Light emitting device, and electronic apparatus and electronic instrument

Abstract

The invention relates to a light-emitting device, and an electronic apparatus and electronic equipment including the light-emitting device. The light emitting device includes a first electrode, a second electrode opposite the first electrode, and an interlayer between the first electrode and the second electrode and including an emission layer, where the interlayer further includes a hole transport region between the first electrode and the emission layer and an electron transport region between the emission layer and the second electrode, and the hole transport region includes a hole injection layer between the first electrode and the emission layer and a hole transport layer between the hole injection layer and the emission layer, the hole injection layer and the hole transport layer each including a compound represented by Formula 1, and the hole injection layer further including a p-type or dopant-like. Formula 1 # imgabs0 #

Description

[0001] Cross - reference to related applications

[0002] This application claims the priority and benefit of Korean Patent Application No. 10 - 2024 - 0012443, filed on January 26, 2024, with the Korean Intellectual Property Office, the entire content of which is incorporated herein by reference. Technical field

[0003] Embodiments of the present disclosure described herein relate to a light - emitting device and an electronic device and electronic apparatus including the light - emitting device. Background art

[0004] In a light - emitting device, a self - emitting device (e.g., an organic light - emitting device, etc.) has a relatively wide viewing angle, high contrast, short response time, and excellent or appropriate characteristics in terms of brightness, driving voltage, and response speed.

[0005] In a light - emitting device, a first electrode is disposed on a substrate, and a hole - transporting region, an emission layer, an electron - transporting region, and a second electrode are sequentially disposed on the first electrode. Holes provided from the first electrode move toward the emission layer through the hole - transporting region, and electrons provided from the second electrode move toward the emission layer through the electron - transporting region. Charge carriers, such as holes and electrons, recombine in the emission layer to generate excitons. The excitons can transition (relax) from an excited state to a ground state, thereby generating light (e.g., for displaying an image).

[0006] To achieve desired or appropriate characteristics, a tandem device that continuously connects a plurality of light - emitting devices is used. Summary of the invention

[0007] Aspects according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a light - emitting device having high external luminous efficiency (hereinafter also referred to as luminous efficiency or external quantum efficiency) and long lifetime, and an electronic device and an electronic apparatus including the light - emitting device.

[0008] Additional aspects will be set forth in part in the following description and in part will be apparent from the description, or may be learned by practice of the embodiments presented herein.

[0009] According to one or more embodiments, the light - emitting device includes

[0010] A first electrode,

[0011] A second electrode opposite to (e.g., facing) the first electrode, and

[0012] A laminate disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode and including an emission layer, wherein

[0013] The interlayer further includes a hole transport region between the first electrode and the emission layer and an electron transport region between the emission layer and the second electrode.

[0014] The hole transport region includes a hole injection layer between the first electrode and the emission layer and a hole transport layer between the hole injection layer and the emission layer, and

[0015] both the hole injection layer and the hole transport layer include a compound represented by Formula 1, and the hole injection layer further includes a p-type or group dopant:

[0016] Formula 1

[0017]

[0018] wherein in Formula 1,

[0019] each R1 may each independently be an unsubstituted C4-C 60 alkyl or an unsubstituted C3-C 60 carbocyclic group,

[0020] R2 to R5 may each independently be deuterium, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 alkyl, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C3-C 60 cycloalkyl, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C6-C 60 aryl, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 heteroaryl, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted monovalent non-aromatic fused polycyclic group or an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted monovalent non-aromatic fused heteropolycyclic group,

[0021] L1 may be an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C6-C 60 arylene, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 heteroarylene, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted divalent non-aromatic fused polycyclic group or an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted divalent non-aromatic fused heteropolycyclic group,

[0022] a1 may be 0 or 1,

[0023] b1 may be an integer selected from 1 to 3,

[0024] b2 to b5 can be integers selected from 1 to 5,

[0025] R 10a can be:

[0026] deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxyl, cyano or nitro,

[0027] each unsubstituted or substituted by the following C1-C 60 alkyl, C2-C 60 alkenyl, C2-C 60 alkynyl or C1-C 60 alkoxy: deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxyl, cyano, nitro, C3-C 60 carbocyclic group, C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, C6-C 60 aryloxy, C6-C 60 arylthio, C7-C 60 aralkyl, C2-C 60 heteroaralkyl, -Si(Q 11 )(Q 12 )(Q 13 )、-N(Q 11 )(Q 12 )、-B(Q 11 )(Q 12 )、-C(=O)(Q 11 )、-S(=O)2(Q 11 )、-P(=O)(Q 11 )(Q 12 ) and / or their combinations (e.g., any suitable combination),

[0028] each unsubstituted or substituted by the following C3-C 60 carbocyclic group, C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, C6-C 60 aryloxy, C6-C 60 arylthio, C7-C 60 aralkyl or C2-C 60 heteroaralkyl: deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxyl, cyano, nitro, C1-C 60 alkyl, C2-C 60 alkenyl, C2-C 60 alkynyl, C1-C 60 alkoxy, C3-C 60 carbocyclic group, C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, C6-C 60 aryloxy, C6-C 60 arylthio, C7-C 60 aralkyl, C2-C 60Heteroarylkyl, -Si(Q 21 )(Q 22 )(Q 23 ), -N(Q 21 )(Q 22 ), -B(Q 21 )(Q 22 ), -C(=O)(Q 21 ), -S(=O)2(Q 21 ), -P(=O)(Q 21 )(Q 22 ) and / or combinations thereof (e.g., any suitable combination), or

[0029] -Si(Q 31 )(Q 32 )(Q 33 ), -N(Q 31 )(Q 32 ), -B(Q 31 )(Q 32 ), -C(=O)(Q 31 ), -S(=O)2(Q 31 ) or -P(=O)(Q 31 )(Q 32 ), and

[0030] Q 11 to Q 13 , Q 21 to Q 23 and Q 31 to Q 33 may each independently be: hydrogen, deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, C1-C 60 alkyl, C2-C 60 alkenyl, C2-C 60 alkynyl, C1-C 60 alkoxy, or C3-C 60 carbocyclic, C1-C 60 heterocyclic, C7-C 60 arylalkyl or C2-C 60 heteroarylkyl, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, -F, cyano, C1-C 60 alkyl, C1-C 60 alkoxy, phenyl, biphenyl and / or combinations thereof (e.g., any suitable combination).

[0031] According to one or more embodiments, the electronic device includes a light-emitting device.

[0032] According to one or more embodiments, the electronic apparatus includes an electronic device. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0033] The above and other aspects, features, and advantages of specific embodiments of the present disclosure will become more apparent from the following description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:

[0034] Figures 1 to 3 Each is a cross-sectional view showing a light-emitting device according to one or more embodiments;

[0035] Figure 4 A cross-sectional view showing an electronic device according to one or more embodiments;

[0036] Figure 5 A cross-sectional view showing an electronic device according to one or more embodiments; and

[0037] Figure 6 and Figure 7 and Figure 8A and Figure 8B and Figure 8C are diagrams each schematically showing the structure of an electronic device according to one or more embodiments. Specific Embodiments

[0038] Reference will now be made in more detail to one or more embodiments, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals refer to like elements throughout and the repeated description thereof may not be provided in the specification. In this regard, the present embodiments may have different forms and should not be construed as limited to the description set forth herein. Accordingly, only one or more embodiments are described in more detail by reference to the accompanying drawings to explain aspects of the present description. As used herein, the term "and / or" includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. Throughout the present disclosure, the expression "at least one of a, b, and c" indicates only a, only b, only c, both a and b (e.g., simultaneously), both a and c (e.g., simultaneously), both b and c (e.g., simultaneously), all of a, b, and c, or variations thereof.

[0039] In this specification, "including A or B", "A and / or B", etc. mean A or B or both A and B.

[0040] As used herein, the terms "substantially", "about", and similar terms are used as approximate terms and not as terms of degree, and are intended to account for the inherent deviations of measured or calculated values that would be recognized by a person of ordinary skill in the art. As used herein, "substantially" includes the recited value and the range of acceptable deviations of the specific value as determined by a person of ordinary skill in the art in view of the error associated with the measurement being discussed (i.e., the limitations of the measurement system). For example, "substantially" may mean one or more standard deviations of the recited value, or ±30%, ±20%, ±10%, or ±5% of the recited value.

[0041] Also, any numerical range recited herein is intended to include all sub-ranges of the same numerical precision subsumed within the recited range. For example, a range of "1.0 to 10.0" is intended to include all sub-ranges between and including the recited minimum value of 1.0 and the recited maximum value of 10.0, that is, having a minimum value equal to or greater than 1.0 and a maximum value equal to or less than 10.0, such as, for example, 2.4 to 7.6. Any maximum numerical limitation recited herein is intended to include all lower numerical limitations subsumed therein and any minimum numerical limitation recited in this specification is intended to include all higher numerical limitations subsumed therein. Accordingly, the applicant reserves the right to amend this specification (including the claims) to expressly recite any sub-range that is subsumed within the ranges expressly recited herein.

[0042] Further, the use of "may" when describing embodiments of the present disclosure refers to "one or more embodiments of the present disclosure".

[0043] As used herein, the singular forms "a", "an", and "the" are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.

[0044] In the present disclosure, when a point, plural points, a particle, or plural particles are spherical, "size" or "diameter" indicates a particle size or an average particle size, and when they are non-spherical, "size" or "diameter" indicates a major axis length or an average major axis length. The diameter of a particle can be measured using a scanning electron microscope or a particle size analyzer. As the particle size analyzer, for example, a HORIBA, LA-950 laser particle size analyzer can be used. When measuring the size of a particle using a particle size analyzer, the average particle size is referred to as D 50 。D 50 refers to the average diameter of particles whose cumulative volume corresponds to 50% by volume in a particle size distribution (e.g., cumulative distribution), and refers to the particle size value corresponding to 50% of the particles starting from the smallest particle in the cumulative of a distribution curve cumulated in the order of the smallest particle size to the largest particle size when the total number of particles is 100%.

[0045] Since the present disclosure may have diverse modified embodiments, embodiments are illustrated in the drawings and described in the detailed description. If (e.g., when) referring to one or more embodiments described with reference to the drawings, aspects and features of the present disclosure and methods of achieving the same will be apparent. However, the present disclosure may be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the one or more embodiments stated herein.

[0046] Hereinafter, embodiments of the present disclosure will be described in more detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. The same or corresponding components will be denoted by the same reference numerals, and thus redundant descriptions thereof will not be provided.

[0047] It will be understood that although terms such as "first" and / or "second" may be used herein to describe one or more suitable components, these components should not be limited by these terms. These components are only used to distinguish one component from another.

[0048] Expressions used in the singular encompass plural expressions unless they have a distinctly different meaning in the context.

[0049] It will be further understood that the terms "comprises" and / or "comprising" used herein indicate the presence of the recited features or elements, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features or elements.

[0050] In the following embodiments, if (e.g., when) one or more suitable components (such as a layer, film, region, and / or plate, etc.) are referred to as being "on" another component (such as a layer, film, region, and / or plate, etc.), this may include not only the case where the other component (such as a layer, film, region, and / or plate, etc.) is "directly on" the layer, film, region, and / or plate, but also the case where the other component (such as a layer, film, region, and / or plate, etc.) may be located therebetween. For convenience of explanation, the dimensions of the elements in the drawings may be enlarged. For example, since the dimensions (e.g., thickness) of the components are arbitrarily illustrated in the drawings for convenience of explanation, the following embodiments are not limited thereto.

[0051] As used herein, the term "interlayer" refers to a single layer and / or multiple layers between a first electrode and a second electrode of a light-emitting device.

[0052] Organic light-emitting device

[0053] One or more embodiments include a light-emitting device, comprising:

[0054] A first electrode;

[0055] A second electrode opposite to (e.g., facing) the first electrode; and

[0056] An interlayer disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode and including an emission layer,

[0057] wherein the interlayer further includes a hole transport region between the first electrode and the emission layer and an electron transport region between the emission layer and the second electrode,

[0058] The hole transport region includes a hole injection layer between the first electrode and the emission layer and a hole transport layer between the hole injection layer and the emission layer, and

[0059] each of the hole injection layer and the hole transport layer includes a compound represented by Formula 1, and the hole injection layer further includes a p-type or type dopant:

[0060] Formula 1

[0061]

[0062] wherein in Formula 1,

[0063] each R1 may each independently be an unsubstituted C4-C 60 alkyl group or an unsubstituted C3-C 60 carbocyclic group,

[0064] R2 to R5 may each independently be deuterium, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 alkyl group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C3-C 60 cycloalkyl group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C6-C 60 aryl group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 heteroaryl group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted monovalent non-aromatic fused polycyclic group or an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted monovalent non-aromatic fused heteropolycyclic group,

[0065] L1 may be an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C6-C 60 arylene group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 heteroarylene group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted divalent non-aromatic fused polycyclic group or an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted divalent non-aromatic fused heteropolycyclic group,

[0066] a1 may be 0 or 1,

[0067] b1 may be an integer selected from 1 to 3,

[0068] b2 to b5 may each be an integer selected from 1 to 5,

[0069] R 10a may be:

[0070] deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxy, cyano or nitro;

[0071] C1-C, each unsubstituted or substituted by the following 60 alkyl, C2-C 60 alkenyl, C2-C 60 alkynyl or C1-C 60 alkoxy: deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, C3-C 60 carbocyclic group, C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, C6-C 60 aryloxy, C6-C 60 arylthio, C7-C 60 aralkyl, C2-C 60 heteroaralkyl, -Si(Q 11 )(Q 12 )(Q 13 ), -N(Q 11 )(Q 12 ), -B(Q 11 )(Q 12 ), -C(=O)(Q 11 ), -S(=O)2(Q 11 ), -P(=O)(Q 11 )(Q 12 ) and / or combinations thereof (e.g., any suitable combination);

[0072] C3-C, each unsubstituted or substituted by the following 60 carbocyclic group, C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, C6-C 60 aryloxy, C6-C 60 arylthio, C7-C 60 aralkyl or C2-C 60 heteroaralkyl: deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, C1-C 60 alkyl, C2-C 60 alkenyl, C2-C 60 alkynyl, C1-C 60 alkoxy, C3-C 60 carbocyclic group, C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, C6-C 60 aryloxy, C6-C 60 arylthio, C7-C 60 aralkyl, C2-C 60 heteroaralkyl, -Si(Q 21 )(Q 22 )(Q 23 ), -N(Q 21)(Q 22 )、-B(Q 21 )(Q 22 )、-C(=O)(Q 21 )、-S(=O)2(Q 21 )、-P(=O)(Q 21 )(Q 22 ) and / or combinations thereof (e.g., any suitable combination); or

[0073] -Si(Q 31 )(Q 32 )(Q 33 )、-N(Q 31 )(Q 32 )、-B(Q 31 )(Q 32 )、-C(=O)(Q 31 )、-S(=O)2(Q 31 ) or -P(=O)(Q 31 )(Q 32 ), and

[0074] Q 11 to Q 13 、Q 21 to Q 23 and Q 31 to Q 33 may each independently be: hydrogen; deuterium; -F; -Cl; -Br; -I; hydroxy; cyano; nitro; C1-C 60 alkyl; C2-C 60 alkenyl; C2-C 60 alkynyl; C1-C 60 alkoxy; or C3-C that is unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, -F, cyano, C1-C 60 alkyl, C1-C 60 alkoxy, phenyl, biphenyl and / or combinations thereof (e.g., any suitable combination) 60 carbocyclic group, C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, C7-C 60 aralkyl or C2-C 60 heteroaralkyl.

[0075] According to one or more embodiments, R1 may be an unsubstituted C6-C 20 carbocyclic group.

[0076] According to one or more embodiments, b1 is the number of R1, and b1 may be 1.

[0077] According to one or more embodiments, R2 to R5 may each independently be unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R 10bSubstituted C1-C 20 alkyl or C3-C 20 cycloalkyl.

[0078] R 10b may be:

[0079] deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxy, cyano or nitro; or

[0080] each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxy, cyano, nitro and / or a combination thereof (e.g., any suitable combination) C1-C 20 alkyl, C2-C 20 alkenyl, C2-C 20 alkynyl or C1-C 20 alkoxy.

[0081] According to one or more embodiments, L1 may be unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R 10c substituted C6-C 20 arylene.

[0082] R 10c may be:

[0083] deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxy, cyano or nitro;

[0084] each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxy, cyano, nitro and / or a combination thereof (e.g., any suitable combination) C1-C 20 alkyl, C2-C 20 alkenyl, C2-C 20 alkynyl or C1-C 20 alkoxy; or

[0085] each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxy, cyano, nitro and / or a combination thereof (e.g., any suitable combination) C3-C 20 carbocyclic or C1-C 20 heterocycle.

[0086] According to one or more embodiments, the compound represented by Formula 1 may be represented by Formula 1A:

[0087] Formula 1A

[0088]

[0089] wherein in Formula 1A,

[0090] R1 may be unsubstituted C5-C 20 carbocyclic,

[0091] R2 to R5 may each independently be an unsubstituted or at least one R-substituted C1-C 10b alkyl or C3-C 20 cycloalkyl, 20

[0092] L1 may be an unsubstituted or at least one R-substituted C6-C

[0092] 10c arylene, 20

[0093] a1 may be 0 or 1, and

[0094] b1 may be 1.

[0095] According to one or more embodiments, R1 may be an unsubstituted or at least one R-substituted cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, adamantyl or norbornyl. [[ID=2s]]

[0096] According to one or more embodiments, R2 to R5 may each independently be methyl, ethyl, n-propyl or isopropyl.

[0097] According to one or more embodiments, L1 may be an unsubstituted or at least one R-substituted phenylene, naphthylene, azulenylene, indacenylene, acenaphthylene, aceanthrenylene, phenanthrylene, anthrylene, fluoranthenylene, triphenylene, pyrenylene, 1,2-benzophenanthrylene, perylenylene, heptalenylene or tetracenylene.

[0098] R 10b and R 10c are the same as defined above.

[0099] According to one or more embodiments, the compound represented by Formula 1 may be represented by any one of the following compounds (e.g., Compound 1 to Compound 8).

[0100]

[0101]

[0102]

[0103] According to one or more embodiments, the compound represented by Formula 1 may have a refractive index of about 1.8 or less with respect to light having a wavelength of about 450 nm. For example, the compound represented by Formula 1 may have a refractive index of about 1.6 to about 1.8, about 1.65 to about 1.8 or about 1.7 to about 1.8 with respect to light having a wavelength of about 450 nm.

[0104] According to one or more embodiments, the compound represented by Formula 1 included in the hole injection layer may be substantially the same as the compound represented by Formula 1 included in the hole transport layer.​​​

[0104] According to one or more embodiments, the hole transport region may further include a buffer layer, an emission assisting layer, an electron blocking layer, and / or a combination thereof (e.g., any suitable combination).

[0105] According to one or more embodiments, the electron transport region may include a hole blocking layer, an electron transport layer, an electron injection layer, and / or a combination thereof (e.g., any suitable combination).

[0106] According to one or more embodiments, the light emitting device may be a tandem device. For example, the laminate may include m emission units and m - 1 charge generation units each disposed between adjacent emission units, and m may be an integer of 2 or greater. For example, m may be an integer selected from 2 to 10.

[0107] According to one or more embodiments, each of the m emission units includes a hole transport region, an emission layer, and an electron transport region sequentially disposed from a first electrode to a second electrode, and the hole transport region may include a hole transport layer.

[0108] Each of the m - 1 charge generation units may include an n-type or type charge generation layer and a p-type or type charge generation layer. The p-type or type charge generation layer may be in direct contact with the hole transport layer in an adjacent emission unit.

[0109] According to one or more embodiments, at least one hole transport layer of the m emission units and the p-type or type charge generation layer in direct contact with the at least one hole transport layer may each include a compound represented by Formula 1, and the p-type or type charge generation layer may further include a p-type or type dopant.

[0110] For example, among the m emission units, the emission unit closest to the first electrode is set as the first emission unit, and the emission unit farthest from the first electrode is set as the mth emission unit. The first emission unit to the mth emission unit may be sequentially disposed. The (m - 1)th charge generation unit may be disposed between the (m - 1)th emission unit and the mth emission unit.

[0111] According to one or more embodiments, the first emission unit may further include a hole injection layer between the first electrode and the hole transport layer, and the hole injection layer and the hole transport layer may each include a compound represented by Formula 1, and the hole injection layer may further include a p-type or type dopant.

[0112] According to one or more embodiments, the hole injection layer and the hole transport layer in at least one emission unit and the p-type or type charge generation layer in direct contact with the hole transport layer may each include a compound represented by Formula 1, and the hole injection layer and the p-type or type charge generation layer may each further include a p-type or type dopant.

[0113] Light-emitting devices of the prior art use a high refractive index material for the hole injection layer or the p-type or species charge generation layer and the hole transport layer, or use a high refractive index material for the hole injection layer or the p-type or species charge generation layer and use a low refractive index material for the hole transport layer. Although, according to the optical efficiency, a material having a low refractive index is suitable or appropriate for the hole transport region, a portion showing a low refraction in such a material suppresses or reduces the hole transport characteristics. Accordingly, those configurations are provided to achieve a balance between the refractive index and the hole transport characteristics.

[0114] When the refractive indices of the hole injection layer (or the p-type or species charge generation layer) and the hole transport layer are high, the light absorbed or eliminated in the guiding mode increases, resulting in a decrease in the optical efficiency, i.e., the light output efficiency. In addition, if (for example, when) the material used for the hole injection layer (or the p-type or species charge generation layer) is different from the material used for the hole transport layer, then due to the difference in refractive index, total reflection between these layers may increase, resulting in light loss, and if (for example, when) these layers are also deposited, the number of desired or required deposition sources increases, and thus, the process may become more complicated.

[0115] By applying the same new material having a low refractive index to the hole injection layer or the p-type or species charge generation layer and the hole transport layer, the light-emitting device according to the present embodiment can obtain improved optical efficiency without increasing the driving voltage or reducing the lifespan.

[0116] <o Figures 1 to 3 description

[0117] Figure 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a light-emitting device 10 according to one or more embodiments. The light-emitting device 10 includes a first electrode 110, an interlayer 130, and a second electrode 150. The interlayer 130 includes an emission layer.

[0118] According to one or more embodiments, the interlayer 130 may include a single emission unit. For example, the interlayer 130 may further include a hole transport region disposed between the first electrode 110 and the emission layer and an electron transport region disposed between the emission layer and the second electrode 150. The hole transport region may include at least one selected from a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, a buffer layer, an emission assisting layer, and an electron blocking layer. The electron transport region may include at least one selected from a hole blocking layer, an electron transport layer, and an electron injection layer. The compound represented by Formula 1 above may be applied to each of the hole injection layer and the hole transport layer, and a p-type or species dopant may be additionally applied to the hole injection layer.

[0119] According to one or more embodiments, the interlayer 130 may include a plurality of emission units. Reference will be made to Figure 2 and Figure 3A light-emitting device including a plurality of light-emitting units according to this embodiment will be described in more detail.

[0120] Figure 2 and Figure 3 are schematic cross-sectional views of a light-emitting device 20 and a light-emitting device 30 according to one or more embodiments, respectively. The light-emitting device 20 and the light-emitting device 30 each include a first electrode 110, an interlayer 130, and a second electrode 150.

[0121] Referring Figure 2 , the interlayer 130 of the light-emitting device 20 may include m light-emitting units 145(1)...145(m)) and (m - 1) charge generation units 144(1),..., 144(m - 1) arranged between adjacent light-emitting units thereof. m may be an integer of 2 or greater. For example, m may be an integer selected from 2 to 10, or 2 to 6, or 2 to 4.

[0122] Among the m light-emitting units, the m-th light-emitting unit closest to the first electrode 110 may be referred to as the m-th light-emitting unit 145(m). For example, among the m light-emitting units, the light-emitting unit closest to the first electrode 110 is set as the first light-emitting unit 145(1), and the light-emitting unit farthest from the first electrode 110 (the light-emitting unit adjacent to the second electrode 150) is set as the m-th light-emitting unit 145(m), where the first light-emitting unit 145(1) to the m-th light-emitting unit 145(m) may be arranged in sequence. For example, the (m - 1)-th charge generation unit 144(m - 1) may be arranged between the (m - 1)-th light-emitting unit 145(m - 1) and the m-th light-emitting unit 145(m).

[0123] According to one or more embodiments, at least one of the m light-emitting units may be configured to emit blue light having a maximum emission wavelength of about 410 nm to about 490 nm. According to one or more embodiments, at least one of the m light-emitting units may be configured to emit green light having a maximum emission wavelength of about 490 nm to about 580 nm.

[0124] According to one or more embodiments, each of the m light-emitting units may include an emission layer, a hole transport region, and an electron transport region. The hole transport region may include at least one selected from a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, a buffer layer, an emission assist layer, and an electron blocking layer, and the electron transport region may include at least one selected from a hole blocking layer, an electron transport layer, and an electron injection layer.

[0125] According to one or more embodiments, the m - 1 charge generation units may each include a p - type or like charge generation layer and an n - type or like charge generation layer. The first charge generation unit may include a first p - type or like charge generation layer and a first n - type or like charge generation layer, and the (m - 1)th charge generation unit includes the (m - 1)th p - type or like charge generation layer and the (m)th n - type or like charge generation layer.

[0126] For example, if (e.g., when) m is 2, then the first electrode, the first emission unit, the first charge generation unit, the second emission unit, and the second electrode may be arranged in the recited order. In this regard, the first emission unit may be configured to emit light of a first color, the second emission unit may be configured to emit light of a second color, and the maximum emission wavelength of the first color light and the maximum emission wavelength of the second color light may be substantially the same as or different from each other.

[0127] In one or more embodiments, if (e.g., when) m is 3, then the first electrode, the first emission unit, the first charge generation unit, the second emission unit, the second charge generation unit, the third emission unit, and the second electrode may be arranged in the recited order. In this regard, the first emission unit may be configured to emit light of a first color, the second emission unit may be configured to emit light of a second color, the third emission unit may be configured to emit light of a third color, and the maximum emission wavelength of the first color light, the maximum emission wavelength of the second color light, and the maximum emission wavelength of the third color light may be substantially the same as or different from each other.

[0128] In one or more embodiments, if (e.g., when) m is 4, the first electrode, the first emission unit, the first charge generation unit, the second emission unit, the second charge generation unit, the third emission unit, the third charge generation unit, the fourth emission unit, and the second electrode may be arranged in the recited order. In this regard, the first emission unit may be configured to emit light of a first color, the second emission unit may be configured to emit light of a second color, the third emission unit may be configured to emit light of a third color, the fourth emission unit may be configured to emit light of a fourth color, and the maximum emission wavelength of the first color light, the maximum emission wavelength of the second color light, the maximum emission wavelength of the third color light, and the maximum emission wavelength of the fourth color light may be substantially the same as or different from each other.

[0129] According to one or more embodiments, the maximum emission wavelength emitted from at least one of the m emission units may be different from the maximum emission wavelength of the light emitted from at least one of the remaining emission units.

[0130] Figure 3 Illustrates a light - emitting device 30 corresponding to if (e.g., when) m is 4 Figure 2 Reference Figure 3, the light-emitting device 30 includes three charge generation units 144(1), 144(2), and 144(3) between four emission units 145(1), 145(2), 145(3), and 145(4).

[0131] In Figure 3 the light-emitting device 30, the compound represented by Formula 1 above can be applied to the hole injection layer, the hole transport layer of each emission unit, and the p-type or species charge generation layer of each charge generation unit, and a p-type or species dopant can be additionally applied to the hole injection layer of each emission unit and the p-type or species charge generation layer of each charge generation unit.

[0132] In one or more embodiments, the first emission unit 145(1) may include a first emission layer, the second emission unit 145(2) may include a second emission layer, the third emission unit 145(3) may include a third emission layer, and the fourth emission unit 145(4) may include a fourth emission layer. The first emission layer, the second emission layer, and the third emission layer may each be configured to emit blue light, and the fourth emission layer may be configured to emit green light.

[0133] Hereinafter, the structure and manufacturing method of the light-emitting device 10 according to one or more embodiments will be described in more detail in conjunction with Figures 1 to 3 the light-emitting device 10 according to one or more embodiments will be described in more detail.

[0134] The first electrode 110

[0135] In Figure 1 the light-emitting device 10, a substrate may be additionally disposed below the first electrode 110 or on the second electrode 150. As the substrate, a glass substrate or a plastic substrate may be used. In one or more embodiments, the substrate may be a flexible substrate and may include a plastic having excellent or appropriate heat resistance and durability, such as polyimide, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polycarbonate, polyethylene naphthalate, polyarylate (PAR), polyetherimide, and / or a combination thereof (e.g., any suitable combination).

[0136] The first electrode 110 can be formed by, for example, depositing or sputtering a material for forming the first electrode 110 on the substrate. When the first electrode 110 is an anode, the material for forming the first electrode 110 may be a high work function material that facilitates hole injection.

[0137] The first electrode 110 can be a reflective electrode, a transmissive-reflective electrode, or a transmissive electrode. When the first electrode 110 is a transmissive electrode, the material used to form the first electrode 110 can include indium tin oxide (ITO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), tin oxide (SnO2), zinc oxide (ZnO), and / or combinations thereof (e.g., any suitable combination). In one or more embodiments, if (e.g., when) the first electrode 110 is a transmissive-reflective electrode or a reflective electrode, the material used to form the first electrode 110 can include magnesium (Mg), silver (Ag), aluminum (Al), aluminum-lithium (Al-Li), calcium (Ca), magnesium-indium (Mg-In), magnesium-silver (Mg-Ag), and / or combinations thereof (e.g., any suitable combination).

[0138] The first electrode 110 can have a single-layer structure including a single layer (e.g., consisting of a single layer) or a multi-layer structure including multiple layers. In one or more embodiments, the first electrode 110 can have a three-layer structure of ITO / Ag / ITO.

[0139] Interlayer 130

[0140] The interlayer 130 is disposed on top of the first electrode 110. The interlayer 130 includes an emission layer.

[0141] The interlayer 130 can further include a hole transport region disposed between the first electrode 110 and the emission layer and an electron transport region disposed between the emission layer and the second electrode 150.

[0142] In addition to one or more suitable organic materials, the interlayer 130 can further include metal-containing compounds (such as organometallic compounds) and / or inorganic materials (such as quantum dots), etc.

[0143] In one or more embodiments, the interlayer 130 can include i) two or more emission units stacked in sequence between the first electrode 110 and the second electrode 150, and ii) charge generation units located between adjacent two emission units. When the interlayer 130 includes such emission units and charge generation units as described above, the light-emitting device 10 can be a tandem light-emitting device.

[0144] The hole transport region in the interlayer 130

[0145] The hole transport region can have: i) a single-layer structure including a single layer (e.g., consisting of a single layer), the single layer including a single material (e.g., consisting of a single material), ii) a single-layer structure including a single layer (e.g., consisting of a single layer), the single layer including a plurality of different materials from each other (e.g., consisting of a plurality of different materials from each other), or iii) a multi-layer structure including multiple layers, the multiple layers including a plurality of different materials from each other.

[0146] The hole transport region may include a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, an emission assisting layer, an electron blocking layer, and / or a combination thereof (e.g., any suitable combination).

[0147] For example, the hole transport region may have a multi-layer structure including a hole injection layer / hole transport layer structure, a hole injection layer / hole transport layer / emission assisting layer structure, a hole injection layer / emission assisting layer structure, a hole transport layer / emission assisting layer structure, or a hole injection layer / hole transport layer / electron blocking layer structure, where the layers in each structure are stacked in sequence from the first electrode 110.

[0148] Hereinafter, a description of the hole transport region other than the region applying the compound represented by Formula 1 as described above will be given. The hole transport region other than the region applying the compound represented by Formula 1 as described above may include a compound represented by Formula 201, a compound represented by Formula 202, and / or a combination thereof (e.g., any suitable combination):

[0149] Formula 201

[0150]

[0151] Formula 202

[0152]

[0153] Wherein in Formula 201 and Formula 202,

[0154] L 201 to L 204 may each independently be an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C3-C 60 carbocyclic group or an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 heterocyclic group,

[0155] L 205 may be *-O-*', *-S-*', *-N(Q 201 )-*', an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 20 alkylene group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C2-C 20 alkenylene group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C3-C 60 carbocyclic group or an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 heterocyclic group,

[0156] xa1 to xa4 may each independently be an integer selected from 0 to 5,

[0157] xa5 can be an integer selected from 1 to 10,

[0158] R 201 to R 204 and Q 201 can each independently be an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C3-C 60 carbocyclic group or an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 heterocyclic group,

[0159] R 201 and R 202 can optionally be connected to each other via a single bond, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C5 alkylene group or an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C2-C5 alkenylene group to form an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C8-C 60 polycyclic group (e.g., carbazolyl, etc.) (e.g., see compound HT16),

[0160] R 203 and R 204 can optionally be connected to each other via a single bond, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C5 alkylene group or an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C2-C5 alkenylene group to form an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C8-C 60 polycyclic group, and

[0161] na1 can be an integer selected from 1 to 4.

[0162] In one or more embodiments, each of the compound represented by Formula 201 and the compound represented by Formula 202 may include at least one selected from the groups represented by Formula CY201 to Formula CY217:

[0163]

[0164] Wherein in Formula CY201 to Formula CY217, R 10b and R 10c are each the same as the description of the binding R 10a , and the ring CY 201 to the ring CY 204 can each independently be a C3-C 20 carbocyclic group or a C1-C 20a heterocyclic group, and at least one hydrogen in Formula CY201 to Formula CY217 may be unsubstituted or substituted by R 10a substituted.

[0165] In one or more embodiments, the ring CY in Formula CY201 to Formula CY217 201 to ring CY 204 may each independently be phenyl, naphthyl, phenanthryl or anthryl.

[0166] In one or more embodiments, each of the compound represented by Formula 201 and the compound represented by Formula 202 may include at least one selected from the groups represented by Formula CY201 to Formula CY203.

[0167] In one or more embodiments, the compound represented by Formula 201 may include at least one selected from the groups represented by Formula CY201 to Formula CY203 and at least one selected from the groups represented by Formula CY204 to Formula CY217.

[0168] In one or more embodiments, in Formula 201, xa1 may be 1, R 201 may be a group represented by at least one selected from Formula CY201 to Formula CY203, xa2 may be 0, and R 202 may be a group represented by at least one selected from Formula CY204 to Formula CY207.

[0169] In one or more embodiments, each of the compound represented by Formula 201 and the compound represented by Formula 202 may not include (e.g., may exclude any) the group represented by Formula CY201 to Formula CY203.

[0170] In one or more embodiments, each of the compound represented by Formula 201 and the compound represented by Formula 202 may not include (e.g., may exclude any) the group represented by Formula CY201 to Formula CY203, and may include at least one selected from the groups represented by Formula CY204 to Formula CY217.

[0171] In one or more embodiments, each of the compound represented by Formula 201 and the compound represented by Formula 202 may not include (e.g., may exclude any) the group represented by Formula CY201 to Formula CY217.

[0172] In one or more embodiments, the hole transport region may include: at least one selected from Compound HT1 to Compound HT46, m-MTDATA, TDATA, 2-TNATA, NPB (NPD), β-NPB, TPD, spiro-TPD, spiro-NPB, methylated NPB, TAPC, HMTPD, 4,4',4”-tris(N-carbazolyl)triphenylamine (TCTA), polyaniline / dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (PANI / DBSA), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) / poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT / PSS), polyaniline / camphorsulfonic acid (PANI / CSA), polyaniline / poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PANI / PSS), and / or combinations thereof (e.g., any suitable combination):

[0173]

[0174]

[0175]

[0176]

[0177] The thickness of the hole transport region may be about to about For example, about to about When the hole transport region includes a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, and / or combinations thereof (e.g., any suitable combination), the thickness of the hole injection layer may be about to about For example, about to about And the thickness of the hole transport layer may be about to about For example, about to about When the thicknesses of the hole transport region, the hole injection layer, and the hole transport layer are within the above ranges, satisfactory hole transport characteristics can be obtained without significantly increasing the driving voltage.

[0178] The emission assisting layer can increase the light emission efficiency by compensating the optical resonance distance according to the wavelength of the light emitted by the emission layer, and the electron blocking layer can block the leakage of electrons from the emission layer to the hole transport region. The materials that can be included in the hole transport region can be included in the emission assisting layer and the electron blocking layer.

[0179] p-type or species dopant

[0180] In addition to these materials, the hole transport region may further include a charge generation material for improving the conductive properties. The charge generation material may be uniformly (e.g., substantially uniformly) or non-uniformly (e.g., substantially non-uniformly) dispersed in the hole transport region (e.g., in the form of a single layer including the charge generation material (e.g., consisting of the charge generation material)).

[0181] The charge generation material may be, for example, a p-type or species dopant.

[0182] For example, the LUMO (Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital) energy level of the p-type or species dopant may be less than or equal to about -3.5 eV.

[0183] In one or more embodiments, the p-type or species dopant may include a quinone derivative, a cyanide-containing compound, a compound including element EL1 and element EL2, and / or a combination thereof (e.g., any suitable combination).

[0184] Examples of the quinone derivative may include TCNQ and F4-TCNQ.

[0185] Examples of the cyanide-containing compound may include HAT-CN and the compound represented by Formula 221.

[0186]

[0187] Formula 221

[0188]

[0189] In Formula 221,

[0190] R 221 to R 223 may each independently be an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C3-C 60 carbocyclic group or an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, and

[0191] R 221 to R 223 at least one of which may each independently be a C3-C 60 carbocyclic group or a C1-C 60 heterocyclic group each substituted with: a cyano group; -F; -Cl; -Br; -I; a C1-C 20 alkyl group substituted with a cyano group, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, and / or a combination thereof (e.g., any suitable combination); and / or a combination thereof (e.g., any suitable combination).

[0192] In a compound including element EL1 and element EL2, element EL1 can be a metal, a metalloid, and / or a combination thereof (e.g., any suitable combination), and element EL2 can be a non-metal, a metalloid, and / or a combination thereof (e.g., any suitable combination).

[0193] Examples of metals can include alkali metals (e.g., lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), and / or cesium (Cs), etc.); alkaline earth metals (e.g., beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), and / or barium (Ba), etc.); transition metals (e.g., titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr), hafnium (Hf), vanadium (V), niobium (Nb), tantalum (Ta), chromium (Cr), molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W), manganese (Mn), technetium (Tc), rhenium (Re), iron (Fe), ruthenium (Ru), osmium (Os), cobalt (Co), rhodium (Rh), iridium (Ir), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), copper (Cu), silver (Ag), and / or gold (Au), etc.); post-transition metals (e.g., zinc (Zn), indium (In), and / or tin (Sn), etc.); and lanthanide metals (e.g., lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), praseodymium (Pr), neodymium (Nd), promethium (Pm), samarium (Sm), europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd), terbium (Tb), dysprosium (Dy), holmium (Ho), erbium (Er), thulium (Tm), ytterbium (Yb), and / or lutetium (Lu), etc.).

[0194] Examples of metalloids can include silicon (Si), antimony (Sb), and tellurium (Te).

[0195] Examples of non-metals can include oxygen (O) and halogens (e.g., F, Cl, Br, and / or I, etc.).

[0196] Examples of compounds including element EL1 and element EL2 can include metal oxides, metal halides (e.g., metal fluorides, metal chlorides, metal bromides, and / or metal iodides, etc.), metalloid halides (e.g., metalloid fluorides, metalloid chlorides, metalloid bromides, and / or metalloid iodides, etc.), metal tellurides, and / or a combination thereof (e.g., any suitable combination).

[0197] Examples of metal oxides can include tungsten oxides (e.g., WO, W2O3, WO2, WO3, and / or W2O5, etc.), vanadium oxides (e.g., VO, V2O3, VO2, and / or V2O5, etc.), molybdenum oxides (e.g., MoO, Mo2O3, MoO2, MoO3, and / or Mo2O5, etc.), and rhenium oxides (e.g., ReO3, etc.).

[0198] Examples of metal halides may include alkali metal halides, alkaline earth metal halides, transition metal halides, post-transition metal halides, and lanthanide metal halides.

[0199] Examples of alkali metal halides may include LiF, NaF, KF, RbF, CsF, LiCl, NaCl, KCl, RbCl, CsCl, LiBr, NaBr, KBr, RbBr, CsBr, LiI, NaI, KI, RbI, and CsI.

[0200] Examples of alkaline earth metal halides may include BeF2, MgF2, CaF2, SrF2, BaF2, BeCl2, MgCl2, CaCl2, SrCl2, BaCl2, BeBr2, MgBr2, CaBr2, SrBr2, BaBr2, BeI2, MgI2, CaI2, SrI2, and BaI2.

[0201] Examples of transition metal halides may include titanium halides (e.g., TiF4, TiCl4, TiBr4, and / or TiI4, etc.), zirconium halides (e.g., ZrF4, ZrCl4, ZrBr4, and / or ZrI4, etc.), hafnium halides (e.g., HfF4, HfCl4, HfBr4, and / or HfI4, etc.), vanadium halides (e.g., VF3, VCl3, VBr3, and / or VI3, etc.), niobium halides (e.g., NbF3, NbCl3, NbBr3, and / or NbI3, etc.), tantalum halides (e.g., TaF3, TaCl3, TaBr3, and / or TaI3, etc.), chromium halides (e.g., CrF3, CrCl3, CrBr3, and / or CrI3, etc.), molybdenum halides (e.g., MoF3, MoCl3, MoBr3, and / or MoI3, etc.), tungsten halides (e.g., WF3, WCl3, WBr3, and / or WI3, etc.), manganese halides (e.g., MnF2, MnCl2, MnBr2, and / or MnI2, etc.), technetium halides (e.g., TcF2, TcCl2, TcBr2, and / or TcI2, etc.), rhenium halides (e.g., ReF2, ReCl2, ReBr2, and / or ReI2, etc.), iron(II) halides (e.g., FeF2, FeCl2, FeBr2, and / or FeI2, etc.), ruthenium halides (e.g., RuF2, RuCl2, RuBr2, and / or RuI2, etc.), osmium halides (e.g., OsF2, OsCl2, OsBr2, and / or OsI2, etc.), cobalt halides (e.g., CoF2, CoCl2, CoBr2, and / or CoI2, etc.), rhodium halides (e.g., RhF2, RhCl2, RhBr2, and / or RhI2, etc.), iridium halides (e.g., IrF2, IrCl2, IrBr2, and / or IrI2, etc.), nickel halides (e.g., NiF2, NiCl2, NiBr2, and / or NiI2, etc.), palladium halides (e.g., PdF2, PdCl2, PdBr2, and / or PdI2, etc.), platinum halides (e.g., PtF2, PtCl2, PtBr2, and / or PtI2, etc.), copper(I) halides (e.g., CuF, CuCl, CuBr, and / or CuI, etc.), silver halides (e.g., AgF, AgCl, AgBr, and / or AgI, etc.), and gold halides (e.g., AuF, AuCl, AuBr, and / or AuI, etc.).

[0202] Examples of post-transition metal halides may include zinc halides (e.g., ZnF2, ZnCl2, ZnBr2, and / or ZnI2, etc.), indium halides (e.g., InI3, etc.), and tin halides (e.g., SnI2, etc.).

[0203] Examples of lanthanide metal halides may include YbF, YbF2, YbF3, SmF3, YbCl, YbCl2, YbCl3, SmCl3, YbBr, YbBr2, YbBr3, SmBr3, YbI, YbI2, YbI3, and / or SmI3, etc.

[0204] Examples of metalloid halides may include antimony halides (e.g., SbCl5, etc.).

[0205] Examples of metal tellurides may include alkali metal tellurides (e.g., Li2Te, Na2Te, K2Te, Rb2Te, and / or Cs2Te, etc.), alkaline earth metal tellurides (e.g., BeTe, MgTe, CaTe, SrTe, and / or BaTe, etc.), transition metal tellurides (e.g., TiTe2, ZrTe2, HfTe2, V2Te3, Nb2Te3, Ta2Te3, Cr2Te3, Mo2Te3, W2Te3, MnTe, TcTe, ReTe, FeTe, RuTe, OsTe, CoTe, RhTe, IrTe, NiTe, PdTe, PtTe, Cu2Te, CuTe, Ag2Te, AgTe, and / or Au2Te, etc.), post-transition metal tellurides (e.g., ZnTe, and / or, etc.), and lanthanide metal tellurides (e.g., LaTe, CeTe, PrTe, NdTe, PmTe, EuTe, GdTe, TbTe, DyTe, HoTe, ErTe, TmTe, YbTe, and / or LuTe, etc.).

[0206] The emission layer in the interlayer 130

[0207] When the light-emitting device 10 is a full-color light-emitting device, the emission layer may be patterned into a red emission layer, a green emission layer, and / or a blue emission layer according to sub-pixels. In one or more embodiments, the emission layer may have a stacked structure of two or more layers among the red emission layer, the green emission layer, and the blue emission layer, where two or more layers are in contact with each other or separated from each other to emit white light. In one or more embodiments, the emission layer may include two or more materials among a red light-emitting material, a green light-emitting material, and a blue light-emitting material, where two or more materials are mixed with each other in a single layer to emit white light.

[0208] In one or more embodiments, the emission layer may include a host and a dopant (or emitter). In one or more embodiments, in addition to the host and the dopant (or emitter), the emission layer may further include a co-dopant that promotes energy transfer to the dopant (or emitter). When the emission layer includes a dopant (or emitter) and a co-dopant, the dopant (or emitter) and the co-dopant are different from each other.

[0209] Based on 100 parts by weight of the host, the amount (by weight) of the dopant (or emitter) in the emission layer can be in the range of about 0.01 part by weight to about 15 parts by weight.

[0210] In one or more embodiments, the emission layer may include quantum dots.

[0211] In one or more embodiments, the emission layer may include a delayed fluorescence material. The delayed fluorescence material may act as a host or a dopant in the emission layer.

[0212] The thickness of the emission layer may be about to about For example, about to about When the thickness of the emission layer is within the above range, excellent or appropriate light-emitting characteristics can be obtained without significantly increasing the driving voltage.

[0213] Host

[0214] In one or more embodiments, the host may include a compound represented by Formula 301:

[0215] Formula 301

[0216] [Ar 301 xb11 -[(L 301 ) xb1 -R 301 xb21 .

[0217] Wherein in Formula 301,

[0218] Ar 301 and L 301 may each independently be an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a -substituted C3-C 60 carbocyclic group or an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a -substituted C1-C 60 heterocyclic group,

[0219] xb11 can be 1, 2 or 3,

[0220] xb1 can be an integer selected from 0 to 5,

[0221] R 301 can be hydrogen, deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a -substituted C1-C 60 alkyl, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a -substituted C2-C 60 alkenyl, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a ​​Substituted C2-C 60 alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a Substituted C1-C 60 alkoxy, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a Substituted C3-C 60 carbocyclic group, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a Substituted C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, -Si(Q 301 )(Q 302 )(Q 303 ), -N(Q 301 )(Q 302 ), -B(Q 301 )(Q 302 ), -C(=O)(Q 301 ), -S(=O)2(Q 301 ), or -P(=O)(Q 301 )(Q 302 ),

[0222] xb21 can be an integer selected from 1 to 5, and

[0223] Q 301 to Q 303 are each the same as described for the attached Q 11 .

[0224] In one or more embodiments, if (e.g., when) xb11 in Formula 301 is 2 or greater, then two or more Ar 301 can be connected to each other via a single bond.

[0225] In one or more embodiments, the host can include a compound represented by Formula 301-1, a compound represented by Formula 301-2, and / or a combination thereof (e.g., any suitable combination):

[0226] Formula 301-1

[0227]

[0228] Formula 301-2

[0229]

[0230] wherein in Formula 301-1 and Formula 301-2,

[0231] Ring A 301 to Ring A 304 can each independently be an unsubstituted or at least one R-substituted C3-C 10a carbocyclic group or an unsubstituted or at least one R-substituted 60 ​10a Substituted C1-C 60 heterocyclic group,

[0232] X 301 can be O, S, N[(L 304 ) xb4 -R 304 , C(R 304 )(R 305 ) or Si(R 304 )(R 305 ),

[0233] xb22 and xb23 can each independently be 0, 1 or 2,

[0234] L 301 , xb1 and R 301 are each as described in this specification,

[0235] L 302 to L 304 can each independently be the same as described for the binding L 301 ,

[0236] xb2 to xb4 can each independently be the same as described for the binding xb1, and

[0237] R 302 to R 305 and R 311 to R 314 are each the same as described for the binding R 301 .

[0238] In one or more embodiments, the host may include an alkaline earth metal complex, a post-transition metal complex, and / or a combination thereof (e.g., any suitable combination). In one or more embodiments, the host may include a Be complex (e.g., compound H55), a Mg complex, a Zn complex, and / or a combination thereof (e.g., any suitable combination).

[0239] In one or more embodiments, the host may include: at least one selected from compounds H1 to H131, 9,10-bis(2-naphthyl)anthracene (ADN), 2-methyl-9,10-bis(naphthalen-2-yl)anthracene (MADN), 9,10-bis(2-naphthyl)-2-tert-butyl-anthracene (TBADN), 4,4'-bis(N-carbazolyl)-1,1'-biphenyl (CBP), 1,3-bis(carbazol-9-yl)benzene (mCP), 1,3,5-tris(carbazol-9-yl)benzene (TCP), and / or a combination thereof (e.g., any suitable combination):

[0240]

[0241]

[0242]

[0243]

[0244]

[0245]

[0246] In one or more embodiments, the host may comprise a silicon-containing compound, a phosphine oxide-containing compound, and / or a combination thereof (e.g., any suitable combination).

[0247] The host may have one or more suitable variations. For example, the host may comprise only one type of compound, or may comprise two or more different types of compounds.

[0248] Phosphorescent dopant

[0249] The phosphorescent dopant may comprise at least one transition metal as a central metal.

[0250] The phosphorescent dopant may comprise a monodentate ligand, a bidentate ligand, a tridentate ligand, a tetradentate ligand, a pentadentate ligand, a hexadentate ligand, and / or a combination thereof (e.g., any suitable combination).

[0251] The phosphorescent dopant may be electrically neutral.

[0252] In one or more embodiments, the phosphorescent dopant may comprise an organometallic compound represented by Formula 401:

[0253] Formula 401

[0254] M(L 401 ) xc1 (L 402 ) xc2

[0255] Formula 402

[0256]

[0257] Wherein in Formula 401 and Formula 402,

[0258] M may be a transition metal (e.g., Ir, Pt, Pd, Os, Ti, Au, Hf, Eu, Tb, Rh, Re, or Tm),

[0259] L 401 may be a ligand represented by Formula 402, and xc1 is 1, 2, or 3, wherein if (e.g., when) xc1 is 2 or greater, then two or more L 401 may be substantially the same as or different from each other,

[0260] L 402 may be an organic ligand, and xc2 may be 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, where if (e.g., when) xc2 is 2 or greater, then two or more Ls 402 may be substantially the same as or different from each other,

[0261] X 401 and X 402 may each independently be nitrogen or carbon,

[0262] Ring A 401 and Ring A 402 may each independently be a C3-C 60 carbocyclic group or a C1-C 60 heterocyclic group,

[0263] T 401 may be a single bond, *-O-*', *-S-*', *-C(=O)-*', *-N(Q 411 )(Q 411 )(Q 412 )(Q 411 )=C(Q 412 )(Q 411 )-*', *-C(Q

[0264] X 403 and X 404 may each independently be a chemical bond (e.g., a covalent bond or a coordination bond), O, S, N(Q 413 ), B(Q 413 ), P(Q 413 ), C(Q 413 )(Q 414 )(Q 413 )(Q 414 ),

[0265] Q 411 to Q 414 are each the same as the description of the bonding Q 11 ),

[0266] R 401 and R 402 may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 20 alkyl group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 20 alkoxy group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C3-C60 A carbocyclic group, unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 a heterocyclic group, -Si(Q 401 )(Q 402 )(Q 403 )、-N(Q 401 )(Q 402 )、-B(Q 401 )(Q 402 )、-C(=O)(Q 401 )、-S(=O)2(Q 401 ) or -P(=O)(Q 401 )(Q 402 ),

[0267] Q 401 to Q 403 each has the same description as the combined Q 11 .

[0268] xc11 and xc12 can each independently be an integer selected from 0 to 10, and

[0269] * and *' in Formula 402 each indicate the binding site to M in Formula 401.

[0270] In one or more embodiments, in Formula 402, i) X 401 can be nitrogen, and X 402 can be carbon, or ii) each of X 401 and X 402 can be nitrogen.

[0271] In one or more embodiments, if (e.g., when) xc1 in Formula 401 is 2 or greater, then two or more of the two rings A 401 in L 401 can optionally be connected to each other via T 402 as a linking group, or the two rings A 402 can optionally be connected to each other via T 403 as a linking group (see Compound PD1 to Compound PD4 and Compound PD7). T 402 and T 403 each has the same description as the combined T 401 .

[0272] L in Formula 401 402 can be an organic ligand. In one or more embodiments, L 402may include a halogen group, a diketone group (e.g., acetylacetonyl), a carboxylic acid group (e.g., picolinate group), a -C(=O) group, an isocyano group, a -CN group, a phosphorus-containing group (e.g., phosphino group and / or phosphite group, etc.) and / or a combination thereof (e.g., any suitable combination).

[0273] The phosphorescent dopant may include, for example, at least one of compounds PD1 to PD39 (e.g., selected from) and / or a combination thereof (e.g., any suitable combination):

[0274]

[0275]

[0276]

[0277] Fluorescent dopant

[0278] The fluorescent dopant may include an amine group-containing compound, a styryl group-containing compound and / or a combination thereof (e.g., any suitable combination).

[0279] For example, the fluorescent dopant may include a compound represented by Formula 501:

[0280] Formula 501

[0281]

[0282] Wherein in Formula 501,

[0283] Ar 501 、L 501 to L 503 、R 501 and R 502 may each independently be an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C3-C 60 carbocyclic group or an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 heterocyclic group,

[0284] xd1 to xd3 may each independently be 0, 1, 2 or 3, and

[0285] xd4 may be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6.

[0286] In one or more embodiments, Ar in Formula 501 501 may be a fused ring group in which three or more monocyclic groups are fused together (e.g., anthryl, 1,2-benzophenanthryl and / or pyrenyl, etc.).

[0287] In one or more embodiments, xd4 in Formula 501 may be 2.

[0288] In one or more embodiments, the fluorescent dopant may include: (e.g., selected from) one of Compounds FD1 to FD37; DPVBi; DPAVBi; and / or a combination thereof (e.g., any suitable combination):

[0289]

[0290]

[0291]

[0292] Thermally activated delayed fluorescence material

[0293] The emissive layer may further include a thermally activated delayed fluorescence material.

[0294] As used herein, the thermally activated delayed fluorescence material may be selected from compounds capable of emitting thermally activated delayed fluorescence based on a thermally activated delayed fluorescence emission mechanism.

[0295] Depending on the type or species of other materials included in the emissive layer, the thermally activated delayed fluorescence material included in the emissive layer may act as a host or a dopant.

[0296] In one or more embodiments, the difference between the triplet energy level (eV) and the singlet energy level (eV) of the thermally activated delayed fluorescence material may be at least about 0 eV and not greater than about 0.5 eV. When the difference between the triplet energy level (eV) and the singlet energy level (eV) of the thermally activated delayed fluorescence material satisfies the above range, upconversion from the triplet state to the singlet state of the thermally activated delayed fluorescence material can occur effectively, and thus, the light-emitting device 10 may have improved luminous efficiency.

[0297] In one or more embodiments, the thermally activated delayed fluorescence material may include: i) a material including at least one electron donor (e.g., a π - electron rich C3 - C 60 cyclic group such as a carbazolyl group) and at least one electron acceptor (e.g., a sulfinyl group, a cyano group, and / or a π - electron deficient nitrogen - containing C1 - C 60 cyclic group, etc.), and ii) a material including a C8 - C 60 polycyclic group in which at least two cyclic groups are fused to each other while sharing a boron (B) atom.

[0298] Examples of the thermally activated delayed fluorescence material may include at least one selected from Compounds DF1 to DF14:

[0299]

[0300]

[0301] Quantum dots

[0302] The emission layer may include quantum dots.

[0303] As used herein, the term "quantum dot" refers to a crystal of a semiconductor compound and may include any material capable of emitting light of one or more appropriate emission wavelengths depending on the size of the crystal. By adjusting the elemental ratio in the quantum dot compound, the quantum dot can be configured to emit light of one or more appropriate emission wavelengths.

[0304] The diameter of the quantum dot may, for example, be in the range of about 1 nm to about 10 nm.

[0305] Quantum dots can be synthesized by wet chemical processes, metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) processes, molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) processes, or any process similar thereto.

[0306] The wet chemical process is a method that includes mixing precursor materials with an organic solvent and then growing quantum dot particle crystals. When the quantum dot particle crystals grow, the organic solvent naturally acts as a dispersant coordinated on the surface of the quantum dot particle crystals and controls the growth of the quantum dot particle crystals. Accordingly, the growth of the quantum dot particle crystals can be controlled or selected by a process that is less costly and easier than vapor deposition methods (such as metalorganic chemical vapor deposition processes or molecular beam epitaxy processes).

[0307] Quantum dots may include: Group II-VI semiconductor compounds, Group III-V semiconductor compounds, Group III-VI semiconductor compounds, Group I-III-VI semiconductor compounds, Group IV-VI semiconductor compounds, and / or Group IV elements or compounds, combinations thereof (e.g., any suitable combination).

[0308] Examples of Group II-VI semiconductor compounds are: binary compounds such as CdS, CdSe, CdTe, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, ZnO, HgS, HgSe, HgTe, MgSe, or MgS; ternary compounds such as CdSeS, CdSeTe, CdSTe, ZnSeS, ZnSeTe, ZnSTe, HgSeS, HgSeTe, HgSTe, CdZnS, CdZnSe, CdZnTe, CdHgS, CdHgSe, CdHgTe, HgZnS, HgZnSe, HgZnTe, MgZnSe, or MgZnS; quaternary compounds such as CdZnSeS, CdZnSeTe, CdZnSTe, CdHgSeS, CdHgSeTe, CdHgSTe, HgZnSeS, HgZnSeTe, or HgZnSTe; and / or combinations thereof (e.g., any suitable combination).

[0309] Examples of group III-V semiconductor compounds include: binary compounds such as GaN, GaP, GaAs, GaSb, AlN, AlP, AlAs, AlSb, InN, InP, InAs, and / or InSb, etc.; ternary compounds such as GaNP, GaNAs, GaNSb, GaPAs, GaPSb, AlNP, AlNAs, AlNSb, AlPAs, AlPSb, InGaP, InNP, InAlP, InNAs, InNSb, InPAs, and / or InPSb, etc.; quaternary compounds such as GaAlNP, GaAlNAs, GaAlNSb, GaAlPAs, GaAlPSb, GaInNP, GaInNAs, GaInNSb, GaInPAs, GaInPSb, InAlNP, InAlNAs, InAlNSb, InAlPAs, and / or InAlPSb, etc.; and / or combinations thereof (e.g., any suitable combination). In one or more embodiments, the group III-V semiconductor compound may further include a group II element. Examples of group III-V semiconductor compounds further including a group II element include InZnP, InGaZnP, and / or InAlZnP, etc.

[0310] Examples of group III-VI semiconductor compounds include: binary compounds such as GaS, GaSe, Ga2Se3, GaTe, InS, InSe, In2S3, In2Se3, or InTe; ternary compounds such as InGaS3 or InGaSe3; and / or combinations thereof (e.g., any suitable combination).

[0311] Examples of group I-III-VI semiconductor compounds may include: ternary compounds such as AgInS, AgInS2, AgInSe2, AgGaS, AgGaS2, AgGaSe2, CuInS, CuInS2, CuInSe2, CuGaS2, CuGaSe2, CuGaO2, AgGaO2, and / or AgAlO2, etc.; ternary compounds such as AgInGaS2 and / or AgInGaSe2, etc.; and / or combinations thereof (e.g., any suitable combination).

[0312] Examples of group IV-VI semiconductor compounds include: binary compounds such as SnS, SnSe, SnTe, PbS, PbSe, or PbTe; ternary compounds such as SnSeS, SnSeTe, SnSTe, PbSeS, PbSeTe, PbSTe, SnPbS, SnPbSe, or SnPbTe; quaternary compounds such as SnPbSSe, SnPbSeTe, or SnPbSTe; and / or combinations thereof (e.g., any suitable combination).

[0313] Examples of Group-IV elements or compounds may include: single elements such as Si or Ge; binary compounds such as SiC or SiGe; and / or combinations thereof (e.g., any suitable combination).

[0314] Each element included in a multi-element compound (such as a binary compound, a ternary compound, and a quaternary compound) may be present in the particles at a substantially uniform concentration or a substantially non-uniform concentration. The above formula refers to the type (species) of elements included in each compound, and the element ratios in these compounds may be different from each other. For example, AgInGaS2 may indicate AgIn x Ga 1-x S2 (where x is a real number satisfying 0 < x < 1).

[0315] In one or more embodiments, the quantum dots may have a single structure in which the concentration of each element in the quantum dots is substantially uniform, or the quantum dots may have a core-shell dual structure. For example, the material included in the core and the material included in the shell may be different from each other.

[0316] The shell of the quantum dots may act as a protective layer to prevent chemical denaturation of the core to maintain semiconductor properties, and / or act as a charging layer to impart electrophoretic properties to the quantum dots. The shell may be a single layer or multiple layers. The interface between the core and the shell may have a concentration gradient in which the concentration of the elements present in the shell decreases toward the center of the core.

[0317] Examples of the shell of the quantum dots may be oxides of metals, oxides of metalloids, or oxides of non-metals, semiconductor compounds, and / or combinations thereof (e.g., any suitable combination). Examples of oxides of metals, oxides of metalloids, or oxides of non-metals are: binary compounds such as SiO2, Al2O3, TiO2, ZnO, MnO, Mn2O3, Mn3O4, CuO, FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4, CoO, Co3O4, or NiO; ternary compounds such as MgAl2O4, CoFe2O4, NiFe2O4, or CoMn2O4; and / or combinations thereof (e.g., any suitable combination). Examples of semiconductor compounds are Group II-VI semiconductor compounds as described herein; Group III-V semiconductor compounds; Group III-VI semiconductor compounds; Group I-III-VI semiconductor compounds; Group IV-VI semiconductor compounds; and / or combinations thereof (e.g., any suitable combination). For example, semiconductor compounds may include CdS, CdSe, CdTe, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, ZnSeS, ZnTeS, GaAs, GaP, GaSb, HgS, HgSe, HgTe, InAs, InP, InGaP, InSb, AlAs, AlP, AlSb, and / or combinations thereof (e.g., any suitable combination).

[0318] Each element included in a multi-element compound (such as a binary compound and a ternary compound) may be present in the particles at a substantially uniform concentration or a substantially non-uniform concentration. The above formula refers to the type (species) of elements included in each compound, and the element ratios in these compounds may be different from each other.

[0319] The full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the emission wavelength spectrum of the quantum dots may be about 45 nm or less, for example, about 40 nm or less, for example, about 30 nm or less, and within these ranges, color purity and / or color reproducibility can be increased. Additionally, since the light emitted by the quantum dots is emitted in all directions, a wide viewing angle can be improved.

[0320] Additionally, the quantum dots may include (e.g., may be in the form of) spherical nanoparticles, cone nanoparticles, multi-arm nanoparticles, cube nanoparticles, nanotubes, nanowires, nanofibers, or nanoplatelets.

[0321] By adjusting the size of the quantum dots, the bandgap can be adjusted, and thus, light of one or more appropriate wavelengths can be obtained in the quantum dot emission layer. Therefore, by using the quantum dots as described above (by using quantum dots of different sizes or by changing the ratio of elements in the quantum dot compound), a light-emitting device configured to emit light of one or more appropriate wavelength bands can be achieved. In one or more embodiments, the size of the quantum dots can be selected to emit red, green, and / or blue light. In one or more embodiments, the quantum dots can be configured to emit white light through a combination of light of one or more appropriate colors.

[0322] The electron transport region in the interlayer 130

[0323] The electron transport region may have: i) a single-layer structure including a single layer (e.g., consisting of a single layer) that includes a single material (e.g., consisting of a single material), ii) a single-layer structure including a single layer (e.g., consisting of a single layer) that includes a plurality of different materials (e.g., consisting of a plurality of different materials), or iii) a multi-layer structure including a plurality of layers that includes a plurality of different materials.

[0324] The electron transport region may include a buffer layer, a hole blocking layer, an electron control layer, an electron transport layer, an electron injection layer, and / or a combination thereof (e.g., any suitable combination).

[0325] For example, the electron transport region may have an electron transport layer / electron injection layer structure, a hole blocking layer / electron transport layer / electron injection layer structure, an electron control layer / electron transport layer / electron injection layer structure, or a buffer layer / electron transport layer / electron injection layer structure, where the layers in each structure are stacked sequentially from the emission layer.

[0326] The electron transport region (e.g., a buffer layer, a hole blocking layer, an electron control layer, or an electron transport layer in the electron transport region) may include a metal-free compound containing at least one nitrogen-containing C1-C 60 carbocyclic group lacking π electrons.

[0327] In one or more embodiments, the electron transport region may include a compound represented by Formula 601.

[0328] Formula 601

[0329] [Ar 601 xe11 -[(L 601 ) xe1 -R 601 xe21

[0330] In Formula 601,

[0331] Ar 601 and L 601 may each independently be an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C3-C 60 carbocyclic group or an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 heterocyclic group,

[0332] xe11 can be 1, 2, or 3,

[0333] xe1 can be 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5,

[0334] R 601 can be an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C3-C 60 carbocyclic group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, -Si(Q 601 )(Q 602 )(Q 603 )、-C(=O)(Q 601 )、-S(=O)2(Q 601 ) or -P(=O)(Q 601 )(Q 602 ),

[0335] Q 601 to Q 603 each has the same description as the bonded Q 11 .

[0336] xe21 can be 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, and ​​

[0337] Ar 601 、L 601 and R 601 At least one of them may be independently unsubstituted or replaced by at least one R 10a Substituted π-electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C1-C 60 Cyclic group.

[0338] In one or more embodiments, if (for example, when) xe11 in Formula 601 is 2 or greater, then two or more Ar 601 Can be linked together via a single bond.

[0339] In one or more embodiments, Ar in Formula 601 601 It may be unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R 10a substituted anthracenyl.

[0340] In one or more embodiments, the electron transport region may include a compound represented by Formula 601-1:

[0341] Formula 601-1

[0342]

[0343] In formula 601-1,

[0344] X 614 Can be N or C(R 614 ), X 615 Can be N or C(R 615 ), X 616 Can be N or C(R 616 ), and X 614 To X 616 At least one of may be N,

[0345] L 611 To L 613 Each combined with L 601 Same description as

[0346] xe611 to xe613 are each the same as described in conjunction with xe1.

[0347] R 611 To R 613 Each combined with R 601 The description is the same as

[0348] R 614 To R 616 can be independently hydrogen, deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxyl, cyano, nitro, C1-C 20 Alkyl, C1-C 20An alkoxy group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C3-C 60 carbocyclic group or an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 heterocyclic group.

[0349] In one or more embodiments, xe1 and xe611 to xe613 in Formula 601 and Formula 601-1 may each independently be 0, 1, or 2.

[0350] The electron transport region may include: at least one selected from Compounds ET1 to ET45, 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BCP), 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BPhen), Alq3, BAlq, TAZ, NTAZ, and / or a combination thereof (e.g., any suitable combination):

[0351]

[0352]

[0353]

[0354] The thickness of the electron transport region may be about to about (e.g., about to about ). When the electron transport region includes a buffer layer, a hole blocking layer, an electron control layer, an electron transport layer, and / or a combination thereof (e.g., any suitable combination), the thickness of the buffer layer, the hole blocking layer, or the electron control layer may each independently be in the range of about to about (e.g., about to about ), and the thickness of the electron transport layer may be in the range of about to about (e.g., about to about ). When the thickness of the buffer layer, the hole blocking layer, the electron control layer, the electron transport layer, and / or the electron transport region is within the above ranges, satisfactory electron transport characteristics can be obtained without significantly increasing the driving voltage.

[0355] In addition to the above materials, the electron transport region (e.g., the electron transport layer in the electron transport region) may further include a metal-containing material.

[0356] The metal-containing material may include an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth metal complex, and / or a combination thereof (e.g., any suitable combination). The metal ion of the alkali metal complex may be a Li ion, a Na ion, a K ion, a Rb ion, or a Cs ion, and the metal ion of the alkaline earth metal complex may be a Be ion, a Mg ion, a Ca ion, a Sr ion, or a Ba ion. The ligand coordinated with the metal ion of the alkali metal complex or the metal ion of the alkaline earth metal complex may include hydroxyquinoline, hydroxyisoquinoline, hydroxybenzoquinoline, hydroxyacridine, hydroxyphenanthridine, hydroxyphenyl oxazole, hydroxyphenyl thiazole, hydroxyphenyl oxadiazole, hydroxyphenyl thiadiazole, hydroxyphenyl pyridine, hydroxyphenyl benzimidazole, hydroxyphenyl benzothiazole, bipyridine, phenanthroline, cyclopentadiene, and / or a combination thereof (e.g., any suitable combination).

[0357] In one or more embodiments, the metal-containing material may include a Li complex. The Li complex may include, for example, Compound ET-D1(Liq) or Compound ET-D2:

[0358]

[0359] The electron transport region may include an electron injection layer that facilitates the injection of electrons from the second electrode 150.

[0360] The electron injection layer may have: i) a single-layer structure including a single layer (e.g., consisting of a single layer) that includes a single material (e.g., consisting of a single material), ii) a single-layer structure including a single layer (e.g., consisting of a single layer) that includes a plurality of different materials (e.g., consisting of a plurality of different materials), or iii) a multi-layer structure including a plurality of layers that includes a plurality of different materials.

[0361] The electron injection layer may include an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkali metal-containing compound, an alkaline earth metal-containing compound, a rare earth metal-containing compound, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth metal complex, a rare earth metal complex, and / or a combination thereof (e.g., any suitable combination).

[0362] The alkali metal may include Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, and / or a combination thereof (e.g., any suitable combination). The alkaline earth metal may include Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, and / or a combination thereof (e.g., any suitable combination). The rare earth metal may include Sc, Y, Ce, Tb, Yb, Gd, and / or a combination thereof (e.g., any suitable combination).

[0363] The alkali metal-containing compound, the alkaline earth metal-containing compound, and the rare earth metal-containing compound may include oxides, halides (e.g., fluorides, chlorides, bromides, and / or iodides, etc.) or tellurides of the alkali metal, the alkaline earth metal, and the rare earth metal, and / or a combination thereof (e.g., any suitable combination).

[0364] The alkali metal compound may include: alkali metal oxides, such as Li2O, Cs2O or K2O; alkali metal halides, such as LiF, NaF, CsF, KF, LiI, NaI, CsI or KI; and / or combinations thereof (e.g., any suitable combination). The alkaline earth metal compound may include alkaline earth metal oxides, such as BaO, SrO, CaO, Ba x Sr 1-x O (where x is a real number satisfying 0 < x < 1) or Ba x Ca 1- x O (where x is a real number satisfying 0 < x < 1). The rare earth metal compound may include YbF3, ScF3, Sc2O3, Y2O3, Ce2O3, GdF3, TbF3, YbI3, ScI3, TbI3 and / or combinations thereof (e.g., any suitable combination). In one or more embodiments, the rare earth metal compound may include lanthanide metal tellurides. Examples of lanthanide metal tellurides may include LaTe, CeTe, PrTe, NdTe, PmTe, SmTe, EuTe, GdTe, TbTe, DyTe, HoTe, ErTe, TmTe, YbTe, LuTe, La2Te3, Ce2Te3, Pr2Te3, Nd2Te3, Pm2Te3, Sm2Te3, Eu2Te3, Gd2Te3, Tb2Te3, Dy2Te3, Ho2Te3, Er2Te3, Tm2Te3, Yb2Te3 and Lu2Te3.

[0365] The alkali metal complex, alkaline earth metal complex and rare earth metal complex may include i) one of the ions of alkali metal, alkaline earth metal and rare earth metal and ii) ligands bonded to the metal ion, such as hydroxyquinoline, hydroxyisoquinoline, hydroxybenzoquinoline, hydroxyacridine, hydroxyphenanthridine, hydroxyphenyl oxazole, hydroxyphenyl thiazole, hydroxyphenyl oxadiazole, hydroxyphenyl thiadiazole, hydroxyphenyl pyridine, hydroxyphenyl benzimidazole, hydroxyphenyl benzothiazole, bipyridine, phenanthroline, cyclopentadiene and / or combinations thereof (e.g., any suitable combination).

[0366] The electron injection layer may include the following (e.g., consist of the following): the alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, rare earth metal, alkali metal compound, alkaline earth metal compound, rare earth metal compound, alkali metal complex, alkaline earth metal complex, rare earth metal complex and / or combinations thereof (e.g., any suitable combination) as described above. In one or more embodiments, the electron injection layer may further include an organic material (e.g., a compound represented by Formula 601).

[0367] In one or more embodiments, the electron injection layer may comprise (e.g., consist of): i) an alkali metal compound (e.g., an alkali metal halide), ii) a) an alkali metal compound (e.g., an alkali metal halide); and b) an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, rare earth metal, and / or a combination thereof (e.g., any suitable combination). In one or more embodiments, the electron injection layer may be a KI:Yb co-deposited layer, a RbI:Yb co-deposited layer, and / or a LiF:Yb co-deposited layer, etc.

[0368] When the electron injection layer further comprises an organic material, an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, rare earth metal, alkali metal compound, alkaline earth metal compound, rare earth metal compound, alkali metal complex, alkaline earth metal complex, rare earth metal complex, and / or a combination thereof (e.g., any suitable combination) may be uniformly (e.g., substantially uniformly) or non-uniformly (e.g., substantially uniformly) dispersed in a matrix comprising the organic material.

[0369] The thickness of the electron injection layer may be about to about (and, for example, about to about ). When the thickness of the electron injection layer is within the range as described above, satisfactory electron injection characteristics can be obtained without significantly increasing the driving voltage.

[0370] The second electrode 150

[0371] The second electrode 150 is disposed on the interlayer 130. The second electrode 150 may be a cathode as an electron injection electrode, and as a material for forming the second electrode 150, a metal, alloy, conductive compound, and / or a combination thereof (e.g., any suitable combination) each having a low work function may be used.

[0372] The second electrode 150 may comprise lithium (Li), silver (Ag), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), aluminum-lithium (Al-Li), calcium (Ca), magnesium-indium (Mg-In), magnesium-silver (Mg-Ag), ytterbium (Yb), silver-ytterbium (Ag-Yb), ITO, IZO, and / or a combination thereof (e.g., any suitable combination). The second electrode 150 may be a transmissive electrode, a transmissive-reflective electrode, or a reflective electrode.

[0373] The second electrode 150 may have a single-layer structure (e.g., consisting of a single layer) or a multi-layer structure including multiple layers.

[0374] The capping layer

[0375] The first capping layer may be disposed outside the first electrode 110 and / or the second capping layer may be disposed outside the second electrode 150. In particular, the light-emitting device 10 may have a structure in which the first capping layer, the first electrode 110, the interlayer 130, and the second electrode 150 are stacked in the recited order, a structure in which the first electrode 110, the interlayer 130, the second electrode 150, and the second capping layer are stacked in the recited order, or a structure in which the first capping layer, the first electrode 110, the interlayer 130, the second electrode 150, and the second capping layer are stacked in the recited order.

[0376] The light generated in the emission layer of the interlayer 130 of the light-emitting device 10 may be extracted toward the outside through the first electrode 110, which is a transmissive reflective electrode or a transmissive electrode, and the first capping layer. The light generated in the emission layer of the interlayer 130 of the light-emitting device 10 may be extracted toward the outside through the second electrode 150, which is a transmissive reflective electrode or a transmissive electrode, and the second capping layer.

[0377] The first capping layer and the second capping layer may increase the external emission efficiency according to the principle of constructive interference. Accordingly, the light extraction efficiency of the light-emitting device 10 is increased, so that the light-emitting efficiency of the light-emitting device 10 can be increased.

[0378] Each of the first capping layer and the second capping layer may include a material having a refractive index of about 1.6 or greater (at a wavelength of about 589 nm).

[0379] The first capping layer and the second capping layer may each independently be an organic capping layer including an organic material, an inorganic capping layer including an inorganic material, or an organic-inorganic composite capping layer including an organic material and an inorganic material.

[0380] At least one of the first capping layer and the second capping layer may each independently include a carbocyclic compound, a heterocyclic compound, an amino group-containing compound, a porphyrin derivative, a phthalocyanine derivative, a naphthalocyanine derivative, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth metal complex, and / or a combination thereof (e.g., any suitable combination). The carbocyclic compound, the heterocyclic compound, and the amino group-containing compound may optionally be substituted with substituents including O, N, S, Se, Si, F, Cl, Br, I, and / or a combination thereof (e.g., any suitable combination). In one or more embodiments, at least one of the first capping layer and the second capping layer may each independently include an amino group-containing compound.

[0381] In one or more embodiments, at least one of the first capping layer and the second capping layer may each independently include a compound represented by Formula 201, a compound represented by Formula 202, and / or a combination thereof (e.g., any suitable combination).

[0382] In one or more embodiments, at least one selected from the first capping layer and the second capping layer may each independently include at least one selected from Compound HT28 to Compound HT33, at least one selected from Compound CP1 to Compound CP7, β-NPB, and / or a combination thereof (e.g., any suitable combination):

[0383]

[0384] Electronic device

[0385] The light-emitting device may be included in one or more suitable electronic devices. For example, the electronic device including the light-emitting device may be a light-emitting device and / or an authentication device, etc.

[0386] In addition to the light-emitting device, the electronic device (e.g., the light-emitting device) may further include i) a color filter, ii) a color conversion layer, or iii) a color filter and a color conversion layer. The color filter and / or the color conversion layer may be disposed in at least one traveling direction of the light emitted from the light-emitting device. For example, the light emitted from the light-emitting device may be blue light or white light. A detailed description of the light-emitting device is provided above. In one or more embodiments, the color conversion layer may include quantum dots. The quantum dots may be, for example, the quantum dots described herein.

[0387] The electronic device may include a first substrate. The first substrate may include a plurality of sub-pixel regions, the color filter may include a plurality of color filter regions respectively corresponding to the plurality of sub-pixel regions, and the color conversion layer may include a plurality of color conversion regions respectively corresponding to the plurality of sub-pixel regions.

[0388] The pixel defining layer may be disposed between the plurality of sub-pixel regions to define each of the plurality of sub-pixel regions.

[0389] The color filter may further include a plurality of color filter regions and a light-shielding pattern disposed between the plurality of color filter regions, and the color conversion layer may further include a plurality of color conversion regions and a light-shielding pattern disposed between the plurality of color conversion regions.

[0390] Multiple color filter regions (or multiple color conversion regions) may include a first region that emits first color light, a second region that emits second color light, and / or a third region that emits third color light, where the first color light, the second color light, and / or the third color light may have different maximum emission wavelengths. In one or more embodiments, the first color light may be red light, the second color light may be green light, and the third color light may be blue light. In one or more embodiments, the multiple color filter regions (or multiple color conversion regions) may include quantum dots. For example, the first region may include red quantum dots, the second region may include green quantum dots, and the third region may not include (e.g., may exclude) quantum dots. A detailed description of quantum dots is provided herein. The first region, the second region, and / or the third region may each further include a scatterer.

[0391] In one or more embodiments, the light-emitting device may be configured to emit first light, the first region may be configured to absorb the first light to emit first-1 color light, the second region may absorb the first light to emit second-1 color light, and the third region may absorb the first light to emit third-1 color light. In this case, the first-1 color light, the second-1 color light, and the third-1 color light may have different maximum emission wavelengths from each other. For example, the first light may be blue light, the first-1 color light may be red light, the second-1 color light may be green light, and the third-1 color light may be blue light.

[0392] In addition to the light-emitting device described above, the electronic device may further include a thin film transistor. The thin film transistor may include a source electrode, a drain electrode, and an active layer, where any one of the source electrode and the drain electrode may be electrically connected to any one of the first electrode and the second electrode of the light-emitting device.

[0393] The thin film transistor may further include a gate electrode and / or a gate insulating film, etc.

[0394] The active layer may include crystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, an organic semiconductor, and / or an oxide semiconductor, etc.

[0395] The electronic device may further include a sealing portion for sealing the light-emitting device. The sealing portion may be disposed between the color filter and / or the color conversion layer and the light-emitting device. The sealing portion allows light to be extracted from the light-emitting device to the outside, and at the same time (e.g., synchronously) prevents environmental air and moisture from penetrating into the light-emitting device. The sealing portion may be a sealing substrate including a transparent glass substrate or a plastic substrate. The sealing portion may be a thin film encapsulation layer including at least one layer selected from an organic layer and an inorganic layer. When the sealing portion is a thin film encapsulation layer, the electronic device may be flexible.

[0396] Depending on the use of the electronic device, various functional layers may be additionally disposed on the sealing portion in addition to the color filter and / or the color conversion layer. Examples of the functional layer may include a touch screen layer and a polarization layer. The touch screen layer may be a pressure-sensitive touch screen layer, a capacitive touch screen layer, or an infrared touch screen layer. The authentication device may be, for example, a biometric authentication device that authenticates an individual by using biometric information of a living body (such as a fingertip and / or a pupil, etc.).

[0397] In addition to the light-emitting device as described above, the authentication device may further include a biometric information collector.

[0398] The electronic device may be applied to one or more suitable displays, light sources, lighting devices, personal computers (such as mobile personal computers), mobile phones, digital cameras, electronic notebooks, electronic dictionaries, electronic game consoles, medical tools (such as electronic thermometers, sphygmomanometers, blood glucose meters, pulse measurement devices, pulse wave measurement devices, electrocardiogram monitors, ultrasonic diagnostic devices, or endoscope monitors), fish finders, one or more suitable measurement tools, meters (such as meters for vehicles, aircraft, and ships), and / or projectors, etc.

[0399] Electronic equipment

[0400] The light-emitting device may be included in one or more suitable electronic equipment.

[0401] In one or more embodiments, the electronic equipment including the light-emitting device may be a flat panel display, a curved display, a computer monitor, a medical monitor, a television, a billboard, an indoor light, an outdoor light, a signal light, a head-up display, a fully transparent or partially transparent display, a flexible display, a rollable display, a foldable display, a stretchable display, a laser printer, a telephone, a mobile phone, a tablet computer, a phablet, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a wearable device, a laptop computer, a digital camera, a video camera, a viewfinder, a microdisplay, a three-dimensional (3D) display, a virtual or augmented reality display, a vehicle, a video wall including a plurality of displays spliced together, a theater or stadium screen, a light therapy device, and a signboard.

[0402] Because the light-emitting device has excellent or appropriate effects in terms of luminous efficiency and long life, the electronic equipment including the light-emitting device may have characteristics of high brightness, high resolution, and low power consumption.

[0403] Figure 4 and Figure 5 description of

[0404] Figure 4 FIG. is a cross-sectional view showing an electronic device according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0405] Figure 4 The electronic device includes a substrate 100, a thin film transistor (TFT), a light-emitting device, and a sealing portion 300 that seals the light-emitting device.

[0406] The substrate 100 may be a flexible substrate, a glass substrate, or a metal substrate. A buffer layer 210 may be disposed on the substrate 100. The buffer layer 210 may prevent or reduce the penetration of impurities through the substrate 100 and may provide a flat surface on the substrate 100.

[0407] The TFT may be disposed on the buffer layer 210. The thin film transistor (TFT) may include an active layer 220, a gate electrode 240, a source electrode 260, and a drain electrode 270.

[0408] The active layer 220 may include an inorganic semiconductor (such as silicon or polysilicon), an organic semiconductor, or an oxide semiconductor, and may include a source region, a drain region, and a channel region.

[0409] A gate insulating film 230 for insulating the active layer 220 from the gate electrode 240 may be disposed on the active layer 220, and the gate electrode 240 may be disposed on the gate insulating film 230.

[0410] An interlayer insulating film 250 may be disposed on the gate electrode 240. The interlayer insulating film 250 may be disposed between the gate electrode 240 and the source electrode 260 and between the gate electrode 240 and the drain electrode 270 to insulate them from each other.

[0411] The source electrode 260 and the drain electrode 270 may be disposed on the interlayer insulating film 250. The interlayer insulating film 250 and the gate insulating film 230 may be formed to expose the source region and the drain region of the active layer 220, and the source electrode 260 and the drain electrode 270 may be disposed to contact the exposed portions of the source region and the drain region of the active layer 220.

[0412] The TFT may be electrically connected to the light-emitting device to drive the light-emitting device, and may be covered and protected by a passivation layer 280. The passivation layer 280 may include an inorganic insulating film, an organic insulating film, and / or a combination thereof (e.g., any suitable combination). The light-emitting device may be provided on the passivation layer 280. The light-emitting device may include a first electrode 110, an interlayer 130, and a second electrode 150.

[0413] The first electrode 110 may be disposed on the passivation layer 280. The passivation layer 280 may be disposed to expose a part of the drain electrode 270 without completely covering the drain electrode 270, and the first electrode 110 may be disposed to connect to the exposed portion of the drain electrode 270.

[0414] The pixel defining layer 290 including an insulating material may be disposed on the first electrode 110. The pixel defining layer 290 may expose a specific region of the first electrode 110, and the interlayer 130 may be formed in the exposed region of the first electrode 110. The pixel defining layer 290 may be a polyimide-based organic film or a polyacrylic-based organic film. In one or more embodiments, at least some layers of the interlayer 130 may extend beyond the upper portion of the pixel defining layer 290 and may thus be positioned in the form of a common layer.

[0415] The second electrode 150 may be disposed on the interlayer 130, and the capping layer 170 may be additionally formed on the second electrode 150. The capping layer 170 may be formed to cover the second electrode 150.

[0416] The sealing part 300 may be located on the capping layer 170. The sealing part 300 may be disposed on the light-emitting device to protect the light-emitting device from moisture or oxygen. The sealing part 300 may include: an inorganic film including silicon nitride (SiN x ), silicon oxide (SiO x ), indium tin oxide, indium zinc oxide, and / or a combination thereof (e.g., any suitable combination); an organic film including polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polycarbonate, polyimide, polyethylene sulfonate, polyoxymethylene, polyarylate, hexamethyldisiloxane, acrylic resin (e.g., polymethyl methacrylate and / or polyacrylic acid, etc.), epoxy resin (e.g., aliphatic glycidyl ether (AGE), etc.), and / or a combination thereof (e.g., any suitable combination); and / or a (e.g., any suitable) combination of the inorganic film and the organic film.

[0417] Figure 5 is a cross-sectional view of an electronic device according to one or more embodiments.

[0418] Figure 5 The electronic device of Figure 4 is substantially the same as the electronic device of Figure 5 , except that the light-shielding pattern 500 and the functional region 400 are additionally located on the sealing part 300. The functional region 400 may be i) a color filter region, ii) a color conversion region, or iii) a combination of the color filter region and the color conversion region. In one or more embodiments,

[0419] Figure 6 Explanation of

[0420] Figure 6A perspective view of an electronic device 1 including a light-emitting device is schematically illustrated according to one or more embodiments. As a device for displaying moving images or still images, the electronic device 1 may be a portable electronic device, such as a mobile phone, a smart phone, a tablet personal computer (PC), a mobile communication terminal, an electronic notebook computer, an e-book, a portable multimedia player (PMP), a navigation device, or a ultra-mobile personal computer (UMPC), and one or more suitable products, such as a television, a laptop computer, a monitor, a billboard, or an Internet of Things (IoT) device. The electronic device 1 may be such a product or a part thereof. Additionally, the electronic device 1 may be a wearable device, such as a smart watch, a watch phone, a glasses-type or other type of display, or a head-mounted display (HMD), or a part of a wearable device. However, the embodiments are not limited thereto. For example, the electronic device 1 may include a vehicle dashboard, a vehicle center console, a center information display disposed on the vehicle dashboard, an in-vehicle rearview mirror display replacing a vehicle side mirror, an entertainment display for a vehicle rear seat or a display disposed on the backrest of a front seat, a head-up display (HUD) mounted in front of the vehicle or projected onto a windshield, or a computer-generated holographic augmented reality head-up display (CGH AR HUD). For convenience of explanation, Figure 6 The case where the electronic device 1 is a smart phone is illustrated.

[0421] The electronic device 1 may include a display area DA and a non-display area NDA outside the display area DA. The display device may implement an image through a plurality of pixel arrays two-dimensionally arranged in the display area DA.

[0422] The non-display area NDA is an area where no image is displayed and may be entirely around the display area DA (e.g., surrounding the display area DA). In the non-display area NDA, a driver for supplying an electrical signal or power to a display element disposed in the display area DA may be arranged. In the non-display area NDA, pads to which an electronic device or a printed circuit board may be electrically connected may be arranged.

[0423] In the electronic device 1, the length in the x-axis direction and the length in the y-axis direction may be different from each other. For example, as Figure 6 shown, the length in the x-axis direction may be shorter than the length in the y-axis direction. In one or more embodiments, the length in the x-axis direction may be the same as the length in the y-axis direction. In one or more embodiments, the length in the x-axis direction may be greater than the length in the y-axis direction.

[0424] Figure 7 and Figures 8A to 8C description

[0425] Figure 7A diagram schematically showing the exterior of a vehicle 1000 as an electronic device including a light-emitting device according to one or more embodiments. Figures 8A to 8C Schematic diagrams of the interior of the vehicle 1000 according to one or more embodiments, respectively.

[0426] Reference Figure 7 、 Figure 8A 、 Figure 8B and Figure 8C , the vehicle 1000 may refer to one or more suitable devices for moving an object to be transported (such as a person, an object, or an animal) from a starting point to a destination. The vehicle 1000 may include vehicles traveling on roads or tracks, ships moving on the ocean or rivers, and / or airplanes flying in the air by utilizing the action of air, etc.

[0427] The vehicle 1000 may travel on a road or a track. The vehicle 1000 may move in a specific direction according to the rotation of at least one wheel. In one or more embodiments, the vehicle 1000 may include a three-wheeled vehicle or a four-wheeled vehicle, construction machinery, a two-wheeled vehicle, a prime mover, a bicycle, and a train traveling on a track.

[0428] The vehicle 1000 may include a body having an interior and an exterior, and a chassis as other parts outside the body on which mechanical equipment required for driving is installed. The exterior of the body may include a front panel, a hood, a roof panel, a rear panel, a trunk, and / or pillars provided at the boundaries between the doors, etc. The chassis of the vehicle 1000 may include a power generation device, a power transmission device, a driving device, a steering device, a braking device, a suspension device, a transmission device, a fuel device, front and rear wheels, and / or left and right wheels, etc.

[0429] The vehicle 1000 may include side window glass 1100, front window glass 1200, side mirrors 1300, an instrument panel 1400, a center console 1500, a passenger seat instrument panel 1600, and a display device 2.

[0430] The side window glass 1100 and the front window glass 1200 may be divided by pillars arranged between the side window glass 1100 and the front window glass 1200.

[0431] The side window glass 1100 may be installed on the side of the vehicle 1000. In one or more embodiments, the side window glass 1100 may be installed on the door of the vehicle 1000. A plurality of side window glasses 1100 may be provided and may face each other. In one or more embodiments, the side window glass 1100 may include a first side window glass 1110 and a second side window glass 1120. In one or more embodiments, the first side window glass 1110 may be arranged adjacent to the instrument panel 1400. The second side window glass 1120 may be arranged adjacent to the passenger seat instrument panel 1600.

[0432] In one or more embodiments, the side window glasses 1100 may be spaced apart and / or separated from each other in the x-axis direction or the direction opposite to the x-axis (e.g., spaced or separated). In one or more embodiments, the first side window glass 1110 and the second side window glass 1120 may be spaced apart and / or separated from each other in the x-axis direction or the direction opposite to the x-axis (e.g., spaced or separated). For example, the imaginary straight line L connecting the side window glasses 1100 may extend in the x-axis direction or the direction opposite to the x-axis. In one or more embodiments, the imaginary straight line L connecting the first side window glass 1110 and the second side window glass 1120 may extend in the x-axis direction or the direction opposite to the x-axis.

[0433] The front window glass 1200 may be installed in the front of the vehicle 1000. The front window glass 1200 may be disposed between the side window glasses 1100 facing each other.

[0434] The side view mirror 1300 may provide a rear view of the vehicle 1000. The side view mirror 1300 may be installed on the exterior of the vehicle body. In one or more embodiments, a plurality of side view mirrors 1300 may be provided. Any one of the plurality of side view mirrors 1300 may be disposed outside the first side window glass 1110. Another one of the plurality of side view mirrors 1300 may be disposed outside the second side window glass 1120.

[0435] The dashboard 1400 may be disposed in front of the steering wheel. The dashboard 1400 may include a tachometer, a speedometer, a coolant thermometer, an oil gauge, a turn signal indicator, a high beam indicator, a warning light, a seat belt warning light, an odometer, a speedometer, an automatic shift lever indicator, a door open warning light, an oil warning light, and / or a low fuel warning light.

[0436] The center console 1500 may include a control panel on which a plurality of buttons for adjusting an audio device, an air conditioning device, and a heater of a seat are disposed. The center console 1500 may be disposed on one side of the dashboard 1400.

[0437] The passenger seat dashboard 1600 may be spaced apart and / or separated from the dashboard 1400 (e.g., spaced or separated), and the center console 1500 is disposed therebetween. In one or more embodiments, the dashboard 1400 may be disposed corresponding to the driver's seat, and the passenger seat dashboard 1600 may be disposed corresponding to the passenger seat. In one or more embodiments, the dashboard 1400 may be adjacent to the first side window glass 1110, and the passenger seat dashboard 1600 may be adjacent to the second side window glass 1120.

[0438] In one or more embodiments, the display device 2 may include a display panel 3, and the display panel 3 may display an image. The display device 2 may be disposed inside the vehicle 1000. In one or more embodiments, the display device 2 may be disposed between side window glasses 1100 facing each other. The display device 2 may be disposed on at least one of the instrument panel 1400, the center console 1500, and the passenger seat instrument panel 1600.

[0439] The display device 2 may include an organic light emitting display device, an inorganic electroluminescent display device, and / or a quantum dot display device, etc. Hereinafter, as the display device 2 according to one or more embodiments, an organic light emitting display device including a light emitting device will be described as an example, but one or more appropriate types (kinds) of display devices as described above may be used in the embodiments.

[0440] Reference Figure 8A , the display device 2 may be disposed on the center console 1500. In one or more embodiments, the display device 2 may display navigation information. In one or more embodiments, the display device 2 may display audio, video, or information about vehicle settings.

[0441] Reference Figure 8B , the display device 2 may be disposed in the instrument panel 1400. In this case, the instrument panel 1400 may display driving information and the like through the display device 2. For example, the instrument panel 1400 may be digitized. The instrument panel 1400 operated digitally may display vehicle information and driving information as images. In one or more embodiments, the pointer and meter of the tachometer and one or more appropriate warning light icons may be displayed through digital signals.

[0442] Reference Figure 8C , the display device 2 may be placed on the passenger seat instrument panel 1600. The display device 2 may be embedded in the passenger seat instrument panel 1600 or disposed on the passenger seat instrument panel 1600. In one or more embodiments, the display device 2 disposed on the passenger seat instrument panel 1600 may display an image related to the information displayed on the instrument panel 1400 and / or the information displayed on the center console 1500. In one or more embodiments, the display device 2 disposed on the passenger seat instrument panel 1600 may display information different from the information displayed on the instrument panel 1400 and / or the information displayed on the center console 1500.

[0443] Manufacturing method

[0444] The layer constituting the hole transport region, the emission layer, and the layer constituting the electron transport region may be formed in a specific region by using one or more appropriate methods (such as vacuum deposition, spin coating, casting, Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) deposition, inkjet printing, laser printing, and / or laser-induced thermal imaging, etc.).

[0445] When forming the layer constituting the hole transport region, the emission layer, and the layer constituting the electron transport region by vacuum deposition, the deposition can be carried out at a deposition temperature in the range of about 100 °C to about 500 °C, at a degree of vacuum in the range of about 10 -8 Torr to about 10 -3 Torr, and at a deposition rate in the range of about to about , depending on the material to be included in the layer to be formed and the structure of the layer to be formed.

[0446] Definition of terms

[0447] As used herein, the term "C3-C 60 carbocyclic group" refers to a cyclic group that includes only carbon as ring-forming atoms (e.g., consisting only of carbon as ring-forming atoms) and has 3 to 60 carbon atoms. For example, C3-C 50 carbocyclic group, C3-C 40 carbocyclic group, C3-C 30 carbocyclic group, C3-C 20 carbocyclic group, or C3-C 10 carbocyclic group, and as used herein, the term "C1-C 60 heterocyclic group" refers to a cyclic group that has 1 to 60 carbon atoms and further includes heteroatoms as ring-forming atoms in addition to carbon atoms. For example, C1-C 50 heterocyclic group, C1-C 40 heterocyclic group, C1-C 30 heterocyclic group, C1-C 20 heterocyclic group, or C1-C 10 heterocyclic group. The C3-C 60 carbocyclic group and the C1-C 60 heterocyclic group can each be a monocyclic group including one ring (e.g., consisting of one ring) or a polycyclic group in which two or more rings are fused to each other. In one or more embodiments, the number of ring-forming atoms of the C1-C 60 heterocyclic group can be 3 to 61.

[0448] As used herein, the term "cyclic group" can include (e.g., simultaneously) both C3-C 60 carbocyclic groups and C1-C 60 heterocyclic groups.

[0449] As used herein, the term "π-electron-rich C3-C 60 cyclic group" refers to a cyclic group that has 3 to 60 carbon atoms and does not include *-N=*' as a ring-forming moiety, and as used herein, the term "nitrogen-containing π-electron-deficient C1-C 60"Cyclic group" means a heterocyclic group having 1 to 60 carbon atoms and including *-N=*' as a ring-forming moiety.

[0450] In one or more embodiments,

[0451] C3-C 60 The carbocyclic group can be i) a T1 group or ii) a fused-ring group in which two or more T1 groups are fused to each other (e.g., cyclopentadienyl, adamantyl, norbornyl, phenyl, pentaphenylenyl, naphthyl, azulyl, indacenyl, acenaphthyl, phenalenyl, phenanthryl, anthryl, fluoranthenyl, triphenylenyl, pyrenyl, 1,2-benzophenanthrenyl, perylenyl, pentaphenyl, heptaphenylenyl, tetracenyl, picenyl, hexaphenyl, pentacenyl, rubicenyl, corannulenyl, ovalenyl, indenyl, fluorenyl, spirobifluorenyl, benzofluorenyl, indenophenanthrenyl or indenanthracenyl),

[0452] C1-C 60 The heterocyclic group can be i) a T2 group, ii) a fused-ring group in which two or more T2 groups are fused to each other, or iii) a fused-ring group in which at least one T2 group and at least one T1 group are fused to each other (e.g., pyrrolyl, thienyl, furyl, indolyl, benzindolyl, naphthylindolyl, isoindolyl, benzisoindolyl, naphthylisoindolyl, benzosilolyl, benzothienyl, benzofuryl, carbazolyl, dibenzosilolyl, dibenzothienyl, dibenzofuryl, indolocarbazolyl, indolocarbazolyl, benzofurocarbazolyl, benzothienocarbazolyl, benzosilolocarbazolyl, benzindolocarbazolyl, benzocarbazolyl, benzonaphthofuryl, benzonaphthothienyl, benzonaphthosilolyl, benzofurodibenzofuryl, benzofurodibenzothienyl, benzothienodibenzothienyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, benzopyrazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, benzoquinolinyl, benzoisoquinolinyl, quinoxalinyl, benzoquinoxalinyl, quinazolinyl, benzoquinazolinyl, phenanthrolinyl, cinnolinyl, phthalazinyl, naphthyridinyl, imidazopyridyl, imidazopyrimidinyl, imidazotriazinyl, imidazopyrazinyl, imidazopyridazinyl, azacarbazolyl, azafuryl, azadibenzosilolyl, azadibenzothienyl and / or azadibenzofuryl, etc.),

[0453] π-electron-rich C3-C 60The cyclic group can be i) a T1 group, ii) a fused-ring group in which two or more T1 groups are fused to each other, iii) a T3 group, iv) a fused-ring group in which two or more T3 groups are fused to each other, or v) a fused-ring group in which at least one T3 group and at least one T1 group are fused to each other (e.g., C3-C 60 carbocyclic group, 1H-pyrrolyl, silolyl, borolyl, 2H-pyrrolyl, 3H-pyrrolyl, thienyl, furyl, indolyl, benzindolyl, naphthylindolyl, isoindolyl, benzisoindolyl, naphthylisoindolyl, benzisosilolyl, benzothienyl, benzofuryl, carbazolyl, dibenzisosilolyl, dibenzothienyl, dibenzofuryl, indolocarbazolyl, indolocarbazolyl, benzofurocarbazolyl, benzothienocarbazolyl, benzisosilolocarbazolyl, benzindolocarbazolyl, benzocarbazolyl, benzonaphthofuryl, benzonaphthothienyl, benzonaphthosilolyl, benzofurodibenzofuryl, benzofurodibenzothienyl and / or benzothienodibenzothienyl, etc.),

[0454] π-electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C1-C 60 The cyclic group can be i) a T4 group, ii) a fused-ring group in which two or more T4 groups are fused to each other, iii) a fused-ring group in which at least one T4 group and at least one T1 group are fused to each other, iv) a fused-ring group in which at least one T4 group and at least one T3 group are fused to each other, or v) a fused-ring group in which at least one T4 group, at least one T1 group and at least one T3 group are fused to each other (e.g., pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, benzopyrazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, benzoquinolinyl, benzoisoquinolinyl, quinoxalinyl, benzoquinoxalinyl, quinazolinyl, benzoquinazolinyl, phenanthrolinyl, cinnolinyl, phthalazinyl, naphthyridinyl, imidazopyridyl, imidazopyrimidinyl, imidazotriazinyl, imidazopyrazinyl, imidazopyridazinyl, azacarbazolyl, azafuryl, azadibenzisosilolyl, azadibenzothienyl and / or azadibenzofuryl, etc.),

[0455] The T1 group can be cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, cyclobutenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclopentadienyl, cyclohexenyl, cyclohexadienyl, cycloheptenyl, adamantyl, norbornyl (or bicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl), norbornenyl, bicyclo[1.1.1]pentyl, bicyclo[2.1.1]hexyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl or phenyl,

[0456] The T2 group can be a furyl group, a thienyl group, a 1H-pyrrolyl group, a silolyl group, a borolyl group, a 2H-pyrrolyl group, a 3H-pyrrolyl group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, an aza-silolyl group, an aza-borolyl group, a pyridyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a tetrazinyl group, a pyrrolidinyl group, an imidazolidinyl group, a dihydropyrrolyl group, a piperidinyl group, a tetrahydropyridyl group, a dihydropyridyl group, a hexahydropyrimidinyl group, a tetrahydropyrimidinyl group, a dihydropyrimidinyl group, a piperazinyl group, a tetrahydropyrazinyl group, a dihydropyrazinyl group, a tetrahydropyridazinyl group or a dihydropyridazinyl group,

[0457] The T3 group can be a furyl group, a thienyl group, a 1H-pyrrolyl group, a silolyl group or a borolyl group, and

[0458] The T4 group can be a 2H-pyrrolyl group, a 3H-pyrrolyl group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, an aza-silolyl group, an aza-borolyl group, a pyridyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl group or a tetrazinyl group.

[0459] As used herein, the terms "cyclic group", "C3-C 60 carbocyclic group", "C1-C 60 heterocyclic group", "π-electron-rich C3-C 60 cyclic group" or "nitrogen-containing π-electron-deficient C1-C 60 cyclic group" can refer to a group fused to any cyclic group, monovalent group or polyvalent group (e.g., divalent group, trivalent group and / or tetravalent group, etc.) according to the structure of the formula using the corresponding term. In one or more embodiments, "phenyl" can be a benzo group, a phenyl group and / or a phenylene group, etc., which can be readily understood by those of ordinary skill in the art according to the structure of the formula including "phenyl".

[0460] Examples of monovalent C3-C 60 carbocyclic groups and monovalent C1-C 60 heterocyclic groups are C3-C 10 cycloalkyl groups, C1-C 10 heterocycloalkyl groups, C3-C 10 cycloalkenyl groups, C1-C 10 heterocycloalkenyl groups, C6-C 60 aryl groups, C1-C 60 heteroaryl groups, monovalent non-aromatic fused polycyclic groups and monovalent non-aromatic fused heteropolycyclic groups, and examples of divalent C3-C 60 carbocyclic groups and divalent C1-C 60 heterocyclic groups can include C3-C 10 subcycloalkyl groups, C1-C 10Azacycloalkyl, C3-C 10 Cycloalkenylene, C1-C 10 Azacycloalkenylene, C6-C 60 Arylene, C1-C 60 Heteroarylene, divalent non-aromatic fused polycyclic groups, and divalent non-aromatic fused heteropolycyclic groups.

[0461] As used herein, the term "C1-C 60 alkyl" refers to a straight-chain or branched-chain aliphatic hydrocarbon monovalent group having 1 to 60 carbon atoms, e.g., C1-C 50 alkyl, C1-C 30 alkyl, C1-C 20 alkyl or C1-C 10 alkyl, and examples thereof include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, tert-pentyl, neopentyl, isopentyl, sec-pentyl, 3-pentyl, sec-isopentyl, n-hexyl, isohexyl, sec-hexyl, tert-hexyl, n-heptyl, isoheptyl, sec-heptyl, tert-heptyl, n-octyl, isooctyl, sec-octyl, tert-octyl, n-nonyl, isononyl, sec-nonyl, tert-nonyl, n-decyl, isodecyl, sec-decyl, and tert-decyl. As used herein, the term "C1-C 60 alkylene" refers to a divalent group having substantially the same structure as C1-C 60 alkyl.

[0462] As used herein, the term "C2-C 60 alkenyl" refers to a monovalent hydrocarbon group having at least one carbon-carbon double bond in the middle or at the end of C2-C 60 alkyl, e.g., C2-C 30 alkenyl, C2-C 20 alkenyl or C2-C 10 alkenyl, and examples thereof include vinyl, propenyl, and butenyl. As used herein, the term "C2-C 60 alkenylene" refers to a divalent group having substantially the same structure as C2-C 60 alkenyl.

[0463] As used herein, the term "C2-C 60 alkynyl" refers to a monovalent hydrocarbon group having at least one carbon-carbon triple bond in the middle or at the end of C2-C 60 alkyl, e.g., C2-C 30 alkynyl, C2-C 20 alkynyl or C2-C 10 alkynyl, and examples thereof include ethynyl and propynyl. As used herein, the term "C2-C 60 alkynylene" refers to a divalent group having substantially the same structure as C2-C 60 alkynyl.

[0464] As used herein, the term "C1-C 60 alkoxy" refers to a monovalent group represented by -OA 101 (where A 101 is C1-C 60 alkyl), for example, C1-C 30 alkoxy, C1-C 20 alkoxy or C1-C 10 alkoxy, and examples thereof include methoxy, ethoxy, and isopropoxy.

[0465] As used herein, the term "C3-C 10 cycloalkyl" refers to a monovalent saturated hydrocarbon ring group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms, and examples thereof may include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, adamantyl, norbornyl (or bicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl), bicyclo[1.1.1]pentyl, bicyclo[2.1.1]hexyl, and / or bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl, etc. As used herein, the term "C3-C 10 subcycloalkyl" refers to a divalent group having substantially the same structure as C3-C 10 cycloalkyl.

[0466] As used herein, the term "C1-C 10 heterocycloalkyl" refers to a monovalent cyclic group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms and further including at least one heteroatom as a ring-forming atom in addition to carbon atoms, and examples thereof include 1,2,3,4-oxadiazolyl, tetrahydrofuryl, and tetrahydrothienyl. As used herein, the term "C1-C 10 subheterocycloalkyl" refers to a divalent group having substantially the same structure as C1-C 10 heterocycloalkyl.

[0467] As used herein, the term "C3-C 10 cycloalkenyl" refers to a monovalent cyclic group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms and at least one carbon-carbon double bond in its ring and having no aromaticity, and examples thereof include cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, and cycloheptenyl. As used herein, the term "C3-C 10 subcycloalkenyl" refers to a divalent group having substantially the same structure as C3-C 10 cycloalkenyl.

[0468] As used herein, the term "C1-C 10 heterocycloalkenyl" refers to a monovalent cyclic group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, further including at least one heteroatom as a ring-forming atom in addition to carbon atoms, and having at least one double bond in its ring. C1-C 10Examples of heterocyclenyl include 4,5-dihydro-1,2,3,4-oxatriazolyl, 2,3-dihydrofuranyl, and 2,3-dihydrothienyl. As used herein, the term "C1-C 10 heterocyclenylene" refers to a divalent group having substantially the same structure as the C1-C 10 heterocyclenyl.

[0469] As used herein, the term "C6-C 60 aryl" refers to a monovalent group of a carbocyclic aromatic system having 6 to 60 carbon atoms, for example, C6-C 50 aryl, C6-C 40 aryl, C6-C 30 aryl, C6-C 20 aryl, or C6-C 15 aryl, and as used herein, the term "C6-C 60 arylene" refers to a divalent group of a carbocyclic aromatic system having 6 to 60 carbon atoms. Examples of C6-C 60 aryl include phenyl, pentaphenylenyl, naphthyl, azulyl, indacenyl, acenaphthylenyl, phenalenyl, phenanthryl, anthryl, fluoranthenyl, triphenylenyl, pyrenyl, 1,2-benzophenanthryl, perylenyl, pentaphenyl, heptaphenylenyl, tetraphenylenyl, picenyl, hexaphenylenyl, pentaphenyl, rubicenyl, coronyl, and ovalenyl. When each of the C6-C 60 aryl and the C6-C 60 arylene includes two or more rings, the two or more rings may be fused to each other.

[0470] As used herein, the term "C1-C 60 heteroaryl" refers to a monovalent group of a heterocyclic aromatic system having 1 to 60 carbon atoms and further including at least one heteroatom as a ring-forming atom in addition to carbon atoms, for example, C1-C 50 heteroaryl, C1-C 40 heteroaryl, C1-C 30 heteroaryl, C1-C 20 heteroaryl, or C1-C 10 heteroaryl. As used herein, the term "C1-C 60 heteroarylene" refers to a divalent group of a heterocyclic aromatic system having 1 to 60 carbon atoms and further including at least one heteroatom as a ring-forming atom in addition to carbon atoms. Examples of C1-C 60 heteroaryl include pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl, quinolinyl, benzoquinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, benzoisoquinolinyl, quinoxalinyl, benzoquinoxalinyl, quinazolinyl, benzoquinazolinyl, cinnolinyl, phenanthrolinyl, phthalazinyl, and naphthyridinyl. When the C1-C 60 heteroaryl and the C1-C 60When each of the heteroaryls includes two or more rings, the two or more rings may be fused to each other.

[0471] As used herein, the term "monovalent non-aromatic fused polycyclic group" refers to a monovalent group having two or more rings fused to each other, with only carbon atoms (e.g., 8 to 60 carbon atoms) as ring-forming atoms and having no aromaticity in its molecular structure when considered as a whole. For example, C8-C 60 monovalent non-aromatic fused polycyclic group, C8-C 50 monovalent non-aromatic fused polycyclic group, C8-C 40 monovalent non-aromatic fused polycyclic group, C8-C 30 monovalent non-aromatic fused polycyclic group or C8-C 20 monovalent non-aromatic fused polycyclic group. Examples of monovalent non-aromatic fused polycyclic groups include indenyl, fluorenyl, spirobifluorenyl, benzofluorenyl, indenoanthracenyl, and indenoanthracenyl. As used herein, the term "divalent non-aromatic fused polycyclic group" refers to a divalent group having substantially the same structure as the monovalent non-aromatic fused polycyclic group.

[0472] As used herein, the term "monovalent non-aromatic fused heteropolycyclic group" refers to a monovalent group having two or more rings fused to each other, further including at least one heteroatom as a ring-forming atom in addition to carbon atoms (e.g., 1 to 60 carbon atoms) and having non-aromaticity in its molecular structure when considered as a whole. For example, C1-C 60 monovalent non-aromatic fused heteropolycyclic group, C1-C 50 monovalent non-aromatic fused heteropolycyclic group, C1-C 40 monovalent non-aromatic fused heteropolycyclic group, C1-C 30 monovalent non-aromatic fused heteropolycyclic group or C1-C 20Monovalent non-aromatic fused heteropolycyclic group. Examples of monovalent non-aromatic fused heteropolycyclic groups are pyrrolyl, thienyl, furyl, indolyl, benzindolyl, naphthylindolyl, isoindolyl, benzisoindolyl, naphthylisoindolyl, benzosilolyl, benzothienyl, benzofuryl, carbazolyl, dibenzosilolyl, dibenzothienyl, dibenzofuryl, azacarbazolyl, azafuryl, azadibenzosilolyl, azadibenzothienyl, azadibenzofuryl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, benzopyrazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, imidazopyridyl, imidazopyrimidinyl, imidazotriazinyl, imidazopyrazinyl, imidazopyridazinyl, indocarbazolyl, indolocarbazolyl, benzofurocarbazolyl, benzothienocarbazolyl, benzosilolocarbazolyl, benzindolocarbazolyl, benzocarbazolyl, benzonaphthofuryl, benzonaphthothienyl, benzonaphthosilolyl, benzofurodibenzofuryl, benzofurodibenzothienyl and / or benzothienodibenzothienyl, etc. As used herein, the term "divalent non-aromatic fused heteropolycyclic group" refers to a divalent group having substantially the same structure as the monovalent non-aromatic fused heteropolycyclic group.

[0473] As used herein, the term "C6-C 60 aryloxy" refers to a group represented by -OA 102 (wherein A 102 is C6-C 60 aryl), for example, C6-C 50 aryloxy, C6-C 40 aryloxy, C6-C 30 aryloxy, C6-C 20 aryloxy or C6-C 15 aryloxy, and as used herein, the term "C6-C 60 arylthio" refers to a group represented by -SA 103 (wherein A 103 is C6-C 60 aryl), for example, C6-C 50 arylthio, C6-C 40 arylthio, C6-C 30 arylthio, C6-C 20 arylthio or C6-C 15 arylthio.

[0474] As used herein, the term "C7-C 60 arylalkyl" refers to -A 104 A 105 (wherein A 104 is C1-C 54Alkylene, and A 105 is C6-C 59 The group represented by "aryl"), for example, C7-C 50 Aralkyl, C7-C 40 Aralkyl, C7-C 30 Aralkyl, C7-C 20 Aralkyl or C7-C 15 Aralkyl, and as used herein, the term "C2-C 60 Heteroaralkyl" refers to the group represented by -A 106 A 107 (where A 106 is C1-C 59 Alkylene, and A 107 is C1-C 59 Heteroaryl), for example, C2-C 50 Heteroaralkyl, C2-C 40 Heteroaralkyl, C2-C 30 Heteroaralkyl, C2-C 20 Heteroaralkyl or C2-C 15 Heteroaralkyl.

[0475] As used herein, the term "R 10a " refers to:

[0476] Deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxy, cyano or nitro;

[0477] Each unsubstituted or substituted C1-C 60 Alkyl, C2-C 60 Alkenyl, C2-C 60 Alkynyl or C1-C 60 Alkoxy: deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, C3-C 60 Carbocyclic group, C1-C 60 Heterocyclic group, C6-C 60 Aryloxy, C6-C 60 Arylthio, C7-C 60 Aralkyl, C2-C 60 Heteroaralkyl, -Si(Q 11 )(Q 12 )(Q 13 )、-N(Q 11 )(Q 12 )、-B(Q 11 )(Q 12 )、-C(=O)(Q 11 )、-S(=O)2(Q 11 )、-P(=O)(Q 11 )(Q 12) and / or combinations thereof (e.g., any suitable combination);

[0478] Each unsubstituted or substituted by the following C3-C 60 carbocyclic group, C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, C6-C 60 aryloxy group, C6-C 60 arylthio group, C7-C 60 aralkyl group or C2-C 60 heteroaralkyl group: deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxy group, cyano group, nitro group, C1-C 60 alkyl group, C2-C 60 alkenyl group, C2-C 60 alkynyl group, C1-C 60 alkoxy group, C3-C 60 carbocyclic group, C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, C6-C 60 aryloxy group, C6-C 60 arylthio group, C7-C 60 aralkyl group, C2-C 60 heteroaralkyl group, -Si(Q 21 )(Q 22 )(Q 23 )、-N(Q 21 )(Q 22 )、-B(Q 21 )(Q 22 )、-C(=O)(Q 21 )、-S(=O)2(Q 21 )、-P(=O)(Q 21 )(Q 22 ) and / or combinations thereof (e.g., any suitable combination); or

[0479] -Si(Q 31 )(Q 32 )(Q 33 )、-N(Q 31 )(Q 32 )、-B(Q 31 )(Q 32 )、-C(=O)(Q 31 )、-S(=O)2(Q 31 ) or -P(=O)(Q 31 )(Q 32 )。

[0480] As used herein, Q 11 to Q 13 、Q 21 to Q 23 and Q 31 to Q 33Each may independently be: hydrogen; deuterium; -F; -Cl; -Br; -I; hydroxy; cyano; nitro; C1-C 60 alkyl; C2-C 60 alkenyl; C2-C 60 alkynyl; C1-C 60 alkoxy; each unsubstituted or substituted by deuterium, -F, cyano, C1-C 60 alkyl, C1-C 60 alkoxy, phenyl, biphenyl and / or a combination thereof (e.g., any suitable combination) substituted C3-C 60 carbocyclic group, C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, C7-C 60 aralkyl or C2-C 60 heteroaralkyl.

[0481] As used herein, the term "heteroatom" refers to any atom other than a carbon atom and a hydrogen atom. Examples of heteroatoms include O, S, N, P, Si, B, Ge, Se and / or a combination thereof (e.g., any suitable combination).

[0482] As used herein, the term "transition metal" includes hafnium (Hf), tantalum (Ta), tungsten (W), rhenium (Re), osmium (Os), iridium (Ir), platinum (Pt) and / or gold (Au), etc.

[0483] As used herein, the term "Ph" refers to phenyl, the term "Me" refers to methyl, the term "Et" refers to ethyl, and the term "tert-Bu" or "Bu t " refers to tert-butyl, and the term "OMe" refers to methoxy.

[0484] As used herein, the term "biphenyl" refers to "phenyl substituted by phenyl". For example, "biphenyl" is a substituted phenyl having a C6-C 60 aryl as a substituent.

[0485] As used herein, the term "terphenyl" refers to "phenyl substituted by biphenyl". For example, "terphenyl" is a substituted phenyl having a C6-C 60 aryl substituted by a C6-C 60 aryl as a substituent.

[0486] Unless otherwise defined, as used herein, * and *' each refer to the bonding site to an adjacent atom in the corresponding formula or moiety.

[0487] As used herein, the x-axis, y-axis, and z-axis are not limited to the three axes in an orthogonal coordinate system and can be interpreted broadly to include these axes. For example, the x-axis, y-axis, and z-axis can refer to those axes that are orthogonal to each other, or can refer to those axes in different directions that are not orthogonal to each other.

[0488] Hereinafter, a light-emitting device according to one or more embodiments will be described in more detail by way of examples.

[0489] Hereinafter, a compound according to one or more embodiments and a light-emitting device according to one or more embodiments will be described in more detail with reference to the following examples. The phrase "using B instead of A" used in describing the synthesis examples means using substantially the same molar equivalent of B instead of A.

[0490] Examples

[0491] Synthesis Example 1: Synthesis of Compound 1

[0492] Compound 1 according to one or more embodiments can be synthesized by, for example, the reaction described in more detail.

[0493]

[0494] 5 g (9.8 mmol) of 4,4'-((4-bromophenyl)(4-cyclohexylphenyl)methylene)bis(toluene) (I-2) and 2.9 g (14.7 mmol) of p-toluidine (I-1) were placed in a three-necked flask (500 mL), and 2.8 g (14.7 mmol) of CuI, 2.6 g (14.7 mmol) of 1,10-phenanthroline, and 5.5 g (98 mmol) of KOH were added thereto, and 250 mL of p-xylene was added thereto to dissolve them. Under nitrogen conditions, the resulting mixture was stirred at 140 °C for 48 hours. After the reaction was completed, the temperature of the reaction product was lowered to room temperature and filtered through diatomaceous earth using dichloromethane (MC). The filtered organic layer was washed with water three times to remove impurities, and then the remaining moisture was removed using MgSO4. The solvent was removed therefrom using a vacuum, and then the resulting product was subjected to column chromatography (eluent: hexane (Hx):MC = 9:1, volume ratio) to obtain 3.1 g (yield: 51%) of Compound 1. Compound 1 was confirmed by H-NMR and LC-MS.

[0495] H-NMR (DMSO-d6): 7.18 - 7.05 (22H, m), 6.86 (2H, d), 2.72 (1H, q) 2.32 (6H, s), 2.19 (6H, s), 1.85 - 1.43 (10H, m), m / z: 625.90

[0496] Synthesis Example 2: Synthesis of Compound 5

[0497]

[0498] 5 g (8.9 mmol) of (3r,5r,7r)-1-(4-((4-bromophenyl)bis(p-tolylmethylene))phenyl)adamantane and 2.6 g (13.3 mmol) of p-toluidine were placed in a three-necked flask (500 mL), and 2.5 g (13.3 mmol) of CuI, 2.4 g (13.3 mmol) of 1,10-phenanthroline and 5.0 g (89 mmol) of KOH were added thereto, and then 250 mL of p-xylene was added thereto to dissolve them. Under nitrogen conditions, the resulting mixture was stirred at 140 °C for 48 hours. After the reaction was completed, the temperature of the reaction product was lowered to room temperature and filtered through diatomaceous earth using MC. The filtered organic layer was washed three times with water to remove impurities, and then the remaining moisture was removed using MgSO4. The solvent was removed therefrom using a vacuum, and then the resulting product was subjected to column chromatography (eluent: hexane (Hx):MC = 9:1, volume ratio) to obtain 2.4 g (yield: 42%) of Compound 5. Compound 5 was confirmed by H-NMR and LC-MS.

[0499] H-NMR (DMSO-d6): 7.33 (2H, d), 7.17 - 7.05 (20H, m), 6.86 (2H, d), 2.32 (6H, s), 2.19 (6H, s), 2.02 - 1.96 (9H, m), 1.72 (6H, m), m / z: 677.98

[0500] In addition to the compounds synthesized in the synthesis examples, those of ordinary skill in the art can identify the synthesis methods of other compounds by referring to the synthesis routes and raw materials (by referring to the synthesis routes and raw materials, the synthesis methods of other compounds should be obvious to those of ordinary skill in the art).

[0501] Manufacture of the light-emitting device

[0502] Example 1

[0503] The ITO glass substrate on which Corning 15 Ω / cm 2 has been formed was ultrasonically cleaned for 15 minutes using acetone, isopropyl alcohol and pure water respectively, and then irradiated with ultraviolet rays for 30 minutes and exposed to ozone for cleaning to form an anode. Compound 1 and HAT-CN were co-deposited on the anode at a weight ratio of 9:1 to form

[0504] a thick hole injection layer (HIL), and then Compound 1 was deposited on the HIL to form a ​The hole transport layer (HTL) of the thickness. BH and BD are co-deposited on the HTL at a weight ratio of 99:1 to form one with The thickness of the emission layer (EML), and T2T is deposited on the EML to form one with The thickness of the hole blocking layer (HBL). Next, TPM-TAZ and Liq are co-deposited on the HBL at a weight ratio of 5:5 to form one with The thickness of the electron transport layer (ETL) to form the first emission unit.

[0505] BPhen and LiF are co-deposited on the first emission unit at a weight ratio of 99:1 to form one with The thickness of the n-type or species charge generation layer, and Compound 1 and HAT-CN are co-deposited on the n-type or species charge generation layer at a weight ratio of 9:1 to form one with The thickness of the p-type or species charge generation layer to form the first charge generation unit.

[0506] The second emission unit is formed on the first charge generation unit in substantially the same manner as that used to form the first emission unit, and the second charge generation unit is formed on the second emission unit in substantially the same manner as that used to form the first charge generation unit.

[0507] The third emission unit is formed on the second charge generation unit in substantially the same manner as that used to form the first emission unit, and the third charge generation unit is formed on the third emission unit in substantially the same manner as the first charge generation unit.

[0508] Compound 1 is deposited on the third charge generation unit to form one with The thickness of the HTL. GH_1, GH_2 and GD are co-deposited on the HTL at a weight ratio of 47.5:47.5:5 to form one with The thickness of the EML, and T2T is deposited on the EML to form one with The thickness of the HBL. Next, TPM-TAZ and Liq are co-deposited on the HBL at a weight ratio of 5:5 to form one with The thickness of the ETL to form the fourth emission unit.

[0509] Liq is deposited on the fourth emission unit to form one with The thickness of the electron injection layer (EIL). Ag and Mg are co-deposited on the EIL at a weight ratio of 9:1 to form one with The thickness of the cathode, thus completing the fabrication of the light-emitting device.

[0510]

[0511]

[0512] Examples 2 to 4

[0513] The light-emitting device was fabricated in substantially the same manner as in Example 1, except that the compounds shown in Table 1 were used in the HIL and HTL instead of Compound 1.

[0514] Comparative Examples 1 to 7

[0515] The light-emitting device was fabricated in substantially the same manner as in Example 1, except that the compounds shown in Table 1 were used in the HIL and HTL instead of Compound 1.

[0516] Table 1

[0517]

[0518] Table 2 shows the refractive indices at a wavelength of 450 nm of thick films formed using NPB, TAPC, and Compounds 1, 3, 5, and 7, respectively. The refractive indices at a wavelength of 450 nm of thick films formed using NPB, TAPC, and Compounds 1, 3, 5, and 7, respectively.

[0519] Table 2

[0520]

[0521] Evaluation Examples

[0522] Evaluation of the characteristics of the light-emitting device

[0523] To evaluate the characteristics of the light-emitting devices according to the Examples and Comparative Examples, the driving voltage, external quantum efficiency (EQE), and lifetime were measured when emitting light at a brightness of 7200 nits (e.g., when). The lifetime (T 95 ) was evaluated by measuring the time (hr) required for the device to reach 95% of the initial brightness when a current that causes the device to emit light with an initial brightness of 7200 nits was applied. The evaluation results of the light-emitting devices of the Examples and Comparative Examples are shown in Table 1 above.

[0524] Referring to Table 1, in the case of the light-emitting device of Example 1, the external luminous efficiency (external quantum efficiency) and lifetime are optimal, and the driving voltage is second only to that of Comparative Example 1. Comparative Example 1 has excellent or appropriate driving voltage and lifetime, but seems to have the lowest external luminous efficiency. Compared with Comparative Example 1, Comparative Example 2 has improved external luminous efficiency, and has a higher driving voltage and a lower lifetime. In the case of Comparative Example 3, the values of the driving voltage, external luminous efficiency, and lifetime are each between those of Comparative Example 1 and Comparative Example 2. Example 2 has a driving voltage higher than that of Comparative Example 1 and Comparative Example 3, an external luminous efficiency higher than that of Comparative Examples 1 to 3, and a lifetime longer than that of Comparative Example 2.

[0525] NPB used in Comparative Example 1 and Comparative Example 3 has excellent or appropriate hole injection and transport characteristics, which is beneficial for reducing the driving voltage. However, due to its high refractive index, it is considered disadvantageous in terms of increasing the external luminous efficiency. TAPC used in Comparative Example 2 and Comparative Example 3 has a low refractive index, which is beneficial for increasing the external luminous efficiency, but is considered disadvantageous in terms of reducing the driving voltage of the hole injection and transport characteristics. In contrast, Compound 1 and Compound 5 of the present disclosure have a refractive index lower than or similar to that of TAPC. Their hole injection and transport characteristics are worse than those of NPB, but better than those of TAPC, and Compound 1 and Compound 5 exhibit appropriate lifetime characteristics. Therefore, in the case of Examples 1 and 2 in which Compound 1 or Compound 5 of the present disclosure is simultaneously (e.g., synchronously) applied to the hole injection layer and the hole transport layer, it is believed that the process can be simplified while maintaining the device characteristics at a level equal to or higher than a specific level.

[0526] Comparative Examples 4 to 7 use Compound C1 and / or Compound C2 in one or more of the hole injection layer and the hole transport layer. Comparative Examples 4 to 7 generally have a driving voltage higher than that of Examples 1 and 2 and Comparative Examples 1 and 3; an external luminous efficiency lower than that of Example 1 and higher than that of Comparative Examples 1 to 3; and a lifetime shorter than that of Example 1. Without being bound by any particular theory, it is believed that this is because Compound C1 and Compound C2 have bulky substituents (such as cyclohexyl or tert-butyl) introduced near the amine group where the HOMO (Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital) energy level is located, thus affecting the hole injection or hole mobility.

[0527] Although the present disclosure has been described with reference to the embodiments, these descriptions are provided for illustrative purposes only, and those of ordinary skill in the art will understand that these embodiments may have one or more suitable modifications and other embodiments equivalent thereto. Accordingly, the scope of the present disclosure should be determined by the technical concept of the claims and their equivalents.

[0528] The light-emitting device according to one or more embodiments can improve the optical efficiency and simplify the process by applying a new low refractive index compound to the hole injection layer, the charge generation layer, and the hole transport layer.

[0529] The light-emitting device, the display device, the electronic device, the electronic apparatus, or any other related device or component can be implemented using any suitable hardware, firmware (e.g., application specific integrated circuit), software, or a combination of software, firmware, and hardware. For example, various components of the device can be formed on one integrated circuit (IC) chip or on separate IC chips. Additionally, various components of the device can be implemented on a flexible printed circuit film, a tape carrier package (TCP), or a printed circuit board (PCB), or formed on a substrate. Moreover, various components of the device can be processes or threads running on one or more processors in one or more computing devices, executing computer program instructions and interacting with other system components to perform the various functions described herein. The computer program instructions are stored in a memory, which can be implemented using a standard storage device in a computing device, such as, for example, random access memory (RAM). The computer program instructions can also be stored in other non-transitory computer-readable media, such as, for example, a CD ROM or a flash drive, etc. Further, those skilled in the art will recognize that, without departing from the scope of the embodiments of the present disclosure, the functions of various computing devices can be combined or integrated into a single computing device, or the functions of a dedicated computing device can be distributed over one or more other computing devices.

[0530] It should be understood that the embodiments described herein should be considered only in a descriptive sense and not for purposes of limitation. The description of a feature or aspect in one or more embodiments should generally be considered applicable to other similar features or aspects in other embodiments. Although one or more embodiments have been described with reference to the drawings, those of ordinary skill in the art will understand that one or more suitable changes in form and detail can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope defined by the claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. A light-emitting device, comprising: a first electrode; a second electrode opposite to the first electrode; and a laminate between the first electrode and the second electrode and including an emission layer, wherein the laminate further includes a hole transport region between the first electrode and the emission layer and an electron transport region between the emission layer and the second electrode, the hole transport region includes a hole injection layer between the first electrode and the emission layer and a hole transport layer between the hole injection layer and the emission layer, and each of the hole injection layer and the hole transport layer includes a compound represented by Formula 1, and the hole injection layer further includes a p-type or species dopant: Formula 1 wherein in Formula 1, Each R1 is independently an unsubstituted C4-C 60 alkyl or an unsubstituted C3-C 60 carbocyclic group, Each of R2 to R5 is independently deuterium, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C3-C 60 cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C6-C 60 aryl, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 heteroaryl, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted monovalent non-aromatic fused polycyclic group or unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted monovalent non-aromatic fused heteropolycyclic group, L1 is unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C6-C 60 arylene, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 heteroarylene, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted divalent non-aromatic fused polycyclic group or unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted divalent non-aromatic fused heteropolycyclic group, a1 is 0 or 1, and b1 is an integer selected from 1 to 3, b2 to b5 are each an integer selected from 1 to 5, R 10a is: deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxyl group, cyano group or nitro group; Each unsubstituted or substituted by the following C1-C 60 alkyl, C2-C 60 alkenyl, C2-C 60 alkynyl or C1-C 60 alkoxy: deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxyl, cyano, nitro, C3-C 60 carbocyclic group, C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, C6-C 60 aryloxy, C6-C 60 arylthio, C7-C 60 aralkyl, C2-C 60 heteroaralkyl, -Si(Q 11 )(Q 12 )(Q 13 ), -N(Q 11 )(Q 12 ), -B(Q 11 )(Q 12 ), -C(=O)(Q 11 ), -S(=O)2(Q 11 ), -P(=O)(Q 11 )(Q 12 ) and / or combinations thereof; Each unsubstituted or substituted by the following C3-C 60 carbocyclic group, C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, C6-C 60 aryloxy group, C6-C 60 arylthio group, C7-C 60 aralkyl group or C2-C 60 heteroaralkyl group: deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxy group, cyano group, nitro group, C1-C 60 alkyl group, C2-C 60 alkenyl group, C2-C 60 alkynyl group, C1-C 60 alkoxy group, C3-C 60 carbocyclic group, C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, C6-C 60 aryloxy group, C6-C 60 arylthio group, C7-C 60 aralkyl group, C2-C 60 heteroaralkyl group, -Si(Q 21 )(Q 22 )(Q 23 )、-N(Q 21 )(Q 22 )、-B(Q 21 )(Q 22 )、-C(=O)(Q 21 )、-S(=O)2(Q 21 )、-P(=O)(Q 21 )(Q 22 ) and / or their combinations; or -Si(Q 31 )(Q 32 )(Q 33 )、-N(Q 31 )(Q 32 )、-B(Q 31 )(Q 32 )、-C(=O)(Q 31 )、-S(=O)2(Q 31 ) or -P(=O)(Q 31 )(Q 32 ) and Q 11 to Q 13 、Q 21 to Q 23 and Q 31 to Q 33 each independently is: hydrogen; deuterium; -F; -Cl; -Br; -I; hydroxy; cyano; nitro; C1-C 60 alkyl; C2-C 60 alkenyl; C2-C 60 alkynyl; C1-C 60 alkoxy; or each unsubstituted or substituted by deuterium, -F, cyano, C1-C 60 alkyl, C1-C 60 alkoxy, phenyl, biphenyl and / or a combination thereof substituted C3-C 60 carbocyclic group, C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, C7-C 60 aralkyl or C2-C 60 heteroaralkyl.

2. The light-emitting device according to claim 1, wherein R1 is an unsubstituted C6-C 20 carbocyclic group, R 10b is: deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxyl group, cyano group or nitro group; or Each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxy, cyano, nitro and / or combinations thereof C1-C 20 alkyl, C2-C 20 alkenyl, C2-C 20 alkynyl or C1-C 20 alkoxy group.

3. The light-emitting device according to claim 1, wherein b1 is 1.

4. The light-emitting device according to claim 1, wherein R2 to R5 are each independently an unsubstituted or R-substituted C1-C alkyl or C3-C cycloalkyl, and 10b substituted C1-C 20 alkyl or C3-C 20 cycloalkyl, and R 10b is: deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxyl group, cyano group or nitro group; or Each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxy, cyano, nitro and / or combinations thereof C1-C 20 alkyl, C2-C 20 alkenyl, C2-C 20 alkynyl or C1-C 20 alkoxy group.

5. The light-emitting device according to claim 1, wherein L1 is unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10c substituted C6-C 20 arylene, and R 10c is: deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxyl group, cyano group or nitro group; Each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxy, cyano, nitro and / or combinations thereof C1-C 20 alkyl, C2-C 20 alkenyl, C2-C 20 alkynyl or C1-C 20 alkoxy; or Each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxyl, cyano, nitro and / or combinations thereof C3-C 20 carbocyclic group or C1-C 20 heterocyclic group.

6. The light-emitting device according to claim 1, wherein the compound represented by Formula 1 is represented by Formula 1A: Formula 1A wherein in Formula 1A, R1 is an unsubstituted C5-C 20 carbocyclic group, R2 to R5 are each independently an unsubstituted or R-substituted C1-C alkyl or C3-C cycloalkyl, 10b wherein the alkyl or cycloalkyl is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R, 20 and the alkyl or cycloalkyl is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R, 20 and the alkyl or cycloalkyl is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R. L1 is unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10c substituted C6-C 20 arylene group, a1 is 0 or 1, b1 is 1, R 10b is: deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxyl group, cyano group or nitro group; or Each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxy, cyano, nitro and / or combinations thereof C1-C 20 alkyl, C2-C 20 alkenyl, C2-C 20 alkynyl or C1-C 20 alkoxy, and R 10c is: deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxyl group, cyano group or nitro group; Each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxy, cyano, nitro and / or combinations thereof C1-C 20 alkyl, C2-C 20 alkenyl, C2-C 20 alkynyl or C1-C 20 alkoxy; or Each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxyl, cyano, nitro and / or combinations thereof C3-C 20 carbocyclic group or C1-C 20 heterocyclic group.

7. The light-emitting device according to claim 6, wherein R1 is each unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10b substituted cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, adamantyl or norbornyl.

8. The light-emitting device according to claim 6, wherein R2 to R5 are each independently methyl, ethyl, n-propyl or isopropyl.

9. The light-emitting device according to claim 6, wherein L1 is each unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10c substituted phenylene, naphthylene, azulylene, indacenylene, acenaphthylene, phenalenylene, phenanthrylene, anthrylene, fluoranthenylene, triphenylene, pyrenylene, 1,2-benzophenanthrylene, perylenylene, heptalenylene or tetracenylene.

10. The light-emitting device according to claim 1, wherein the compound represented by Formula 1 is represented by any one of Compounds 1 to 8:

11. The light-emitting device according to claim 1, wherein the compound represented by Formula 1 has a refractive index of 1.8 or less with respect to light having a wavelength of 450 nm.

12. The light-emitting device according to claim 1, wherein the compound represented by Formula 1 in the hole injection layer is the same as the compound represented by Formula 1 in the hole transport layer.

13. The light-emitting device according to claim 12, wherein: the hole transport region further includes a buffer layer, an emission assist layer, an electron blocking layer and / or a combination thereof.

14. The light-emitting device according to claim 12, wherein: the electron transport region includes a hole blocking layer, an electron transport layer, an electron injection layer and / or a combination thereof.

15. The light-emitting device according to claim 1, wherein Wherein the interlayer includes m emission units and m-1 charge generation units between adjacent emission units of the m emission units, m is an integer of 2 or greater, and each of the m emission units includes the hole transport region, the emission layer, and the electron transport region arranged in the described order from the first electrode to the second electrode, and the hole transport region includes the hole transport layer, each of the m-1 charge generation units includes an n-type charge generation layer and a p-type charge generation layer, wherein the p-type charge generation layer is in direct contact with the hole transport layer in the emission unit of the m emission units, and the emission unit of the m emission units is adjacent to the p-type charge generation layer, and at least one hole transport layer in the m emission units and the p-type charge generation layer in direct contact with the at least one hole transport layer include the compound represented by Formula 1, and the p-type charge generation layer further includes a p-type or species dopant.

16. The light-emitting device according to claim 15, wherein the emission unit of the m emission units adjacent to the first electrode further includes a hole injection layer between the first electrode and the hole transport layer, and the hole injection layer and the hole transport layer each include the compound represented by Formula 1, and the hole injection layer further includes the p-type or species dopant.

17. An electronic device, comprising the light-emitting device according to any one of claims 1 to 16.

18. The electronic device according to claim 17, further comprising a thin-film transistor, wherein the thin-film transistor includes a source electrode and a drain electrode, and the first electrode of the light-emitting device is electrically connected to at least one of the source electrode and the drain electrode of the thin-film transistor.

19. The electronic device according to claim 18, further comprising a color filter, a color conversion layer, a touch screen layer, a polarization layer, or a combination thereof.

20. An electronic apparatus, comprising the electronic device according to any one of claims 17 to 19, and the electronic apparatus is one of a flat panel display, a curved display, a computer monitor, a medical monitor, a television, a billboard, an indoor lamp, an outdoor lamp, a signal lamp, a head-up display, a fully transparent or partially transparent display, a flexible display, a rollable display, a foldable display, a stretchable display, a laser printer, a telephone, a mobile phone, a tablet computer, a phablet, a personal digital assistant, a wearable device, a laptop computer, a digital camera, a video camera, a viewfinder, a microdisplay, a three-dimensional display, a virtual or augmented reality display, a vehicle, a video wall including a plurality of displays spliced together, a theater or stadium screen, a light therapy device, and a signboard.

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