A tunnel collapse shaft rescue method based on real-scene 3D

Abstract

The present invention relates to the field of tunnel construction and rescue technology, and specifically discloses a tunnel collapse shaft rescue method based on real-world three-dimensional (3D) images. The method includes establishing a 3D real-world model of the collapsed tunnel entrance and tunnel top through aerial photography, calculating the spatial position relationship between the surface mountain and the tunnel through spatial analysis of the real-world model and inverse deduction of the tunnel model, and innovatively proposing the optimal position and rescue method for rotary drilling shaft rescue, thereby quickly opening a rescue escape route and rescuing trapped personnel. Compared with traditional rescue methods such as triangular pilot pits and trapezoidal pilot pits, the present invention can quickly locate the collapsed area and the location of trapped personnel, significantly shortening the emergency rescue time for tunnel collapses, making it suitable for emergency rescue scenarios.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of tunnel construction rescue, and in particular to a tunnel collapse shaft rescue method based on real-scene three-dimensional (3D) technology. Background Art

[0002] Tunnel closure is a serious disaster during tunnel construction or operation, when large-scale surrounding rock instability occurs behind the face or in a certain section, resulting in the complete closure of the tunnel passage. This type of collapse is characterized by suddenness, difficulty in rescue, and high secondary risks, making it one of the most challenging safety issues in tunnel engineering. Tunnel closure collapses are often located in unfavorable geological bodies such as fault fracture zones, water-rich layers, weak interlayers, karst caves, and expansive rocks. The rescue process is very complex and time-consuming. Currently, the commonly used rescue methods in China are trapezoidal pilot tunnels and triangular pilot tunnels. These methods make it difficult to quickly determine the rescue location, and rescue operations usually take 5 to 7 days. These methods are characterized by low efficiency and high safety risks. Summary of the Invention

[0003] In order to overcome the problems existing in existing tunnel collapse rescue, such as slow rescue process, low rescue method efficiency, and inability to quickly determine the rescue location, the present invention provides a tunnel collapse shaft rescue method based on real-scene three-dimensional.

[0004] The present invention provides a tunnel collapse shaft rescue method based on real-scene three-dimensional (3D) technology, comprising:

[0005] Acquire a surface aerial photograph of the target tunnel, and establish a real-scene three-dimensional model based on the surface aerial photograph;

[0006] Constructing a corresponding tunnel model in the real-scene three-dimensional model based on the parameters of the target tunnel;

[0007] Calculating the collapse range in the real-scene three-dimensional model based on the on-site exploration data combined with the tunnel model;

[0008] Determining the area to be rescued in the real-scene three-dimensional model according to the location of the target tunnel face and the collapse range;

[0009] Determine the vertical shaft drilling position according to the area to be rescued;

[0010] Opening a vertical shaft rescue passage above the target tunnel according to the vertical shaft drilling position;

[0011] Rescue is carried out through the vertical shaft rescue channel.

[0012] According to a specific embodiment, in the above rescue method, the parameters of the target tunnel include a top radius, a preset length, and a tunnel centerline; and constructing a corresponding tunnel model in the real-life 3D model based on the parameters of the target tunnel specifically includes:

[0013] Marking a top feature point of a target tunnel entrance in the real-scene three-dimensional model;

[0014] In combination with the top radius, the preset length, the tunnel centerline and the top feature points, a tunnel model of the target tunnel is generated in the real-scene three-dimensional model by fitting an approximate cylinder.

[0015] According to a specific embodiment, in the above rescue method, the on-site exploration data includes the collapse location and the thickness of the collapsed body; and calculating the collapse range in the real-scene three-dimensional model based on the on-site exploration data and the tunnel model specifically includes:

[0016] Calculating the geometry of the collapsed area based on the collapse location and the thickness of the collapsed body in combination with the tunnel model;

[0017] The area geometrically corresponding to the collapsed area is determined from the real-scene three-dimensional model through three-dimensional model space distance analysis to obtain the collapse range.

[0018] According to a specific embodiment, in the above rescue method, determining the area to be rescued in the real-scene three-dimensional model according to the position of the target tunnel face and the collapse range specifically includes:

[0019] Determining the trapped area of ​​the trapped persons based on the location of the tunnel face of the target tunnel and the collapse range;

[0020] The area corresponding to the trapped area is determined from the real-scene three-dimensional model through three-dimensional model spatial distance analysis, and the area to be rescued is obtained in combination with the stratum information; wherein, the area to be rescued is used to indicate the excavation of the rotary drilling shaft.

[0021] According to a specific embodiment, in the above rescue method, determining the vertical shaft drilling position according to the area to be rescued specifically includes:

[0022] In the real-life three-dimensional model, a slope analysis is performed on the area to be rescued based on the excavation range of the rotary drilling drill;

[0023] For several areas where the slope is less than the preset threshold, stability assessment is conducted using an on-site earthwork excavation platform;

[0024] The area that meets the stability requirements is determined as the location for vertical shaft drilling.

[0025] According to a specific embodiment, in the above rescue method, the stability assessment is used to indicate the risk of landslide, collapse and ground subsidence in the excavated area.

[0026] According to a specific embodiment, in the above rescue method, the diameter of the excavation range of the rotary drill is 0.8m to 1.2m.

[0027] According to a specific embodiment, in the above rescue method, opening a vertical shaft rescue passage above the target tunnel according to the vertical shaft drilling position specifically includes:

[0028] determining an excavation position above a target tunnel according to the shaft drilling position;

[0029] Burying a steel casing at the excavation location and using a rotary drilling rig to perform excavation;

[0030] When the rotary drilling rig rotates the drill bit clockwise, the bottom plate cutting plate and the tail of the cylinder flap are aligned, and the drill cuttings enter the cylinder. After the cylinder is filled with a bucket, the drill bit rotates counterclockwise. After the bottom plate is positioned by the positioning block and the bottom opening is sealed, the drill bit is lifted to the ground to unload the soil. The excavation is repeated until the rescue escape passage of the shaft is opened;

[0031] When the rotary drilling rig drills to a preset depth, the rotary drilling drill bit is withdrawn, and the steel casing is followed to the drilling depth before continuing to excavate to ensure the safety of the vertical shaft rescue channel; the diameter of the vertical shaft rescue channel is consistent with the diameter of the rotary drilling drill excavation.

[0032] According to a specific embodiment, in the above rescue method, during the drilling process of the rotary drilling rig, the operator keeps the drill rod of the rotary drilling rig vertical and controls the depth through a depth calculator.

[0033] According to a specific embodiment, in the above rescue method, a steel casing is buried at the excavation location, the steel casing is higher than a preset height of the ground, and the diameter of the steel casing is larger than the excavation range of the rotary drill.

[0034] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects:

[0035] The present invention constructs a real-life three-dimensional model of the tunnel through surface aerial photography, and then constructs a tunnel model based on the real-life three-dimensional model, which can achieve seamless integration of the surface and the tunnel. The generated three-dimensional model can truly reflect the spatial relationship between the terrain and the tunnel structure, thereby improving the reliability and practicality of the model. The collapsed area can be further quickly located in the model, significantly shortening the collapse location time. The present invention is suitable for emergency scenarios, improves the accuracy and objectivity of positioning, reduces human errors, provides strong support for the location of the shaft rescue channel, and ensures the high efficiency of subsequent rescue. From locating the rescue position to implementing the rescue, the rescue efficiency is significantly improved and the emergency response time is shortened. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0036] Figure 1 A schematic flow chart of a tunnel collapse shaft rescue method based on real-scene 3D provided in an embodiment of the present invention.

[0037] Figure 2 A schematic diagram of a real-scene three-dimensional model provided by an embodiment of the present invention;

[0038] Figure 3 A schematic diagram of a tunnel model provided by an embodiment of the present invention;

[0039] Figure 4 A schematic diagram of a collapse range marking provided in an embodiment of the present invention;

[0040] Figure 5 A schematic diagram of marking the area to be rescued provided in an embodiment of the present invention;

[0041] Figure 6 A schematic diagram of a rescue scenario design provided in an embodiment of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0042] The present invention will be further described in detail below with reference to specific embodiments. However, this should not be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention to the following embodiments, as all technologies implemented based on the present invention fall within the scope of the present invention.

[0043] Unless otherwise specified, in the description of the specific embodiments of the present invention, the terms indicating the orientation or positional relationship, such as "upper", "lower", "left", "right", "center", "inside", and "outside", are based on the expressions of the orientation or positional relationship shown in the accompanying drawings, or are the orientation or positional relationship in which the invented product / device / apparatus is placed when it is conventionally used. These terms of orientation or positional relationship are merely for the purpose of facilitating the description of the scheme of the present invention or simplifying the description of the specific embodiments to facilitate the rapid understanding of the scheme by technicians, and do not indicate or imply that a specific device / component / element must have a specific orientation, or be constructed and operated in a specific positional relationship, and therefore should not be understood as limiting the present invention.

[0044] In addition, if the terms "horizontal", "vertical", "overhanging", "parallel" and the like appear, it does not mean that the corresponding devices / components / elements are required to be absolutely horizontal or vertical or overhanging or parallel, but may be slightly tilted or have deviations. For example, "horizontal" only means that its direction is more horizontal relative to "vertical", and does not mean that the structure must be completely horizontal, but may be slightly tilted. Alternatively, it can be simply understood that the corresponding devices / components / elements are set in directions such as "horizontal", "vertical", "overhanging", and "parallel", and can have an error / deviation of ±10% relative to the corresponding direction setting, more preferably an error / deviation within ±8%, more preferably an error / deviation within ±6%, more preferably an error / deviation within ±5%, and more preferably an error / deviation within ±4%. As long as the corresponding device / component / element is within the error / deviation range, it can still achieve its role in the solution of the present invention.

[0045] In addition, in the description of the embodiments of the present invention, "several," "plurality," and "a number" represent at least two. It can also be any number such as two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, or even more than nine.

[0046] Please refer to Figure 1 , which shows a flow chart of a tunnel collapse shaft rescue method based on real-scene 3D according to an embodiment of the present invention, the method comprising:

[0047] Step 1: Obtain a surface aerial photograph of the target tunnel, and establish a real-scene three-dimensional model based on the surface aerial photograph.

[0048] In one possible implementation, surface aerial photography can be acquired using a drone equipped with a high-resolution camera (such as a DJI Mavic 3 or higher), supporting RGB imagery and optional multispectral data. Ensure that the drone has RTK (Real-Time Kinematic Positioning) capabilities to improve geolocation accuracy. Aerial photography should cover at least the tunnel entrance and exit and surrounding terrain. For example, the surface aerial photography should be extended to at least 500 meters around the tunnel entrance to ensure complete terrain coverage. Aerial image overlap should be 80% to 90% front-to-back and 70% to 80% side-to-side to ensure the quality of the generated 3D model. Based on terrain complexity and resolution requirements, a flight altitude of 50 to 100 meters should be selected. For example, a typical ground level resolution (GSD) of 2 to 5 cm / pixel should be achieved. Aerial photography should be conducted on clear, wind-free days to avoid excessive light and shadows to ensure image quality.

[0049] Furthermore, in the process of generating the real-scene 3D model, the geodetic CGCS2000 is used as the benchmark for data processing. On the Ovi topographic map, the central longitude is calculated according to the longitude of the target tunnel, and then the corresponding projection coordinate system is further selected to establish the real-scene 3D model of the target tunnel location.

[0050] Step 2: Construct a corresponding tunnel model in the real-scene 3D model based on the parameters of the target tunnel.

[0051] Specifically, the parameters of the target tunnel include a top radius, a preset length, and a tunnel centerline; and constructing a corresponding tunnel model in the real-scene three-dimensional model based on the parameters of the target tunnel specifically includes:

[0052] Marking a top feature point of a target tunnel entrance in the real-scene three-dimensional model;

[0053] In combination with the top radius, the preset length, the tunnel centerline and the top feature points, a tunnel model of the target tunnel is generated in the real-scene three-dimensional model by fitting an approximate cylinder.

[0054] In one possible implementation, the approximate cylindrical fitting process first fits the cylindrical axis based on the top feature points of the target tunnel entrance and the tunnel centerline. This axis is then used to generate a cylindrical model with a corresponding top radius and a preset length. A Boolean operation is then performed on the cylindrical model and the real-world 3D model. The terrain at the tunnel entrance is cut to ensure that the cylindrical model fits within the real-world 3D model, resulting in a tunnel model.

[0055] In this step, the tunnel centerline can be obtained from on-site tunnel design drawings or tunnel excavation data, etc., to ensure that the tunnel model is consistent with the actual tunnel path.

[0056] In another possible implementation, if a rapid emergency response is required but on-site tunnel design drawings or tunnel excavation data are not immediately available, the centerline of the target tunnel can be fitted using the top feature points of the entrances and exits of other corresponding through-tunnels. For example, if the entrance of the target tunnel is connected to the exit of another tunnel through the roadbed, the centerline of the target tunnel can be fitted using the top feature points of the exit of that tunnel and the top feature points of the entrance of the target tunnel. Further adjustments can be made to any discrepancies using actual tunnel data.

[0057] Step 3: Calculate the collapse range in the real-scene 3D model based on the on-site exploration data combined with the tunnel model.

[0058] Specifically, the field survey data includes the collapse location and the thickness of the collapsed body; and the collapse range is calculated in the real-scene three-dimensional model based on the field survey data and the tunnel model, specifically including:

[0059] Calculating the geometry of the collapsed area based on the collapse location and the thickness of the collapsed body in combination with the tunnel model;

[0060] The area geometrically corresponding to the collapsed area is determined from the real-scene three-dimensional model through three-dimensional model space distance analysis to obtain the collapse range.

[0061] In one possible implementation, the affected area in the tunnel model is first determined based on the collapse position and the thickness of the collapsed body. For example, the center point of the affected area is determined based on the collapse position, and the axial range of the affected area is determined based on the thickness of the collapsed body. The lateral range of the affected area is determined in combination with the cross-section of the tunnel model, and the geometry of the collapsed area is calculated. It can be understood that the geometry of the collapsed area is a plane based on the tunnel model in the top view of the real-life three-dimensional model. Further, through the three-dimensional model spatial distance analysis, the spatial position relationship between the geometry of the collapsed area and the real-life three-dimensional model is calculated to obtain the corresponding collapse range at the surface of the real-life three-dimensional model.

[0062] Step 4: Determine the area to be rescued in the real-scene 3D model based on the location of the target tunnel face and the collapse range.

[0063] It can be understood that the collapse range is the location of the tunnel gate when it collapses, while the tunnel face position during tunnel excavation represents the current end of the tunnel. Between these two locations is the area where trapped personnel are trapped by the collapse. Specifically, based on the location of the tunnel face of the target tunnel and the collapse range, the rescue area is determined in the real-life 3D model, specifically including:

[0064] Determining the trapped area of ​​the trapped persons based on the location of the tunnel face of the target tunnel and the collapse range;

[0065] The area corresponding to the trapped area is determined from the real-scene three-dimensional model through three-dimensional model spatial distance analysis, and the area to be rescued is obtained in combination with the stratum information; wherein, the area to be rescued is used to indicate the excavation of the rotary drilling shaft.

[0066] The three-dimensional module spatial distance analysis also calculates the spatial position relationship between the trapped area and the real-scene three-dimensional model to obtain the trapped area corresponding to the surface of the real-scene three-dimensional model.

[0067] It is understandable that since the trapped area is usually long, there are also factors affecting the area, such as terrain, soil layer, and burial depth. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the area to be rescued that is suitable for rescue in the larger trapped area. Based on the stratum information corresponding to the trapped area, areas suitable for rotary drilling shaft excavation, such as those with smaller tunnel burial depth, flat terrain, and lower soil hardness, can be selected as the area to be rescued.

[0068] Step 5: Determine the vertical shaft drilling position according to the area to be rescued.

[0069] It is understandable that the area to be rescued is smaller than the trapped area, and there are still areas that are not suitable for rotary drilling shaft excavation. Therefore, in order to ensure the safety and reliability of the rescue, it is necessary to further conduct a stability assessment of the area and then determine the shaft drilling location. Specifically, determining the shaft drilling location based on the area to be rescued includes:

[0070] In the real-life three-dimensional model, a slope analysis is performed on the area to be rescued based on the excavation range of the rotary drilling drill;

[0071] For several areas where the slope is less than the preset threshold, stability assessment is conducted using an on-site earthwork excavation platform;

[0072] The area that meets the stability requirements is determined as the location for vertical shaft drilling.

[0073] The stability assessment is used to indicate the risk of landslide, collapse and ground subsidence in the excavated area. In one possible implementation, the stability assessment includes:

[0074] Geological surveys and data collection were conducted in multiple areas where slopes were less than a preset threshold. This included obtaining soil physical and mechanical parameters such as cohesion, internal friction angle, compressive strength, and permeability. Resistivity or seismic wave methods were used to detect groundwater, faults, or weak zones. Standard penetration tests (SPTs), cone penetration tests (CPTs), or shear tests were used to determine soil strength and stability. Displacement sensors and pore water pressure gauges were deployed near candidate locations to monitor platform deformation and groundwater changes during excavation.

[0075] Furthermore, a scoring function is established for each area to assess stability. For example, the safety factor of each area is calculated based on the physical and mechanical parameters of each area, combined with the deformation of the excavation platform and groundwater changes. The safety factor of each area is then weighted based on the distribution of groundwater, faults, or weak layers, as well as the soil strength and stability, to create a scoring function. Areas with high safety factors, avoiding faults, weak layers, or areas with high groundwater levels, and with low soil strength and high stability are identified as meeting stability requirements and are designated as shaft drilling areas.

[0076] In one possible implementation, the range of each of the aforementioned areas should be consistent with, or not less than, the excavation range of the rotary drill. The excavation range of the rotary drill is determined by the actual diameter of the drill bit. For example, if a rotary drill with an 80 cm diameter drill bit is used, the excavation range is 80 cm in diameter. Typically, the diameter of a rotary drill is preferably 0.8 m to 1.2 m.

[0077] It is understandable that after the above-mentioned real-life 3D model is constructed, the tunnel model, collapse range, shaft drilling position, etc. generated on its basis can be highlighted in different colors in the actual 3D model and superimposed on the real-life 3D model. Finally, a 3D visualization file (.gltf or .fbx) can be exported for interactive viewing.

[0078] Step 6: Open a vertical shaft rescue passage above the target tunnel according to the vertical shaft drilling position.

[0079] Specifically, opening a vertical shaft rescue passage above the target tunnel according to the vertical shaft drilling position includes:

[0080] determining an excavation position above a target tunnel according to the shaft drilling position;

[0081] Burying a steel casing at the excavation location and using a rotary drilling rig to perform excavation;

[0082] When the rotary drilling rig rotates the drill bit clockwise, the bottom plate cutting plate and the tail of the cylinder flap are aligned, and the drill cuttings enter the cylinder. After the cylinder is filled with a bucket, the drill bit rotates counterclockwise. After the bottom plate is positioned by the positioning block and the bottom opening is sealed, the drill bit is lifted to the ground to unload the soil. The excavation is repeated until the rescue escape passage of the shaft is opened;

[0083] When the rotary drilling rig drills to a preset depth, the rotary drilling drill bit is withdrawn, and the steel casing is followed to the drilling depth before continuing to excavate to ensure the safety of the vertical shaft rescue channel; the diameter of the vertical shaft rescue channel is consistent with the diameter of the rotary drilling drill excavation.

[0084] In one possible implementation, during drilling, an operator maintains the drill rod of the rotary drill vertically and controls the depth using a depth calculator. Furthermore, a steel casing is buried at the excavation location, raised above the ground by a preset height and having a diameter greater than the excavation range of the rotary drill. Optionally, during implementation, the inner diameter of the steel casing is 10 to 20 cm larger than the diameter of the rotary drill excavation.

[0085] Step 7: Rescue through the vertical shaft rescue channel.

[0086] Specifically, after the vertical shaft rescue channel is opened, the trapped people in the trapped area can be rescued to the ground through triangular lifting supports and other means to complete the rescue.

[0087] Based on the above technical solution, the present invention constructs a real-life three-dimensional model of the tunnel through surface aerial photography, and then constructs a tunnel model based on the model, which can achieve seamless integration of the surface and the tunnel. The generated three-dimensional model can truly reflect the spatial relationship between the terrain and the tunnel structure, improve the reliability and practicality of the model, and further quickly locate the collapsed area in the model, significantly shortening the collapse positioning time. It is suitable for emergency scenarios, improves the accuracy and objectivity of positioning, reduces human errors, provides strong support for the location of the shaft rescue channel, and ensures the high efficiency of subsequent rescue. From locating the rescue position to implementing the rescue, it significantly improves the rescue efficiency and shortens the emergency response time.

[0088] The technical solution provided by the embodiment of the present invention is further introduced and explained below in conjunction with specific implementation methods.

[0089] For example, consider Tunnels 1 and 2 at a specific location. Tunnel 1 collapsed, and the entrance to Tunnel 1 and the exit to Tunnel 2 are located on the same straight line, connected by a roadbed. As described in Step 1 above, due to the tight time constraints of on-site rescue efforts, a drone using image-free control point mode and manual flight was used to create multi-perspective aerial images. Data was collected from the tunnel entrance toward the collapse at an altitude of 50 to 80 meters. Heading data covered the surface of the Tunnel 2 exit, the Tunnel 1 entrance, and the top of the collapse. Data collection extended beyond the rescue site by more than 100 meters. Based on the site area, a lateral data width of 300 to 500 meters was calculated, resulting in a cumulative total of 325 original images.

[0090] The drone data was processed using DJI Maps software, using an uncompressed 3D model. To accurately locate the coordinates of the collapsed and rescue areas, the CGCS2000 dataset was used as the data processing benchmark. The local longitude was measured as 102°25′ based on the Aowei topographic map. Using the three-degree central longitude calculation method, the coordinate code m = rand (102°25′ / 3) = 34 was first calculated, followed by the central longitude L = 34×3 = 102°. Therefore, the corresponding projection coordinate system selected in DJI Maps was CGCS2000 / 3-degree Gauss-Kruger-CM-102E. An aerial triangulation settlement process was established to quickly create a realistic 3D model of the tunnel collapse site. Please refer to the reference. Figure 2 , which shows a schematic diagram of a real-scene three-dimensional model provided by an embodiment of the present invention.

[0091] Furthermore, as described in step 2 above, the collapse location of Tunnel 1 and Tunnel 2 is located on the same straight line with a slope of approximately 3%. Based on the on-site rescue needs, the distance between the tunnel vault and the ground is calculated. Tunnel vaults are typically arc-shaped. Therefore, from the real-life 3D model, it can be analyzed that the tunnel top is an arc with a radius of 6.5m, and there is a 58m long roadbed between the two tunnels. To accurately calculate the spatial relationship between the tunnel collapse location and the ground surface, the tunnel model is constructed using the approximate cylindrical tunnel model deduction method. The specific steps are as follows:

[0092] First, mark the feature points. On the drone real-scene model, mark 40 to 60 feature points on the top of the open-cut section lining at the entrance of Tunnel No. 1 and the exit of Tunnel No. 2. The feature points should be distributed as evenly as possible in the arc area of ​​the tunnel vault.

[0093] The second step is to deduce the tunnel model. The approximate cylinder fitting method is used, the cylinder radius is set to 6.5m, and the error range of the extracted points is 1cm to 2cm. The distance between the tunnel collapse area and the point cloud in the direction of the exit of Tunnel 2 is 210m. The length of the tunnel deduction should be greater than the distance between the collapsed body and the tunnel entrance. Therefore, the preset length of the tunnel model in this embodiment is set to 280m. Please refer to Figure 3 , which shows a schematic diagram of a tunnel model provided by an embodiment of the present invention.

[0094] As described in step 3 above, based on the on-site survey conducted by rescue personnel, the tunnel collapse location is 30m away from the entrance of Tunnel 1, and the thickness of the collapsed body is about 35m to 40m. Using the 3D model spatial distance analysis method and the tunnel deduction model as a benchmark, the spatial position relationship between the real 3D model and the tunnel vault ground is calculated. The 3D model plane projection and 3D grid segmentation method are then used to calculate the collapse range of the real 3D model and mark it in red. Please refer to Figure 4 , which shows a schematic diagram of collapse range marking provided by an embodiment of the present invention.

[0095] Furthermore, as described in step 4 above, the tunnel face of Tunnel 1 is 135m away from the tunnel entrance. From this, it can be inferred that the trapped personnel are located within the range of 70m to 135m from the tunnel entrance. The tunnel model and the real-life 3D model are used for projection calculation and analysis to obtain the projection position of the tunnel area where the trapped personnel are located on the ground. Then, the spatial geometric relationship between the tunnel vault and the ground in the area where the trapped personnel are located is calculated using the 3D model spatial analysis method. The area to be rescued is determined and marked in green. Please refer to Figure 5 , which shows a schematic diagram of marking the area to be rescued provided by an embodiment of the present invention.

[0096] As described in step 5 above, from the spatial analysis results of the real-life model and the tunnel deduction model in the above figure, it can be seen that the arch of the trapped personnel is a ground grouting construction platform, the terrain is relatively flat, the distance between the tunnel arch and the ground is about 35m to 37m, the tunnel is relatively deep, and combined with the stratigraphic information revealed by the surface, it is mainly soft sandstone, and the soil hardness value is low, which is more suitable for rotary drilling shaft excavation rescue. Furthermore, in the actual excavation process, the diameter of the rotary drill should be 0.8m to 1.2m. This embodiment uses a vertical spiral down-the-hole drill with a rotary drill diameter of 1.0m to open a shaft rescue channel as an example. Taking into account the safety of personnel and the height difference of the on-site terrain, the BIM model of the rotary drill is arranged on the real-life three-dimensional model, and a slope analysis is performed based on the real-life three-dimensional model. The appropriate rescue area is marked first, and then the optimal position is determined based on the stability assessment results of the on-site earthwork excavation platform, thereby determining the shaft drilling position, which is directly above the tunnel arch 100m from the entrance of Tunnel No. 1. Please refer to Figure 6 , which shows a schematic diagram of a rescue scenario design provided by an embodiment of the present invention.

[0097] Furthermore, as described in step 6 above, a vertical shaft rescue channel is opened. The first step is casing construction. Considering that the stratum is relatively weak, the wall of the rotary drill hole is easily deformed and may be perforated in severe cases. Therefore, based on the fact that the diameter of the rotary drill used in this embodiment is 1.0m, a steel casing with an inner diameter of 1.2m is buried in advance at the location of the vertical shaft rescue channel. The casing should be about 0.6m to 1m above the ground. The second step is to check the drilling rig in place. At the same time, all preparations for the drilling rig should be checked before the drilling rig is in place. The base and top of the drilling rig should be stable after installation. Finally, there is the rotary drilling rig, which repeatedly cycles through the rotation of the drill bucket, cutting soil, lifting, and unloading soil to form a hole. In this embodiment, the rotary drill bit is withdrawn every time 2m is drilled underground, and the drilling operation is carried out after the casing is followed up. During the drilling process, the operator constantly monitors the verticality of the drill pipe and controls the depth using a depth calculator. When the rotary bucket drill bit rotates clockwise, the bottom plate cutting plate and the rear edge of the barrel flap align, allowing drill cuttings to enter the barrel. Once the bucket is full, the drill bit rotates counterclockwise. The bottom plate is positioned by the positioning block, sealing the bottom opening. The drill bit is then lifted to the ground to unload soil until a vertical shaft rescue escape passage is opened. The diameter of the vertical shaft rescue escape passage is consistent with the diameter of the rotary drill. During actual rescue operations, the trapped person's body diameter may be larger than the vertical shaft rescue passage. Therefore, the diameter of the vertical shaft rescue passage can be determined by reverse calculation by collecting the trapped person's body parameters in advance, and then a rotary drill and steel casing of corresponding specifications can be selected based on these parameters.

[0098] Furthermore, as described in step 7 above, rescue is carried out through the vertical shaft rescue channel. Specifically, after the rotary drill opens the rescue channel, to ensure the safety of the rescuers and the trapped persons, professional demolition equipment (such as an electric pick) is used to break the primary support concrete of the tunnel vault. At the same time, the rescuers must wear safety ropes throughout the process, and the ground must provide security such as lighting and ventilation to the underground. After the rescue channel is corrected, the trapped persons are gradually lifted to the ground using triangular lifting brackets and handed over to medical staff for treatment. In this embodiment, after 77 hours of intense rescue, of which the rotary drill rescue took 3.2 hours, the five trapped workers were rescued. After examination by the on-site doctor, the vital signs of the five trapped persons were stable.

[0099] The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the present invention. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions and improvements made within the spirit and principles of the present invention should be included in the scope of protection of the present invention.

Claims

1. A tunnel collapse shaft rescue method based on real-scene 3D, characterized in that: The method comprises: Acquire a surface aerial photograph of the target tunnel, and establish a real-scene three-dimensional model based on the surface aerial photograph; Constructing a corresponding tunnel model in the real-scene three-dimensional model based on the parameters of the target tunnel; Calculating the collapse range in the real-scene three-dimensional model based on the on-site exploration data combined with the tunnel model; Determining the area to be rescued in the real-scene three-dimensional model according to the location of the target tunnel face and the collapse range; Determine the vertical shaft drilling position according to the area to be rescued; Opening a vertical shaft rescue passage above the target tunnel according to the vertical shaft drilling position; Rescue through the shaft rescue passage; The process of determining the rescue area in the real-life 3D model based on the location of the target tunnel face and the collapse range includes: Determining the trapped area of ​​the trapped persons based on the location of the tunnel face of the target tunnel and the collapse range; Determining the area corresponding to the trapped area from the real-scene three-dimensional model through three-dimensional model spatial distance analysis, and then obtaining the area to be rescued in combination with stratum information; The three-dimensional model spatial distance analysis is to calculate the spatial position relationship between the trapped area and the real-scene three-dimensional model, and obtain the trapped area corresponding to the ground surface in the real-scene three-dimensional model; The on-site exploration data includes the collapse location and the thickness of the collapsed body; and the collapse range is calculated in the real-scene three-dimensional model based on the on-site exploration data and the tunnel model, specifically including: Determine the affected area in the tunnel model based on the collapse location and the thickness of the collapsed body, determine the center point of the affected area based on the collapse location, determine the axial range of the affected area based on the thickness of the collapsed body, and determine the lateral range of the affected area based on the cross-section of the tunnel model, thereby calculating the geometry of the collapsed area; the geometry of the collapsed area is a plane in the top view of the real three-dimensional model with the tunnel model as the reference; The area geometrically corresponding to the collapsed area is determined from the real-scene three-dimensional model through three-dimensional model space distance analysis to obtain the collapse range.

2. The tunnel collapse shaft rescue method based on real-scene 3D according to claim 1, characterized in that: The parameters of the target tunnel include top radius, preset length and tunnel centerline; Constructing a corresponding tunnel model in the real-scene 3D model based on the parameters of the target tunnel specifically includes: Marking a top feature point of a target tunnel entrance in the real-scene three-dimensional model; In combination with the top radius, the preset length, the tunnel centerline and the top feature points, a tunnel model of the target tunnel is generated in the real-scene three-dimensional model by fitting an approximate cylinder.

3. The tunnel collapse shaft rescue method based on real-scene 3D according to claim 1, characterized in that: The area to be rescued is used to indicate the excavation of the rotary drilling shaft.

4. The tunnel collapse shaft rescue method based on real-scene 3D according to claim 3, characterized in that: Determining the vertical shaft drilling position based on the area to be rescued specifically includes: In the real-life three-dimensional model, a slope analysis is performed on the area to be rescued based on the excavation range of the rotary drilling drill; For several areas where the slope is less than the preset threshold, stability assessment is conducted using an on-site earthwork excavation platform; The area that meets the stability requirements is determined as the location for vertical shaft drilling.

5. The tunnel collapse shaft rescue method based on real-scene 3D according to claim 4, characterized in that: The stability assessment is used to indicate the risk of landslides, collapses and ground subsidence in the excavated area.

6. The tunnel collapse shaft rescue method based on real-scene 3D according to claim 4, characterized in that: The diameter of the excavation range of the rotary drill is 0.8m to 1.2m.

7. The tunnel collapse shaft rescue method based on real-scene 3D according to claim 4, characterized in that: Open a vertical shaft rescue passage above the target tunnel according to the vertical shaft drilling position, specifically including: determining an excavation position above a target tunnel according to the shaft drilling position; Burying a steel casing at the excavation location and using a rotary drilling rig to perform excavation; When the rotary drilling rig rotates the drill bit clockwise, the bottom plate cutting plate and the tail of the cylinder flap are aligned, and the drill cuttings enter the cylinder. After the cylinder is filled with a bucket, the drill bit rotates counterclockwise. After the bottom plate is positioned by the positioning block and the bottom opening is sealed, the drill bit is lifted to the ground to unload the soil. The excavation is repeated until the rescue escape passage of the shaft is opened; When the rotary drilling rig drills to a preset depth, the rotary drilling drill bit is withdrawn, and the steel casing is followed to the drilling depth before continuing to excavate to ensure the safety of the vertical shaft rescue channel; the diameter of the vertical shaft rescue channel is consistent with the diameter of the rotary drilling drill excavation.

8. The tunnel collapse shaft rescue method based on real-scene 3D according to claim 7, characterized in that: During the drilling process of the rotary drilling rig, an operator keeps the drill rod of the rotary drilling rig vertical and controls the depth through a depth calculator.

9. The tunnel collapse shaft rescue method based on real-scene 3D according to claim 7, characterized in that: A steel casing is buried at the excavation position. The steel casing is higher than a preset height on the ground, and the diameter of the steel casing is larger than the excavation range of the rotary drilling drill.

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