Reactor for preparing hydrogen cyanide

Abstract

The invention provides a reactor for preparing hydrogen cyanide, the reactor comprises a reaction zone and a cooling zone, a conical tube plate is arranged at the lower end of a shell of the reaction zone, an upper cooling shell of the cooling zone wraps the periphery of a lower shell of the reaction zone, and a lower cooling shell of the cooling zone wraps the periphery of a lower shell of the reaction zone. A steam outlet is formed in the position, staggered with the reaction area shell, of the upper cooling shell of the cooling area; by means of the arrangement, specific gas-liquid phase distribution is formed in the upper space in the cooling area, and it is ensured that high-temperature elements (the conical tube plate and the top of the heat exchange tube) make full contact with a coolant and are far away from a coolant high-temperature gas phase area as much as possible; and stable operation of the device is facilitated.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention belongs to the field of chemical equipment and relates to a reactor for preparing hydrogen cyanide. Background Art

[0002] The Andrussow process is the main process for preparing hydrogen cyanide. The traditional Andrussow process uses air as a raw material, and the nitrogen content in the waste gas can reach about 55 - 75%, resulting in high subsequent separation costs and also affecting the production capacity of hydrocyanic acid.

[0003] The pure oxygen process uses pure oxygen (oxygen - enriched air) instead of air for the ammoxidation reaction. The oxygen content in oxygen - enriched air is generally between 70% and 90%. Compared with the traditional Andrussow process, the production capacity of hydrocyanic acid in the pure oxygen process can be increased by more than one time under the same device. Therefore, the pure oxygen process can reduce production costs while increasing production capacity, and has good economic benefits.

[0004] Hydrogen cyanide is prone to react with rust (Fe2O3) at high temperatures, and its reaction equation is:

[0005] 2Fe2O3 + 3HCN → 2Fe + 3CO + 3NO + 0.5H2

[0006] Compared with the Andrussow process, the pure oxygen process has a different heat balance, and the requirements for equipment are also different from those of the traditional Andrussow process. The pressure and temperature in the reaction chamber are relatively high, and the bearing capacity of existing reactors is not sufficient to be applied to the preparation of hydrogen cyanide by the pure oxygen process. Therefore, it is necessary to design a new type of hydrogen cyanide reactor to meet the requirements of the production process. Summary of the Invention

[0007] The purpose of the present invention is to provide a reactor for preparing hydrogen cyanide. The reactor includes a reaction zone and a cooling zone. A conical tube sheet is provided at the lower end of the reaction zone housing. The upper cooling housing of the cooling zone wraps the outer periphery of the lower housing of the reaction zone. A vapor outlet is provided at a position where the upper cooling housing of the cooling zone intersects with the reaction zone housing. With the above arrangement, a specific gas - liquid phase distribution is formed in the upper space of the cooling zone, ensuring that high - temperature components (conical tube sheet, top of the heat - exchange tube) are in full contact with the coolant and are as far away as possible from the high - temperature gas phase zone of the coolant; and it is beneficial to the stable operation of the device in the pure oxygen process operating environment.

[0008] To achieve the object of the present invention, the following technical solutions are adopted:

[0009] The present invention provides a reactor for preparing hydrogen cyanide, including: a housing; a reaction zone located in the upper part and a cooling zone located in the lower part are included in the housing;

[0010] A conical tube sheet is provided at the lower end of the reaction zone housing. The upper cooling housing of the cooling zone wraps around the outer periphery of the lower housing of the reaction zone. A vapor outlet is provided at a position on the upper cooling housing of the cooling zone that intersects with the reaction zone housing.

[0011] The meaning of "wrapping around" here refers to a seal between the upper end of the upper cooling housing and the outer wall of the lower housing of the reaction zone.

[0012] The process of preparing hydrogen cyanide by the pure oxygen method is generally carried out at a high temperature, with the reaction temperature above 1100 °C, and the requirements for the reaction equipment are high. In the reactor of the present invention, a conical tube sheet is provided between the reaction zone and the cooling zone. The upper cooling housing of the cooling zone wraps around the outer periphery of the lower housing of the reaction zone. A vapor outlet is provided at a position on the upper cooling housing of the cooling zone that intersects with the reaction zone housing. During the operation of the device, a specific gas-liquid phase distribution is formed in the upper space of the cooling zone to ensure that the high-temperature components (conical tube sheet, top of the heat exchange tube) are in full contact with the coolant and are as far away as possible from the high-temperature gas phase zone of the coolant, which is beneficial to improving the stability of the device operation.

[0013] With the above structure, the device of the present invention effectively protects the high-temperature components while retaining a certain gas phase space in the cooling zone compared with a reactor with a housing of equal diameter, ensuring the stable progress of the reaction and cooling processes.

[0014] Preferably, the equivalent diameter of the upper cooling housing of the cooling zone is greater than the equivalent diameter of the lower housing of the reaction zone. Here, the equivalent diameter of the upper cooling housing of the cooling zone refers to the inner diameter, and the equivalent diameter of the lower housing of the reaction zone refers to the outer diameter.

[0015] Preferably, the half-cone angle of the conical tube sheet is selected from 65° to 80°, such as 70° or 75°, etc., and preferably 75° to 80°.

[0016] In the present invention, using a conical tube sheet is beneficial to improving the bearing capacity of the tube sheet. Controlling the half-cone angle of the conical tube sheet within the above range can reduce the thickness of the conical tube sheet, enhance the cooling effect of the coolant, prevent excessive local thermal stress, and improve the stability of the device.

[0017] Preferably, the housing of the cooling zone includes an upper cooling housing and a lower cooling housing. The upper cooling housing and the lower cooling housing are connected by a transition section.

[0018] A coolant inlet is provided on the lower cooling housing.

[0019] The conical tube sheet is located within the upper cooling housing of the cooling zone. The equivalent diameter of the upper cooling housing is the first diameter, and the equivalent diameter of the lower cooling housing is the second diameter. The first diameter is greater than the second diameter.

[0020] Here, both the first diameter and the second diameter refer to the inner diameter.

[0021] In the present invention, the housing of the cooling zone is set with the above-mentioned dimensions, increasing the gas phase space at the top of the cooling zone and ensuring the stable progress of the cooling operation.

[0022] Preferably, the cooling zone includes a gas phase zone in the upper part and a liquid phase zone in the lower part, and the vapor outlet communicates with the gas phase zone.

[0023] Preferably, a thermometer for monitoring the temperature of the gas phase zone is provided on the housing of the cooling zone. Here, the thermometer can be selected from temperature sensors.

[0024] In the present invention, the cooling zone is used to cool down the reaction products in the reaction zone, and the above-mentioned setting is adopted to prevent the damage caused by temperature difference stress due to excessive local temperature of metal components.

[0025] Preferably, the material of the housing corresponding to the reaction zone is selected from stainless steel;

[0026] The material of the conical tube sheet is selected from stainless steel.

[0027] Traditional hydrogen cyanide preparation devices generally use carbon steel. Hydrogen cyanide is likely to react with rust (Fe2O3) at high temperatures, and its reaction equation is:

[0028] 2Fe2O3 + 3HCN → 2Fe + 3CO + 3NO + 0.5H2

[0029] Therefore, it is difficult to be applicable to the production of hydrogen cyanide by the pure oxygen method; through research, the present invention finds that using stainless steel material to replace carbon steel and combining with the above-mentioned specific structural settings of the present invention can effectively avoid the reaction of rust with hydrogen cyanide products.

[0030] In the present invention, using stainless steel to replace carbon steel can solve the problem of the reaction between rust and hydrogen cyanide and improve the corrosion resistance of the equipment; at the same time, the present invention preferably uses the above-mentioned specific stainless steel material, which has a better corrosion resistance effect in the presence of high temperature and hydrogen cyanide finished products, and can maintain a better heat transfer effect.

[0031] Preferably, heat exchange tubes are arranged in the cooling zone, and one end of each heat exchange tube is connected to the pore channel of the conical tube sheet; an adiabatic sleeve is arranged at the position corresponding to the pore channel of the conical tube sheet in the heat exchange tube;

[0032] The upper end of the adiabatic sleeve extends out of the upper surface of the conical tube sheet, and the lower end of the adiabatic sleeve extends out of the lower surface of the conical tube sheet.

[0033] Preferably, the heat exchange tubes are in a tube bundle structure.

[0034] Preferably, one end of the heat exchange tube connected to the conical tube sheet extends out of the conical tube sheet, which is beneficial to improving the connection stability between the conical tube sheet and the heat exchange tube.

[0035] Preferably, the material of the heat insulating sleeve is ceramic.

[0036] In the present invention, one end of the heat insulating sleeve is located inside the heat exchange tube, and the other end is fixedly connected to the heat insulating layer on the surface of the conical tube sheet, thereby protecting the connection between the heat exchange tube and the conical tube sheet and avoiding corrosion or structural damage at high temperatures.

[0037] Preferably, inside the heat exchange tube, a heat insulating material is arranged between the heat exchange tube and the heat insulating sleeve, and the heat insulating material is selected from ceramic fiber paper.

[0038] In the present invention, a ceramic heat insulating sleeve and ceramic fiber paper are used to adiabatically protect the heat exchange tube, reduce the influence of high temperature on the end of the heat exchange tube, and increase the structural stability of the equipment. Moreover, the preference for ceramic materials is beneficial to further improving the stability at the connection between the reaction zone and the cooling zone.

[0039] Preferably, a ceramic refractory brick layer is arranged inside the shell corresponding to the reaction zone;

[0040] Inside the reaction zone, a double-layer heat insulating layer is arranged on the upper surface of the conical tube sheet, including a first heat insulating layer adjacent to the surface of the conical tube sheet and a second heat insulating layer above the first heat insulating layer;

[0041] The first heat insulating layer is a corundum casting layer, and the second heat insulating layer is a ceramic refractory brick layer;

[0042] An opening is arranged at the position of the double-layer heat insulating layer corresponding to the heat insulating sleeve, and the opening is used to connect the reaction zone and the heat insulating sleeve.

[0043] Preferably, the upper end opening of the heat insulating sleeve is located inside the first heat insulating layer.

[0044] In the present invention, the above-mentioned specific double-layer heat insulating layer is adopted. Compared with the single-layer heat insulating layer, it has a better heat insulating effect, and the end of the heat insulating sleeve is connected inside the first heat insulating layer, and the connection part has better structural stability.

[0045] Preferably, a feed inlet is arranged on the upper shell of the reaction zone; a gas distributor is arranged below the feed inlet.

[0046] Preferably, inside the reactor, the area between the feed inlet and the gas distributor is the gas inlet area.

[0047] Preferably, the gas distributor includes at least one porous plate;

[0048] The purpose of setting a gas distributor above the reaction zone in the present invention is to evenly distribute the raw material gas entering the reactor through the gas input pipeline to the reaction zone. The specific form of the gas distribution element can be several perforated plates, a combination of a perforated plate and a wire mesh, or other forms of gas distributors.

[0049] Preferably, the gas distributor includes at least two perforated plates, and preferably the porosity and pore diameter of the perforated plate located above are larger than those of the perforated plate located below.

[0050] Preferably, the gas distributor includes a first perforated plate and a second perforated plate located below the first perforated plate, and the pore diameter and opening ratio of the first perforated plate are larger than those of the second perforated plate.

[0051] Preferably, the pore diameter of the first perforated plate is 100 mm to 250 mm; for example, 150 mm or 200 mm, etc.

[0052] The pore diameter of the second perforated plate is 6 mm to 20 mm, such as 8 mm, 10 mm, 12 mm, 14 mm, 16 mm or 18 mm.

[0053] Preferably, a vertical plate is provided between the first perforated plate and the second perforated plate to divide the space between the first perforated plate and the second perforated plate; the middle rectangular vertical plate plays an auxiliary role in gas distribution and supports the upper and lower perforated plates at the same time.

[0054] The present invention adopts the above gas distributor, that is, the differential distribution of pore diameter and porosity. Compared with the single perforated plate structure, it can achieve the step-by-step distribution of gas, and the distribution effect is significantly improved.

[0055] Preferably, a tube sheet is provided at the bottom of the cooling zone, and the tube sheet is connected to the end of the heat exchange tube; a tube box is provided below the tube sheet, and a discharge port is provided on the tube box. A manhole is provided on the tube box.

[0056] Preferably, in the reaction zone, a catalyst layer is provided below the gas distributor.

[0057] Preferably, an ignition port is provided on the shell at the upper part of the reaction zone. The reactor is provided with a plurality of burners through the ignition port, and a plurality of ignition ports are provided along the circumference of the shell at the top of the reaction zone; the ignition port is provided around the feed port; the burner is obliquely provided in the shell through the ignition port, and the end of the burner is provided below the gas distributor. The object of the present invention is to provide a reactor that can meet the production process requirements of hydrogen cyanide prepared by the pure oxygen method, wherein the high-performance insulation system includes a ceramic refractory brick layer located on the wall of the shell of the reaction zone, a double-layer insulation layer located on the upper surface of the conical tube plate, and an insulation sleeve and ceramic fiber paper located in the heat exchange tube; it covers the reaction zone and the conical tube plate and the heat exchange tube area; the purpose is to prevent the high temperature from reducing the strength and corrosion resistance of stainless steel and failing to meet the process requirements.

[0058] In the present invention, the insulation material selected for the high-performance insulation system has a sufficiently low thermal conductivity and meets the corresponding molding properties. In a preferred embodiment, the wall of the reaction zone shell is insulated with ceramic refractory bricks, the tube bundle tube sheet is insulated with ceramic refractory bricks and corundum castables, and the heat exchange tube hole is insulated with ceramic insulation sleeves and ceramic fiber paper materials.

[0059] The present invention provides an operating method for the above-mentioned reactor for preparing hydrogen cyanide, comprising: the reaction raw gas enters the reactor through the feed port through at least one gas input pipeline, reacts in the reaction zone after passing through the gas distributor, the reaction product enters the pipe box after heat exchange with the external coolant through the heat exchange pipe in the cooling zone, and then is discharged from the reactor through at least one output pipeline.

[0060] The coolant in the present invention can be selected from circulating water or cooling water.

[0061] In the present invention, the cross section of the reactor can be circular, rectangular or other shapes, and is preferably circular. The volume of the reactor vessel is determined according to the expected production capacity of the reactor.

[0062] The reactor of the present invention can meet the production process requirements of preparing hydrogen cyanide by pure oxygen method.

[0063] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects:

[0064] In the present invention, the reactor includes a reaction zone and a cooling zone, a conical tube sheet is arranged at the lower end of the shell of the reaction zone, an upper cooling shell of the cooling zone wraps the outer periphery of the lower shell of the reaction zone, and a steam outlet is arranged on the upper cooling shell of the cooling zone at a position staggered with the shell of the reaction zone; with the above arrangement, during the operation of the device, a specific gas-liquid phase distribution is formed in the upper space of the cooling zone, ensuring that the high-temperature components (conical tube sheet, top of the heat exchange tube) are in full contact with the coolant and are as far away as possible from the high-temperature gas phase zone of the coolant; this is conducive to the stable operation of the device. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0065] Figure 1 is a schematic structural view of the reactor for preparing hydrogen cyanide in Embodiment 1 of the present invention;

[0066] Figure 2 is a schematic structural view of the connection between the conical tube sheet and the heat exchange tube in Embodiment 1 of the present invention ( Figure 1 partial view of Region A in);

[0067] Figure 3 is a schematic structural view of the gas distributor in the embodiments of the present invention;

[0068] 1 - housing, 2 - reaction zone, 20 - feed inlet, 21 - gas distributor, 22 - gas inlet zone, 210 - first perforated plate, 211 - second perforated plate, 212 - rectangular vertical plate, 3 - cooling zone, 4 - conical tube sheet, 5 - vapor outlet, 50 - coolant inlet, 6 - heat exchange tube, 60 - adiabatic sleeve, 61 - adiabatic material, 7 - ceramic refractory brick layer, 8 - first adiabatic layer, 9 - second adiabatic layer, 90 - tube box, 91 - discharge port, 92 - ignition port, 93 - thermometer. Detailed Embodiments

[0069] The technical solution of the present invention will be further described below through specific embodiments. Those skilled in the art should understand that the embodiments are only for helping to understand the present invention and should not be regarded as specific limitations to the present invention.

[0070] Embodiment 1

[0071] This embodiment provides a reactor for preparing hydrogen cyanide, as Figure 1 shown, comprising: a housing 1; the housing 1 contains an upper reaction zone 2 and a lower cooling zone 3;

[0072] A conical tube sheet 4 is provided at the lower end of the reaction zone housing, the upper cooling housing of the cooling zone 3 wraps the outer periphery of the lower housing of the reaction zone, and a vapor outlet 5 is provided at a position where the upper cooling housing of the cooling zone intersects with the reaction zone housing;

[0073] The half-cone angle of the conical tube sheet is 78°;

[0074] The housing of the cooling zone 3 includes an upper cooling housing and a lower cooling housing; the upper cooling housing and the lower cooling housing are connected by a transition section;

[0075] A coolant inlet 50 is provided on the lower cooling housing;

[0076] The conical tube sheet is located in the upper cooling housing of the cooling zone;

[0077] The diameter of the upper cooling housing is 3730 mm; the diameter of the lower cooling housing is 2790 mm.

[0078] The cooling zone includes a gas phase zone in the upper part and a liquid phase zone in the lower part, and the vapor outlet communicates with the gas phase zone;

[0079] In the cooling zone, there is a heat exchange tube 6. As Figure 2 shown, one end of the heat exchange tube is connected to the pore channel of the conical tube sheet; an adiabatic sleeve 60 is arranged at the position corresponding to the pore channel of the conical tube sheet in the heat exchange tube 6; the upper end of the adiabatic sleeve 60 extends out of the upper surface of the conical tube sheet, and the lower end of the adiabatic sleeve extends out of the lower surface of the conical tube sheet;

[0080] The material of the adiabatic sleeve is ceramic with a thermal conductivity < 1 W / (m·K);

[0081] Located inside the heat exchange tube, an adiabatic material 61 is arranged between the heat exchange tube 6 and the adiabatic sleeve 60, and the adiabatic material 61 is selected from ceramic fiber paper;

[0082] A ceramic refractory brick layer 7 is arranged inside the housing corresponding to the reaction zone;

[0083] In the reaction zone, a double-layer adiabatic layer is arranged on the upper surface of the conical tube sheet, including a first adiabatic layer 8 adjacent to the surface of the conical tube sheet and a second adiabatic layer 9 located above the first adiabatic layer;

[0084] The first adiabatic layer is a corundum casting layer, and the second adiabatic layer is a ceramic refractory brick layer;

[0085] An opening is arranged at the position of the double-layer adiabatic layer corresponding to the adiabatic sleeve, and the opening is used to communicate the reaction zone and the adiabatic sleeve;

[0086] The upper end opening of the adiabatic sleeve is located inside the first adiabatic layer.

[0087] A tube sheet is arranged at the bottom of the cooling zone, and the tube sheet connects the ends of the heat exchange tubes; a tube box 90 is arranged below the tube sheet, and a discharge port 91 is arranged on the tube box.

[0088] An ignition port 92 is arranged on the housing in the upper part of the reaction zone; several ignition ports 92 are arranged along the circumference at the top of the housing 1; the ignition ports 92 are arranged around the feed port 20; the burner is obliquely arranged inside the housing 1 through the ignition port 92, and the end of the burner is arranged below the gas distributor 21.

[0089] A thermometer 93 for monitoring the temperature of the gas phase zone is arranged on the housing of the cooling zone.

[0090] Example 2

[0091] As shown in the present embodiment Figure 1 As shown, the upper shell of the reaction zone is provided with a feed inlet 20; a gas distributor 21 is arranged below the feed inlet 20.

[0092] In the reactor, the area between the feed inlet and the gas distributor is the gas inlet zone 22.

[0093] As Figure 3 shown, the gas distributor includes a first perforated plate 210 and a second perforated plate 211 located below the first perforated plate; the aperture of the first perforated plate is 200 mm; the porosity is 37%; the aperture of the second perforated plate is 10 mm;

[0094] A rectangular vertical plate 212 is arranged between the first perforated plate and the second perforated plate, and the height of the rectangular vertical plate is 500 mm, dividing the cross-section of the reactor vessel into several regions of 500 mm×500 mm.

[0095] Application example:

[0096] The raw material gas enters the reactor through the feed inlet via the gas input pipeline, forms a uniform distribution through the gas inlet zone and the gas distributor, enters the reaction zone for reaction through ignition catalysis, and then the reaction product passes through the heat exchange tube bundle. The reaction product exchanges heat and cools with the circulating water between the tube bundles, and the temperature drops from about 1170 °C to about 350 °C. Then it enters the header tank and is discharged through the output pipeline via the discharge port.

[0097] Using the reactor of the present invention reduces the decomposition of HCN in the reaction synthesis gas, improves the product yield, and increases by 10 - 30% compared with the traditional carbon steel reactor (yield 40 - 50%); reduces the frequency of shutdown for maintenance, extends the replacement cycle of the internal parts. The traditional reactor is 3 - 6 months, and it is extended by 1 - 3 months, improves the service life of the equipment, and ensures the stable operation of the device.

[0098] During the application process of the reactor in this application example, the reactor is made of stainless steel. During the operation of the device, there is no phenomenon that rust reacts with the hydrogen cyanide product. The heat transfer effect of the device is good, meeting the cooling requirements of the reaction product. The device operates stably at high temperature and can meet the production process requirements for preparing hydrogen cyanide by the pure oxygen method.

[0099] The applicant declares that the above is only the specific implementation manner of the present invention, but the protection scope of the present invention is not limited thereto. Those skilled in the art should understand that any changes or substitutions that can be easily thought of by those skilled in the art within the technical scope disclosed by the present invention fall within the protection scope and the disclosure scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A reactor for preparing hydrogen cyanide, characterized in that, Comprising: A housing; Inside the housing, there is a reaction zone located in the upper part and a cooling zone located in the lower part; At the lower end of the housing of the reaction zone, there is a conical tube sheet. The upper cooling housing of the cooling zone wraps the outer periphery of the lower housing of the reaction zone. At the position where the upper cooling housing of the cooling zone intersects with the housing of the reaction zone, there is a vapor outlet.

2. The reactor according to claim 1, characterized in that, The half-cone angle of the conical tube sheet is selected from 65° to 80°, preferably 75° to 80°.

3. The reactor according to claim 1, wherein The housing of the cooling zone includes an upper cooling housing and a lower cooling housing; the upper cooling housing and the lower cooling housing are connected by a transition section; On the lower cooling housing, there is a coolant inlet; The conical tube sheet is located inside the upper cooling housing of the cooling zone; The equivalent diameter of the upper cooling housing is the first diameter; the equivalent diameter of the lower cooling housing is the second diameter; the first diameter is greater than the second diameter.

4. The reactor according to claim 1, characterized in that, Inside the cooling zone, there is a gas phase zone located in the upper part and a liquid phase zone located in the lower part, and the vapor outlet communicates with the gas phase zone.

5. The reactor according to claim 1, characterized in that, The material of the housing corresponding to the reaction zone is selected from stainless steel; The material of the conical tube sheet is selected from stainless steel.

6. The reactor according to claim 1, wherein Inside the cooling zone, there are heat exchange tubes. One end of the heat exchange tube is connected to the pore channel of the conical tube sheet; at the position corresponding to the pore channel of the conical tube sheet inside the heat exchange tube, there is a heat insulation sleeve. The upper end of the heat insulation sleeve extends out of the upper surface of the conical tube sheet, and the lower end of the heat insulation sleeve extends out of the lower surface of the conical tube sheet; Preferably, the end of the heat exchange tube connected to the conical tube sheet extends out of the conical tube sheet.

7. The reactor according to claim 6, characterized in that, The material of the heat insulation sleeve is ceramic; There is heat insulation material between the heat exchange tube and the heat insulation sleeve, and the heat insulation material is selected from ceramic fiber paper; Preferably, there is a ceramic refractory brick layer inside the housing corresponding to the reaction zone; Preferably, inside the reaction zone, on the upper surface of the conical tube sheet, there is a double-layer heat insulation layer, including a first heat insulation layer adjacent to the surface of the conical tube sheet and a second heat insulation layer located above the first heat insulation layer; Preferably, the first heat insulation layer is a corundum casting layer, and the second heat insulation layer is a ceramic refractory brick layer; Preferably, at the position corresponding to the heat insulation sleeve of the double-layer heat insulation layer, there is an opening for communicating the reaction zone and the heat insulation sleeve; Preferably, the upper end opening of the heat insulation sleeve is located inside the first heat insulation layer.

8. The reactor according to claim 1, characterized in that, On the upper housing of the reaction zone, there is a feed inlet; below the feed inlet, there is a gas distributor; The gas distributor includes at least 2 porous plates, and the porosity and pore diameter of the porous plate located above are larger than those of the porous plate located below.

9. The reactor according to claim 8, wherein, The gas distributor includes a first porous plate and a second porous plate located below the first porous plate; The pore diameter of the first porous plate is 100 mm to 250 mm; The pore diameter of the second porous plate is 6 mm to 20 mm.

10. The reactor according to claim 1, characterized in that, At the bottom of the cooling zone, there is a tube sheet connecting the ends of the heat exchange tubes; below the tube sheet, there is a tube box, and on the tube box, there is a discharge outlet.

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