet, a tension belt, a ratchet, or a combination of these can be used to hold the printing plate 2014 against the third cylindrical structure 2012. During operation of the flexographic printing system 2000, the third cylindrical structure 2012 is oriented in a first direction (e.g., Fig. 20A ) and the fluid 2004 in the etching cells of the second cylindrical structure 2008 is transferred to the printing plate 2014.

[0203] The flexographic printing system 2000 includes a fourth cylindrical structure 2016 (e.g., an impression cylinder). In some implementations, the fourth cylindrical structure 2016 can be a metal (e.g., steel or copper) cylinder, although other materials (e.g., ceramic) can also be used. During operation of the flexographic printing system 2000, a substrate 2018 (e.g., metal, plastic, wood, leather, etc.) is placed between the fourth cylindrical structure 2016 and the third cylindrical structure 2012. The fourth cylindrical structure 2016 applies pressure to the third cylindrical structure 2012 and presses the substrate 2018 in a second direction (e.g., Fig. 20A2004) to imprint the substrate 2018 with the indentations and transfer the fluid 2004 to the substrate 2018 so that the fluid 2004 conforms to the morphology of the indentations. In some examples, the substrate 2018 with the fluid 2004 can be cured (e.g., by ordinary drying, exposure to an energy source such as UV radiation, or other treatment) to set the spatial distribution and relative orientation of the elements in the fluid 2004 and form a unique marker. In some implementations, the flexographic printing system 2000 can be used to create a number of patterned unique markers in or on the substrate 2018 next to the normally printed label-free area. The substrate 2018 with the unique marker can then be used to manufacture a product or article.

[0204] As discussed above, the outer surface of the second cylindrical structure 2008 includes etched cells that serve as a carrier for the fluid 2004 . Fig. 20A Also shown is an enlarged top view of some of the cells 2020 etched into the outer surface of the second cylindrical roller 2008. Although the example cells 2020 are Fig. 20A 2004, but in other examples, the cells 2020 can take any shape. Each cell can have a corresponding size (e.g., a corresponding width and a corresponding depth). The size of each cell can depend on at least the following factors: the size of the elements included in the fluid 2004; the portion of the printing plate 2014 used to receive the fluid 2004 from the second cylindrical structure 2008 and imprint the unique marker into the substrate 2018; the size of the (one or more than one) unique marker imprinted into the substrate 2018; and the amount of fluid 2004 required to imprint the substrate 2018. In some cases, the etching cell 2020 can be designed to deliver a specific transfer volume of fluid 2004 to the printing plate 2014. In some instances, there may be a mathematical relationship between the size of the elements included in the fluid 2004 and the minimum cell or pattern width on the second cylindrical structure 2008. For example, in some implementations of the flexographic printing system 2000, each cell 2020 has a width W of up to 300 microns at its widest dimension (e.g., in a range of about 20 microns to about 300 microns). In another example, in some implementations of the flexographic printing system 2000, the system and materials can be designed such that the volume of the cell is at least an order of magnitude larger than the average width (e.g., diameter) of the elements (e.g., a fluid 2004 containing diamond particles having an average width of 10 microns can be compared to a fluid 2004 containing diamond particles having an average width of 10 microns). 3 cells, etc.).

[0205] In some examples, the size and other features of the cells of the flexographic printing system 2000 can be designed to create unique markers with specified properties (e.g., size, shape, spatial density of elements, spatial distribution of elements, etc.). In addition, labeled and unlabeled patterns on the substrate 2018 can be designed by modifying the geometry of the etch cells 2020 to deliver more or less of the labeled material (e.g., fluid 2004). Fig. 20B An enlarged top view of some of the cells 2020 is shown, where the cells 2020 are designed to have different dimensions so that a unique marker having a specified shape (e.g., an X-shape) can be created. For example, individual cells of the first set of cells 2024 have dimensions (e.g., width, depth, or both) that are larger than individual cells of the second set of cells 2026. As a result, the fluid 2004 is able to fill cells from the first set of cells 2024, but not cells from the second set of cells 2026 (e.g., due to their smaller dimensions). In some implementations, the volume of individual cells from the first set of cells 2024 is at least an order of magnitude larger than the average width (e.g., diameter) of the elements (e.g., a fluid 2004 containing diamond particles having an average width of 10 microns can be filled with diamond particles having an average width of 100 microns). 3 cells, etc.).

[0206] Fig.21 2 is a schematic diagram of an example rotogravure printing system 2100. The example rotogravure printing system 2100 can be used to form a unique marker, wherein the unique marker is shaped into the surface morphology of an object. The rotogravure printing system 2100 includes an ink fountain 2102. In some implementations, the ink fountain 2102 is a container containing a fluid (e.g., a liquid or viscous fluid) 2104, wherein the fluid 2104 contains a distribution of elements (e.g., crystalline particles or other types of elements) used to form the unique marker. The fluid 2104 can be similar to the above description of Fig.19C , Fig.19D , Fig.19E The fluid 1904 described is similar.

[0207] The rotogravure printing system 2100 includes a first cylindrical structure 2106 (e.g., a gravure cylinder) at least partially immersed in the fluid 2104. In some implementations, the first cylindrical structure 2106 can be a metal (e.g., steel or copper) cylinder, although other materials (e.g., ceramics) can also be used. During operation of the rotogravure printing system 2100, the first cylindrical structure 2106 (e.g., in the Fig.21 ) so that as the first cylindrical structure 2106 rotates, the fluid 2104 coats the portions of the first cylindrical structure 2106 that are not immersed in the fluid 2104.

[0208] In some implementations, the outer surface of the first cylindrical structure 2106 includes patterned or etched cells, channels, or other recessed features that serve as a carrier for the fluid 2104. During operation of the rotogravure printing system 2100, the first cylindrical structure 2106 rotates, and the fluid 2104 from the first cylindrical structure 2106 fills the etched cells formed on the surface of the first cylindrical structure 2106. In some implementations, the rotogravure printing system 2100 includes an optional removal instrument 2108 (e.g., a scraper) that removes excess material of the fluid 2104 from the etched cells formed on the surface of the first cylindrical structure 2106.

[0209] The rotogravure printing system 2100 includes a second cylindrical structure 2110 (eg, an impression roll). In some implementations, the second cylindrical structure 2110 can be a metal (eg, steel or copper) cylinder, although other materials (eg, ceramics) can also be used.

[0210] During operation of the rotogravure printing system 2100, a substrate 2112 (e.g., metal, plastic, wood, leather, etc.) is placed between the second cylindrical structure 2110 and the first cylindrical structure 2106. The second cylindrical structure 2110 applies pressure to the first cylindrical structure 2106 and (e.g., Fig.21 2104 to the substrate 2112 so that the fluid 2104 conforms to the morphology of the indentation. In some examples, the substrate 2112 with the fluid 2104 can be cured (e.g., by ordinary drying, exposure to an energy source such as UV radiation, or other treatment) to set the spatial distribution and relative orientation of the elements in the fluid 2104 and form a unique marker. In some implementations, the rotogravure printing system 2100 can be used to create a number of patterned unique markers in or on the substrate 2112 next to the normally printed label-free area. The substrate 2112 with the unique marker can then be used to manufacture a product or article.

[0211] Similar to the flexographic printing system 2000, in the rotogravure printing system 2100, the size of each cell may depend on at least the following factors: the size of the elements included in the fluid 2104; the portion of the first cylindrical structure 2106 used to imprint the unique marker into the substrate 2112; the size of the (one or more) unique markers imprinted into the substrate 2112; and the amount of fluid 2104 required to imprint the substrate 2112. Similar to the flexographic printing system 2000, in the rotogravure printing system 2100, there may be a mathematical relationship between the size of the elements included in the fluid 2104 and the minimum cell or pattern width on the first cylindrical structure 2106.

[0212] exist Fig.18A , Fig.18B , Fig.19A , Fig.19B , Fig.19C , Fig.19D , Fig.19E , Fig. 20A , Fig. 20B and Fig.21 In the examples discussed in , a manufacturer can tailor specific features and positioning on a substrate to include a unique marker having a distribution of elements (e.g., crystalline particles or other types of elements) to provide a security fingerprint to the underlying substrate. The unique marker can conform to the indentation of the substrate, allowing a debossed logo or other surface feature to be used as a covert security identifier for a brand, or to hide a label from exposure to physical environmental factors. In some cases, such as in Fig. 20A , Fig. 20B and Fig.21 In some examples, the unique marker can be replicated within an etched cell on a printing roller and used to impart a shaped label to a substrate or printing plate to mass produce labels of a specific shape. In some cases where the product may have random indentations (e.g., as found on the surface of natural materials such as wood and leather), the unique marker can be integrated into creases, cracks, and etchings (e.g., common in many luxury goods). In some implementations, the size of the unique marker produced can, for example, range from microscopic (e.g., with a size of 1 μm) to 2 Up to 1000μm 2 range) to macroscopic (e.g., with a surface area of ​​1 mm 2 Up to 1000mm 2 within the range of the surface area within the range).

[0213] In some implementations, a physically unclonable unique marker is combined with an adhesive / sealant material to establish a unique identity on an underlying object or joint. Fig.22A and Fig. 22B An example of an element distribution embedded on the front surface of a substrate with an adhesive backing is shown. Fig.22A and Fig. 22B In the example of , the unique marker can be similar to a sticker or label (eg, a pre-made "peel-and-stick" label). Fig.22A An example of a single label 2200 is shown prior to its application to an underlying object or joint. Fig. 22B A plurality of (e.g., from) Fig.22A ) Example of a single tag 2200.

[0214] The label 2200 can be a sticker. In some examples, the sticker includes a substrate 2202 having a distribution of elements 2204 (e.g., crystalline particles or other types of elements) formed on a front surface of the substrate 2202. As an example, the substrate 2202 can be paper, plastic, or any suitable flexible substrate for a sticker or tag (e.g., a multi-part sticker or multi-part tag). The substrate 2202 can have a first portion 2202A and a second portion 2202B, both of which can have the elements 2204 distributed therein. Fig.22A In an example, the first portion 2202A and the second portion 2202B are demarcated by a perforation 2203 or a similar boundary. At least a portion of the substrate 2202 may have an adhesive backing (e.g., an adhesive formed on the rear surface of the substrate 2202). For example, the first portion 2202A of the substrate 2202 may have an adhesive backing, while the second portion 2202B of the substrate 2202 may not have an adhesive backing. In another example, both the first portion 2202A and the second portion 2202B of the substrate 2202 may have an adhesive backing. In some implementations, the adhesive may be one or more of the following materials: epoxy, urethane, hot-melt, silicone, polyimide, latex, acrylic, clear-coat, paint, marine grease, ordinary pressure-sensitive adhesive, non-reactive adhesive, thermosetting adhesive, chemically reactive adhesive, and physically reactive adhesive.

[0215] In some examples, the tag 2200 may be analyzed before it is applied to an underlying object or joint. As an illustration, the tag 2200 may be analyzed, for example, based on Fig.14 and Fig.15 The illustrated example process 1400, 1500 or other types of processes generate a unique code to obtain the properties of the tag 2200. In some examples, the unique code can be generated by generating orientation information (e.g., Fig.12 and Fig.13 The properties may be obtained using the orientation information 1206, 1306 or other types of orientation information as shown.

[0216] When the label 2200 is applied to an underlying object or joint, the first portion 2202A (e.g., having an adhesive backing) separates from the second portion 2202B, and the first portion 2202A forms a unique marker 2206. The unique marker 2206 can then be applied to the underlying object or joint. In some implementations, the unique marker 2206 can be analyzed after the unique marker 2206 is applied to the product or joint. Additionally or alternatively, properties of the second portion 2202B of the substrate 2202 (e.g., the remaining portion of the label 2200) can be obtained after the unique marker 2206 is applied to the product or joint. As an illustration, the unique marker 2206 can be analyzed by, for example, according to Fig.14 and Fig.15 The illustrated example process 1400, 1500 or other type of process generates a unique code to obtain the properties of the remainder of the tag 2200 and the unique marker 2206. In some examples, the orientation information (e.g., Fig.12 and Fig.13 The properties of the tag 2200 (obtained before applying the tag 2200 to the underlying object or joint) can be compared with the properties of the unique marker 2206 and the rest of the tag 2200 to analyze the underlying object or joint (e.g., to authenticate identity, provide evidence of tampering, provide evidence of use, provide evidence of exposure to environmental stresses, provide evidence of exposure to mechanical stress or wear, etc.).

[0217] Therefore, in Fig.22A and Fig. 22BIn the example of , a multi-part label or sticker 2200 (e.g., a mark 2202A and a backing 2202B) is shown, wherein when the mark 2202A and the backing 2202B are together, and only (one or more than one) part of the label 2200 (e.g., the mark 2202A) is transferred to the object via the sticker / adhesive, the label 2200 is scannable / registerable, which makes it possible to identify before and after being applied to the underlying object or joint. The remaining part 2202B of the label 2200 (e.g., the backing / non-adhesive part) can also be identified and associated with the application event of the underlying object or joint. As an example, initial orientation information can be extracted from the sticker 2200 before the first part 2202A of the sticker 2200 is applied to the object. The initial orientation information can indicate the relative spatial orientation of each element 2204 across the entire sticker 2200, and an initial unique code (associated with the entire sticker 2200) can be generated based on the initial orientation information. The first portion 2202A can then be separated from the second portion 2202B and placed on the object. Orientation information of the first portion 2202A (on the object) from the sticker 2200 can be extracted, and the orientation information can indicate the relative spatial orientation of the individual elements 2204 of the first portion 2202A of the sticker 2200. A unique code for the object can then be generated based on the orientation information of the first portion 2202A of the sticker 2200. In some implementations, after the first portion 2202A of the sticker 2200 has been placed on the object, second orientation information can be extracted from the second portion 2202B of the sticker 2200. The second orientation information can indicate the relative spatial orientation of the individual elements 2204 of the second portion 2202B of the sticker 2200. A second unique code can then be generated based on the orientation information of the second portion 2202B of the sticker 2200. The second unique code can be associated with the application of the first portion 2202A of the sticker 2200 on the object.

[0218] exist Fig.22A and Fig. 22B In some examples, the elements (eg, crystalline particles or other types of elements) are distributed on the surface of the substrate, and the adhesive is formed on the rear surface of the substrate. However, in other examples, the elements may be distributed within the adhesive itself. Fig.23 An example of an element 2300 being distributed and placed within an adhesive 2302 that is not fully cured is shown. Fig.23 In the example of , adhesive 2302 is uncured or semi-cured and can have a gel-like consistency. In some implementations, adhesive 2302 can be one or more of the following materials: epoxy, urethane, hot melt, silicone, polyimide, latex, acrylic, clear coat, paint, marine grease, ordinary pressure-sensitive adhesive, non-reactive adhesive, thermosetting adhesive, chemically reactive adhesive, and physically reactive adhesive.

[0219] Adhesive 2302 containing a distribution of elements 2300 is sandwiched between liners 2304, 2306. As an example, liners 2304, 2306 can be UV-blocking liner papers. Adhesive 2302 can be used to form a unique marker applied to an underlying object or joint. For example, liners 2304, 2306 can be removed, thereby exposing adhesive 2302. Adhesive 2302 can then be applied to an underlying object or joint. The underlying object or joint (with adhesive 2302) can then be subjected to a hardening process (e.g., ordinary drying, curing, by exposure to an energy source (e.g., UV radiation) or other treatment), wherein the hardening process causes adhesive 2302 to solidify, thereby enabling adhesive 2302 (containing a distribution of elements 2300) to obtain a physically unclonable identity while maintaining its functional purpose (e.g., decorative, informational, protective, etc.) within the design of the underlying object or joint. The unique marker can be obtained by, for example, according to Fig.14 and Fig.15 The exemplary process 1400, 1500 or other types of processes shown may generate a unique code to obtain the properties of the hardened adhesive 2302. In some examples, the unique code may be generated by generating orientation information (e.g., Fig.12 and 13 The properties of the hardened adhesive 2302 can be used to analyze the underlying object or joint (e.g., to authenticate identity, provide evidence of damage, provide evidence of use, provide evidence of exposure to environmental stress, provide evidence of exposure to mechanical stress or wear, etc.).

[0220] exist Fig.22A , Fig. 22B and Fig.23 In the example of , the unique marker can be preformed into a specific shape or cut from a larger label or labelled sheet (which itself can be produced using an extrusion process). In addition, the unique marker can have elastic properties, wherein the elastic properties show evidence of failure via deformation in the event of an attempted removal while maintaining the ability of the unique marker to be successfully identified. The unique marker can also be mass-produced via a manufacturing process for shaping the unique marker into the surface form of the product (e.g., as described above in Fig.18A , Fig.18B , Fig.19A , Fig.19B , Fig.19C , Fig.19D , Fig.19E , Fig. 20A , Fig. 20B and Fig.21 discussed in ).

[0221] In some implementations, the element (e.g., crystalline particles or other types of elements) distribution can be combined with a sealant material (e.g., a coating, potting compound, paint, etc.). The element distribution can be pre-mixed within an uncured sealant material, or added to the surface of an applied but uncured sealant material, and the identity is created during or after the curing process. The sealant material can be applied to the underlying object or joint by various methods, such as spraying, dipping, painting, or extruding, etc.

[0222] Fig.24 An example of both a distribution of elements 2400 and a sealant material 2402 incorporated into a handheld applicator 2404 having a nozzle or tip 2406 is shown. The texture of the surface 2408 on which the handheld applicator 2404 is placed is used to remove material from the handheld applicator 2404 and mark or coat specific areas of the surface 2404 with uncured material, which is subsequently cured to form a unique marker 2410. Fig.24 The example shown may be similar to marine grease incorporated into a pen form-factor with a polymer binder or paint marker.

[0223] In some cases, sealants may be used, for example, to fill small voids of any kind (eg, joints, holes, cracks, crevices, gaps between surfaces, etc.). Fig.25A and Fig.25B Examples of how elements (e.g., crystalline particles or other types of elements) can be distributed and incorporated into sealants to seal joints and electronic device housings are shown. Fig.25A In the example shown, sealant 2500 including a distribution of elements 2502 is applied by sealant applicator 2504 to fill a joint or gap 2506 of an underlying object 2507. The sealant 2500 may be uncured or semi-cured as it fills the joint or gap 2506. The sealant 2500 may then be cured to form a unique marker 2508 for securing the joint or gap 2506. The sealant 2500 may be applied by, for example, a sealant according to Fig.14 and Fig.15 The illustrated example process 1400, 1500 or other types of processes generate a unique code to obtain the properties of the unique marker 2508. In some examples, the orientation information (e.g., Fig.12 and Fig.13 The properties of the unique marker 2508 can be used to analyze the underlying object or joint (e.g., to authenticate identity, provide evidence of damage, provide evidence of use, provide evidence of exposure to environmental stress, provide evidence of exposure to mechanical stress or wear, etc.).

[0224] exist Fig.25B In the example shown, an encapsulant 2510 (e.g., potting compound or resin) containing a distribution of elements 2512 is used to seal an electronic device housing 2514 containing one or more electronic components 2516. The encapsulant 2510 can be uncured or semi-cured as it fills the electronic device housing 2514. The encapsulant 2510 can then be cured to set the spatial distribution and relative orientation of the elements in the encapsulant 2510. The encapsulant 2510 can be cured, for example, according to the Fig.14 and Fig.15 The illustrated example process 1400, 1500 or other types of processes generate a unique code to obtain the properties of the sealant 2510. In some examples, the unique code can be generated by generating orientation information (e.g., Fig.12 and Fig.13 The properties of sealant 2510 can be used to analyze electronics housing 2514 (e.g., to authenticate identity, provide evidence of damage, provide evidence of use, provide evidence of exposure to environmental stress, provide evidence of exposure to mechanical stress or wear, etc.). Analysis of electronics housing 2514 can reveal whether one or more of electronic components 2516 requires service or repair.

[0225] exist Fig.25B In the example of FIG. 2 , elements 2512 are evenly distributed in sealant 2510. However, in other examples (such as Fig.26A and Fig.26B In the example shown, the element 2512 may be distributed in only a portion of the sealant 2510. Fig.26A In FIG. 2 , the element distribution is formed as a conformal coating 2612A on the electronic component 2516, and the (substantially transparent and element-free) encapsulant 2610A is formed over the conformal coating 2612A. Fig.26B In FIG. 2 , an encapsulant 2610B (substantially transparent and element-free) is formed over the electronic component 2516 and the element distribution is formed as a conformal coating 2612B over the encapsulant 2610B.

[0226] Fig.27A and Fig.27B An example process for forming a conformal coating on an underlying substrate or object is shown. Fig.27A In the example of , spray gun 2700 can be used to form a conformal coating of element 2702 on object 2704. In some examples, a sealant containing the element distribution can be placed in cup 2706. The sealant containing the element distribution is then sprayed onto object 2704. In some examples, spray gun 2700 can be shaken while spraying to ensure that the element distribution is dispersed on one or more surfaces of object 2704. Fig.27BIn the example of , a similar process can be used to form a conformal coating of elements on one or more electronic components 2708. For example, an encapsulant 2710 (e.g., a potting compound or resin) containing a distribution of elements can be sprayed (using a spraying device 2712) onto one or more electronic components 2708 to form a conformal coating of elements (e.g., as shown in FIG. Fig.26A ).

[0227] In some examples, a sealant containing a distribution of elements may be used as a gasket, where the gasket may provide evidence of deformation due to pressure changes. Fig.28 An example of a housing 2800 provided with a gasket 2802 having a distribution of elements 2804 is shown. In some implementations, the gasket 2802 is formed of a sealant material including the distribution of elements 2804. The gasket 2802 may deform due to a pressure change. In some implementations, the properties of the gasket 2802 may be analyzed to determine whether the housing 2800 has been exposed to a pressure change. This may be accomplished, for example, based on Fig.14 and Fig.15 The illustrated example process 1400, 1500 or other type of process generates a unique code to obtain the properties of the pad 2802. In some examples, the unique code can be generated by generating orientation information (e.g., Fig.12 and Fig.13 The properties of the liner 2802 can be used to analyze the housing 2800 (e.g., to authenticate identity, provide evidence of damage, provide evidence of use, provide evidence of exposure to environmental stress, provide evidence of exposure to mechanical stress or wear or pressure changes, etc.).

[0228] exist Fig.22A , Fig. 22B , Fig.23 , Fig.24 , Fig.25A , Fig.25B , Fig.26A , Fig.26B , Fig.27A , Fig.27B and Fig.28In the examples shown, a single sealing or coating step can be used to create multiple identification areas on a substrate (e.g., the coating can be used to provide multiple identification points by applying the coating in a single process for added security or for the ability to tag multiple subassemblies). In addition, these examples create a continuous scan area (as opposed to a single scan point) so that the scanner verifies the distribution of elements as it moves across the surface, and changes in the surface coating can be detected as a positioning function, thereby enabling analysis of the underlying object or joint (e.g., to authenticate identity, provide evidence of damage, provide evidence of use, provide evidence of exposure to environmental stresses, provide evidence of exposure to mechanical stresses or wear or pressure changes, etc.).

[0229] Fig.22A , Fig. 22B , Fig.23 , Fig.24 , Fig.25A , Fig.25B , Fig.26A , Fig.26B , Fig.27A , Fig.27B and Fig.28 The example shown also has at least the following features. Stickers or marks can use element distribution to provide unclonable identity for safety and tracking applications. In some instances, element distribution is incorporated into uncured adhesive / sealant material and cured when applied, thereby establishing identity. (For example, when used in the coating on a vehicle) stickers or marks can combine concealed analysis function with decorative function and protective function at least one of them. Stickers or marks can form a unique marker, wherein the unique marker provides both identity and evidence of destruction / environmental stress as demonstrated by the deformation of the unique marker. Stickers or marks can create scannable points and scannable areas for carrying identity and other information. Stickers or marks provide a way for secure, unclonable identity to be concealed or obviously incorporated into stickers, marks, sealants, coatings, adhesives and coatings (in some cases, these can be applied by convenient and conventional processing) and maintain the existing functions (decorative, informative, protective, etc.) of the medium, which can enable the product to have inherent safety, traceability and binding with digital records.

[0230] When protecting physical goods, a key layer of security is to ensure that the owner can tell whether an unauthorized third party has tried to access the article. Unique markers including element (e.g., crystalline particles or other types of elements) distribution can be incorporated into the packaging and / or product itself as a security layer via a housing, fasteners, joints, components or other attack points. For example, a unique marker can be applied to a product, component, part, housing, fastener or other items of desired identity, traceability and security / destruction evidence. In addition to evidence of destruction of a tagged object (e.g., product and / or packaging), a unique marker can be used to authenticate the identity of a tagged object. In some instances, partial deformation, alteration, modification or destruction of a unique marker will not prevent the unique code of the unique marker from being identified or reasonably calculated. However, the unique marker may not be reusable and may be deformed due to destruction. Therefore, destruction may cause a change in the unique code of the unique marker. In some instances, when authenticating an object, destruction (e.g., removal and replacement of the unique marker) can trigger a destruction alarm.

[0231] Fig.29 An example of a labeled area 2900 that can be used to authenticate identity and provide evidence of destruction is shown. In some examples, the labeled area 2900 has a unique marker including a distribution of elements 2902 (e.g., crystalline particles or other types of elements). The unique marker can include a first area 2904, a second area 2906, and a third area 2908. As an example, the second area 2906 and the third area 2908 can together form a labeled screw head, and the first area 2904 can be a substrate area surrounding the labeled screw head. In some examples, the first area 2904 and the second area 2906 can be used to authenticate the identity of the object, and can also be used to provide evidence of whether the screw is turned. In some examples, the third area 2908 can show evidence of the destruction of the unique marker (e.g., when a force is applied to the third area 2908).

[0232] In some implementations, based on the underlying surface morphology, the system (e.g., Figure 4 The system shown in the figure can determine areas within the unique marker that will show evidence of destruction and areas that will not show evidence of destruction, and these areas can then be used to verify the identity of the unique marker. For example, the system can determine the center of the unique marker and analyze the changes in the unique marker in a radial manner, or the unique marker can be separated into multiple segments (such as in Fig.29 ) and analyze changes within and between segments.

[0233] exist Fig.29In the example shown, for example, the system can use the similarity of local pixels within the image of the labeled area 2900 to derive local morphological similarity, and can use various granulation or smoothing operations to include or exclude those features. In subsequent scans of the labeled area 2900, the system can identify unique markers and then perform differential analysis of the unique markers against the baseline image to derive evidence of damage.

[0234] In some cases, a unique marker may be utilized at a pre-designated point of destruction. A point of destruction may be any area of ​​an object (e.g., a product or a product's packaging) that may be opened or broken, thereby enabling a third party to alter the object's shape or access the object's contents. In other words, when a third party attempts to open, replace, or physically alter the product or product's packaging, the destruction may cause the unique marker to undergo deformation. Fig.30 , Fig.31 , Fig.32 , Fig.33 , Fig.34 and Fig.35 An example is shown of utilizing a unique marker at the point of damage to provide evidence of the damage.

[0235] Fig.30 is a diagram of a box 3000 including a unique marker 3002 on the edge of the box 3000. Fig.30 In the example of , box 3000 is used as packaging for an object. A unique marker 3002 including a distribution of elements (e.g., crystalline particles or other types of elements) is placed across a seam of box 3000 or an entry point into box 3000. Fig.30 In the example of FIG. 3000 , the unique marker 3002 is in the form of a tape. When the box 3000 is opened, the unique marker 3002 is tampered with (e.g., torn). An attempt to reseal the box 3000 results in a tear and misalignment 3004 of the unique marker 3002. The tampering may be investigated by analyzing the properties of the unique marker 3002. The unique marker 3002 may be detected, for example, based on the Fig.14 and Fig.15 The example process 1400, 1500 or other types of processes shown may generate a unique code to obtain the properties of the unique marker 3002. In some examples, the orientation information (e.g., Fig.12 and Fig.13 The properties may be obtained by using the orientation information 1206, 1306 or other types of orientation information shown, thereby providing evidence of tampering with the box 3000.

[0236] Fig.31 is a diagram of a box 3100 including a unique marker 3102 on a seam of the box 3100. Fig.31In the example of , a box 3100 is used as packaging for an object. A unique marker 3102 including a distribution of elements (e.g., crystalline particles or other types of elements) is placed across a seam of the box 3100 or an entry point into the box 3100. Fig.31 In the example of FIG. 31 , the unique marker 3102 is in the form of an adhesive placed across a seam or entry point of the box 3100. When the box 3100 is opened, the unique marker 3102 is tampered with (e.g., torn). An attempt to reseal the box 3100 results in a tear and misalignment 3104 of the unique marker 3102. The tampering may be investigated by analyzing the properties of the unique marker 3102. The unique marker 3102 may be detected, for example, based on the Fig.14 and Fig.15 The example process 1400, 1500 or other types of processes shown may generate a unique code to obtain the properties of the unique marker 3102. In some examples, the orientation information (e.g., Fig.12 and Fig.13 The orientation information 1206, 1306 or other types of orientation information shown) is used to obtain properties, thereby providing evidence of tampering with the box 3100.

[0237] Fig.32 is a diagram of a membrane 3200 including a unique marker 3204. Fig.32 In an example of the invention, a film 3200 (e.g., plastic wrap) is placed on an object 3202 (e.g., a mold) to produce a product wrapped in shrink film. A unique marker 3204 including a distribution of elements 3205 (e.g., crystalline particles or other types of elements) is placed on the film 3200. Damage to the film 3200 may relieve tension on the substrate (e.g., film 3200), thereby causing deformation of the unique marker 3204. Damage may be investigated by analyzing the properties of the unique marker 3204. The damage may be investigated by, for example, analyzing the unique marker 3204 according to the characteristics of the unique marker 3204. Fig.14 and Fig.15 The illustrated example process 1400, 1500 or other types of processes generate a unique code to obtain the properties of the unique marker 3204. In some examples, the orientation information (e.g., Fig.12 and Fig.13 The properties can be obtained by using the orientation information 1206, 1306 or other types of orientation information as shown, thereby providing evidence of damaging the film 3200.

[0238] Fig.33 is a diagram of a fastener 3300 having a unique marker 3302 placed on a coupling of the fastener 3300. Fig.33In an example of a fastener 3300 (e.g., a zip-tie) can be used to fasten a product for packaging. A unique marker 3302 including a distribution of elements (e.g., crystalline particles or other types of elements) can be placed on a coupling 3304 of the fastener 3300. Damage to the fastener 3300 may cause deformation of the unique marker 3302. Damage can be investigated by analyzing the properties of the unique marker 3302. This can be done, for example, based on Fig.14 and Fig.15 The illustrated example process 1400, 1500 or other types of processes generate a unique code to obtain the properties of the unique marker 3302. In some examples, orientation information (e.g., Fig.12 and Fig.13 The properties may be obtained by using the orientation information 1206, 1306 or other types of orientation information as shown, thereby providing evidence of damaging the fastener 3300.

[0239] Fig.34 is a diagram of a housing 3400 of an article having a unique marker 3402 placed on a seam of the housing 3400. Fig.34 In an example, the unique marker 3402 includes a distribution of elements (e.g., crystalline particles or other types of elements). The unique marker 3402 can be placed across a seam 3404 of the housing 3400. The unique marker 3402 can also be placed across any non-permanent joint or junction between surfaces. When the housing 3400 is opened, the unique marker 3402 is altered (e.g., torn). An attempt to reseal the housing 3400 results in a tear and misalignment 3406 of the unique marker 3402. The damage can be investigated by analyzing the properties of the unique marker 3402. The damage can be investigated by, for example, based on Fig.14 and Fig.15 The illustrated example process 1400, 1500 or other types of processes generate a unique code to obtain the properties of the unique marker 3402. In some examples, the orientation information (e.g., Fig.12 and Fig.13 The properties may be obtained by using the orientation information 1206, 1306 or other types of orientation information shown, thereby providing evidence of damage to the housing 3400.

[0240] Fig.353504. The unique markers 3502 each include a distribution of elements (e.g., crystalline particles or other types of elements). In the event of a breach of the microchip 3500, a malicious third party may attempt to provide a signal to (or receive a signal from) the microchip 3500 via one or more of the welds 3504, thereby damaging the corresponding unique marker 3502. The breach may be investigated by analyzing the properties of the unique marker 3502. The unique markers 3502 may be detected by, for example, Fig.14 and Fig.15 The illustrated example process 1400, 1500 or other types of processes generate a unique code to obtain the properties of the unique marker 3502. In some examples, the orientation information (e.g., Fig.12 and Fig.13 The orientation information 1206, 1306 or other types of orientation information shown) is used to obtain properties, thereby providing evidence of damage to the microchip 3500.

[0241] Fig.36 An example is shown in which a unique marker 3600 may be used to provide evidence of use or activation of an object. Fig.36 In an example of, an object includes heat sink blades 3602 that heat up when the object is activated or used. In some instances, heat sink blades 3602 may also heat up when the object is exposed to environmental stresses (e.g., high temperatures). Unique markers 3600 including a distribution of elements (e.g., crystalline particles or other types of elements) are placed on one or more of the heat sink blades 3602. When the object is used or activated, the heat sink blades 3602 heat up, thereby causing deformation (e.g., melting) of the unique markers 3600. The use or activation of the object can be investigated by analyzing the properties of the unique markers 3600. This can be done, for example, based on Fig.14 and Fig.15 The illustrated example process 1400, 1500 or other type of process generates a unique code to obtain the properties of the unique marker 3600. In some examples, the orientation information (e.g., Fig.12 and Fig.13 The properties may be obtained using the orientation information 1206, 1306 or other types of orientation information as shown, thereby providing evidence of use or activation of the object.

[0242] Fig.37 An example is shown in which a unique marker 3700 can be used to provide evidence of an external force applied to a labeled surface. Fig.37In the example of FIG. 37 , a surface of an object 3702 is provided with a unique marker 3700, wherein the unique marker 3700 includes a distribution of elements (e.g., crystalline particles or other types of elements). When an external force 3704 is applied to the surface by another object 3706, a portion 3708 of the unique marker 3700 may fall off the surface of the object 3702. The application of the external force to the surface of the object 3702 may be investigated by analyzing the properties of the unique marker 3700. The unique marker 3700 may be analyzed, for example, based on the Fig.14 and Fig.15 The example process 1400, 1500 or other type of process shown generates a unique code to obtain the properties of the unique marker 3700. In some examples, the orientation information (e.g., Fig.12 and Fig.13 The properties may be obtained using the orientation information 1206, 1306 or other types of orientation information as shown, thereby providing evidence of external forces applied to the tagged surface.

[0243] exist Figures 29 to 37 In the example of , the tampering of one unique marker can trigger the inspection or quarantine of all other associated unique markers (e.g., a box shows evidence of tampering, so the enclosed product and its label can be marked for further review). Figures 29 to 37 In the example of FIG. 1 , the system can show susceptibility to damage based on the area within the unique marker (e.g., as in Fig.29 ) to separate these areas. Depending on the security needs of the tagged object, the operator can define different levels of sensitivity to changes in the unique marker that can trigger an alarm. Additionally or alternatively, the system can automatically define its own detection sensitivity to changes. The system can present the results of the differential analysis: if the unique marker is damaged and cannot be identified, the unique marker can be designated as anti-tampering and submitted to a security audit; if the unique marker exceeds any of a number of possible defined levels of modification, the system can authenticate the identity of the unique marker, alert the operator to the results of the analysis, and provide a set of actions for resolution; depending on the security level and the nature of the tagged substrate (e.g., a screw head), if the unique marker shows a minimal level of modification, the system can authenticate the identity of the tag and provide verification that tampering is impossible.

[0244] Fig.383800 is a flow chart schematically illustrating an example process 3800 for forming and using a unique marker that conforms to the surface morphology of an object. At 3802, an object having a surface feature is received. The surface feature can be a facet of the object, the surface of one or more components of the object, or a surface pattern, texture, or other indentation of the object. In addition, the object can be any solid material (metal, plastic, wood, leather, etc.), and the surface feature can be made, for example, by stamping, engraving, etching, or otherwise patterning the object. At 3804, a unique marker is formed on the surface feature of the object. The above is described in detail in detail. Fig.19A , Fig.19B , Fig.19C , Fig.19D , Fig.19E , Fig. 20A , Fig. 20B , Fig.21 , Fig.22A , Fig. 22B , Fig.23 , Fig.24 , Fig.25A , Fig.25B , Fig.26A , Fig.26B , Fig.27A , Fig.27B and Figures 29 to 37 Any of the processes discussed in the illustrated example may be used to form a unique marker on a surface feature of an object. The unique marker includes a distribution of elements (e.g., crystalline particles or other types of elements) and conforms to the morphology or shape of the surface feature. At 3806, orientation information is extracted from the unique marker. The orientation information may be, for example, Fig.12 and Fig.13 Orientation information 1206, 1306 or other types of orientation information as shown. At 3808, for example, based on Fig.14 and Fig.15 The illustrated example processes 1400, 1500, or other types of processes, generate a unique code for an object based on the orientation information. The unique code can then be used to analyze the object (e.g., to authenticate the identity of the object, determine whether the object has been tampered with, determine whether the object has been used or activated, determine whether the object has been exposed to environmental stress, determine whether the object has been subjected to mechanical stress or wear, or other types of object analysis).

[0245] Fig.39 is a flow chart schematically illustrating an example process 3900 for forming and using a sticker including an element distribution on a substrate having an adhesive backing. At 3902, a sticker including an element distribution on a substrate having an adhesive backing is provided. As an example, a sticker may be provided. Fig.22AThe sticker 2200 is shown. At 3904, at least a portion of the sticker (e.g., first portion 2202A of sticker 2200) is applied to the object. At 3906, orientation information is extracted from the portion of the sticker located on the object. The orientation information may be, for example, Fig.12 and Fig.13 Orientation information 1206, 1306 or other types of orientation information as shown. At 3908, for example, according to Fig.14 and Fig.15 The illustrated example processes 1400, 1500, or other types of processes, generate a unique code for an object based on the orientation information. The unique code can then be used to analyze the object (e.g., to authenticate the identity of the object, determine whether the object has been tampered with, determine whether the object has been used or activated, determine whether the object has been exposed to environmental stress, determine whether the object has been subjected to mechanical stress or wear, or other types of object analysis).

[0246] Some of the themes and operations described in this specification may be implemented in digital electronic circuits, or in computer software, firmware or hardware, including the structures disclosed in this specification and their structural equivalents or one or more combinations thereof. Some of the themes described in this specification may be implemented as one or more computer programs (i.e., one or more modules of computer program instructions), wherein the program is encoded on a computer storage medium for execution by a data processing device or for controlling the operation of a data processing device. A computer storage medium may be or may be included in the following items: a computer-readable storage device, a computer-readable storage substrate, a random or serial access memory array or device, or one or more combinations thereof. In addition, although a computer storage medium is not a propagation signal, a computer storage medium may be a source or destination of a computer program instruction encoded in an artificially generated propagation signal. A computer storage medium may also be or be included in one or more separate physical components or media (e.g., multiple CDs, disks or other storage devices).

[0247] Some of the operations described in this specification can be implemented as operations performed by a data processing apparatus on data stored on one or more computer-readable storage devices or received from other sources.

[0248] The term "data processing apparatus" covers all kinds of equipment, devices and machines for processing data, including, for example, a programmable processor, a computer, a system on a chip, or multiple or a combination of the foregoing. The apparatus may include special-purpose logic circuits, such as an FPGA (field programmable gate array) or an ASIC (application-specific integrated circuit). In addition to hardware, the apparatus may also include code for creating an execution environment for the computer program in question (e.g., code for constituting processor firmware, a protocol stack, a database management system, an operating system, a cross-platform runtime environment, a virtual machine, or a combination of one or more of them).

[0249] A computer program (also referred to as a program, software, software application, script, or code) may be written in any form of programming language, including compiled or interpreted languages, declarative or procedural languages, and the computer program may be deployed in any form, including as a standalone program or as a module, component, subroutine, object, or other unit suitable for a computing environment. A computer program may, but need not necessarily, correspond to a file in a file system. A program may be stored in a portion of a file used to hold other programs or data (e.g., one or more scripts stored in a markup language document), a single file dedicated to a program, or multiple collaborative files (e.g., files used to store a portion of one or more modules, subroutines, or code). A computer program may be deployed to execute on one computer, or on multiple computers located at one site or distributed across multiple sites and interconnected by a communication network.

[0250] Some of the processes and logic flows described in this specification may be performed by one or more programmable processors for executing one or more computer programs to perform actions by operating on input data and generating output. The processes and logic flows may also be performed by, and the device may be implemented as, a special purpose logic circuit (e.g., an FPGA (field programmable gate array) or an ASIC (application specific integrated circuit)).

[0251] For example, processors suitable for executing computer programs include both general-purpose microprocessors and special-purpose microprocessors and processors of any kind of digital computer. Typically, the processor will receive instructions and data from a read-only memory or a random access memory or both. The elements of a computer may include a processor and one or more memory devices, wherein the processor is used to act according to the instructions, and the memory device is used to store instructions and data. The computer may also include one or more large-capacity storage devices (e.g., magnetic disks, magneto-optical disks, or optical disks) for storing data, or may be operably coupled to receive data from the large-capacity storage device or to transmit data to the large-capacity storage device or both. However, the computer does not need to have such a device. In addition, the computer may be embedded in other devices, such as phones, appliances, mobile audio or video players, game consoles, global positioning system (GPS) receivers, or portable storage devices (e.g., universal serial bus (USB) flash drives). Devices suitable for storing computer program instructions and data include all forms of non-volatile memory, media, and storage devices, including, for example, semiconductor memory devices (e.g., EPROM, EEPROM, flash memory devices, etc.), magnetic disks (e.g., internal hard disks, removable disks, etc.), magneto-optical disks, and CD ROM and DVD-ROM disks. In some cases, the processor and memory may be supplemented by, or incorporated in, special purpose logic circuitry.

[0252] To provide interaction with a user, operations may be implemented on a computer having a display device (e.g., a monitor or other type of display device) for displaying information to the user and a keyboard and pointing device (e.g., a mouse, trackball, tablet computer, touch-sensitive screen, or other type of pointing device) through which the user can provide input to the computer. Other kinds of devices may also be used to provide interaction with a user; for example, feedback provided to the user may be any form of sensory feedback (e.g., visual feedback, auditory feedback, or tactile feedback); and input from the user may be received in any form (including sound input, voice input, or tactile input). In addition, a computer may interact with a user by sending documents to and receiving documents from a device used by the user; for example, by sending a web page to a web browser on a user's client device in response to a request received from the web browser.

[0253] A computer system may include a single computing device or multiple computers operating in close proximity or generally remote from each other and typically interacting through a communication network. Examples of communication networks include local area networks ("LAN") and wide area networks ("WAN"), interconnections (e.g., the Internet), and peer-to-peer networks (e.g., ad hoc peer-to-peer networks). The relationship of client and server may arise by virtue of computer programs running on the respective computers and having a client-server relationship to each other.

[0254] In general aspects, a unique non-clonable physical identifier is applied and used. In some implementations, the unique marker is shaped as the morphology of a surface feature of an object. The surface feature may be a facet, surface pattern, texture, or other indentation of the object. The unique marker may include an element distribution, and the element information is used to generate a code. In some examples, the element information may include orientation information and possible other information for describing diamond particles or other types of elements. In some instances, the unique marker is a sticker, wherein the sticker includes an element distribution on a substrate with an adhesive backing, and at least a portion of the sticker is applied to the object.

[0255] In a first example, an object including a plurality of elements is received. Orientation information is extracted from the object by a scanner system for detecting the elements. The orientation information indicates a relative spatial orientation of each element. A unique code is generated for the object based on the orientation information.

[0256] Implementations of the first example may include one or more of the following features. Extracting orientation information may include obtaining an optical response to illumination applied to the object. Extracting orientation information may include obtaining fluorescent images of the object and determining the relative spatial orientation of each element based on these fluorescent images. Obtaining the optical response to the illumination may include detecting fluorescence changes of the elements in response to changes in illumination, and the relative spatial orientation may be determined based on the detected fluorescence changes. The unique code generated based on the orientation information may be independent of one or more angles at which illumination is applied to the object (e.g., invariant under changes in the angle).

[0257] Implementations of the first example may include one or more of the following features. Extracting orientation information may include obtaining a magnetic resonance response to an oscillating (e.g., radio frequency, microwave, etc.) electromagnetic field applied to the object, and determining a relative spatial orientation based on the magnetic resonance response. Obtaining a magnetic resonance response may include positioning the object in an external magnetic field, applying an oscillating electromagnetic field to the object in the external magnetic field, and optically detecting magnetic resonance changes of the element in response to a relative change in the external magnetic field (e.g., a change in field strength or orientation), a relative change in the oscillating electromagnetic field (e.g., a relative change in signal amplitude, frequency, or phase), or a relative change in both. The unique code generated based on the orientation information may be independent of one or more angles at which the oscillating electromagnetic field and the external magnetic field are applied to the object (e.g., unchanged under changes in the angle).

[0258] Implementations of the first example may include one or more of the following features. An object may include a superset of elements, and a unique code may be generated based only on the relative spatial orientation of a subset of elements, wherein the subset of elements includes fewer elements than all elements in the superset. Orientation information extracted from the object may indicate only the relative spatial orientation of the subset of elements. Orientation information extracted from the object may indicate the relative spatial orientation of all elements in the superset, and a subset of orientation information indicating the relative spatial orientation of the subset may be identified.

[0259] Implementations of the first example may include one or more of the following features. The orientation information may be extracted independently of registering the object relative to a scanner system. The orientation information may indicate a relative spatial orientation of the element in a two-dimensional coordinate space or a three-dimensional coordinate space. The orientation information may indicate the relative spatial orientation in a format that is invariant to a global rotation of a coordinate system of the object.

[0260] Implementations of the first example may include one or more of the following features. The orientation information may include a list of coordinate transformations (e.g., transformation matrices) for describing the relative spatial orientation of each element. The list may include a composite transformation matrix for each element. The list of composite transformation matrices may be invariant to global rotations of the coordinate system of the object. In the case where the element is a diamond particle, the composite transformation matrix for each element may represent a first transformation between the coordinate system of the object and the coordinate system of the diamond particle, and a second transformation between the coordinate system of the diamond particle and the coordinate system of the color center in the diamond particle.

[0261] Implementations of the first example may include one or more of the following features: The element may be a crystalline particle, and the object may include the crystalline particle fixed in a medium. The crystalline particle may be a diamond particle having respective color centers, and extracting the orientation information may include detecting the relative orientation of the color centers.

[0262] Implementations of the first example may include one or more of the following features. Positioning information indicating the relative spatial position of each element may be extracted from the object. Topographic information indicating the relative spatial topography of each element may be extracted from the object. Magnetic environment information indicating the magnetic environment of each element may be extracted from the object. A unique code may be generated from any combination of positioning information, topographic information, magnetic environment information, and orientation information.

[0263] Implementations of the first example may include one or more of the following features. The unique code may be a first unique code, and the relative spatial orientation of at least some elements may be changed by modifying the object. A different second unique code for the object may be generated based on orientation information extracted from the object after changing the relative spatial orientation. The relative spatial orientation may, for example, be used as a ledger of information associated with the object.

[0264] Implementations of the first example may include one or more of the following features. A scanner system may include a sample area, a detector, and a processor. The sample area may be configured to receive an object. The detector may be configured to extract orientation information from the object by detecting an element. The processor may be configured to generate a unique code for the object based on the orientation information. The detector may include an optical imaging system (e.g., a fluorescence imaging system), wherein the optical imaging system is configured to extract orientation information by applying illumination to the object and obtaining an optical response to the illumination (e.g., a fluorescence response). In some cases, the optical imaging system may be configured to obtain an optical response based on Raman scattering or other nonlinear effects (e.g., second harmonic generation, spontaneous parametric down conversion, etc.). The detector may include a magnetic resonance system, wherein the magnetic resonance system is configured to extract orientation information by applying a field (e.g., an oscillating electromagnetic field and an external magnetic field) to the object and obtaining a magnetic resonance response to the field.

[0265] In a second example, orientation information indicating the relative spatial orientation of the various elements of the object is obtained. The unique code of the object is derived from the orientation information.

[0266] The implementation of the second example may include one or more of the following features. The unique code may be used in a challenge-response protocol. The orientation information may be extracted based on the challenge data of the challenge-response protocol, the unique code may be used to generate response data of the challenge-response protocol, and the response data may be sent to the authenticator.

[0267] Implementations of the second example may include one or more of the following features. The unique code may be used in an authentication process. The authentication process may be performed to authenticate the source of the object. The authentication process may be performed to verify the integrity of the object. The authentication process may be performed to verify the chain of custody of the object.

[0268] Implementations of the second example may include one or more of the following features: The unique code may be used in a cryptographic process. The unique code may be used to obtain a secret key for an encryption protocol, a digital signature protocol, or other types of cryptographic processes.

[0269] Implementations of the second example may include one or more of the following features. The object may include a superset of elements, and a unique code may be generated based only on the relative spatial orientation of a subset of elements, wherein the subset of elements includes fewer elements than all elements in the superset. The orientation information may indicate the relative spatial orientation of the element in a two-dimensional coordinate space or a three-dimensional coordinate space. The orientation information may indicate the relative spatial orientation in a format that is invariant to a global rotation of the coordinate system of the object.

[0270] The implementation of the second example may include one or more of the following features. The orientation information may include a list of coordinate transformations (e.g., transformation matrices) for describing the relative spatial orientation of each element. The list may include a composite transformation matrix for each element. The list of composite transformation matrices may be invariant to a global rotation of the coordinate system of the object. In the case where the element is a diamond particle, the composite transformation matrix for each element may represent a first transformation between the coordinate system of the object and the coordinate system of the diamond particle, and a second transformation between the coordinate system of the diamond particle and the coordinate system of the color center in the diamond particle.

[0271] In a third example, a suspension of elements is formed in the object and used to generate a unique code for the object. The suspension of elements may be, for example, a suspension of diamond particles.

[0272] Implementations of the third example may include one or more of the following features. The suspension may be formed by distributing diamond particles on the surface of the object. Distributing the diamond particles on the surface of the object may include applying a coating containing diamond particles to the surface of the object. Distributing the diamond particles on the surface of the object may include applying a conformal coating material containing diamond particles to the surface of the object.

[0273] Implementations of the third example may include one or more of the following features. The suspension may be formed by distributing diamond particles in a material and forming an object from the material containing the diamond particles. Forming the object from the material may include forming the object by an injection molding process. Forming the object from the material may include forming the object by an additive manufacturing process. Forming the object from the material may include forming the object by a printing process. Forming the object from the material may include forming a workpiece from the material and removing the material from the workpiece.

[0274] Implementations of the third example may include one or more of the following features: An object is sent from a sending entity to a receiving entity, and the unique code is used in an analysis process performed between the sending entity and the receiving entity. A suspension of diamond particles is used as a physical unclonable function (PUF), a ledger of information associated with the object, or other situations.

[0275] Implementations of the third example may include one or more of the following features. The manufacturing system is configured to form a suspension of diamond particles in an object. The scanner system is configured to extract particle information from the object, and the particle information indicates properties of individual diamond particles in the suspension. The computer system is configured to generate a unique code for the object based on the particle information.

[0276] In a fourth example, orientation information indicating a relative spatial orientation of elements of an object is received. A unique code is generated based on the orientation information. The unique code is associated with an object identifier of the object.

[0277] Implementations of the fourth example may include one or more of the following features. The object may include a unique marker applied to the item, and the object identifier may be a serial number of the item. The item may be distributed, and the unique code and serial number may be stored in a secure database. Orientation information may be extracted from the unique marker by operation of a scanner system, and scanner settings used by the scanner system to extract the orientation information may be stored in a secure database. The unique marker may enable a recipient of the item to analyze the item.

[0278] In a fifth example, an analysis process is performed. The analysis process includes: receiving an object identifier of an object; receiving a unique code of the object, the unique code being based on the relative orientations of various elements of the object detected; and analyzing the object based on the unique code and the object identifier.

[0279] Implementations of the fifth example may include one or more of the following features. The object may include a unique marker applied to the article, and the object identifier may include a serial number of the article. Analyzing the object may include communicating the unique code and the object identifier to an authenticator. Analyzing the object may include evaluating the unique code based on information in a secure database. Analyzing the object may include performing an authentication process to authenticate the source of the object, the integrity of the object, or the chain of custody of the object.

[0280] In a sixth example, a challenge-response protocol is performed. Challenge data for the challenge-response protocol is obtained. Based on the challenge data, orientation information is extracted from the object by operation of a scanner system for detecting relative spatial orientations of elements of the object. The challenge data includes parameters used by the scanner system to detect the relative spatial orientation. Based on the orientation information, response data is generated for use in the challenge-response protocol.

[0281] The implementation of the sixth example may include one or more of the following features. Response data may be sent to a validator to verify the response data for a challenge-response protocol. Results of a challenge-response protocol based on the challenge data and the response data may be received from the validator. Obtaining the challenge data may include receiving the challenge data from the validator. Obtaining the challenge data may include generating the challenge data at the scanner system.

[0282] In a seventh example, a challenge-response protocol is performed. Challenge data and response data for the challenge-response protocol are obtained. The challenge data includes parameters for extracting orientation information from an object, and the response data is based on the orientation information extracted from the object using the parameters (e.g., by a scanner system). The orientation information indicates the relative spatial orientation of various elements of the object. The challenge data and the response data are used to determine whether the response data represents a valid response to the challenge data.

[0283] Implementations of the seventh example may include one or more of the following features. Determining whether the response data represents a valid response to the challenge data may include evaluating the orientation information based on valid information in a secure database. The valid information may be obtained from the secure database based on the challenge data and an object identifier of the object. The verifier may receive the challenge data and the response data from the remote scanner system, and the verifier may send an indication to the remote scanner system whether the response data represents a valid response.

[0284] Implementations of the fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh examples may include one or more of the following features. The elements may be diamond particles having corresponding color centers, and orientation information may be extracted by detecting the relative orientation of the color centers. Extracting the orientation information may include obtaining an optical response (e.g., a fluorescent response) to illumination applied to the diamond particles. Orientation information may be extracted by optically detecting magnetic resonance of the diamond particles. The unique code and object identifier may be used in the analysis process to analyze the object.

[0285] In an eighth example, a method includes receiving an object having a surface feature and forming a unique marker on the surface feature of the object, the unique marker including a distribution of elements and conforming to the morphology of the surface feature. The method also includes extracting orientation information from the unique marker. The orientation information indicates the relative spatial orientation of each element. The method further includes generating a unique code for the object based on the orientation information.

[0286] Implementations of the eighth example may include one or more of the following features. The element may be a crystalline particle, and the unique marker includes the crystalline particle fixed in a medium. The crystalline particle may be a diamond particle including a corresponding color center, and extracting the orientation information may include detecting the relative orientation of the color center. The surface feature may include an indentation, and forming the unique marker on the surface feature includes: forming a fluid containing the element distribution in the indentation; and exposing the fluid in the indentation to a hardening process, wherein the hardening process hardens the fluid and forms the unique marker. The hardening process includes a drying process (e.g., exposure to the atmosphere at room temperature), a curing process (e.g., a process using a curing agent (such as a catalyst or a hardening agent, etc.), examples of which are tertiary amines, Lewis acids, aliphatic and aromatic amines, or carboxylic anhydrides), and exposure to at least one of an energy source (e.g., a lamp, examples of which are mercury vapor lamps or light emitting diode (LED) lamps). The energy source (e.g., a mercury vapor lamp or an LED lamp) may be configured to emit ultraviolet radiation. The fluid comprises at least one of a resin material, an epoxy material, an acrylic material, a urethane material, a silicone material, a xylene material, a toluene material, an ethyl acetate material and an ink. Forming the fluid containing the element distribution in the indentation comprises: applying the fluid to the object to fill the indentation; and removing excess material of the fluid from the surface of the object. Removing excess material of the fluid from the surface of the object comprises: removing excess material of the fluid from the surface of the object using a removal instrument. The removal instrument comprises at least one of a scraper, a spatula and a scraper. Forming the fluid containing the element distribution in the indentation comprises: forming the fluid containing the element distribution in the indentation of the object using a flexographic printing system; or forming the fluid containing the element distribution in the indentation of the object using a rotogravure printing system; or a combination thereof.

[0287] Implementations of the eighth example may include one or more of the following features. Forming the fluid containing the element distribution in the indentation includes using the flexographic printing system, and there are a plurality of cells on the surface of the anilox roller of the flexographic printing system. The width of each cell at its widest dimension may be in the range of about 20 microns to about 300 microns. Forming the fluid containing the element distribution in the indentation includes using the flexographic printing system, and there are a plurality of cells on the surface of the anilox roller of the flexographic printing system, wherein the plurality of cells include a first group of cells and a second group of cells. The volume of each cell in the first group of cells may be the volume of each cell in the second group of cells, and the volume of each cell in the first group of cells may be at least one order of magnitude greater than the average width of the element. The surface feature includes a facet of the object, and forming the unique marker on the surface feature includes forming the unique marker as a conformal layer on the facet of the object. The surface feature includes a surface of one or more components of the object, and forming the unique marker on the surface feature includes forming the unique marker as a conformal layer on the one or more components of the object. The surface feature comprises a destructible region of the object, and forming the unique marker on the surface feature comprises forming the unique marker on the destructible region of the object. In some examples, the destructible region of the object may be any area of ​​the object (e.g., a product or a packaging of a product) that can be opened or broken, thereby enabling a third party to alter the shape of the object or access the contents of the object.

[0288] In a ninth example, a method includes providing a sticker including a distribution of elements on a substrate having an adhesive backing, and applying at least a portion of the sticker on an object. The method also includes extracting orientation information from a portion of the sticker on the object. The orientation information may indicate a relative spatial orientation of individual elements of the portion of the sticker on the object. The method further includes generating a unique code for the object based on the orientation information.

[0289] Implementations of the ninth example may include one or more of the following features. A portion of the sticker may be applied to a destructible area of ​​the object. The sticker includes a first portion and a second portion, and applying at least a portion of the sticker to the object may include: separating the first portion of the sticker from the second portion of the sticker; and applying the first portion of the sticker to the object. Before applying the first portion of the sticker to the object, initial orientation information may be extracted from the sticker. The initial orientation information may indicate the relative spatial orientation of the first and second portions of the sticker. An initial unique code may be generated based on the initial orientation information, and the initial unique code may be associated with the sticker. After applying the first portion of the sticker to the object, second orientation information may be extracted from the second portion of the sticker. The second orientation information may indicate the relative spatial orientation of the second portion of the sticker. A second unique code is generated based on the second orientation information. The second unique code is associated with the second portion of the sticker and the application of the first portion of the sticker to the object.

[0290] In some implementations, the system includes a manufacturing device, wherein the manufacturing device is configured to receive an object having a surface feature and form a unique marker on the surface feature of the object, the unique marker including a distribution of elements and conforming to the morphology of the surface feature. The system also includes a scanner system, wherein the scanner system is configured to extract orientation information from the unique marker, the orientation information indicating the relative spatial orientation of each element. The system additionally includes a computer system, wherein the computer system is configured to generate a unique code for the object based on the orientation information.

[0291] Although this specification contains many details, these details should not be construed as limitations on the scope of what may be claimed, but rather as descriptions of features specific to a particular example. Certain features described in this specification or shown in the drawings may also be combined in the context of separate implementations. Conversely, various features described or shown in the context of a single implementation may also be implemented in multiple embodiments, either individually or in any suitable subcombination.

[0292] Similarly, although operations are depicted in the accompanying drawings in a particular order, this should not be understood as requiring that the operations be performed in the particular order shown or in a sequential order, or that all of the operations shown be performed to achieve the desired results. In some cases, multitasking and parallel processing may be advantageous. In addition, the separation of various system components in the above implementations should not be understood as requiring such separation in all implementations, and it should be understood that the described program components and systems can generally be integrated together in a single product or packaged into multiple products.

[0293] A number of embodiments have been described. However, it should be understood that various modifications may be made. Therefore, other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims.

[0294] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0295] This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62 / 930,875, filed on November 5, 2019, entitled “Shaping Identifier Tags to Surface Morphology,” and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62 / 934,283, filed on November 12, 2019, entitled “Adhesive Identifier Tags,” and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62 / 934,298, filed on November 12, 2019, entitled “Tamper-Evident Identifier Tags,” the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

Claims

1. A method for applying and using a unique marker, include: receiving an object having a surface feature; forming a unique marker on a surface feature of the object, the unique marker comprising a distribution of elements and conforming to the morphology of the surface feature; extracting orientation information from the unique marker, the orientation information indicating the relative spatial orientation of each element; as well as A unique code for the object is generated based on the orientation information.

2. The method according to claim 1, in, The element is a crystalline particle, and the unique marker comprises the crystalline particle fixed in a medium.

3. The method according to claim 2, in, The crystalline particles are diamond particles including respective color centers, and extracting the orientation information includes detecting the relative orientations of the color centers.

4. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, in, The surface feature comprises an indentation, and forming the unique marker on the surface feature comprises: forming a fluid comprising the distribution of the element in the indentation; and The fluid in the indentation is exposed to a hardening process, wherein the hardening process causes the fluid to harden and form the unique marker.

5. The method according to claim 4, in, The hardening process includes at least one of a drying process, a curing process, and exposure to an energy source.

6. The method according to claim 5, in, The hardening process includes exposure to an energy source configured to emit ultraviolet radiation.

7. The method according to claim 4, in, The fluid includes at least one of a resin material, an epoxy material, an acrylic material, a urethane material, a silicone material, a xylene material, a toluene material, an ethyl acetate material, and ink.

8. The method according to claim 4, in, Forming the fluid containing the element distribution in the indentation comprises: applying the fluid to the object to fill the indentation; and Excess material of the fluid is removed from the surface of the object.

9. The method according to claim 8, in, Removing excess material of the fluid from the surface of the object includes removing excess material of the fluid from the surface of the object using a removal instrument.

10. The method according to claim 9, in, The removal instrument includes at least one of a scraper, a spatula and a scraper.

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