Breeding method of high-yield and high-oil peanuts

Abstract

The invention discloses a breeding method of high-yield and high-oil peanuts, belongs to the technical field of crop breeding, and aims to solve the problems of long breeding period and poor comprehensive performance of cultivated varieties in the conventional breeding method. A high-yield and medium-oil-content peanut variety A is selected as a female parent, and the variety has the characteristics of large fruits and large number of fruits per plant; according to the method, a peanut variety B with high oil content and general yield is selected as a male parent, the variety is full in seed kernel and has the oil content of 55% or above, parents with different excellent characters are selected for hybridization, and the high-yield and high-oil peanut variety can be directionally bred in combination with multi-generation screening and a strict test process; the method effectively solves the problem that the yield and the oil content of a traditional peanut variety are difficult to consider at the same time, the oil content of the seeds is rapidly measured through a near-infrared spectrometer, the oil content is screened in the early generation, subsequent invalid planting and screening work is reduced, the breeding period is shortened, and the breeding efficiency is improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] A breeding method for high-yield and high-oil peanuts. The present invention belongs to the technical field of crop breeding, and specifically relates to the technical field of breeding high-yield and high-oil peanuts. Background Art

[0002] Peanuts are important oil crops and cash crops, widely planted in China. With the improvement of people's living standards and the development of the oil processing industry, higher requirements are put forward for the yield and oil content of peanuts. Traditional peanut varieties have certain limitations in terms of yield and oil content and are difficult to meet market demands. At present, although various peanut breeding studies have been carried out, the existing breeding methods have problems such as long breeding cycles and poor comprehensive performance of the cultivated varieties. For example, some high-yield varieties have low oil content, and varieties with high oil content have unstable yields and poor disease resistance, resulting in low breeding efficiency and the inability to quickly cultivate peanut varieties with both high yield and high oil characteristics. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a new breeding method for high-yield and high-oil peanuts. Summary of the Invention

[0003] The technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to overcome the existing defects and provide a breeding method for high-yield and high-oil peanuts, thereby solving the problems of long breeding cycles and poor comprehensive performance of the cultivated varieties in the existing breeding methods.

[0004] To achieve the above object, the present invention provides the following technical solutions: A breeding method for high-yield and high-oil peanuts, comprising the following steps: Parent selection: Select peanut variety A with high yield but medium oil content as the female parent, which has the characteristics of large fruits and many fruits per plant; select peanut variety B with high oil content but general yield as the male parent, and the kernels of this variety are plump and the oil content is above 55%. Both variety A and variety B are varieties with stable genetic traits after years of regional trials.

[0005] Hybridization: During the flowering period of peanuts, select the newly opened flowers on the main stem and lateral branches of female parent A, remove the stamens for artificial emasculation, and then pollinate the stigmas of the emasculated female parent with the mature pollen of male parent B on the same day, and bag it for isolation to prevent foreign pollen contamination, obtaining hybrid F1 generation seeds.

[0006] Planting and self-crossing of F1 generation: Plant the hybrid F1 generation seeds in the experimental field with uniform soil fertility and use conventional peanut planting management methods. During the growth period of F1 generation plants, select the plants that grow vigorously and are free from diseases and pests for self-crossing, and harvest the seeds after self-crossing to obtain F2 generation seeds.

[0007] F2 Generation Screening: Plant F2 generation seeds in the experimental field. During the growth of the plants, conduct preliminary screening based on agronomic traits such as plant type, leaf shape, and flowering habit, and retain the individual plants with excellent agronomic traits of both parents. At the harvest stage, measure the yield per plant of the preliminarily screened individual plants, select the individual plants with a yield per plant more than 10% higher than that of the control variety (a common peanut variety widely planted locally), and at the same time, use a near-infrared spectrometer to quickly measure the oil content of the seeds, select the individual plants with an oil content reaching more than 53%, and retain their seeds as F3 generation seeds.

[0008] F3 Generation Planting and Line Identification: Plant F3 generation seeds into lines according to individual plants, with 50 - 80 plants planted in each line. During the growth period, observe and record the agronomic traits and disease resistance (mainly targeting common peanut diseases such as leaf spot and rust) of each line. At harvest, conduct plot yield measurement for each line, calculate the average yield per plant, select the lines with high yield per plant, neat agronomic traits, and strong disease resistance, and measure the oil content of the individual plant seeds within the selected lines again. Select the individual plant seeds with an oil content above 54% and harvest them mixed to obtain F4 generation seeds.

[0009] F4 Generation and Subsequent Generation Planting and Stable Screening: Plant F4 generation seeds and repeat the planting, observation, yield measurement, and screening process of the F3 generation. After 3 - 4 generations of continuous self - crossing and screening, obtain lines with stable genetic traits, a yield per plant increased by more than 15% compared to the control variety, and an oil content reaching more than 55% as excellent lines.

[0010] Line Comparison Test: Conduct a line comparison test on the obtained excellent lines and the local main peanut varieties, set 3 replicates, with each plot area of 15 - 20 square meters, and adopt the same planting and management measures. The test period is 2 - 3 years, record indicators such as the growth period, agronomic traits, yield per plant, and oil content of each line, and select the lines with comprehensive performance superior to the control variety to enter the regional test.

[0011] Regional Test: Conduct a regional test on the lines that passed the line comparison test in different ecological regions. There are no less than 5 test sites, set 3 replicates at each test site, with the plot area of 20 - 30 square meters, and the test period is 2 - 3 years. Regularly observe and record the growth and development, disease resistance, stress resistance (such as drought tolerance and waterlogging tolerance), yield, and oil content of each line in different environments, and select the lines with excellent yield and oil content performance and good stability in most test sites as candidate varieties.

[0012] Production test: Conduct production tests on candidate varieties in production fields with a relatively large area (5 - 10 mu per mu), with no less than 3 test sites, and adopt local conventional peanut planting management techniques. Observe and record the actual performance of candidate varieties under production conditions, including yield, oil content, adaptability, etc. Based on the results of the production test, determine the final new high-yield and high-oil peanut variety.

[0013] Variety registration and promotion: Register the determined new variety in accordance with relevant regulations. After obtaining the variety rights, conduct large-scale promotion and planting.

[0014] Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of the present invention are: Directionally cultivating target varieties: By selecting parents with different excellent traits for hybridization, combined with multiple generations of screening and strict test procedures, it is possible to directionally cultivate high-yield and high-oil peanut varieties, effectively solving the problem that it is difficult to balance the yield and oil content of traditional peanut varieties.

[0015] Improving breeding efficiency: Using a near-infrared spectrometer to quickly measure the oil content of seeds, screening for oil content in the early generations, reducing subsequent ineffective planting and screening work, shortening the breeding cycle, and improving breeding efficiency.

[0016] Ensuring variety stability and excellence: Through multiple generations of self-crossing and strict screening, as well as conducting tests in different ecological regions, it is ensured that the newly cultivated peanut varieties have stable genetic traits, can maintain excellent characteristics of high yield and high oil content in different environments, and at the same time have good disease resistance and stress resistance, with a wide range of adaptability.

[0017] Promoting industrial development: The newly cultivated high-yield and high-oil peanut varieties can increase the yield and quality of peanut planting, increase farmers' income, meet the demand of the oil processing industry for high-quality raw materials, and promote the development of peanut planting and related industries. Specific implementation mode

[0018] The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below. Obviously, the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, rather than all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those of ordinary skill in the art without creative efforts shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.

[0019] The present invention provides a technical solution: Embodiment

[0020] Parent selection: Select the peanut variety "Luhua 11" with high yield but medium oil content as the female parent. This variety has an average of 18 fruits per plant and a 100-fruit weight of 230 grams. Select the peanut variety "Zhonghua 16" with high oil content but average yield as the male parent. The kernel oil content of this variety is 56%.

[0021] Hybridization: During the flowering period of peanuts, at 8-10 am, select the newly opened flowers on the main stem and lateral branches of the female parent "Luhua 11". Carefully remove the stamens with forceps for artificial emasculation. Then, pollinate the stigma of the emasculated female parent with the mature pollen of the male parent "Zhonghua 16" that opened on the same day, and bag it with a sulfuric acid paper bag for isolation to obtain hybrid F1 generation seeds.

[0022] Planting and self-crossing of F1 generation: Plant the F1 generation seeds obtained from hybridization in an experimental field in Shandong Province. The soil of the experimental field is sandy loam with medium fertility. Apply fertilizers, water, prevent and control diseases and pests according to the conventional peanut planting management methods. During the growth period of F1 generation plants, select 5 plants with strong growth and no diseases and pests for self-crossing, and harvest the seeds after self-crossing to obtain F2 generation seeds.

[0023] Screening of F2 generation: Plant the F2 generation seeds in the experimental field. During the growth process of the plants, conduct preliminary screening based on agronomic traits such as compact plant type, dark green leaves, and concentrated flowering, and retain 100 individual plants with excellent agronomic traits of both parents. At the harvest stage, measure the yield per individual plant of the preliminarily screened individual plants, and select 30 individual plants with a yield per individual plant 10% higher than that of the control variety ("Huayu 22" widely planted locally). At the same time, use a near-infrared spectrometer to quickly measure the oil content of the seeds, and select individual plants with an oil content reaching 53% or more, and retain their seeds as F3 generation seeds.

[0024] Planting and line identification of F3 generation: Plant the F3 generation seeds into lines according to individual plants, with 60 plants planted in each line. During the growth period, observe and record the agronomic traits and disease resistance of each line. It is found that 5 lines are severely infected with leaf spot disease and are eliminated. At the harvest time, conduct plot yield measurement on the remaining lines, calculate the average yield per individual plant, select 10 lines with high yield per individual plant, neat agronomic traits, and strong disease resistance, and measure the oil content of the individual plant seeds within the selected lines again. Select individual plant seeds with an oil content above 54% and harvest them mixed to obtain F4 generation seeds.

[0025] Planting and stable screening of F4 generation and subsequent generations: Plant the F4 generation seeds, repeat the planting, observation, yield measurement, and screening processes of the F3 generation. After 3 generations of continuous self-crossing and screening, obtain lines with stable genetic traits, a yield per individual plant increased by more than 15% compared to the control variety, and an oil content reaching 55% or more as excellent lines.

[0026] Strain comparison test: The obtained excellent strains were subjected to a strain comparison test with the local main peanut variety "Huayu 22". Three replicates were set, with each plot having an area of 18 square meters, and the same planting and management measures were adopted. The test period was 2 years, and indicators such as the growth period, agronomic traits, yield per plant, and oil content of each strain were recorded. The average yield per plant of this excellent strain increased by 18% compared to the control variety in the two-year test, and the oil content reached 56%. Its comprehensive performance was better than that of the control variety, and it entered the regional test.

[0027] Regional test: The strains that passed the strain comparison test were subjected to a regional test in 5 different ecological regions of Shandong, Henan, Hebei, Anhui, and Jiangsu. Three replicates were set at each test site, with the plot area being 25 square meters, and the test period was 2 years. Regularly observe and record the growth and development, disease resistance, stress resistance, yield, and oil content of each strain under different environments. This strain showed excellent performance and good stability in terms of yield and oil content at 4 test sites and was used as a candidate variety.

[0028] Production test: One production field was selected in Shandong Province, Henan Province, and Anhui Province for the production test of the candidate variety. The planting area at each test site was 8 mu, and the local conventional peanut planting and management techniques were adopted. Observe and record the actual performance of the candidate variety under production conditions. The average yield per mu of this candidate variety increased by 16% compared to the local main variety in the production test, and the oil content was stable at about 56%. It was determined as the final new high-yield and high-oil peanut variety.

[0029] Variety registration and promotion: The determined new variety was registered according to relevant regulations. After obtaining the variety right, it was widely planted in suitable planting areas. Example

[0030] Parent selection: The female parent was selected as "Weihua 8", which has high-yield characteristics, with an average of 20 fruits per plant and a 100-fruit weight of 220 grams; the male parent was selected as "Yuhua 9326", and the oil content of the seed kernels was 57%.

[0031] Hybridization - 10. Variety registration and promotion: Operate according to the steps 2 - 10 of Example 1. During the screening and test process of each link, strict control was carried out according to the corresponding standards. Finally, a new high-yield and high-oil peanut variety with stable genetic traits, a yield per plant increased by more than 15% compared to the control variety, and an oil content reaching more than 55% was also successfully cultivated.

[0032] Although the embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, for those of ordinary skill in the art, it can be understood that various changes, modifications, substitutions, and variations can be made to these embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the present invention. The scope of the present invention is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. A breeding method for high-yield and high-oil peanuts, It includes the following steps: Select peanut variety A with high yield but medium oil content as the female parent, and select peanut variety B with high oil content but average yield as the male parent; After emasculating the female parent A, pollinate it with the pollen of the male parent B, and bag it for isolation to obtain hybrid F1 generation seeds; Plant the F1 generation and select strong plants for self-crossing to obtain F2 generation seeds; Screen the F2 generation for agronomic traits, yield per plant and oil content to obtain F3 generation seeds; Plant the F3 generation for line identification, and screen to obtain F4 generation seeds; Continuously self-cross and screen the F4 generation and subsequent generations to obtain excellent lines; Conduct line comparison tests, regional tests and production tests on the excellent lines to determine new varieties and conduct variety registration and promotion.

2. The breeding method of a high-yield and high-oil peanut according to claim 1, characterized in that: Both variety A and variety B are varieties with stable genetic traits after years of regional tests.

3. A breeding method for high-yield and high-oil peanuts according to claim 1, characterized in that: In the hybridization step, emasculation and pollination are carried out at 8-10 am during the peanut flowering period.

4. A breeding method for high-yield and high-oil peanuts according to claim 1, characterized in that: In the screening step of the F2 generation, a near-infrared spectrometer is used to quickly measure the oil content of the seeds.

5. A breeding method for high-yield and high-oil peanuts according to claim 1, characterized in that: In the screening step of the F2 generation, select individual plants with a yield per plant more than 10% higher than that of the control variety and an oil content reaching more than 53%.

6. The breeding method of a high-yield and high-oil peanut according to claim 1, characterized in that: In the planting and line identification step of the F3 generation, 50-80 plants are planted for each line.

7. A breeding method for high-yield and high-oil peanuts according to claim 1, characterized in that: In the planting and line identification step of the F3 generation, observe and record the agronomic traits and disease resistance of the lines, measure the oil content of the seeds of individual plants within the selected lines, and select the seeds of individual plants with an oil content of more than 54% for mixed harvest.

8. A breeding method for high-yield and high-oil peanuts according to claim 1, characterized in that: After 3-4 generations of continuous self-crossing and screening of the F4 generation and subsequent generations, the yield per plant of the obtained lines is increased by more than 15% compared with the control variety, and the oil content reaches more than 55%.

9. The breeding method of a high-yield and high-oil peanut according to claim 1, characterized in that, The line comparison test is set with 3 replicates, the area of each plot is 15-20 square meters, and the test period is 2-3 years.

10. A breeding method for high-yield and high-oil peanuts according to claim 1, characterized in that, The number of test sites for the regional test is not less than 5, each test site is set with 3 replicates, the plot area is 20-30 square meters, and the test period is 2-3 years.