Perovskite solar cell

Abstract

The invention provides a perovskite solar cell capable of inhibiting performance reduction. A perovskite solar cell (100) having a conductive layer (2) disposed on a substrate (1), a solar cell element (3) disposed on the conductive layer (2), an electrode (4) disposed on the solar cell element (3), a sealing layer (7) for sealing the solar cell element (3), an adhesive layer (6) for adhering the sealing layer (7) to the conductive layer (2), and an adhesive layer (6) disposed between the electrode (4) and the adhesive layer (6) and an insulating non-adhesive layer (5) therebetween.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to a perovskite solar cell. Background Art

[0002] As a type of solar cell that converts the light energy of the sun into electrical energy, perovskite solar cells have attracted attention because of their high energy conversion efficiency and light weight compared to other solar cells. However, perovskite solar cells have a problem of being easily deteriorated by oxygen, water, etc., and various techniques have been proposed for the above problems (for example, refer to Patent Document 1).

[0003] Patent Document 1 discloses a perovskite solar cell including: a support; a solar cell element provided on the support; an adhesive layer covering the entire solar cell element; and a sealant layer covering the entire adhesive layer and for preventing water, etc. from entering the solar cell element.

[0004] Patent Document 1: Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2023-42617

[0005] In the perovskite solar cell disclosed in Patent Document 1, the adhesive layer covers the entire solar cell element. Therefore, for example, in a structure in which an electrode is disposed on the solar cell element, the electrode is adhered to the adhesive layer. For example, if the perovskite solar cell vibrates due to impact or the like and the relative position of the adhesive layer and the electrode changes, there is a concern that the electrode may peel off from the solar cell element and the performance of the perovskite solar cell may decrease. Summary of the Invention

[0006] The present invention has been completed in view of the above problems, and an object thereof is to provide a perovskite solar cell capable of suppressing performance degradation.

[0007] In view of the above, the characteristic structure of the perovskite solar cell is as follows: it has a conductive layer, which is disposed on a substrate; a solar cell element, which is disposed on the conductive layer; an electrode, which is disposed on the solar cell element; a seal layer, which seals the solar cell element; an adhesive layer, which adheres the seal layer to the conductive layer; and an insulating non-adhesive layer, which is disposed between the electrode and the adhesive layer.

[0008] According to such a characteristic structure, since a non-adhesive layer is disposed between the electrode and the adhesive layer, contact between the electrode and the adhesive layer can be avoided. Thus, for example, even when the relative position of the adhesive layer and the electrode changes due to impact or the like, peeling of the electrode from the solar cell element can be prevented. As a result, performance degradation of the perovskite solar cell can be suppressed. Brief Description of the Drawings

[0009] Figure 1 It is a schematic diagram showing the structure of a perovskite solar cell according to an embodiment.

[0010] Figure 2 It is a plan view of a perovskite solar cell according to an embodiment.

[0011] Figure 3 It is a perspective view schematically showing a part of a perovskite solar cell according to an embodiment.

[0012] Figure 4 It is a schematic diagram showing the bonding method of a sealing sheet according to an embodiment.

[0013] Figure 5 It is a schematic diagram showing the bonding method of a sealing sheet according to an embodiment.

[0014] Explanation of reference numerals

[0015] 1: Substrate, 2: Conductive layer, 3: Solar cell element, 4: Electrode, 5: Non-bonding layer, 6: Bonding layer, 61: Extension part, 7: Barrier layer, 100: Perovskite solar cell. Detailed embodiments

[0016] Hereinafter, embodiments of the perovskite solar cell of the present invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings. However, it is not limited to the following embodiments, and various modifications can be made without departing from the gist thereof.

[0017] 〔Brief structure of perovskite solar cell〕

[0018] As Figure 1 shown, the perovskite solar cell 100 includes: a substrate 1, a conductive layer 2, a solar cell element 3, an electrode 4, a non-bonding layer 5, a bonding layer 6, a barrier layer 7 (an example of a sealing layer), and a base material layer 8. In addition, in the present embodiment, the bonding layer 6, the barrier layer 7, and the base material layer 8 are formed as an integral sheet. Hereinafter, the bonding layer 6, the barrier layer 7, and the base material layer 8 may be referred to as "sealing sheet 9".

[0019] 〔Substrate〕

[0020] The substrate 1 functions as a support for the perovskite solar cell 100. The substrate 1 is a transparent glass substrate, a translucent glass substrate, a transparent resin substrate, etc., and has insulating properties. As Figure 2 shown, when the substrate 1 is viewed along the Z direction, it is rectangular.

[0021] As Figure 1As shown, a conductive layer 2 is laminated on a substrate 1. Although the orientation when the perovskite solar cell 100 is used is not particularly limited, hereinafter, the direction from the substrate 1 toward the conductive layer 2 is referred to as the "Z1 direction" (an example of the lamination direction), the opposite direction is referred to as the "Z2 direction", and the Z1 direction and the Z2 direction are collectively referred to as the "Z direction". In addition, one of the directions orthogonal to the Z direction is referred to as the "X direction", and the direction orthogonal to the Z direction and the X direction is referred to as the "Y direction" (see Figure 2 ). In addition, Figure 2 is a view of the perovskite solar cell 100 shown when observing along the Z direction. Figure 1

[0022] 〔Conductive layer〕

[0023] The conductive layer 2 is formed on one surface (the surface in the Z1 direction) of the substrate 1 by CVD (chemical vapor deposition method), sputtering, etc. In the present embodiment, the conductive layer 2 is formed over the entire surface of one surface of the substrate 1. The conductive layer 2 contains, for example, fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), tin oxide (TO), etc. as materials. The solar cell element 3 is disposed (laminated) on the conductive layer 2 (the surface in the Z1 direction).

[0024] 〔Solar cell element〕

[0025] The solar cell element 3 converts light energy into electric energy. The solar cell element 3 includes an electron transport layer 31, a photoelectric conversion layer 32, and a hole transport layer 33, and the electron transport layer 31, the photoelectric conversion layer 32, and the hole transport layer 33 are arranged in this order along the Z1 direction. When observing along the Z direction, each of the electron transport layer 31, the photoelectric conversion layer 32, and the hole transport layer 33 is rectangular, and in the present embodiment, when observing along the Z direction, the sizes (areas) of the electron transport layer 31, the photoelectric conversion layer 32, and the hole transport layer 33 are equal.

[0026] The electron transport layer 31 is disposed on the surface in the Z1 direction of the conductive layer 2. The electron transport layer 31 allows electrons received from the photoelectric conversion layer 32 described later to pass through (transport electrons). The electron transport layer 31 contains, for example, metal oxides such as titanium oxide, tin oxide, and zinc oxide as materials. In the present embodiment, the electron transport layer 31 includes an insulating layer 311 that extends into a recess 21 formed by removing a part of the conductive layer 2. The insulating layer 311 divides the conductive layer 2 into two (in the example shown in Figure 1 , divided into two in the X direction). In the electron transport layer 31, electrons can move in the direction along the Z direction, but it is difficult to move in the directions orthogonal to the Z direction (the X direction and the Y direction), and the movement between the two divisions of the conductive layer 2 is restricted. In addition, the electron transport layer 31 is sometimes also referred to as a "blocking layer".

[0027] ​The substrate 1, the conductive layer 2, and the electron transport layer 31 are light-transmissive. Therefore, light such as sunlight and indoor light is basically not absorbed (or not absorbed at all) by the substrate 1, the conductive layer 2, and the electron transport layer 31, and is guided toward the photoelectric conversion layer 32.

[0028] The photoelectric conversion layer 32 absorbs light energy and converts it into electrical energy. Specifically, the photoelectric conversion layer 32 absorbs light and transfers the excited electrons and holes to perform photoelectric conversion. The photoelectric conversion layer 32 includes a perovskite layer composed of a perovskite compound. In addition, the photoelectric conversion layer 32 also includes a porous oxide semiconductor layer (for example, a porous titanium layer).

[0029] The holes received from the photoelectric conversion layer 32 are transported through the hole transport layer 33 (which transports holes). The hole transport layer 33 contains an organic compound such as chlorobenzene as a material, for example. An electrode 4 is disposed on the hole transport layer 33 (the surface in the Z1 direction).

[0030] 〔Electrode〕

[0031] The electrode 4 has conductivity and forms an electrical path with the conductive layer 2 (negative electricity) via the bus bar B as the positive electrode.

[0032] As Figure 2 shown, when observing along the Z direction, the bus bar B is disposed (stacked) on the surface in the Z1 direction of the conductive layer 2 on the outer side (the outer side in the X direction) relative to the solar cell element 3. Specifically, the bus bar B is disposed separately from the solar cell element 3 on the surface in the Z1 direction of the conductive layer 2 (a partial region). The bus bar B contains a single metal such as gold, platinum, silver, copper, an alloy thereof, or an oxide conductor such as FTO or ITO as a material.

[0033] As Figure 1 shown, the electrode 4 is disposed on the surface in the Z1 direction of the conductive layer 2 (a partial region) along the Z direction via the respective side surfaces of the solar cell element 3 from the surface in the Z1 direction of the hole transport layer 33 (also refer to Figure 3 ). The electrode 4 contains carbon nanotubes (an example of an active material) as a material, for example.

[0034] 〔Non-adhesive layer〕

[0035] The non-adhesive layer 5 has insulation and is disposed between the electrode 4 and the adhesive layer 6 in the Z direction. The non-adhesive layer 5 is a sheet-like (laminar) component. In the present embodiment, the dimension (length) in the Z direction is 69 ± 0.5 μm. Hereinafter, the length in the Z direction is sometimes referred to as "thickness".

[0036] As Figure 2As shown, in this embodiment, the non-adhesive layer 5 is rectangular when viewed along the Z direction. The dimension (length) of the non-adhesive layer 5 in the X direction is 280.48 ± 0.05 mm, and the dimension (length) in the Y direction is 285 ± 0.05 mm. In addition, the dimensions (lengths) of the substrate 1 in the X and Y directions are 300 ± 0.2 mm. Further, the dimension (length) of the region on the substrate 1 where the electrode 4 can be disposed in the X direction is 279.48 ± 0.02 mm, and the dimension (length) in the Y direction is 283.8 ± 0.15 mm. That is, when viewed along the Z direction, the dimension (area) of the non-adhesive layer 5 is larger than the region where the electrode 4 can be disposed (i.e., the dimension (area) of the electrode 4). In other words, when viewed along the Z direction, the non-adhesive layer 5 is disposed to cover the entire region of the electrode 4 and overlap with the entire region of the electrode 4. In addition, since the non-adhesive layer 5 also has the function of protecting the electrode 4, it is sometimes referred to as a "protective layer".

[0037] A plurality of communication holes (air holes) that communicate the inside and outside of the non-adhesive layer 5 are formed in the non-adhesive layer 5. The non-adhesive layer 5 is, for example, a porous film, a wire mesh sheet, a embossed sheet, etc., and contains resin (PPS: polyphenylene sulfide resin), glass, etc. as materials. The non-adhesive layer 5 has a melting point (e.g., 120 degrees or more) higher than the temperature (e.g., 80 degrees) when the barrier layer 7 and the conductive layer 2 are adhered via the adhesive layer 6.

[0038] 〔Adhesive layer〕

[0039] The adhesive layer 6 is, for example, an acrylic-based adhesive, and in this embodiment, the thickness is 50 ± 0.5 μm. As Figure 1 shown, in the Z direction, the adhesive layer 6 is disposed between the conductive layer 2 and the barrier layer 7. Specifically, the adhesive layer 6 is disposed such that the solar cell element 3, the electrode 4, and the non-adhesive layer 5 are sandwiched between it and the conductive layer 2.

[0040] As Figure 2 shown, when viewed along the Z direction, the dimension (area) of the adhesive layer 6 is larger than the dimension (area) of the non-adhesive layer 5, and the adhesive layer 6 has an extension portion 61 that extends more outward than the non-adhesive layer 5.

[0041] The extension portion 61 of the adhesive layer 6 is disposed to surround the solar cell element 3, the electrode 4, and the non-adhesive layer 5 when viewed along the Z direction, and bond (join) the conductive layer 2 and the barrier layer 7 (sealing sheet 9). Thus, an internal space S that houses the solar cell element 3, the electrode 4, and the non-adhesive layer 5 is formed between the adhesive layer 6 (sealing sheet 9) and the conductive layer 2. The barrier layer 7 is disposed on the surface of the adhesive layer 6 in the Z1 direction (refer to Figure 1 ).

[0042] 〔Barrier layer〕

[0043] The barrier layer 7 is a sheet-like sealant having conductivity. In the present embodiment, the thickness is 15 ± 0.5 μm. The barrier layer 7 contains metal oxides such as alumina and silica, and metals such as aluminum as materials. The barrier layer 7 seals the internal space S (solar cell element 3) by preventing water, oxygen, etc. from entering the internal space S. In addition, in the present embodiment, the internal space S is set to be a vacuum. Alternatively, the internal space S may be filled with inert gases such as nitrogen and noble gases. The base material layer 8 is disposed on the surface of the barrier layer 7 in the Z1 direction.

[0044] 〔Base material layer〕

[0045] The base material layer 8 is a sheet-like base material. In the present embodiment, the thickness is 12 ± 0.5 μm. The base material layer 8 contains resins such as PET (polyethylene terephthalate) as materials. In the present embodiment, the size (length) of the sealing sheet 9 in the X direction is 290 ± 0.2 mm, and the size (length) in the Y direction is 299.8 ± 0.2 mm. That is, the size (area) of the sealing sheet 9 is larger than the size (area) of the non-adhesive layer 5. In addition, when viewed along the Z direction, the sizes (areas) of the adhesive layer 6, the barrier layer 7, and the base material layer 8 constituting the sealing sheet 9 are equal to each other.

[0046] If light reaches the photoelectric conversion layer 32 via the substrate 1, the conductive layer 2, and the electron transport layer 31, it is absorbed in the photoelectric conversion layer 32. As a result, electrons and holes are generated. The electrons generated in the photoelectric conversion layer 32 move from the electron transport layer 31 to the conductive layer 2 (negative electrode). At the same time, the holes generated in the photoelectric conversion layer 32 move to the electrode 4 (positive electrode) electrically connected to the hole transport layer 33. If a load (not shown) is connected between the conductive layer 2 and the electrode 4, the holes combine with the electrons that have passed through the load. As a result, electricity is generated. In addition, the electrons moving in the electron transport layer 31 smoothly move along the Z2 direction and reach the conductive layer 2 as described above, but the movement in the direction orthogonal to the Z direction is restricted by the insulating layer 311. That is, the perovskite solar cell 100 is configured so as not to short-circuit.

[0047] 〔Method of adhering the sealing sheet〕

[0048] Next, with reference to Figures 3 to 5 the method of adhering the sealing sheet 9 to the conductive layer 2 (the conductive layer 2 disposed on the substrate 1) will be described.

[0049] In the present embodiment, as Figure 3 shown, the first laminate S1 in which the substrate 1, the conductive layer 2, the solar cell element 3, and the electrode 4 are laminated is disposed in a vacuum chamber (first disposition step). Then, as Figure 4As shown, the non-bonding layer 5 is disposed on the surface of the first laminate S1 in the Z1 direction, and the sealing sheet 9 is disposed on the surface of the non-bonding layer 5 in the Z1 direction (second disposition step). Hereinafter, the laminate in which the non-bonding layer 5 and the sealing sheet 9 are disposed on the first laminate S1 is referred to as "second laminate S2". In the second laminate S2 before the inside of the vacuum chamber is evacuated, a gap is formed between the conductive layer 2 and the bonding layer 6 due to the presence of the non-bonding layer 5. Further, as described above, in the second laminate S2, when viewed along the Z direction, the size of the non-bonding layer 5 is larger (slightly larger) than the size of the electrode 4 and smaller than the size of the sealing sheet 9 (bonding layer 6).

[0050] Then, the inside space S is evacuated by evacuating the inside of the vacuum chamber to a vacuum (e.g., 10 Pa) (evacuation step). Next, as Figure 5 shown, air pressure is applied through the diaphragm D (e.g., pressurized to 0.1 to 0.3 MPa) (pressurization step). Thereby, the non-bonding layer 5 and the sealing sheet 9 are compressed (compressed in such a manner that the non-bonding layer 5 adheres to the conductive layer 2, the solar cell element 3, the electrode 4, and the non-bonding layer 5). Further, as described above, the non-bonding layer 5 has a plurality of communication holes. Therefore, when the inside space S is evacuated, the non-bonding layer 5 is compressed by the solar cell element 3, the electrode 4, and the sealing sheet 9, and at least a part of the solar cell element 3 and at least a part of the electrode 4 are buried in the non-bonding layer 5. Further, in Figure 1 and Figure 5 although the case where the non-bonding layer 5 and the sealing sheet 9 are not compressed is shown, actually the non-bonding layer 5 and the sealing sheet 9 are compressed.

[0051] Then, the pressurized second laminate S2 is heated (e.g., the inside of the vacuum chamber is heated to 80 degrees) (heating step). Thereby, the bonding layer 6 melts, and the barrier layer 7 (sealing sheet 9) and the conductive layer 2 are bonded (joined) via the bonding layer 6. Specifically, the barrier layer 7 and the conductive layer 2 are bonded via the extension portion 61 of the bonding layer 6. Further, the heating time is, for example, three minutes.

[0052] For example, in the case of an adhesive that bonds a sealing sheet to a substrate (conductive layer) using light energy or heat energy, after bonding the substrate and the sealing sheet, it is impossible to make the space for arranging the solar cell element between the substrate and the sealing sheet into a vacuum. When the space between the substrate and the sealing sheet cannot be made into a vacuum, there is a possibility that oxygen and / or water remains in the above space, and there is a concern that the remaining oxygen and / or water contacts the solar cell element and the perovskite solar cell deteriorates. In contrast, according to the present embodiment, since the non-bonding layer 5 is sandwiched between the conductive layer 2 (substrate 1) and the bonding layer 6, in the second laminate S2 before the internal space S is made into a vacuum, a gap can be formed between the conductive layer 2 (substrate 1) and the bonding layer 6. That is, the gas in the internal space S can be attracted through the gap (discharged to the outside), so the internal space S can be simply made into a vacuum. In addition, the gas in the internal space S can be attracted through the plurality of communication holes provided in the non-bonding layer 5 (discharged to the outside), so the internal space S can be made into a vacuum more reliably. In this way, the internal space S is set to a vacuum, and the sealing sheet 9 (barrier layer 7) is configured to prevent the entry of water, oxygen, etc. into the internal space S as described above, so the deterioration (oxidation) of the solar cell element 3 can be prevented, and the deterioration of the perovskite solar cell 100 can be suppressed.

[0053] In addition, since the internal space S can be made into a vacuum more reliably, the situation where gas (air) remains in the internal space S can be prevented. In the perovskite solar cell 100, the generation of bubbles can be reduced. If there are bubbles in the bonding portion (extension portion 61) between the sealing sheet 9 (barrier layer 7) and the conductive layer 2, there is a concern that the bonding strength between the sealing sheet 9 (barrier layer 7) and the conductive layer 2 decreases, and oxygen, water, etc. easily enter the internal space S, resulting in a decrease in the performance of the perovskite solar cell 100. However, according to the present embodiment, a gap caused by the non-bonding layer 5 is formed between the conductive layer 2 and the bonding layer 6, and the bonding layer 6 is easy to handle, so the generation of bubbles in the perovskite solar cell 100 (including the extension portion 61) can be reduced. As a result, the decrease in the performance of the perovskite solar cell 100 can be suppressed.

[0054] In addition, for example, in a structure in which a sealing sheet (bonding layer) is bonded to a substrate using a hot pressing roll or the like, the electrode disposed on the substrate (or on the solar cell element) is bonded to the bonding layer. In this case, there is a concern that the electrode is peeled off due to impact (vibration), resulting in a decrease in the performance of the battery. In contrast, according to the present embodiment, as described above, the non-bonding layer 5 is disposed between the bonding layer 6 and the electrode 4, so the bonding layer 6 and the electrode 4 are not bonded, and the peeling of the electrode 4 caused by impact (vibration) can be prevented.

[0055] 〔Summary of the above embodiment〕

[0056] In the above-described embodiment, the following structure can be considered.

[0057] (1) A perovskite solar cell 100 having: a conductive layer 2 disposed on a substrate 1 with conductivity; a solar cell element 3 disposed on the conductive layer 2; an electrode 4 disposed on the solar cell element 3; a barrier layer 7 (sealing layer) that seals the solar cell element 3; an adhesive layer 6 that bonds the barrier layer 7 (sealing layer) to the conductive layer 2; and an insulating non-adhesive layer 5 disposed between the electrode 4 and the adhesive layer 6.

[0058] According to this structure, since the insulating non-adhesive layer 5 is disposed between the electrode 4 and the adhesive layer 6, contact between the electrode 4 and the adhesive layer 6 can be avoided. Therefore, for example, even when the perovskite solar cell 100 vibrates due to impact or the like and the relative positions of the adhesive layer 6 and the electrode 4 change, the electrode 4 can be protected by the non-adhesive layer 5, so that peeling of the electrode 4 from the solar cell element 3 can be prevented. As a result, a decrease in the performance of the perovskite solar cell 100 can be suppressed.

[0059] (2) In the perovskite solar cell 100 of (1), it is preferable that the non-adhesive layer 5 has a melting point higher than the temperature at which the barrier layer 7 (sealing layer) and the conductive layer 2 are bonded via the adhesive layer 6.

[0060] According to this structure, since the non-adhesive layer 5 has a melting point higher than the temperature at which the adhesive layer 6 bonds the barrier layer 7 and the conductive layer 2, the non-adhesive layer 5 will not melt even when the perovskite solar cell 100 is heated for bonding by the adhesive layer 6, and bonding to the electrode 4 can be prevented. Therefore, for example, even when the perovskite solar cell 100 vibrates due to impact or the like and the relative positions of the non-adhesive layer 5 and the electrode 4 change, peeling of the electrode 4 from the solar cell element 3 can be prevented. As a result, a decrease in the performance of the perovskite solar cell 100 can be suppressed.

[0061] (3) In the perovskite solar cell 100 of (1) or (2), it is preferable that the non-adhesive layer 5 overlaps the entire region of the electrode 4 in the Z direction (first direction) from the substrate 1 toward the conductive layer 2.

[0062] According to this structure, since the non-adhesive layer 5 covers the entire region of the electrode 4 in the Z direction, the electrode 4 can be more reliably protected (peeling of the electrode 4 can be prevented).

[0063] (4) In the perovskite solar cell 100 of (3), it is preferable that when viewed along the Z direction (first direction), the adhesive layer 6 extends via an extension portion 61 that extends more outward than the non-adhesive layer 5, and the extension portion 61 is bonded to the conductive layer 2.

[0064] According to this structure, the extending portion 61 of the adhesive layer 6 that extends more outward than the non-adhesive layer 5 is adhered to the conductive layer 2, so the solar cell element 3 can be more reliably protected and sealed.

[0065] 〔Other Embodiments〕

[0066] Next, other embodiments will be described.

[0067] (a) As long as there is no contradiction, the structures disclosed in the above embodiments can be combined with the structures disclosed in other embodiments for application. Regarding other structures, the embodiments disclosed in this specification are illustrative in all aspects. Therefore, various changes can be appropriately made without departing from the gist of the present invention.

[0068] (b) The dimensions (area or length) described in the above embodiments are examples. As long as the dimension when observed along the Z direction is such that the sealing sheet 9 > non-adhesive layer 5 > electrode 4 (when observed along the Z direction, the dimension of the sealing sheet 9 is larger than the dimension of the non-adhesive layer 5, and the dimension of the non-adhesive layer 5 is larger than the dimension of the electrode 4), it can be appropriately changed.

[0069] (c) In the above embodiments, although the adhesive layer 6 is provided in the entire area of the sealing sheet 9, it may also be provided only at the bonding portion of the lower surface of the sealing sheet 9 with the conductive layer 2. In addition, the substrate layer 8 of the sealing sheet 9 may be omitted.

[0070] [Industrial Applicability]

[0071] The technology of the present invention can be used for perovskite solar cells.

Claims

1. A perovskite solar cell, characterized in that: have: A conductive conductive layer disposed on the substrate; A solar cell element disposed on the conductive layer; An electrode disposed on the solar cell element; A sealing layer for sealing the solar cell element; An adhesive layer for bonding the sealing layer to the conductive layer; as well as The insulating non-adhesive layer is disposed between the electrode and the adhesive layer.

2. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 1, characterized in that The non-adhesive layer has a melting point higher than a temperature at which the sealing layer and the conductive layer are bonded to each other via the adhesive layer.

3. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that: The non-adhesive layer overlaps the entire region of the electrode in a first direction from the substrate toward the conductive layer.

4. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 3, characterized in that: When viewed along the first direction, the adhesive layer has an extension portion extending outwardly more than the non-adhesive layer. The extending portion is bonded to the conductive layer.

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