Tissue cutting expander

Abstract

The invention discloses a tissue cutting dilator, and relates to the technical field of biomedical engineering, the tissue cutting dilator is characterized in that a plurality of chutes communicated with an inner cavity of a knife tube are equidistantly formed in the periphery of the knife tube along the axis, the inner walls of the chutes are slidably connected with knife handles, and the bottom ends of the knife handles are fixedly connected with blades; limiting grooves communicating with the sliding grooves are formed in the periphery of the tube head, a liquid inlet hole is formed in the tube head in a penetrating mode along the axis, clamping grooves are symmetrically formed in the top of the tube head along the axial section, the multiple sets of clamping bases are arranged and slidably connected with the inner walls of the clamping grooves, and the multiple clamping bases are fixedly connected with the bottom end of the knife tube. When the clamping seat completely slides out of the inner wall of the clamping groove, the clamping connection effect of the clamping seat and the inner wall of the clamping groove is relieved, then the knife handle can be taken away from the tube head through the knife tube, and a doctor fixes the tube head on tissue of a patient through a suture line. The phenomenon that the tissue suddenly loses pressure and retracts due to the fact that the tube head is taken down from the tissue of the patient too early is avoided.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of biomedical engineering, and in particular to a tissue cutting and dilating device. Background Art

[0002] Biomedical engineering is an interdisciplinary subject that integrates theories and methods from multiple disciplines, including engineering, physics, biology, and medicine. It aims to use engineering technology to solve problems in biology and medicine, safeguard human health, and serve the prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of diseases.

[0003] In the prior art, when a patient's tissue is to be repaired, the doctor first tries to use a scalpel to open the tissue, and then uses a tissue cutting expander to operate on the patient's tissue. The tissue cutting expander is composed of a blade and a tube body. The blade moves downward along the tube body. Then, the doctor holds the tissue cutting expander and aligns it with the patient's tissue opening to cut. The blade cuts the tissue to form a cavity. At the same time, the tube body enters the cavity to expand. A catheter is provided in the tube body. The doctor injects saline into the tube body through the catheter. The saline enters the tissue through the tube body. When the water injection is completed, the doctor removes the tissue cutting expander from the tissue, observes the tissue incision in time, cleans it, and finally uses sutures to suture the tissue incision layer by layer.

[0004] However, the tissue cutting expander generates pressure on the surrounding tissue after water injection. If the tissue cutting expander is removed after water injection, the tissue may retract due to a sudden loss of pressure due to premature removal of the tissue cutting expander, thereby affecting the repair effect of the patient's tissue. Summary of the Invention

[0005] The purpose of the present invention is to provide a tissue cutting expander to solve the technical problem in the prior art that after water is injected into the patient's tissue, if the tissue cutting expander is removed too early, the patient's tissue will suddenly lose pressure and retract.

[0006] The technical problem to be solved by the present invention can be achieved through the following technical solutions:

[0007] A tissue cutting and dilating device, comprising:

[0008] The knife tube has a plurality of chute openings equidistantly along the axis thereof and connected to the inner cavity of the knife tube. The inner wall of the chute is slidably connected to the knife handle, and the bottom end of the knife handle is fixedly connected to the blade.

[0009] The tube head is provided with limiting grooves interconnected with the slide grooves on all sides, a liquid inlet hole is provided inside the tube head along the axis, and a clamping groove is provided symmetrically along the axis section on the top of the tube head;

[0010] The clamping seats are provided with a plurality of groups and are slidably connected with the inner wall of the clamping groove, and a plurality of the clamping seats are fixedly connected with the bottom end of the knife tube.

[0011] As a further solution of the present invention: the inner wall of the knife tube is slidably connected to a connecting tube fixedly connected to the top of the knife handle, the top of the connecting tube is fixedly connected to a locking assembly through a connecting plate, and the connecting plate is provided with several groups that are slidably connected to the inner wall of the slide groove respectively.

[0012] As a further solution of the present invention: the knife tube is fixedly connected to a circular fixing ring on the inner wall located at the top of the connecting tube, and the fixing ring is fixedly connected to an infusion tube that passes through the inner cavity of the connecting tube at the end away from the knife tube, and the bottom end of the infusion tube is in the same horizontal plane as the bottom end of the knife tube.

[0013] As a further solution of the present invention: the infusion tube sleeve is connected to a spring, the upper and lower ends of which are respectively fixedly connected to the fixing ring and the connecting tube.

[0014] As a further solution of the present invention: the locking assembly includes: a locking ring, a rotating seat and a locking piece, the locking ring is fixedly connected to the connecting plate, a plurality of rotating grooves are equidistantly provided inside the locking ring along the axis, the inner wall of the rotating groove is slidingly connected to the rotating seat, the bottom end of the rotating seat is fixedly connected to the locking piece, the outer wall of the knife tube is fixedly connected to a plurality of locking seats, and the locking seat is clamped and connected to the locking piece.

[0015] As a further solution of the present invention: a plurality of the rotating seats are fixedly connected with a control ring in the shape of a circular ring, and the control ring is in contact with the locking ring.

[0016] As a further solution of the present invention: the control ring is fixedly connected to a plurality of friction members with arc-shaped cross sections along the axis at one end away from the locking ring.

[0017] As a further solution of the present invention: the plurality of rotation grooves are not connected to each other, and the rotation groove with an "L"-shaped cross section passes through the interior of the locking ring along the direction of the outer edge of the locking ring.

[0018] As a further solution of the present invention: the axial cross section of the "L"-shaped locking member is parallel to the outer surface of the locking ring.

[0019] As a further solution of the present invention: the tube head is in a funnel shape, and a one-way valve communicating with the inner cavity of the liquid inlet hole is fixedly connected to the inner wall of the tube head.

[0020] Beneficial effects of the present invention:

[0021] 1. After the doctor uses the tissue cutting expander to perform surgery on the patient, the doctor slides the knife handle vertically upward along the limiting groove. When the knife handle and the tube head are disengaged, the doctor controls the knife tube to move horizontally, and the knife tube drives the holding seat to slide along the inner wall of the holding groove. When the holding seat completely slides out from the inner wall of the holding groove, the holding connection between the holding seat and the inner wall of the holding groove is released, and the knife handle can be removed from the tube head through the knife tube. The doctor uses sutures to fix the tube head to the patient's tissue, avoiding the phenomenon that the tissue suddenly loses pressure and retracts due to premature removal of the tube head from the patient's tissue. The knife tube is connected to the holding seat and the holding groove to achieve the effect that the knife tube can be disassembled and assembled on the tube head, avoiding the phenomenon that when the tube head is fixed to the patient's tissue through sutures, the knife tube is also fixed to the patient's tissue with the tube head.

[0022] 2. When the tube head and the knife tube are assembled for use, the doctor slides the holding seat fixed at the bottom end of the knife tube along the inner wall of the holding groove. When the holding seat and the inner wall of the holding groove are clamped, the bottom end of the knife tube and the bottom end of the tube head are fitted together to form a whole, and the holding seat and the top of the tube head form a whole. Then the knife handle is controlled to slide downward. When the knife handle located between the two sets of holding seats is fixed, the knife handle holds and limits the side ends of the two sets of holding seats, thereby preventing the holding seat from automatically sliding out of the inner wall of the holding groove, thereby ensuring that the holding seat is stably fixed to the inner wall of the holding groove, thereby ensuring that the tube head and the knife tube will not loosen when the tissue cutting expander is in use. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0023] The present invention will be further described below with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0024] Figure 1 It is a schematic diagram of the overall structure of the present invention;

[0025] Figure 2 It is a top view of the overall structure of the present invention;

[0026] Figure 3 It is a cross-sectional view of the overall structure of the present invention;

[0027] Figure 4 For the present invention Figure 3 A magnified schematic diagram of the structure at A;

[0028] Figure 5 For the present invention Figure 3 A magnified schematic diagram of the structure at B;

[0029] Figure 6 Schematic diagram of the knife tube structure of the present invention;

[0030] Figure 7 For the present invention Figure 6 A magnified schematic diagram of the structure at C;

[0031] Figure 8 Schematic diagram of the pipe head structure of the present invention;

[0032] Figure 9 This is a schematic diagram of the connecting pipe structure of the present invention;

[0033] Figure 10 It is a schematic structural diagram of the locking assembly of the present invention;

[0034] Figure 11 It is a schematic structural diagram of the rotating seat and locking member of the present invention.

[0035] In the figure: 1. Tube head; 2. Blade tube; 3. Infusion tube; 4. Control ring; 5. Friction member; 6. Spring; 7. Slide; 8. Fixing ring; 9. Connecting tube; 10. Knife handle; 11. Blade; 12. Liquid inlet hole; 13. One-way valve; 14. Locking seat; 18. Holding seat; 19. Limiting groove; 20. Holding groove; 21. Locking ring; 22. Connecting plate; 23. Rotating groove; 24. Rotating seat; 25. Locking member. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0036] The following will clearly and completely describe the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only part of the embodiments of the present invention, not all of the embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field without making any creative efforts shall fall within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0037] like Figures 1-11 As shown, a tissue cutting expander comprises: a knife tube 2, a tube head 1 and a clamping seat 18,

[0038] The knife tube 2 is provided with a plurality of slide grooves 7 connected to the inner cavity of the knife tube 2 at equal intervals along the axis. The inner wall of the slide groove 7 is slidably connected to the knife handle 10, and the bottom end of the knife handle 10 is fixedly connected to the blade 11. The tube head 1 is provided with limiting grooves 19 connected to the slide groove 7 around each other. A liquid inlet hole 12 is provided inside the tube head 1 along the axis. A clamping groove 20 is symmetrically provided on the top of the tube head 1 along the axial section. There are several groups of clamping seats 18 and they are slidably connected to the inner wall of the clamping groove 20. Several clamping seats 18 are fixedly connected to the bottom end of the knife tube 2. When the doctor uses the tissue cutting expander to perform surgery on the patient, the doctor slides the knife handle 10 vertically upwards, and the knife handle 10 moves with the blade 11. The knife handle 10 first slides along the limiting groove 19, and then the knife handle 10 moves into the slide groove 7. At this time, the knife handle 10 and the tube head 1 are separated;

[0039] The doctor controls the knife tube 2 to translate, and the knife tube 2 drives the holding seat 18 to slide along the inner wall of the holding groove 20. When the holding seat 18 completely slides out from the inner wall of the holding groove 20, the holding connection between the holding seat 18 and the inner wall of the holding groove 20 is released, and the knife handle 10 can be removed from the tube head 1 through the knife tube 2. The doctor uses sutures to fix the tube head 1 on the patient's tissue, avoiding the phenomenon that the tube head 1 is removed from the patient's tissue too early, causing the tissue to suddenly lose pressure and shrink. The knife tube 2 is connected to the holding seat 18 and the holding groove 20 to achieve the effect that the knife tube 2 can be disassembled and assembled on the tube head 1, avoiding the phenomenon that when the tube head 1 is fixed to the patient's tissue by sutures, the knife tube 2 is also fixed to the patient's tissue along with the tube head 1;

[0040] When the tube head 1 and the knife tube 2 are assembled for use, the doctor slides the clamping seat 18 fixed at the bottom end of the knife tube 2 along the inner wall of the clamping groove 20. When the clamping seat 18 and the inner wall of the clamping groove 20 are clamped, the bottom end of the knife tube 2 and the bottom end of the tube head 1 are fitted together to form a whole, and the clamping seat 18 and the top of the tube head 1 are formed into a whole. Then the knife handle 10 is controlled to slide downward along the slide groove 7, and the knife handle 10 enters the limiting groove 19 and continues to slide with the blade 11. When the bottom end of the knife handle 10 is against the tube head 1, , stop moving the knife handle 10 and fix the knife handle 10 at the same time, wherein the knife handle 10 is located between the two groups of clamping seats 18. When the clamping seats 18 are clamped and connected to the inner wall of the clamping groove 20, the knife handle 10 presses and limits the side ends of the two groups of clamping seats 18, thereby preventing the clamping seats 18 from automatically sliding out from the inner wall of the clamping groove 20, thereby ensuring that the clamping seats 18 are stably fixed to the inner wall of the clamping groove 20, thereby ensuring that the tube head 1 and the knife tube 2 will not loosen when the tissue cutting expander is in use.

[0041] In some specific embodiments, the inner wall of the knife tube 2 is slidably connected to a connecting tube 9 fixedly connected to the top of the knife handle 10, and the top of the connecting tube 9 is fixedly connected to a locking assembly through a connecting plate 22. The connecting plate 22 is provided with several groups that are slidably connected to the inner wall of the slide groove 7 respectively. When the knife handle 10 slides along the inner wall of the slide groove 7, the several groups of knife handles 10 can be driven to move at the same time by moving the connecting tube 9. The doctor can hold the locking assembly and move it downward. The locking assembly drives the connecting tube 9 to move through the fixed connecting plate 22, thereby achieving the effect of the doctor controlling the locking assembly to drive the knife handle 10 to move. When the bottom end of the knife handle 10 and the tube head 1 are moved When the blade 11 is in contact with the patient's tissue, the locking assembly is fixed to the connecting tube 9, thereby achieving the effect of fixing the knife handle 10, wherein the knife handle 10 can slide along the inner wall of the slide groove 7 and the inner wall of the limiting groove 19, and the slide groove 7 and the limiting groove 19 provide a guide for the movement of the knife handle 10. The inner wall of the slide groove 7 and the limiting groove 19 abut against the knife handle 10 to provide a limiting effect for the knife handle 10, thereby ensuring that the knife handle 10 will not deviate when the blade 11 cuts the patient's tissue. The connection plate 22 and the inner wall of the slide groove 7 abut against each other to provide a limiting effect for the locking ring 21, thereby preventing the locking ring 21 from rotating on the knife tube 2.

[0042] In some specific embodiments, the knife tube 2 is fixedly connected to a circular ring 8 on the inner wall at the top of the connecting tube 9. The fixing ring 8 is fixedly connected to an infusion tube 3 that passes through the inner cavity of the connecting tube 9 at the end away from the knife tube 2. The bottom end of the infusion tube 3 is at the same horizontal plane as the bottom end of the knife tube 2. When the tube head 1 enters the cavity for tissue cutting, the doctor delivers physiological saline through the infusion tube 3. The physiological saline flows into the tube head 1 along the infusion tube 3, and then the physiological saline enters the inner cavity of the liquid inlet 12, and then enters the tissue from the bottom of the tube head 1. When the knife tube 2 is fixed on the tube head 1, the bottom end of the infusion tube 3 and the top of the tube head 1 are abutted, and the infusion tube 3 and the inner cavity of the liquid inlet 12 are connected to each other, so that the physiological saline transported in the infusion tube 3 can enter the inner cavity of the liquid inlet 12.

[0043] In some specific embodiments, the infusion tube 3 is provided with a spring 6 connected to the upper and lower ends thereof, which are fixedly connected to the fixing ring 8 and the connecting tube 9 respectively. When the knife handle 10 is reset, the locking assembly is released, and then the doctor drives the knife handle 10 to move vertically upward by controlling the locking assembly. When the knife handle 10 is disengaged from the limiting groove 19 provided on the tube head 1, the spring 6 is in a stretched state. The spring 6 can pull the knife handle 10 by pulling the connecting tube 9 to prevent the knife handle 10 from sliding vertically downward due to its own gravity. The inner wall of the infusion tube 3 and the tube head 1 provides a limiting effect for the spring 6 to prevent the spring 6 from bending when stretched.

[0044] In some specific embodiments, the locking assembly includes: a locking ring 21, a rotating seat 24 and a locking piece 25. The locking ring 21 is fixedly connected to the connecting plate 22. A plurality of rotating grooves 23 are equidistantly provided inside the locking ring 21 along the axis. The inner wall of the rotating groove 23 is slidably connected to the rotating seat 24. The bottom end of the rotating seat 24 is fixedly connected to the locking piece 25. A plurality of locking seats 14 are fixedly connected to the outer wall of the knife tube 2, and the locking seat 14 is clamped and connected to the locking piece 25. When the doctor controls the locking assembly to move the knife handle 10 to the bottom end of the tube head 1, the doctor controls the rotating seat 24 to move along the inner wall of the rotating groove 23. The rotating seat 24 drives the locking piece 25 to rotate along the axis of the locking ring 21. When the locking piece 25 is inserted into When the locking member 25 is in the groove opened by the locking seat 14, the locking member 25 and the locking seat 14 are clamped and connected. At this time, the spring 6 is in a tensioned state. The spring 6 pulls the connecting tube 9, so that the connecting tube 9 transmits the tension of the spring 6 to the locking assembly through the connecting plate 22, thereby providing a vertical upward pulling force for the locking member 25, thereby ensuring that the locking member 25 and the locking seat 14 always maintain a clamped connection state. The clamping connection effect of the locking member 25 and the locking seat 14 is transmitted to the rotating seat 24, and the rotating seat 24 transmits the clamping connection effect of the locking member 25 and the locking seat 14 to the locking ring 21, thereby achieving the effect of fixing the locking ring 21 on the knife tube 2, thereby achieving the effect of locking the top of the knife handle 10.

[0045] In some specific embodiments, several rotating seats 24 are fixedly connected to a control ring 4 in the shape of a circular ring, and the control ring 4 is fitted with the locking ring 21. In order to facilitate the simultaneous driving of several rotating seats 24, the doctor can hold the control ring 4 and rotate it along the axis of the locking ring 21. The control ring 4 rotates along the surface of the locking ring 21, and the control ring 4 can simultaneously drive the rotating seat 24 to slide along the inner wall of the rotating groove 23.

[0046] In some specific embodiments, the control ring 4 is fixedly connected to a plurality of friction members 5 with arc-shaped cross sections along the axis at one end away from the locking ring 21. Doctors often wear gloves when performing surgery to prevent the doctor from slipping when holding the control ring 4 for rotation. The friction members 5 provide friction resistance for the control ring 4. When the doctor holds the control ring 4 with gloves on, the shape of the friction members 5 can increase the friction resistance between the doctor's hand and the control ring 4, thereby preventing the doctor from slipping when holding the control ring 4 with gloves on, and making it easier for the doctor to operate the control ring 4 for rotation.

[0047] In some specific embodiments, several rotating grooves 23 are not connected to each other, and the rotating groove 23 with an "L"-shaped cross-section penetrates the interior of the locking ring 21 along the direction of the outer edge of the locking ring 21. The several rotating grooves 23 are not connected to each other to avoid completely penetrating the interior of the locking ring 21, resulting in the rotating seat 24 and the inner wall of the rotating groove 23 being unable to resist each other. When the control ring 4 drives the rotating seat 24 to rotate, the rotating seat 24 can slide along the inner wall of the rotating groove 23.

[0048] In some specific embodiments, the axial cross-section of the "L"-shaped locking member 25 is parallel to the outer surface of the locking ring 21. The shape setting of the locking member 25 can ensure that when the locking member 25 rotates around the axis of the knife tube 2, the locking member 25 can be smoothly inserted into the groove opened in the locking seat 14, and the locking member 25 will not be stuck with the locking seat 14.

[0049] In some specific embodiments, the tube head 1 is funnel-shaped, and a one-way valve 13 connected to the inner wall of the tube head 1 is fixedly connected to the inner cavity of the liquid inlet hole 12. The shape of the tube head 1 can ensure that the tube head 1 is smoothly inserted into the cavity of the tissue. When the tube head 1 is inserted into the cavity of the tissue and continues to move, the tube head 1 drives the knife tube 2 to move, the knife tube 2 drives the knife handle 10 to move, and the knife handle 10 drives the blade 11 to move. The blade 11 cuts the patient's tissue in the process of following the movement of the tube head 1. Several groups of knife handles 10 are orthogonally arranged, thereby ensuring that the blade 11 performs a cross-shaped cutting on the patient's tissue. The cross-shaped cutting can be To reduce the pressure on the tissue, when the handle 10 with the blade 11 is detached from the tube head 1, the tissue is wrapped around the tube head 1, and the tissue will form a protective film covering the tube head 1. When the physiological saline flows downward along the liquid inlet hole 12, the physiological saline will enter the tissue through the one-way valve 13. The one-way valve 13 can ensure that the physiological saline can only flow into the tissue from the liquid inlet hole 12 and cannot flow back from the tissue to the liquid inlet hole 12, thereby achieving the effect of one-way inflow of the physiological saline, thereby ensuring that when the tube head 1 is pre-buried in the tissue through sutures, the physiological saline will not flow out of the tube head 1 through the one-way valve 13;

[0050] When the patient's tissue needs to be injected with water for the second time, the doctor can install the knife tube 2 on the top of the tube head 1 on the pre-embedded tissue, and then inject physiological saline into the patient's tissue through the infusion tube 3, avoiding the need to cut the patient's tissue again for the second water injection, thereby improving the effect of repairing the patient's tissue.

[0051] The above describes several embodiments of the present invention in detail, but the embodiments of the present invention are not limited to these and should not be considered to limit the scope of implementation of the present invention. All equivalent changes and improvements made within the scope of the present invention should still fall within the scope of the patent coverage of the present invention.

Claims

1. A tissue cutting and dilating device, characterized in that: include: A knife tube (2), wherein a plurality of slide grooves (7) are equidistantly provided around the knife tube (2) along the axis and communicate with the inner cavity of the knife tube (2); a knife handle (10) is slidably connected to the inner wall of the slide groove (7); and a blade (11) is fixedly connected to the bottom end of the knife handle (10); A pipe head (1), wherein the pipe head (1) is provided with limiting grooves (19) on all sides thereof and are communicated with the slide groove (7); a liquid inlet hole (12) is provided inside the pipe head (1) along the axis; and a clamping groove (20) is provided on the top of the pipe head (1) symmetrically along the axial section; The clamping seat (18) is provided with a plurality of groups and is slidably connected to the inner wall of the clamping groove (20), and the plurality of clamping seats (18) are fixedly connected to the bottom end of the knife tube (2).

2. The tissue cutting dilator according to claim 1, characterized in that: The inner wall of the knife tube (2) is slidably connected to a connecting tube (9) fixedly connected to the top of the knife handle (10); the top of the connecting tube (9) is fixedly connected to a locking assembly via a connecting plate (22); and the connecting plate (22) is provided with a plurality of groups respectively slidably connected to the inner wall of the slide groove (7).

3. The tissue cutting dilator according to claim 2, characterized in that: The knife tube (2) is fixedly connected to a circular fixing ring (8) on the inner wall located at the top of the connecting tube (9); the fixing ring (8) is fixedly connected to an infusion tube (3) that passes through the inner cavity of the connecting tube (9) at the end away from the knife tube (2); the bottom end of the infusion tube (3) is in the same horizontal plane as the bottom end of the knife tube (2).

4. The tissue cutting dilator according to claim 3, characterized in that: The infusion tube (3) is sleeved with a spring (6) having upper and lower ends fixedly connected to a fixing ring (8) and a connecting tube (9) respectively.

5. The tissue cutting dilator according to claim 2, characterized in that: The locking assembly comprises: a locking ring (21), a rotating seat (24) and a locking piece (25); the locking ring (21) is fixedly connected to the connecting plate (22); a plurality of rotating grooves (23) are equidistantly provided inside the locking ring (21) along the axis; the inner wall of the rotating groove (23) is slidably connected to the rotating seat (24); the bottom end of the rotating seat (24) is fixedly connected to the locking piece (25); the outer wall of the knife tube (2) is fixedly connected to a plurality of locking seats (14), and the locking seats (14) are clamped and connected to the locking piece (25).

6. The tissue cutting dilator according to claim 5, characterized in that: A plurality of the rotating seats (24) are fixedly connected to a control ring (4) in the shape of a circular ring, and the control ring (4) is fitted with a locking ring (21).

7. The tissue cutting dilator according to claim 6, characterized in that: The control ring (4) is fixedly connected to a plurality of friction members (5) with arc-shaped cross sections along the axis at one end away from the locking ring (21).

8. The tissue cutting dilator according to claim 5, characterized in that: The plurality of rotating grooves (23) are not connected to each other, and the rotating groove (23) with an L-shaped cross section penetrates the interior of the locking ring (21) along the direction of the outer edge of the locking ring (21).

9. The tissue cutting dilator according to claim 5, characterized in that: The axial section of the "L"-shaped locking member (25) is parallel to the outer surface of the locking ring (21).

10. The tissue cutting dilator according to claim 1, characterized in that: The tube head (1) is in the shape of a funnel, and a one-way valve (13) communicating with the inner cavity of the liquid inlet hole (12) is fixedly connected to the inner wall of the tube head (1).

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