Green cultivation method for preventing frost and promoting prematurity of potatoes by two films in winter and spring

Abstract

The invention belongs to the technical field of crop cultivation, and discloses a winter small spring potato two-film frost-preventing and early-maturing-promoting green cultivation method.According to the cultivation method, early-maturing potato varieties which are high in yield, resistant to diseases, good in commodity and suitable for winter production are selected, seed potatoes are detoxified seed potatoes, and frost-preventing measures or small arched sheds are adopted so that damage of frost can be reduced; selecting disease-resistant varieties, eliminating diseased potatoes, disinfecting potato blocks, and adopting pesticides for prevention and treatment in time. As the planting season is early, the epidemic disease high-incidence period is avoided, early blight and late blight are generally avoided, and the yield is greatly improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention belongs to the technical field of crop cultivation, and particularly relates to a two-film frost prevention and early maturity promotion green cultivation method for winter-spring potatoes. Background Art

[0002] Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is an annual herbaceous plant of the Solanaceae family and the Solanum genus. Winter-spring potatoes are an important economic and advantageous industry in the winter cropping area of China. However, the phenomenon of late spring cold and frost occurs to varying degrees in the planting area every year. To avoid the frost period, small arch films are built, so that the potato production in the winter cropping area is effectively protected from frost, and the potatoes can be listed 10-20 days earlier, obtaining higher yields.

[0003] Through the above analysis, the problems and defects existing in the prior art are as follows:

[0004] Traditional potato cultivation is easily damaged by frost, with low yields and poor cultivation effects. In order to be able to list early and obtain high benefits, some growers often sow early. In this way, some potato seeds are not out of dormancy and the sprouting technology is improper, resulting in the potatoes not emerging, or the emergence being uneven, causing serious economic losses to potato seed enterprises and growers. The frost-damaged potatoes grow again, which will lead to a reduction in potato yields, and the maturity of the potato tubers is not enough at harvest, resulting in poor quality and taste, seriously affecting the commerciality of potatoes, and thus reducing the income of growers. Potatoes severely damaged by frost cannot grow again, and growers cannot obtain benefits, causing relatively large economic losses. Summary of the Invention

[0005] In view of the problems existing in the prior art, the present invention provides a two-film frost prevention and early maturity promotion green cultivation method for winter-spring potatoes.

[0006] The present invention is implemented as follows. A two-film frost prevention and early maturity promotion green cultivation method for winter-spring potatoes includes:

[0007] Step 1, land selection;

[0008] Step 2, sowing management;

[0009] Step 3, frost prevention and temperature increase management;

[0010] Step 4, field management;

[0011] Step 5, harvesting;

[0012] When the potatoes are mature, harvest them in a timely manner; cut the seedlings 3-5 days in advance to promote the maturity of the potato tubers, and select sunny days for grading and harvesting. Potatoes over 150 g and those between 75-150 g are classified and packed in boxes, and those below 75 g are bagged.

[0013] Further, the land selection:

[0014] 1) Select a plot close to the water source, with relatively flat terrain and fertile soil suitable for planting potatoes; avoid solanaceous crops as the previous crop, and generally rice / corn as the previous crop is the best;

[0015] 2) Deep plow early, combine with rotary tillage for land preparation. After mechanical land preparation, the land should be flat and the soil should be loose. Carry out rotary tillage and fine harrowing 3 - 5 days before sowing. Before rotary tillage, apply 30 kg / mu of urea and 2 kg / mu of soil conditioner evenly on the field, and use a tiller for fine land preparation to meet the standards of flat ground, fine soil, and softness.

[0016] Furthermore, the sowing management is as follows:

[0017] (1) Variety selection

[0018] Select potato varieties that are high-yielding, have good marketability, a moderate growth period, and are suitable for local production in the current season according to market demand;

[0019] (2) Seed selection and sprouting.

[0020] Furthermore, the seed selection and sprouting are as follows:

[0021] 1) Seed selection

[0022] Select early-maturing potato varieties that are high-yielding, disease-resistant, have good marketability, and are suitable for winter production. The seed potatoes are virus-free.

[0023] 2) Seed potato sprouting

[0024] 30 - 40 days before sowing, soak the seed potatoes in a 100 - 500 - fold solution of brassinolide - gibberellic acid + a 100 - fold solution of chlorothalonil / fludioxonil, air dry, cover with a cloth, and sprout until the sprout length is 0.3 cm - 0.5 cm;

[0025] 3) Seed potato cutting

[0026] Carry out cutting 2 - 3 days before sowing. Disinfect the cutting knife with 75% alcohol or a 0.5% potassium permanganate aqueous solution during cutting. Use two knives alternately and promptly eliminate diseased and rotten potatoes; for seed potatoes ≤50 g, it is advisable to sow the whole potato. For seed potatoes over 50 g, for 50 g - 100 g seed potatoes, cut them longitudinally into two pieces; for 100 g - 150 g seed potatoes, cut them into three pieces using the longitudinal and oblique cutting method; for seed potatoes over 150 g, cut them from the tail in a spiral arrangement along the bud eyes into several small pieces in a vertical triangle shape, with each piece having 1 - 2 bud eyes and a weight of 30 g - 40 g being appropriate;

[0027] 4) Seed potato dressing

[0028] Place the cut seed potatoes in a cool place, then dress them with 20 kg of talcum powder + 200 g of carbendazim powder evenly mixed, and sow as soon as possible within 1 - 2 days after treatment;

[0029] 5) Determination of the sowing date for early maturity and frost avoidance

[0030] According to meteorological factors, during the growth period of potatoes, frost is likely to occur on clear nights when the temperature is below 4 degrees Celsius. Select the emergence period to avoid and stagger the frost. The sowing date for the small spring potato crop is in the first ten days of December; if the small arch film + plastic film covering mode is adopted, the sowing can be appropriately advanced to promote early tuber formation.

[0031] 6) Appropriate density

[0032] Determine the appropriate sowing density according to the variety characteristics, with the density ranging from 3,800 to 4,500 plants per mu.

[0033] 7) Application of basal fertilizer at sowing

[0034] When sowing, apply 1,000 kg of organic fertilizer per mu, 100 - 120 kg of compound fertilizer (15:15:15) per mu, and 50 kg of single superphosphate per mu; the fertilizers selected should meet the requirements of GB15063, and the fertilizers should be used reasonably in accordance with the requirements of NY / T 496.

[0035] 8) Sowing method

[0036] Use a potato planter for sowing. First, set parameters such as the ridge width, depth, and density of sowing, and complete ditch opening, fertilization, sowing, ridging, laying drip irrigation belts, spraying closed herbicides, and film covering in one go; adopt the planting method of double rows on a large ridge with one film and two belts. The ridge spacing is 0.95 m to 1 m, the large row spacing is 70 cm to 80 cm, the small row spacing is 30 cm to 40 cm, the plant spacing is 30 cm to 40 cm, and the density per 666.7 square meters is controlled at 3,800 to 4,500 plants.

[0037] Furthermore, the frost prevention and temperature increase management:

[0038] Adopt building a small arch shed for frost prevention; the specific operation is as follows:

[0039] After sowing / emergence of the potatoes, select a black plastic film with a width of 80 cm and a thickness of 0.005 mm, with a 20 - cm white strip in the middle, and cover it on the potato planting belt. Evenly cover the soil on the roots of the potato seedlings to cover the plastic film.

[0040] Specifically, for building the small shed, insert bamboo sticks 2 m long on the ridge, bend them into a small arch shed with a shed height of 40 - 60 cm, and then cover it with a shed film. The shed film is white, with a thickness of 0.05 mm and a width of 230 cm; completely remove the shed film of the small arch shed after the frost period until the end of February - early March.

[0041] Furthermore, the field management:

[0042] 1) Irrigation management

[0043] Adopt corresponding irrigation measures under different environmental conditions:

[0044] Emergence by drip irrigation: If there is no effective rainfall 10 - 15 days after sowing, it is necessary to irrigate for emergence. The soil moisture should penetrate, and the soil water content should be 50 - 60%.

[0045] If there is a rainfall of 10 - 20 mm within 24 hours after sowing and there is no waterlogging, no management is required. If the rainfall exceeds 20 mm within 24 hours after sowing and there is waterlogging, it is necessary to drain the water as soon as possible.

[0046] If the form of drip irrigation under film is adopted and the rainfall during the growth period of potatoes is less than 100 mm, then the whole growth period needs to be irrigated 5 - 6 times. The irrigation interval is from the seedling stage to the tuber formation stage. If there is no rainfall, irrigate once every 7 - 10 days. During the tuber bulking stage, irrigate once every 3 - 5 days. If there is heavy rain causing waterlogging, drain the water in time. Do not irrigate 7 days before harvest.

[0047] 2) Middle - tillage and top - dressing

[0048] 2.1) Middle - tillage and top - dressing

[0049] Conduct 2 times of middle - tillage and soil - heaping during the emergence stage. The first time is when the potato seedlings just emerge from the soil, and the second time is about 30 days after the first soil - heaping. During the first middle - tillage, according to the growth characteristics of the variety, top - dress an appropriate amount of nitrogen fertilizer, 10 - 20 kg per mu.

[0050] 2.2) Irrigation and application of microbial fertilizer

[0051] During the budding stage of potatoes, irrigate on the soil surface in the potato planting area with a 300 - 500 - fold liquid of Trichoderma composite microbial agent and 10 - 20 kg per mu of magnesium calcium nitrate fertilizer.

[0052] 2.3) Controlling plant height

[0053] When the plant height is 45 - 55 cm or 3 - 5 days after the potato buds, spray 40% propiconazole microemulsion. Spray 1 - 2 times according to the growth situation, and control the plant height at 50 - 60 cm.

[0054] 2.4) Pest and disease management

[0055] Carry out reasonable crop rotation, select disease - resistant varieties, eliminate diseased potato tubers, disinfect the potato tubers, and take timely chemical control measures. Since the planting season is relatively early, avoiding the high - incidence period of blight, generally early blight and late blight will not occur. The main pests are cutworms, white grubs, and wireworms, and control them with pesticides such as trichlorfon, phoxim, and deltamethrin.

[0056] Another object of the present invention is to provide a two - film frost - proof and early - maturing green cultivation system for winter and early spring potatoes, including:

[0057] Land preparation module, which is used for early deep plowing, combined with rotary tillage for land preparation. After mechanical land preparation, the land is leveled and the soil is loosened. Rotary tillage and fine harrowing are carried out 3 - 5 days before sowing. 30 kg / mu of urea and 2 kg / mu of soil conditioner are evenly spread on the field before rotary tillage, and a tiller is used for fine land preparation to meet the standards of flat land, fine soil, and softness.

[0058] Sowing module, which is used to select early - maturing potato varieties with high yield, disease resistance, good marketability, and suitable for winter production. The seed potatoes are virus - free. 30 - 40 days before sowing, the seed potatoes are soaked in a solution of brassinolide - gibberellic acid at a concentration of 100 - 500 times + chlorothalonil / fludioxonil at a concentration of 100 times, dried and covered with cloth, and germinated until the bud length reaches 0.3 cm - 0.5 cm.

[0059] Frost prevention module, which is used to adopt frost prevention measures or use small arched sheds.

[0060] Field management module, which is used for irrigation management, intertillage and topdressing, application of microbial fertilizer, control of plant height, and pest and disease management.

[0061] Harvesting module, which is used to harvest the potatoes in a timely manner when they are mature. 3 - 5 days in advance, the vines are cut first to promote the maturity of potato tubers, and the grading harvest is carried out on a sunny day. Potatoes over 150 g and those between 75 - 150 g are classified and packed in boxes, and those under 75 g are bagged.

[0062] Combined with the above - mentioned technical solutions and the solved technical problems, the advantages and positive effects of the technical solution to be protected by the present invention are as follows:

[0063] First, the cultivation method of the present invention selects early - maturing potato varieties with high yield, disease resistance, good marketability, and suitable for winter production. The seed potatoes are virus - free. Adopting frost prevention measures and small arched sheds can reduce the damage of frost. Reasonable crop rotation, selection of disease - resistant varieties, elimination of diseased potatoes, disinfection of potato tubers, and timely application of chemical control. Since the planting season is relatively early, it avoids the high - incidence period of blight, and generally early blight and late blight do not occur. This greatly improves the yield and the rate of marketable potatoes, thus increasing the output value.

[0064] Second, through the key step of intertillage and topdressing, the technical solution of the present invention can significantly improve the growth environment and nutritional status of potatoes. By adopting the technical solution of the present invention, the yield of potatoes will be greatly increased. Due to the selection of early-maturing potato varieties with high yield, disease resistance, and good commercial quality, and the adoption of scientific planting management measures such as building small arch membranes, reasonable crop rotation, potato tuber disinfection, and chemical control, the yield and commercial potato rate of potatoes will be significantly improved, thus bringing higher economic benefits. The technical solution of the present invention is not only applicable to traditional potato planting areas but also can be extended to more extensive areas, especially those areas for winter potato planting. By promoting and applying the technical solution of the present invention, the frost prevention effect of winter potatoes is more than 90%, and the potato yield increases by 20%, which can effectively drive the development of the local potato industry, increase farmers' income, and promote the prosperity of the rural economy.

[0065] The technical solution involved in the present invention is innovative in the domestic and foreign industries of the same kind. Especially in the winter cropping area, it adapts to the climate where the temperature is relatively low (with frost) in the early stage of winter early potatoes and the temperature rises rapidly in the later stage, which is not conducive to potato yield increase, and supplements the improvement of cultivation techniques. It is also a supplement and improvement to the frost prevention technology of winter potatoes in China. Domestic patents such as "A High-yield Cultivation Technology for Winter Potatoes with Frost Prevention" and "A Comprehensive Frost Prevention Cultivation Technology for Winter Potatoes" have been applied for, but the two-film frost prevention and early maturity promotion green and efficient cultivation technology for winter small spring potatoes is still blank. Brief Description of the Drawings

[0066] Figure 1 It is a flow chart of the two-film frost prevention and early maturity promotion green cultivation method for winter small spring potatoes provided by an embodiment of the present invention.

[0067] Figure 2 It is a flow chart of the land preparation and base fertilizer application method provided by an embodiment of the present invention.

[0068] Figure 3 It is a system structure block diagram of the two-film frost prevention and early maturity promotion green cultivation method for winter small spring potatoes provided by an embodiment of the present invention.

[0069] Figure 4 It is a drawing of ridge formation and bed preparation provided by an embodiment of the present invention.

[0070] Figure 5 It is a drawing of mulching film covering provided by an embodiment of the present invention. Detailed Description of the Invention

[0071] In order to make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of the present invention clearer and more understandable, the present invention will be further described in detail below in conjunction with embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are only used to explain the present invention and are not used to limit the present invention.

[0072] As Figure 1As shown in the figure, a two-film frost prevention and early maturity promotion green cultivation method for winter-spring potatoes provided by an embodiment of the present invention includes the following steps:

[0073] S101, Select the land;

[0074] S102, Sowing management;

[0075] S103, Frost prevention and temperature increase management;

[0076] S104, Field management;

[0077] S105, Harvest;

[0078] When the potatoes are mature, harvest them in a timely manner; cut the seedlings 3 - 5 days in advance to promote the maturity of potato tubers, and select sunny days for grading harvest. Potatoes above 150g and those between 75 - 150g are classified and packed in boxes, and those below 75g are bagged.

[0079] The following is a technical refinement version of the "two-film frost prevention and early maturity promotion green cultivation method for winter-spring potatoes", disassembled into six paragraphs, using professional terms in the fields of agricultural cultivation, crop physiology, and protected agriculture, and optimizing the description in combination with the logical reasoning chain:

[0080] Step 1: Select the land

[0081] As Figure 4 , select a plot with a non-solanaceous crop as the previous crop, and conduct deep plowing (depth 25 - 30 cm), combined with ridging and bed formation, to form a north-south high-ridge double-row cultivation structure to maximize light utilization and ventilation and moisture removal in winter and spring. The base fertilizer is mainly composed of well-rotted organic fertilizer (well-rotted chicken manure or cow manure) + biological bacterial fertilizer, combined with an appropriate amount of slow-release compound fertilizer (15 - 15 - 15). The application amount of the base fertilizer is controlled between 3000 - 4000 kg / hm 2 , and the soil pH is adjusted between 5.5 - 6.5 to ensure that the root growth environment is moderately acidic and alkaline, which is beneficial to the stability of the rhizosphere microbial community.

[0082] Step 2: Sowing and seedling management

[0083] As Figure 5 , sow when the soil temperature at the 5 - 8 cm layer is stable above 7°C from late winter to early spring. Select virus-free potato seeds with the dormancy period ended and plump eyes (preferably the single-bud cutting method, retaining a single bud with basal nutrient tissue). The sowing density is controlled between 45,000 - 55,000 plants / hm 2 , with a row spacing of 75 cm and a plant spacing of 30 cm, and the sowing depth is about 10 - 12 cm. After sowing, compact the soil to conserve moisture, and then immediately cover with plastic film. Focus on monitoring the risk of low-temperature freezing damage within 7 days after sowing. If necessary, cover with a small arch shed or floating film at night to achieve double-film coverage (plastic film + arch film) for heat preservation, forming a micro-greenhouse effect.

[0084] Step 3: Frost prevention, temperature increase and regulation of the environment under the film

[0085] For the low-temperature period at night (especially the cold snap in the early spring), a double-covering system is adopted: the lower layer is a polyethylene plastic film, and the upper layer is a detachable transparent polyethylene arch film. The inner side of the small arch shed is closed in the morning and evening and ventilated at noon to ensure that the air temperature in the microclimate under the film can reach 25-30°C during the day and be maintained above 8°C at night. The temperature and humidity environment inside the film is controlled through ventilation holes to prevent Phytophthora infestans and anthracnose induced by high humidity. In case of extreme cold snaps, spraying seaweed sugar alcohol-based antifreeze agents or conducting straw smoking is combined to prevent cold air from sinking and enhance the cold-resistant inversion layer.

[0086] Step 4: Field management and nutritional regulation

[0087] The soil moisture is monitored throughout the whole process from the seedling stage to the tuber swelling stage, and precise irrigation is implemented. A drip irrigation system is combined with water-soluble fertilizers for synchronous nutrient supply. From the budding stage to the flowering stage, it is a stage of the co-progress of vegetative growth and reproductive growth. Potassium fertilizer and potassium dihydrogen phosphate are mainly top-dressed to improve the transport efficiency of photosynthetic products to underground tubers; during the tuber swelling stage, calcium and magnesium trace elements are strengthened to supplement to inhibit the incidence of hollow tubers and the cracking rate of tubers. The prevention and control of diseases and pests mainly rely on green prevention and control, combined with sex pheromones and insect nets to control insects, reducing the frequency of pesticide intervention.

[0088] Step 5: Pretreatment before harvesting and promotion of maturity

[0089] When the lower leaves of the plant turn yellow and more than 80% of the plants are physiologically mature, artificial cutting of the seedlings is carried out 3-5 days before harvesting, cutting off the assimilate supply from the above-ground part to the tubers, promoting the suberization and natural drying of the tuber cortex, and preventing skin damage and mechanical damage during mechanical harvesting from causing pathogen infection. Keep the plastic film intact during the seedling cutting period and continue to cover it to maintain the ground temperature, which is beneficial to the natural wound healing of the tubers after maturity.

[0090] Step 6: Timely harvesting and grading treatment

[0091] Select continuous sunny days for manual or mechanical harvesting, avoiding operations on wet land after rain to prevent mud pollution of the tubers. After harvesting, grading and packaging are carried out according to the commercial grade of the tubers: tubers with a single-tuber mass of more than 150 g are first-class tubers, and those with a mass of 75-150 g are second-class tubers, which are respectively packed in boxes for fresh sales; tubers with a mass of less than 75 g are classified and put into bags for processing or breeding and seed preservation, avoiding mixing of varieties. After grading, pre-storage treatment is carried out in a ventilated and dry place for more than 24 hours to reduce the moisture content of the epidermis and prevent mildew during transportation or rot after mechanical abrasion.

[0092] As Figure 2 shown, the land selection provided by the embodiment of the present invention:

[0093] S201, select a plot close to the water source, with relatively flat terrain and fertile soil suitable for planting potatoes; the previous crop should avoid solanaceous crops, and generally the previous crop is preferably rice / corn;

[0094] S202, Early deep plowing, combined with rotary tillage for land preparation. After mechanical land preparation, the land is leveled and the soil is loosened. Rotary tillage and fine harrowing are carried out 3 - 5 days before sowing. 30 kg / mu of urea and 2 kg / mu of soil conditioner are evenly spread on the field before rotary tillage, and a tiller is used for fine land preparation to meet the standards of flat land, fine soil, and softness.

[0095] The sowing management provided by the embodiments of the present invention:

[0096] (1) Variety selection

[0097] According to market demand, select early - maturing potato varieties with high yield, good marketability, short growth period, and suitable for local production in the current season;

[0098] (2) Seed selection and sprouting.

[0099] The seed selection and sprouting provided by the embodiments of the present invention:

[0100] 1) Seed selection

[0101] Select early - maturing potato varieties with high yield, disease resistance, good marketability, and suitable for winter production. The seed potatoes are virus - free.

[0102] 1) Sprouting of seed potatoes

[0103] 30 - 40 days before sowing, soak the seed potatoes in a solution of brassinolide - gibberellic acid at a concentration of 100 - 500 times + chlorothalonil / fludioxonil at a concentration of 100 times. After air - drying, cover them with a cloth and sprout until the bud length reaches 0.3 cm - 0.5 cm;

[0104] 2) Cutting of seed potatoes

[0105] Cut the seed potatoes 2 - 3 days before sowing. Disinfect the cutting knife with 75% alcohol or 0.5% potassium permanganate aqueous solution. Alternately use two knives and promptly eliminate diseased and rotten potatoes; For seed potatoes ≤50 g, it is advisable to sow them whole. For seed potatoes over 50 g, 50 g - 100 g seed potatoes, cut them longitudinally into two pieces; For 100 g - 150 g seed potatoes, cut them into three pieces using the longitudinal - oblique cutting method; For seed potatoes over 150 g, cut them into several small pieces in a three - dimensional triangle shape by longitudinally and obliquely cutting from the tail according to the spiral arrangement of the eyes. Each piece should have 1 - 2 eyes and a weight of 30 g - 40 g is appropriate;

[0106] 3) Dressing of seed potatoes

[0107] Place the cut seed potatoes in a cool place, and then dress them by evenly mixing 20 kg of talcum powder and 200 g of carbendazim powder. Sow them as soon as possible within 1 - 2 days after treatment;

[0108] 4) Determination of the early - maturing frost - avoiding sowing date

[0109] According to meteorological factors, during the growth period of potatoes, frost is likely to occur on clear nights when the temperature is below 4 degrees Celsius. Select a frost - avoiding and staggered - frost emergence period. For the spring - winter potato planting, the sowing period is in early December; if the small - arch film + plastic - film covering mode is adopted, sowing can be appropriately advanced to promote early tuber formation;

[0110] 4) Sowing density

[0111] Determine the appropriate sowing density according to the variety characteristics. The density is 3,800 - 4,500 plants per mu;

[0112] 5) Applying base fertilizer at sowing

[0113] When sowing, apply 1,000 kg of organic fertilizer per mu, 100 - 120 kg of compound fertilizer (15:15:15) per mu, and 50 kg of single superphosphate per mu; the fertilizers selected should meet the requirements of GB15063, and the fertilizers should be used reasonably according to the requirements of NY / T 496;

[0114] 6) Sowing method

[0115] Use a potato planter for sowing. First, set parameters such as the width, depth, and density of the sowing ridge, and complete ditch - opening, fertilizing, sowing, ridging, laying drip - irrigation tapes, spraying closed - type herbicides, and film - covering at one time; adopt the large - ridge double - row one - film two - belt planting method, with a ridge distance of 0.95 m - 1 m, a large row spacing of 70 cm - 80 cm, a small row spacing of 30 cm - 40 cm, a plant spacing of 30 cm - 40 cm, and the density per 666.7 square meters controlled at 3,800 - 4,500 plants.

[0116] The frost - prevention and temperature - increasing management provided by the embodiments of the present invention:

[0117] Frost - prevention measures and building small - arch sheds for frost prevention can be adopted; the specific operations are as follows:

[0118] After potato sowing / emergence, select a black plastic film with a width of 80 cm and a thickness of 0.005 mm, with a 20 - cm white strip in the middle, and cover it on the potato planting belt, and evenly cover the film with soil at the roots of the potato seedlings;

[0119] For building a small shed, specifically insert bamboo sticks 2 m long on the ridge to form a small - arch shed with a shed height of 40 - 60 cm, and then cover it with a shed film. The shed film is white, with a thickness of 0.05 mm and a width of 230 cm; uncover the shed film from 9 a.m. to 7 p.m. on sunny days to cool down, and cover the shed film after 7 p.m.; after the frost period, completely uncover the shed film of the small - arch shed until the end of February - early March.

[0120] The field management provided by the embodiments of the present invention:

[0121] 1) Irrigation management

[0122] Adopt corresponding irrigation measures under different environmental conditions:

[0123] Emergence by drip irrigation. If there is no effective rainfall 10 - 15 days after sowing, emergence water needs to be irrigated. The soil moisture should penetrate, and the soil water content should be 50 - 60%.

[0124] If there is a rainfall of 10 - 20 mm within 24 hours after sowing and there is no waterlogging, no management is required. If the rainfall exceeds 20 mm within 24 hours after sowing and there is waterlogging, drainage should be carried out as soon as possible.

[0125] If the form of drip irrigation under film is adopted and the rainfall during the growth period of potatoes is less than 100 mm, then irrigation needs to be carried out 5 - 6 times during the whole growth period. The irrigation interval is from the seedling stage to the tuber formation stage. If there is no rainfall, irrigate once every 7 - 10 days. During the tuber bulking stage, irrigate once every 3 - 5 days. If there is heavy rain causing waterlogging, drain the water in time. Do not irrigate 7 days before harvest.

[0126] 2) Intertillage and topdressing

[0127] 2.1) Intertillage and topdressing

[0128] Carry out 2 times of intertillage and soil mulching during the emergence stage. The first time is when the potato seedlings just emerge from the soil, and the second time is about 30 days after the first soil mulching. During the first intertillage, according to the growth characteristics of the variety, apply an appropriate amount of nitrogen fertilizer, 10 - 20 kg / mu.

[0129] ; For Yunshu 304, apply 20 kg / mu of urea. For Yunshu 306 and Yunshu 902, apply 15 kg / mu of urea.

[0130] 2.2) Irrigation application of microbial fertilizer

[0131] During the budding stage of potatoes, apply Trichoderma compound microbial agent at a dilution of 300 - 500 times and calcium magnesium nitrate fertilizer at 10 - 20 kg / mu on the soil surface in the potato planting area.

[0132] 2.3) Control of plant height

[0133] When the plant height is 45 - 55 cm or 3 - 5 days after the potato buds, spray 40% propiconazole microemulsion. Spray 1 - 2 times according to the growth trend, and control the plant height at 50 - 60 cm. For Yunshu 304 and Yunshu 902, use a dilution of 1000 - 1500 times, and for Yunshu 306 and Yunshu 506, use a dilution of 500 - 800 times.

[0134] 2.4) Pest and disease management

[0135] Reasonable crop rotation, select disease-resistant varieties, eliminate diseased tubers, disinfect the tubers, and take timely chemical control measures. Since the planting season is relatively early, it avoids the high-incidence period of blight, and generally early blight and late blight do not occur. The main pests are cutworms, white grubs, and wireworms. Control them with pesticides such as trichlorfon, phoxim, and deltamethrin.

[0136] If Figure 3As shown in the figure, a two-film frost prevention and early maturity promotion green cultivation system for winter and early spring potatoes provided by an embodiment of the present invention includes:

[0137] A land preparation module, which is used to deeply plow the land in advance, combine rotary tillage for land preparation, and after mechanical land preparation, the land is leveled and the soil is loosened. Rotary tillage and fine harrowing are carried out 3 - 5 days before sowing. 30 kg / mu of urea and 2 kg / mu of soil conditioner are evenly spread on the field before rotary tillage, and a tiller is used for fine land preparation to meet the standards of flat ground, fine soil, and softness.

[0138] A sowing module, which is used to select early-maturing potato varieties with high yield, disease resistance, good marketability, and suitable for winter production. The seed potatoes are virus-free. 30 - 40 days before sowing, the seed potatoes are soaked in a 100 - 500-fold solution of brassinolide-gibberellic acid + a 100-fold solution of chlorothalonil / fludioxonil, dried and covered with cloth, and germinated until the bud length is 0.3 cm - 0.5 cm.

[0139] A frost prevention module, which is used to adopt frost prevention measures or use a small arch shed.

[0140] A field management module, which is used for irrigation management, intertillage and topdressing, irrigation and application of bacterial fertilizer, control of plant height, and pest and disease management.

[0141] A harvesting module, which is used to harvest the potatoes in a timely manner when they are mature. Cut the seedlings 3 - 5 days in advance to promote the maturity of potato tubers, and select sunny days for grading harvest. Potatoes above 150 g and those between 75 - 150 g are classified and packed in boxes, and those below 75 g are packed in bags.

[0142] Evidence related to the technical effects obtained in the embodiments of the present invention.

[0143] Phenological periods of winter and early spring potatoes under different film covering methods

[0144]

[0145]

[0146] Through three years of experiments, it can be seen that the emergence period of double-film covering is 7 - 17 days earlier than that of single-film covering, the flowering period is 9 - 14 days earlier, and the maturity period is 11 - 18 days earlier, which is beneficial to early market listing.

[0147] Yields of winter and early spring potatoes under different film covering methods

[0148]

[0149] It can be seen from the three-year experiments that the number of tubers per plant does not change much, but the yield per plant of double-film covering is 111.7, 243.6, and 101.2 grams more than that of single-film covering in three years respectively, and the yield per mu increases by 23.83%, 27.64%, and 22.41% respectively, and the yield increase benefit is obvious.

[0150] The above are only specific embodiments of the present invention, but the protection scope of the present invention is not limited thereto. Any person skilled in the art within the technical scope disclosed by the present invention, any modification, equivalent replacement, improvement, etc. made within the spirit and principle of the present invention shall be covered by the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A green cultivation method for winter and early spring potatoes with two films to prevent frost and promote early maturity, characterized in that: The following steps are involved: 1) Site selection: Select non-Solanaceae previous crop plots, carry out deep ploughing and land preparation, form a north-south high ridge double-row structure, and apply a mixed base fertilizer of decomposed organic fertilizer, biological fertilizer and slow-release compound fertilizer, and adjust the soil pH to 5.5-6.5; 2) Sowing management: Sow when the ground temperature at 5-8cm is stable above 7℃. Plant the virus-free seed potatoes that have been cut into pieces with single buds in the ridges with a spacing of 30cm between plants and 75cm between rows. Cover with plastic film after sowing and press down to retain moisture. 3) Frost prevention and temperature increase management: From sowing to the seedling stage, a double film covering method of "ground film + arch film" is used to form a microclimate insulation system, and the temperature under the film is maintained between 8 and 30°C in combination with ventilation during the day and sealing at night. Antifreeze spraying or fumigation is used when necessary; 4) Field management: Use a drip irrigation system with water-soluble fertilizers for staged topdressing. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are mainly used during the vegetative growth stage, and calcium, magnesium and other trace elements are supplemented during the tuber expansion period. Green control technology is used to implement pest and disease management; 5) Harvest: After the tubers are physiologically mature, the seedlings should be cut 3 to 5 days in advance to promote cork formation in the cortex. Harvest should be carried out manually or mechanically in fine weather, and the tubers should be graded and packaged according to their size.

2. The winter-spring potato cultivation method according to claim 1, characterized in that: In the frost prevention and warming management steps, the upper covering film used in the small arch shed is a transparent polyethylene film with a thickness of 0.08 to 0.10 mm, ventilation openings are set at both ends of the arch shed, and the temperature inside the film is monitored and controlled in real time through a high and low temperature recorder to ensure that the low temperature critical point of the crop is not lower than 5°C.

3. The green cultivation method for winter and early spring potatoes with two films for frost protection and early maturity promotion as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that: The selected place: 1) Choose a plot of land that is close to a water source, has a relatively flat terrain, and has fertile soil suitable for growing potatoes. Avoid planting crops from the Solanaceae family as the previous crop, and rice or corn is generally the best previous crop. 2) Carry out deep ploughing early and combine it with rotary tillage to make the land level and loose after mechanical land preparation. Carry out rotary tillage and fine harrowing 3-5 days before sowing. Before rotary tillage, evenly spread 30 kg / mu urea and 2 kg / mu soil conditioner on the field. Use a tiller to carry out fine land preparation to achieve the standards of flat ground, fine soil and loose soil.

4. The green cultivation method for winter and early spring potatoes with two films for frost protection and early maturity promotion as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that: The sowing management: (1) Variety selection According to market demand, select potato varieties that are high-yielding, commercially viable, have a moderate growth period, and are suitable for local seasonal production; (2) Select seeds and germinate them.

5. The green cultivation method for winter and early spring potatoes with two films for frost protection and early maturity promotion as claimed in claim 4, characterized in that: The seed selection and germination: 1) Seed selection Select early-maturing potato varieties that are high-yielding, disease-resistant, and commercially viable and suitable for winter production, and use virus-free seed potatoes; 2) Germination of seed potatoes 30-40 days before sowing, soak the seed potatoes with 100-500 times solution of Brassica gibberellic acid + 100 times solution of thiophanate-methyl / fludioxonil, cover with cloth after drying, and germinate until the buds are 0.3cm-0.5cm long; 3) Cutting seed potatoes Cut into pieces 2-3 days before sowing. Use 75% alcohol or 0.5% potassium permanganate aqueous solution to disinfect the cutter. Use two knives alternately and eliminate diseased and rotten potatoes in time. Seed potatoes ≤ 50g should be sown whole. Seed potatoes over 50g and 50-100g should be cut into two pieces longitudinally. Seed potatoes 100-150g should be cut into three pieces by longitudinal oblique cutting. Seed potatoes over 150g should be cut into several small pieces of three-dimensional triangles from the tail according to the spiral arrangement of buds, and each piece should have 1-2 buds and weigh 30-40g. 4) Seed potato dressing Place the cut seed potatoes in a cool place, then mix 20kg of talcum powder and 200g of carbendazim powder evenly and mix with the seeds. Sow as soon as possible 1-2 days after treatment. 5) Determination of early-maturing frost-avoiding sowing period According to meteorological factors, during the potato growing period, frost is prone to occur at night when the temperature is below 4 degrees in sunny weather. It is recommended to avoid frost and plant the seedlings at the wrong time. The sowing period for early spring potato is in early December. If the small arch film + mulch film covering mode is adopted, sowing can be appropriately advanced to promote early potato production. 6) Suitable density The appropriate sowing density is determined based on the characteristics of the variety, and the density is between 3,800 and 4,500 plants per mu; 7) Apply base fertilizer before sowing When sowing, apply 1000kg / mu of organic fertilizer, 100-120kg / mu of compound fertilizer (15:15:15), and 50kg / mu of general calcium fertilizer; the selected fertilizer should meet the requirements of GB15063, and the fertilizer should be used reasonably according to the requirements of NY / T 496; 8) Sowing method Use potato planter for sowing. First set parameters such as ridge width, depth and density, then complete furrowing, fertilization, sowing, ridge formation, laying drip irrigation tape, spraying closed herbicide and mulching at one time. Use large ridges, double rows, one film and two belts for planting, with ridge spacing of 0.95m to 1m, large row spacing of 70cm to 80cm, small row spacing of 30cm to 40cm, plant spacing of 30cm to 40cm, and density controlled at 3800 to 4000 plants per 666.7㎡.

6. The green cultivation method for winter and early spring potatoes with two films for frost protection and early maturity promotion as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that: The anti-frost and warming management: When the altitude is between 1400 and 2000 meters, anti-frost measures or small arch sheds can be adopted; the specific operation shall be in accordance with the following requirements: After the potatoes are sown / emerged, use a black mulch film with a width of 80 cm and a thickness of 0.005 mm and a 20 cm white strip in the middle to cover the potato planting belt, and evenly cover the roots of the potato seedlings with soil to cover the mulch film; To build a small shed, 2m bamboo sticks are inserted on the ridge to form a small arch shed with a height of 40-60cm, and then covered with shed film. The shed film is white, 0.05mm thick and 230cm wide. The shed film is opened from 9 am to 7 pm on sunny days to cool down, and the shed film is covered after 7 pm. After the frost period until the end of February to the beginning of March, the film of the small greenhouse should be completely removed.

7. The green cultivation method for winter and early spring potatoes with two films for frost protection and early maturity promotion as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that: The field management: 1) Watering management Take corresponding irrigation measures according to different environmental conditions: Seedlings will emerge with dripping water. If there is no effective rainfall 10-15 days after sowing, water should be irrigated to ensure that the soil moisture is infiltrated and the soil moisture content is 50-60%. If the rainfall is 10-20 mm in 24 hours after sowing and there is no water accumulation, no management is required. If the rainfall exceeds 20 mm in 24 hours after sowing and there is water accumulation, drainage should be carried out as soon as possible. If drip irrigation is used, if the rainfall during the potato growing period is less than 100mm, then the potato needs to be irrigated 5-6 times during the whole growing period. The irrigation interval is from the seedling stage to the tuber formation stage. If there is no rainfall, water is irrigated every 10-15 days. During the tuber expansion period, water is irrigated every 3-5 days. If there is heavy rain causing water accumulation, drain it in time. No water is required 7 days before harvest. 2) Intertillage and fertilization 2.1) Intertillage and fertilization During the seedling stage, two rounds of tillage and soiling are carried out. The first round is when the potato seedlings just emerge from the soil, and the second round is about 30 days after the first round of soiling. During the first round of tillage, apply appropriate amount of nitrogen fertilizer (10-20 kg / mu) according to the growth characteristics of the variety. 2.2) Application of bacterial fertilizer During the potato budding period, apply 300-500 times dilution of Trichoderma composite agent and 10-20kg / mu of magnesium nitrate calcium fertilizer to the soil surface of the potato planting area; 2.3) Controlling plant height When the plant height is 45-55cm or 3-5 days after the potato buds appear, spray 40% propiconazole microemulsion 1-2 times according to the growth, and control the plant height to 50-60cm; Yunshu 304 and Yunshu 902 use 1000-1500 times dilution, Yunshu 306 and Yunshu 506 use 500-800 times dilution; 2.4) Pest and disease management Reasonable crop rotation, selection of disease-resistant varieties, elimination of diseased potatoes, tuber disinfection, and timely use of pesticides for prevention and control; since the planting season is early and the peak period of diseases is avoided, early and late blight generally do not occur; the main pests are cutworms, white grubs, and wireworms, which are controlled with pesticides such as trichlorfon, phoxim, and cypermethrin.

8. A green cultivation system for winter-spring potatoes with two-film frost protection and early-maturing promotion, which implements the green cultivation method for winter-spring potatoes with two-film frost protection and early-maturing promotion as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that: The winter-spring potato double-film frost protection and early-maturing green cultivation system comprises: Land preparation module is used for early deep plowing, combined with rotary tillage and land preparation. After mechanical land preparation, the land is leveled and the soil is loosened. Rotary tillage and fine harrowing are carried out 3-5 days before sowing. Before rotary tillage, 30 kg / mu of urea and 2 kg / mu of soil conditioner are evenly spread on the field, and a loosening machine is used for fine land preparation to achieve the standard of flat ground, fine soil and loose soil. The sowing module is used to select early-maturing potato varieties that are high-yielding, disease-resistant, and commercially available and suitable for winter production. The seed potatoes are virus-free seed potatoes. 30 to 40 days before sowing, the seed potatoes are soaked in 100-500 times solution of Brassica-gibberellic acid + 100 times solution of thiophanate-methyl / fludioxonil, and then covered with cloth after drying, and germinated until the buds are 0.3 cm to 0.5 cm long. Anti-frost module, used to adopt anti-frost measures or use small arch sheds; Field management module, used for irrigation management, inter-tillage and fertilization, application of bacterial fertilizer, plant height control, and pest and disease management; The harvesting module is used to harvest potatoes in time after they are ripe. The potato seedlings are cut 3-5 days in advance to promote the maturity of potato tubers, and the harvest is carried out in a graded manner on a sunny day. Large potatoes weighing more than 150g and 75-150g are classified and packed, and those weighing less than 75g are packed in bags.

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