A planting and harvesting method suitable for one-time harvesting of upper-middle tobacco leaves

Abstract

The application provides a planting and harvesting method suitable for one-time harvesting of flue-cured tobacco with middle and upper leaves, and relates to the tobacco technical field. The planting and harvesting method suitable for one-time harvesting of flue-cured tobacco with middle and upper leaves selects a flue-cured tobacco variety with excellent tolerance, increases the amount of fertilization, increases cake fertilizer, reduces the number of transplanted plants per unit area, and improves the tolerance characteristics of tobacco leaves; a purple soil with a neutral pH is selected, a root and stem disease resistance inducer is added, a healthy and developed root system is cultivated, and the normal concentration of 10-15 leaves of middle and upper leaves is ensured to mature and turn yellow; the style characteristics of the modulated tobacco leaves are relatively obvious, the strength is moderate, the smoke concentration is rich, the aroma is clear and full, the aroma amount is sufficient, the sweetness is obvious, the miscellaneous gas and irritability are small, and the aftertaste is comfortable.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This application relates to the field of tobacco technology, and in particular to a planting and harvesting method suitable for single-harvest flue-cured tobacco leaves from the middle and upper parts. Background Technology

[0002] Currently, the quality of upper tobacco leaves produced in some tobacco-growing areas in my country is relatively low. These leaves are narrower and thicker, with insufficient leaf opening, a dense, stiff, and less porous structure, excessively dark color after curing, high stem content, poor filling properties, and low oil content. They are also more prone to producing discolored and ash-covered tobacco. After curing, the upper tobacco leaves have higher total nitrogen, nicotine, and starch content, lower reducing sugar and sugar-alkali ratio, and unbalanced internal chemical components. Furthermore, the material transformation during ripening and curing is incomplete, resulting in poor aroma quality, insufficient aroma quantity, heavy off-flavors, and high irritation. Consequently, upper tobacco leaves are difficult to utilize in cigarette formulations, leading to a large backlog of unsold upper tobacco leaves in my country, resulting in resource waste and impacting tobacco farmers' income and agricultural economic benefits.

[0003] In recent years, with economic development and social progress, large-scale agriculture, especially major crops such as rice, corn, and wheat, has basically achieved intensive and large-scale planting, factory-style harvesting, and primary processing. However, tobacco production lags significantly behind large-scale agriculture in this regard, and there is enormous potential for improvement in tobacco leaf harvesting and curing. With the acceleration of China's industrialization and urbanization, rural labor is being lost year by year, coupled with the increasingly aging tobacco farmer workforce, resulting in a severe shortage of rural labor, which restricts the sustainable development of my country's tobacco production. Conducting research on "one-time harvesting" of the upper and middle leaves is of great significance for reducing labor costs in the tobacco harvesting process and ensuring the production of raw materials for Guangdong Tobacco Company, especially high-quality upper and middle leaf raw materials.

[0004] Currently, most flue-cured tobacco varieties in production ripen in layers, with leaves at the bottom maturing first. Unharvested mature leaves become ineffective and lose their curing value. Typically, only 2-3 leaves are harvested at a time, which is unsuitable for a single-harvest curing method. Based on the part of the tobacco plant, the ripening tolerance of leaves increases from bottom to top. As long as the tobacco variety has good ripening tolerance, harvesting the upper and middle leaves at once has no impact on the sensory quality of the cured tobacco. Furthermore, research shows that harvesting 4-6 upper leaves at once allows for more complete material transformation in the cured tobacco, a more harmonious chemical composition, significantly improved appearance and sensory evaluation, and increased usability.

[0005] Currently, domestic and foreign scholars mainly focus on the one-time harvesting of 4-6 upper leaves of common flue-cured tobacco varieties, and there are few reports on the one-time harvesting of 8 or more upper tobacco leaves. Summary of the Invention

[0006] The purpose of this application is to provide a planting and harvesting method for flue-cured tobacco that can be harvested in one go from the middle and upper parts of the tobacco leaves, in order to solve the problem that existing flue-cured tobacco methods cannot harvest 8 or more upper tobacco leaves in one go.

[0007] To achieve the above objectives, this application provides a planting and harvesting method suitable for single-harvest flue-cured tobacco leaves in the middle and upper parts, comprising:

[0008] Transplant the tobacco seedlings into neutral purple soil;

[0009] Reduce transplanting density and apply rapeseed cake fertilizer as base fertilizer to the root soil when transplanting tobacco seedlings;

[0010] Fertilizer and pesticides are applied to the tobacco seedlings, with the amount of fertilizer ensuring that the tobacco leaves are nutritious to the point of being slightly excessive;

[0011] When the upper 8-9 tobacco leaves are mature, harvest 10-15 tobacco leaves from the middle and upper parts at once by cutting them with the stem.

[0012] In some embodiments, the fertilizer application rate is 9-12 kg / 666.7 m³. 2 .

[0013] In some embodiments, the nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium mass ratio of the fertilizer used for fertilization is 1:1:3.

[0014] In some embodiments, the application rate of the rapeseed cake fertilizer is 40-60 kg / 666.7 m³. 2 .

[0015] In some embodiments, the transplanting density is 880-990 plants / 666.7m². 2 .

[0016] In some embodiments, the pesticide used for application is a chemical pesticide for controlling root and stem diseases.

[0017] In some embodiments, the dosage of the chemical agent for controlling rhizome diseases is 120–200 ml / 666.7 m. 2 .

[0018] In some embodiments, the chemical agent for controlling rhizomatous diseases is selected from any one of lysimachia, kasugamycin, and zineb.

[0019] In some embodiments, the lysine is a lysine microemulsion with a mass percentage of 10%.

[0020] In some embodiments, the flue-cured tobacco variety of the tobacco seedlings is NX212.

[0021] In some embodiments, the pH is 6.5 to 7.5.

[0022] Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of this application include:

[0023] The planting and harvesting method provided in this application for flue-cured tobacco with one-time harvesting of the middle and upper leaves selects flue-cured tobacco varieties with excellent ripening resistance, increases the amount of fertilizer, adds cake fertilizer, and reduces the number of transplanted plants per unit area to improve the ripening resistance of tobacco leaves; selects purple soil with a slightly neutral pH, adds root and stem disease resistance inducers, cultivates healthy and developed root systems, and ensures the normal and concentrated ripening and yellowing of 10-15 tobacco leaves in the middle and upper parts; the processed tobacco leaves have more distinctive style characteristics, moderate strength, rich smoke concentration, clear and full aroma, sufficient aroma quantity, obvious sweetness, less off-flavors and irritation, and a comfortable aftertaste. Attached Figure Description

[0024] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of this application, the accompanying drawings used in the embodiments will be briefly described below. It should be understood that the following drawings only show some embodiments of this application and should not be regarded as a limitation on the scope of this application.

[0025] Figure 1 This is a flowchart illustrating the planting and harvesting method applicable to flue-cured tobacco with a single harvest of the middle and upper leaves, as described in this application. Detailed Implementation

[0026] As used in this article:

[0027] "Prepared from" is synonymous with "comprising". The terms "comprising", "including", "having", "containing", or any other variations thereof as used herein are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusion. For example, a composition, step, method, article, or apparatus that includes the listed elements is not necessarily limited to those elements, but may include other elements not expressly listed or elements inherent to such composition, step, method, article, or apparatus.

[0028] The conjunction "composed of..." excludes any unspecified elements, steps, or components. If used in a claim, this phrase makes the claim closed, excluding materials other than those described, except for associated conventional impurities. When the phrase "composed of..." appears in a clause of the body of a claim rather than immediately following it, it limits only the elements described in that clause; other elements are not excluded from the claim as a whole.

[0029] When a quantity, concentration, or other value or parameter is expressed as a range, a preferred range, or a range defined by a series of upper and lower preferred values, this should be understood as specifically disclosing all ranges formed by any pair of any upper or preferred value with any lower or preferred value, regardless of whether the range is disclosed individually. For example, when the range “1–5” is disclosed, the described range should be interpreted as including ranges “1–4”, “1–3”, “1–2”, “1–2 and 4–5”, “1–3 and 5”, etc. When numerical ranges are described herein, unless otherwise stated, the range is intended to include its endpoints and all integers and fractions within that range.

[0030] In these embodiments, unless otherwise specified, the portions and percentages are all by weight.

[0031] "Parts by mass" refers to the basic unit of measurement that expresses the mass ratio of multiple components. One part can represent any unit mass, such as 1g or 2.689g. If we say that component A has "a" parts by mass and component B has "b" parts by mass, it means the ratio of the mass of component A to the mass of component B is a:b. Alternatively, it can mean that the mass of component A is aK and the mass of component B is bK (where K is any number representing a multiplier). It is important to understand that, unlike parts by mass, the sum of the mass parts of all components is not limited to 100 parts.

[0032] "And / or" is used to indicate that one or both of the described situations may occur, for example, A and / or B includes (A and B) and (A or B).

[0033] Furthermore, the terms "first" and "second" are used for descriptive purposes only and should not be construed as indicating or implying relative importance or implicitly specifying the number of technical features indicated. Thus, a feature defined as "first" or "second" may explicitly or implicitly include one or more of that feature. In the description of this invention, "a plurality of" means two or more, unless otherwise explicitly specified.

[0034] This application provides a planting and harvesting method suitable for single-harvest flue-cured tobacco leaves in the middle and upper parts of the plant. Please refer to [link to relevant documentation]. Figure 1 ,include:

[0035] S100: Transplant tobacco seedlings into neutral purple soil;

[0036] S200: Reduce transplanting density and apply rapeseed cake fertilizer as base fertilizer to the root soil when transplanting tobacco seedlings;

[0037] S300: Fertilize and apply pesticides to tobacco seedlings, ensuring that the amount of fertilizer applied is sufficient to slightly excessive in terms of nutrients for the tobacco leaves;

[0038] S400: When the upper 8-9 tobacco leaves are mature, harvest 10-15 tobacco leaves from the middle and upper parts at once by cutting them with the stem.

[0039] The planting and harvesting method provided in this application for flue-cured tobacco with one-time harvesting of the middle and upper leaves selects flue-cured tobacco varieties with excellent ripening resistance, increases the amount of fertilizer, adds cake fertilizer, and reduces the number of transplanted plants per unit area to improve the ripening resistance of tobacco leaves; selects purple soil with a slightly neutral pH, adds root and stem disease resistance inducers, cultivates healthy and developed root systems, and ensures the normal and concentrated ripening and yellowing of 10-15 tobacco leaves in the middle and upper parts; the processed tobacco leaves have more distinctive style characteristics, moderate strength, rich smoke concentration, clear and full aroma, sufficient aroma quantity, obvious sweetness, less off-flavors and irritation, and a comfortable aftertaste.

[0040] In some embodiments, the fertilizer application rate is 9-12 kg / 666.7 m³. 2 For example, it could be 9kg / 666.7 m 2 10kg / 666.7 m 2 11kg / 666.7 m 2 12kg / 666.7 m 2 Or 9~12kg / 666.7 m 2 Any value between.

[0041] The amount of fertilizer applied in this application is higher than that of conventional fertilizer application to ensure that the tobacco leaves are nutritious to the point of being slightly excessive. Increasing the amount of fertilizer can ensure that the tobacco plants have sufficient nutrient supply throughout their growth period, resulting in high content of internal substances in the leaves, improving the ripening resistance of the tobacco leaves, and ensuring that when the upper tobacco leaves reach maturity, the middle tobacco leaves are not yet overripe.

[0042] In some embodiments, the nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium mass ratio of the fertilizer used for fertilization is 1:1:3.

[0043] Compared to conventional fertilizers, the fertilizer in this application has a higher potassium content. Potassium is an important quality indicator for tobacco leaves. High potassium content results in better combustibility of tobacco leaves, less tar production, and less toxicity when inhaled.

[0044] In some embodiments, the specific method of fertilization is as follows: apply 1 / 3 of the fertilizer in the soil when transplanting tobacco seedlings, apply fertilizer once 10 days after transplanting, and apply fertilizer again 30 days after transplanting.

[0045] In some embodiments, the application rate of the rapeseed cake fertilizer is 40-60 kg / 666.7 m³. 2 For example, it could be 40kg / 666.7 m 2 45kg / 666.7 m 2 50kg / 666.7 m 255kg / 666.7 m 2 60kg / 666.7m 2 Or 40~60kg / 666.7m 2 Any value between.

[0046] When transplanting flue-cured tobacco, add rapeseed cake fertilizer as base fertilizer to the soil around the roots to ensure the later fertilization of the tobacco plants and ensure that the tobacco plants have sufficient nutrients throughout their growth period. This results in high leaf content, improved tobacco leaf ripening resistance, and ensures that the middle tobacco leaves are not overripe when the upper tobacco leaves reach maturity.

[0047] In some embodiments, the transplanting density is 880-990 plants / 666.7m². 2 For example, it could be 880 plants / 666.7m² 2 , 890 plants / 666.7m 2 ,900 plants / 666.7m 2 ,910 plants / 666.7m 2 ,920 plants / 666.7m 2 ,930 plants / 666.7m 2 ,940 plants / 666.7m 2 ,950 plants / 666.7m 2 ,960 plants / 666.7m 2 ,970 plants / 666.7m 2 ,980 plants / 666.7m 2 ,990 plants / 666.7m 2 Or 880~990 plants / 666.7m 2 Any value between.

[0048] The transplanting density in this application is based on the local transplanting density (1100 plants / 666.7m²). 2 On the basis of this, reduce the number of transplanted plants per unit area by 10% to 20% and reduce the transplanting density so that all tobacco leaves can receive sunlight, promote photosynthesis and dry matter accumulation, improve the ripening resistance of tobacco leaves, and ensure that the middle tobacco leaves are not overripe when the upper tobacco leaves reach maturity.

[0049] In some embodiments, the pesticide used is a chemical agent for controlling root and stem diseases. Applying this chemical agent prevents infection by root and stem disease pathogens, ensuring healthy and well-developed root systems in tobacco plants and providing them with sufficient water and nutrients, which is a key technology for ensuring the ripening resistance of tobacco leaves. When disease symptoms are observed in tobacco plants, all tobacco fields are treated with this chemical agent.

[0050] In some embodiments, the dosage of the chemical agent for controlling rhizome diseases is 120–200 ml / 666.7 m.2 For example, it can be 120ml / 666.7 m 2 140ml / 666.7 m 2 150ml / 666.7 m 2 160ml / 666.7 m 2 170ml / 666.7 m 2 180ml / 666.7 m 2 190ml / 666.7 m 2 200ml / 666.7 m 2 Or 120-200ml / 666.7m 2 Any value between.

[0051] In some embodiments, the chemical agent for controlling rhizomatous diseases is selected from any one of lysimachia, kasugamycin, and zineb.

[0052] In some embodiments, the lysine is a lysine microemulsion with a mass percentage of 10%.

[0053] In some embodiments, the tobacco seedling variety is NX212.

[0054] NX212 is a newly approved variety bred by the Guangdong Provincial Tobacco Science Research Institute. In 2021 and 2022, trials were conducted in the experimental fields of the Guangdong Provincial Tobacco Science Research Institute to harvest and cure 10-17 leaves from the upper and middle parts of NX212 together. After curing, no rotten leaves were observed in the upper and middle parts, and the overall yellowing was relatively uniform. The cured tobacco leaves had a high degree of orange-yellow color, loose structure, and sufficient oil content, which is suitable for the requirement of harvesting and curing the upper and middle parts of the leaves at one time.

[0055] In some embodiments, the pH is 6.5 to 7.5, for example, it can be any value between 6.5, 6.6, 6.7, 6.8, 6.9, 7.0, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5 or 6.5 to 7.5.

[0056] In some embodiments, 4 to 6 lower tobacco leaves are harvested using traditional methods, and harvested as early as possible. This can improve ventilation and light penetration in the field, provide a better growing environment for the middle and upper tobacco leaves, and promote the accumulation of substances in the middle and upper tobacco leaves.

[0057] The implementation schemes of this application will be described in detail below with reference to specific embodiments. However, those skilled in the art will understand that the following embodiments are only for illustrating this application and should not be regarded as limiting the scope of this application. Unless otherwise specified in the embodiments, conventional conditions or conditions recommended by the manufacturer shall apply. Reagents or instruments used without specified manufacturers are all conventional products that can be purchased commercially.

[0058] Example 1

[0059] Example 1 provides a planting and harvesting method suitable for single-harvest flue-cured tobacco leaves in the middle and upper parts, including the following steps:

[0060] (1) Land preparation: Purple soil with a soil pH of 6.8 was selected as the tobacco planting soil;

[0061] (2) Nitrogen fertilizer application rate: The application rate for flue-cured tobacco is 10.5 kg / 666.7 m. 2 The nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium ratio is 1:1:3;

[0062] (3) Strengthen the prevention of root and stem diseases: per 666.7m 2 Apply 160ml of rhizomatous disease resistance inducer (10% microemulsion of lybacon) to the soil surface for root irrigation.

[0063] (4) Transplanting density: 900 tobacco seedlings per 666.7m² 2 ;

[0064] (5) Increase the application of oilseed cake fertilizer: When transplanting flue-cured tobacco, increase the application of rapeseed oilseed cake fertilizer by 50 kg / 666.7 m. 2 It is applied to the root soil as a base fertilizer;

[0065] (6) Tobacco leaf harvesting: 15 days after topping, harvest 5 lower tobacco leaves early using the traditional harvesting method; when the upper tobacco leaves are 9 mature, harvest 13 middle and upper tobacco leaves at once by cutting them with the stem.

[0066] Comparative Example 1

[0067] Comparative Example 1 provides a conventional planting and harvesting method for flue-cured tobacco, including the following steps:

[0068] (1) Land preparation: Select the bolete field with soil pH = 5.5 as the soil for tobacco planting;

[0069] (2) Nitrogen fertilizer application rate: The application rate for flue-cured tobacco is 9.5 kg / 666.7 m. 2 The nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium ratio is 1:1:2;

[0070] (3) Strengthen the prevention of root and stem diseases: The chemical agent for the prevention and control of root and stem diseases is streptomycin. At the initial stage of the disease, spray with 3% wettable powder at a dilution of 800-1000 times, 3-4 times.

[0071] (4) Transplanting density: 1100 tobacco seedlings per 666.7m² 2 ;

[0072] (5) Apply more cake fertilizer: When transplanting flue-cured tobacco, apply farmyard manure as base fertilizer to the soil around the roots;

[0073] (6) Tobacco leaf harvesting: 15 days after topping, harvest 5 lower tobacco leaves manually by hand according to the traditional harvesting method; harvest middle tobacco leaves when they are 90% mature; harvest upper tobacco leaves when they are 90% mature.

[0074] Results Analysis

[0075] 1. Comparison of the appearance quality of newly cured tobacco leaves

[0076] Appearance quality scoring method: The appearance quality of the flue-cured tobacco leaf samples was evaluated by professional technicians with reference to GB 2635 1992. The evaluation indicators included color, maturity, leaf structure, identity, oil content, and chroma, with the weights of each indicator being 0.30, 0.25, 0.15, 0.12, 0.10, and 0.08, respectively.

[0077] The appearance quality of the tobacco leaves obtained in Example 1 and Comparative Example 1 after curing is shown in Table 1. The tobacco leaves of Example 1 scored higher than those of Comparative Example 1 in terms of maturity, leaf structure, identity, and oil content. The total appearance quality score was also higher than that of Comparative Example 1.

[0078] Table 1. Appearance quality of flue-cured tobacco leaves under different planting and harvesting methods

[0079]

[0080] 2. Comparison of conventional chemical components in first-cured tobacco leaves

[0081] The conventional chemical composition of the tobacco leaves obtained in Example 1 and Comparative Example 1 after curing is shown in Table 2. Each component was determined using methods commonly used in the art. According to Table 2, there is little difference between the tobacco leaves after curing in Example 1 and Comparative Example 1, and they are both within the suitable range of chemical composition for high-quality tobacco.

[0082] Table 2. Conventional chemical composition of flue-cured tobacco leaves produced using different techniques

[0083]

[0084] 3. Sensory evaluation and comparison of smoking quality of newly roasted tobacco leaves

[0085] Sensory quality evaluation method: Nine tasters conducted sensory quality evaluation of tobacco leaf samples according to YC / T 202-2006, and assigned scores according to aroma quality, aroma quantity, off-flavors, irritation, aftertaste, combustibility, and ash content.

[0086] The sensory evaluation quality of the tobacco leaves obtained in Example 1 and Comparative Example 1 after curing is shown in Table 3. The scores of the five indicators of aroma, aftertaste, off-flavor, irritation and combustibility of the tobacco leaves obtained in Example 1 are higher than those of the tobacco leaves obtained in Comparative Example 1. The total sensory evaluation quality score is also higher than that of the tobacco leaves obtained in Comparative Example 1.

[0087] Table 3 Sensory evaluation of flue-cured tobacco leaves using different techniques

[0088]

[0089] 4. Comparison of labor usage in the harvesting and loading stages

[0090] Table 4 shows a comparison of the labor required for harvesting and loading tobacco leaves in Example 1 and Comparative Example 1. Compared to Comparative Example 1, the labor required for harvesting and loading tobacco per 666.7 m³ of tobacco per furnace in Example 1 was significantly lower. 2 Labor and labor costs decreased by 15.19%, and labor and labor costs per batch of flue gas decreased by 27.27%.

[0091] Table 4 Labor Costs in Harvesting and Loading Processes for Different Technologies

[0092]

[0093] In summary, the tobacco leaves produced by the embodiments of this application have better appearance and sensory evaluation quality than those of the comparative embodiment; at the same time, the amount of labor and labor costs are significantly reduced compared to the comparative embodiment.

[0094] Finally, it should be noted that the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of this application, and are not intended to limit them. Although this application has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that modifications can still be made to the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments, or equivalent substitutions can be made to some or all of the technical features therein. Such modifications or substitutions do not cause the essence of the corresponding technical solutions to deviate from the scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of this application.

[0095] Furthermore, those skilled in the art will understand that although some embodiments herein include certain features included in other embodiments but not others, combinations of features from different embodiments are intended to be within the scope of this application and form different embodiments. For example, in the foregoing claims, any of the claimed embodiments can be used in any combination. The information disclosed in this background section is intended only to enhance the understanding of the general background of this application and should not be construed as an admission or in any way implying that such information constitutes prior art known to those skilled in the art.

Claims

1. A planting and harvesting method for flue-cured tobacco suitable for single-harvest of the middle and upper leaves, characterized in that, include: Transplant the tobacco seedlings into neutral purple soil; Reduce transplanting density and apply rapeseed cake fertilizer as base fertilizer to the root soil when transplanting tobacco seedlings; Fertilizer and pesticides are applied to the tobacco seedlings, with the amount of fertilizer ensuring that the tobacco leaves are nutritious to the point of being slightly excessive; When the upper 8-9 tobacco leaves are mature, harvest 10-15 tobacco leaves from the middle and upper parts at once by cutting them with the stem attached. The fertilizer application rate is 9-12 kg / 666.7 m. 2 ; The mass ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in the fertilizer used for fertilization is 1:1:3; The application rate of the rapeseed cake fertilizer is 40-60 kg / 666.7 m³. 2 ; The transplanting density is 880-990 plants / 666.7m². 2 ; The pesticide used is a chemical agent for controlling root and stem diseases, and the dosage of the chemical agent for controlling root and stem diseases is 120-200 ml / 666.7 m. 2 ; The flue-cured tobacco variety mentioned is NX212.

2. The planting and harvesting method for flue-cured tobacco with single-harvest processing of the middle and upper leaves according to claim 1, characterized in that, The chemical agents for controlling root and stem diseases are selected from any one of lysimachia, kasugamycin, and zineb.

3. The planting and harvesting method for flue-cured tobacco with one-time harvesting of the middle and upper leaves according to claim 2, characterized in that, The lysine is a lysine microemulsion with a mass percentage of 10%.

4. The planting and harvesting method for flue-cured tobacco with one-time harvesting of the middle and upper leaves according to claim 1, characterized in that, The pH is 6.5~7.5.

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